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CVL 4319
Chapter 5
3
Introduction
The settlement of a foundation can be divided into two major
categories:
(a) elastic, or immediate, settlement.
(b) consolidation settlement.
Immediate, or elastic, settlement of a foundation takes place during
or immediately after the construction of the structure.
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Introduction
For the calculation of foundation settlement (both elastic and
consolidation), it is required that we estimate the vertical stress
increase in the soil mass due to the net load applied on the
foundation. Hence, this chapter is divided into the following three
parts:
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Vertical Stress Increase in a Soil Mass
Caused by Foundation Load
This subject has been taken in soil mechanics (Chapter 10)
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Elastic Settlement
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Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay (µs=0.5)
Janbu et al. (1956) proposed an equation for evaluating the average
settlement of flexible foundations on saturated clay soils (Poisson’s ratio,
µs=0.5). For the notation used in Figure 5.14, this equation is
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Figure 5.14 Values of A1
and A2 for elastic
settlement calculation
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Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay (µs=0.5)
The parameter β is primarily a function of the plasticity index and
overconsolidation ratio. Table 5.7 provides a general range for β based on
that proposed by Duncan and Buchignani (1976). In any case, proper
judgment should be used in selecting the magnitude of β.
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Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity
The elastic settlement of a shallow foundation can be estimated by using the
theory of elasticity. Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible (see
Figure 5.16 and Bowles, 1987), the settlement may be expressed as
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Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity
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Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity
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Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity
To calculate settlement at the center of the foundation, we use
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Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity
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Example 5.5
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Example 5.5
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Example 5.5
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Example 5.5
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement
In 1999, Mayne and Poulos presented an improved formula for calculating
the elastic settlement of foundations. The formula takes into account the
rigidity of the foundation, the depth of embedment of the foundation, the
increase in the modulus of elasticity of the soil with depth, and the location
of rigid layers at a limited depth. To use Mayne and Poulos’s equation, one
needs to determine the equivalent diameter Be of a rectangular foundation
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement
Figure 5.17 shows a foundation with an equivalent diameter Be located at a
depth Df below the ground surface. Let the thickness of the foundation be t
and the modulus of elasticity of the foundation material be Ef. A rigid layer is
located at a depth H below the bottom of the foundation. The modulus of
elasticity of the compressible soil layer can be given as
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement
With the preceding parameters defined, the elastic settlement below the
center of the foundation is
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement
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Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement
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Example 5.6
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Example 5.6
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Example 5.6
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
The settlement of granular soils can also be evaluated by the use of a
semiempirical strain influence factor proposed by Schmertmann et al. (1978).
According to this method (Figure 5.21), the settlement is
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
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Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
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Example 5.7
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Example 5.7
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Example 5.7
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Example 5.7
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on
Standard Penetration Resistance
(1) Meyerhof’s Method
Meyerhof (1956) proposed a correlation for the net bearing pressure for
foundations with the standard penetration resistance, N60. The net pressure
has been defined as
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on
Standard Penetration Resistance
Since the time that Meyerhof proposed his original correlations, researchers
have observed that its results are rather conservative. Later, Meyerhof (1965)
suggested that the net allowable bearing pressure should be increased by
about 50%. Bowles (1977) proposed that the modified form of the bearing
equations be expressed as
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on
Standard Penetration Resistance
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on
Standard Penetration Resistance
Burland and Burbidge’s Method
Burland and Burbidge (1985) proposed a method of calculating the elastic
settlement of sandy soil using the field standard penetration number, (See
Chapter 2.) The method can be summarized as follows:
1. Variation of Standard Penetration Number with Depth
Obtain the field penetration numbers (N60) with depth at the location of the
foundation. The following adjustments of N60 may be necessary, depending
on the field conditions:
For gravel or sandy gravel,
For fine sand or silty sand below the groundwater table and
N60>15
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on
Standard Penetration Resistance
2. Determination of Depth of Stress Influence (z’)
In determining the depth of stress influence, the following three cases may
arise:
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on
Standard Penetration Resistance
3. Calculation of Elastic Settlement Se
The elastic settlement of the foundation, Se, can be calculated from
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Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on
Standard Penetration Resistance
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Example 5.8
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Example 5.8
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Example 5.8
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter
Test (PMT)
Briaud (2007) proposed a method based on Pressuremeter tests (Section
2.22) from which the load-settlement diagrams of foundations can be
derived. The following is a step-by-step procedure for performing the
analysis.
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter
Test (PMT)
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter
Test (PMT)
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter
Test (PMT)
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter
Test (PMT)
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter
Test (PMT)
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Settlement in Granular Soil Based on Pressuremeter
Test (PMT)
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Example 5.10
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Example 5.10
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Example 5.10
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Example 5.10
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Example 5.10
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