Part – II

Class –XI Physics

Chapter – 2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENT

Answer 17: Radius of hydrogen atom, r = 0.5 A = 0.5 × 10−10 m

4
Volume of hydrogen atom = πr 3
3
4 22
( )
3
= × × 0.5 ×10−10
3 7
= 0.524 ×10−30 m3
Now, 1 mole of hydrogen contains 6 .023 × 1023 hydrogen atoms.
∴ Volume of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms, Va = 6 .023 × 1023 × 0.524 × 10−30
= 3.16 × 10−7 m3
Molar volume of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms at STP,
Vm = 22.4 L = 22.4 × 10−3 m3
Vm 22.4 × 10−3
∴ = −7
= 7.08 ×104
Va 3.16 × 10
Hence, the molar volume is 7.08 × 104 times higher than the atomic volume. For this reason,
the inter-atomic separation in hydrogen gas is much larger than the size of a hydrogen atom.

Answer 18: Line of sight is defined as an imaginary line joining an object and an observer's eye.
When we observe nearby stationary objects such as trees, houses, etc. while sitting in a
moving train, they appear to move rapidly in the opposite direction because the line of sight
changes very rapidly.
On the other hand, distant objects such as trees, stars, etc. appear stationary because of the
large distance. As a result, the line of sight does not change its direction rapidly.

Answer 19: Diameter of Earth's orbit = 3 × 1011 m

Radius of Earth's orbit, r = 1.5 × 1011 m
Let the distance parallax angle be l" = 4.847 × 10−6 rad.
Let the distance of the star be D.
Parsec is defined as the distance at which the average radius of the Earth's orbit subtends an
angle of l" .
r
∴ We have θ =
D
r 1.5 × 1011
D= =
θ 4.847 ×10−6
= 0.309 × 10−6 ≈ 3.09 × 1016 m

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 Hence, 1 parsec ≈ 3.09 × 1016 m.
Answer 20: Distance of the star from the solar system = 4.29 ly
1 light year is the distance travelled by light in one year.
1 light year = Speed of light × 1 year
= 3 × 108 × 365 × 24 × 6 0 × 6 0 = 946 08 × 1011 m
∴4.29 ly = 4 05868.32 × 1011 m
1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m
405868.32 × 1011
∴4.29 ly = = 1.32par sec = 1.32 parsec
3.08 ×1016
Using the relation,
d
θ=
D
Where,
Diameter of Earth’s orbit, d= 3 ×1011 m
Distance of the star from the Earth,D= 405868 × 1011 m
3 ×1011
∴θ = = 7.39 × 10−6 rad
405868.32 ×1011
But, 1 sec = 4.85 × 10−6 rad
7.39 ×10−6
∴ 7.39 ×10−6 rad = = 1.52"
4.85 ×10−6
Answer 21: It is indeed very true that precise measurements of physical quantities are essential for
the development of science. For example, ultra-shot laser pulses (time interval ∼ 10−15 s) are
used to measure time intervals in several physical and chemical processes.
X-ray spectroscopy is used to determine the inter-atomic separation or inter-planer spacing.
The development of mass spectrometer makes it possible to measure the mass of atoms
precisely.

Answer 22: (a) During monsoons, a metrologist records about 215 cm of rainfall in India i.e., the
height of water column, h = 215 cm = 2.15 m
Area of country, A = 3.3 × 1012 m 2
Hence, volume of rain water, V = A × h = 7.09 × 1012 m3
Density of water, p = 1 × 103 kg m -3
Hence, mass of rain water = p× V = 7.09 × 1015 kg
Hence, the total mass of rain-bearing clouds over India is approximately 7.09 × 1015 kg.
(b) Consider a ship of known base area floating in the sea. Measure its depth in sea (say d1 ).
Volume of water displaced by the ship, Vb = Ad1
Now, move an elephant on the ship and measure the depth of the ship ( d 2 ) in this case.

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 Volume of water displaced by the ship with the elephant on board, Vbe = Ad 2
Volume of water displaced by the elephant = Ad 2 -Ad1
Density of water = D
Mass of elephant = AD ( d 2 -d1 )
(c) Wind speed during a storm can be measured by an anemometer. As wind blows, it
rotates. The rotation made by the anemometer in one second gives the value of wind speed.
(d) Area of the head surface carrying hair = A
With the help of a screw gauge, the diameter and hence, the radius of a hair can be
determined. Let it be r.
∴Area of one hair = πr 2
Totalsurface area A
Number of strands of hair ≈ =
Area of one hairπ r 2
(e) Let the volume of the room be V.
One mole of air at NTP occupies 22.4 l i.e., 22.4 × 10−3 m 3 volume.
Number of molecules in one mole = 6 .023 × 1023
∴Number of molecules in room of volume V
6.023 ×1023
= −3
× V = 134.915 × 1026 V
22.4 × 10
= 1.35 × 10 28 V

Answer 23: Mass of the Sun, M = 2.0 × 1030 kg

Radius of the Sun, R = 7.0 × 108 m
4
Volume of the Sun, V = πR 3
3
4 22
( )
3
= × × 7.0 ×108
3 7
88
= × 343 ×1024 = 1437.3 ×1024 m3
21
Mass 2.0 × 1030
Density of the Sun = = ∼ 1.4 ×103 kg / m5
Volume 1437.3 × 1024
The density of the Sun is in the density range of solids and liquids. This high density is
attributed to the intense gravitational attraction of the inner layers on the outer layer of the
Sun.

Answer 24: Distance of Jupiter from the Earth, D = 824.7 × 106 km = 824.7 × 109 m
Angular diameter = 35.72" = 35.72 × 4.874 × 10−6 rad
Diameter of Jupiter = d
Using the relation,

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 d
θ=
D
d = θD = 824.7 ×109 × 35.72 × 4.872 ×10−6
= 143520.76 ×103 = 1.435 × 105 km

Answer 25: Incorrect; on dimensional ground

The relation is tan θ = v .
Dimension of R.H.S = M 0 L1T -1
Dimension of L.H.S = M 0 L0T 0
(∵ The trigonometric function is considered to be a dimensionless quantity)
Dimension of R.H.S is not equal to the dimension of L.H.S. Hence, the given relation is not
correct dimensionally.
To make the given relation correct, the R.H.S should also be dimensionless. One way to
achieve this is by dividing the R.H.S by the speed of rainfall v ' .
Therefore, the relation reduces to
v
tan θ = . This relation is dimensionally correct.
v'

Answer 26: Difference in time of caesium clocks = 0.02 s

Time required for this difference = 100 years
= 100 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 = 3.15 × 109 s
In 3.15 × 109 s, the caesium clock shows a time difference of 0.02 s.
0.02
In 1s, the clock will show a time difference of s.
3.15 × 109
Hence, the accuracy of a standard caesium clock in measuring a time interval of 1 s is
3.15 ×109
= 157.5 ×109 s ≈ 1.5 ×1011 .
0.02

o
Answer 27: Diameter of sodium atom = Size of sodium atom = 2.5 A
1 o o
Radius of sodium atom, r = × 2.5 A = 1.25 A
2
= 1.25 × 10−10 m
4
Volume of sodium atom, V = πr 3
3
4
( )
3
= × 3.14 × 1.25 ×10−10
3
According to the Avogadro hypothesis, one mole of sodium contains 6 .023 × 1023 atoms and
has a mass of 23 g or 23 × 10−3 kg.

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 23 ×10−3
∴ Mass of one atom = kg
6.023 ×1023
23 × 10−3
Density of sodium atom, p = 6.023 ×1023 = 4.67 ×10−5 kgm −3
( )
4 3
× 3.14 × 1.25 ×10−10
3
It is given that the density of sodium in crystalline phase is 970 kg m -3 .
Hence, the density of sodium atom and the density of sodium in its crystalline phase are not
in the same order. This is because in solid phase, atoms are closely packed. Thus, the inter-
atomic separation is very small in the crystalline phase.

Answer 28: Radius of nucleus r is given by the relation,

1
r = r0 A3 … (i)
r0 = 1.2 f = 1.2 × 10−15 m
4
Volume of nucleus, V= πr 3
3
3
4 
1
4
= π r0 A 3  = πr03A .....(i)

3   3
 
Now, the mass of a nuclei M is equal to its mass number i.e.,
M = A amu = A × 1.66 × 10−27 kg
Density of nucleus,
Mass of nucleus
p=
Volume of nucleus
A ×1.66 ×10−27 3 ×1.66 ×10−27
= = kg / m 3
4 3
πr0 A 4πr03

3
This relation shows that nuclear mass depends only on constant r0 . Hence, the nuclear mass
densities of all nuclei are nearly the same.
Density of sodium nucleus is given by,
3 ×1.66 ×10−27
ρSodium =
( )
3
4 × 3.14 × 1.2 ×10−15
4.98
= × 1018 = 2.29 ×1017 kgm −3
21.71

Answer 29: Time taken by the laser beam to return to Earth after reflection from the Moon = 2.56 s
Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s

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 1
Time taken by the laser beam to reach Moon = × 2.56 = 1.28s
2
Radius of the lunar orbit = Distance between the Earth and the Moon = 1.28 × 3 × 108 =
3.84 × 108 m = 3.84 × 105 km

Answer 30: Let the distance between the ship and the enemy submarine be 'S ' .
Speed of sound in water = 1450 m/s
Time lag between transmission and reception of Sonar waves = 77 s
In this time lag, sound waves travel a distance which is twice the distance between the ship
and the submarine (2S).
1
Time taken for the sound to reach the submarine = × 77 = 38.5s
2
∴ Distance between the ship and the submarine (S) = 1450 × 38.5 = 55825 m = 55.8 km

Answer 31: Time taken by quasar light to reach Earth = 3 billion years
= 3 × 109 years
= 3 × 109 × 365 × 24 × 6 0 × 6 0 s
Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s
Distance between the Earth and quasar
( ) (
= 3 × 108 × 3 × 109 × 365 × 24 × 6 0 × 6 0 )
= 283824 × 102 0 m
= 2.8 × 10 22 km

Answer 32:

The position of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a lunar eclipse is shown in the given figure.
Distance of the Moon from the Earth = 3.84 × 108 m
Distance of the Sun from the Earth = 1.496 × 1011 m
Diameter of the Sun = 1.39 × 109 m
It can be observed that ΔTRS and ΔTPQ are similar. Hence, it can be written as:
1.39 ×109 1.496 × 1011
=
RS 3.84 × 108
1.39 × 3.84
RS = ×106 = 3.57 × 106 m
1.496

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 Hence, the diameter of the Moon is 3.57 × 106 m.

Answer 33: One relation consists of some fundamental constants that give the age of the Universe
by:
2
 e2  1
t= ×
 4πε  m m 2 c3G
 0  p e

Where,
t = Age of Universe
e = Charge of electrons = 1.6 × 10−19 C
ε0 = Absolute permittivity
m p = Mass of protons = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
me = Mass of electrons = 9.1 × 10−31 kg
c = Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s
G = Universal gravitational constant = 6 .67 × 1011 Nm 2 kg -2
1
Also, = 9 ×109 Nm 2 / C 2
4πε 0
Substituting these values in the equation, we get

t=
(1.6 ×10 ) × (9 ×10 )
−19 4 9 2

( 9.1×10 ) ×1.67 ×10 × (3 ×10 ) × 6.67 ×10

−31 2 −27 8 3 −11

=
(1.6 )4 × 81 ×10−76+18+ 62+ 27− 24+11 s
9.1× 1.67 × 27 × 6.67

=
(1.6 )4 × 81 ×10−76+18+ 62+ 27 − 24+11 years
9.1× 1.67 × 27 × 6.67 × 365 × 24 × 3600
≈ 6 × 10−9 ×1018 years
= 6 billion years

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