Breast Milk Composition

The composition of human milk is the biologic norm for infant nutrition. Human milk
also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against
infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and
healthy microbial colonization. Some of these molecules, e.g., lactoferrin, are being
investigated as novel therapeutic agents.
Colostrum, produced in low quantities in the first few days postpartum, is rich in
immunologic components such as secretory IgA, lactoferrin, leukocytes, as well as
developmental factors such as epidermal growth factor. The macronutrient composition of
human milk varies within mothers and across lactation but is remarkably conserved across
populations despite variations in maternal nutritional status. The macronutrient composition
of mature, term milk is estimated to be approximately 0.9 to 1.2 g/dL for protein, 3.2 to 3.6
g/dL for fat, and 6.7 to 7.8 g/dL for lactose.
The most abundant proteins are casein, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, secretory
immunoglobulin IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin.Non-protein nitrogen-containing
compounds, including urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids, and nucleotides,
comprise ~25% of human milk nitrogen. And many micronutrients vary in human milk
depending on maternal diet and body stores including vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, D, and
iodine. Also, Human milk contains numerous growth factors that have wide-ranging effects
on the intestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system.
Human milk is a dynamic, multi-faceted fluid containing nutrients and bioactive
factors needed for infant health and development. Its composition varies by stage of lactation
and between term and preterm infants. While many studies of human milk composition have
been conducted, components of human milk are still being identified. Standardized, multi-
population studies of human milk composition are sorely needed to create a rigorous,
comprehensive reference inclusive of nutrients and bioactive factors. Nevertheless,
knowledge of human milk composition is increasing, leading to greater understanding of the
role of human milk in infant health and development.

Ballard, Olivia dan Morrow Ardhyte L. 2013. Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and
Bioactive Factors. Pediatr Clin North 60(1);69-74
Instant porridge composition
The nutrient content and quality of instant porridge that has been qualified is energy
(minimum 80 kcal / 100 g), ash (maximum 3.5%), protein (8-22%), zinc (minimum 2.5 mg /
100 g), Fe (at least 5 mg / 100 g), and protein digestibility (at least 70%). Meanwhile, the
content and quality of nutrients that have not fulfilled SNI are water content (maximum 4%),
fat content (6-15%), total dietary fiber (maximum 5%), calcium (minimum 200 mg / 100 g),
and total plate number (maximum of 104 colonies / gram). The instant serving quantity of
instant porridge is 27 g which contains 22.25% protein, 55.25% iron, 27.63% zinc based on
nutritional label (ALG) of children aged 7-24 months so it can be claimed as food source of
protein and zinc and high in iron.

Yustiani. 2013. Formulasi Bubur Instan Sumber Protein Menggunakan Komposit Tepung
Kacang Merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) dan Pati Ganyong (Canna edulis Kerr.) sebagai
Makanan Pendamping Asi (MP-ASI). Institut Pertanian Bogor (Naskah Publikasi)

Cooked rice water composition

It contains 7-10% protein, low calcium, glucose and other minerals.

Silvia. 2010. Penetapan Kadar Kalsium pada Susu Sapi, Susu Sapi Kemasan dan Air Tajin
secara Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara (Naskah
Publikasi)

Acute Diarrhea
Diarrhea is an abnormal excretion of stool or dilute form feces with the frequency is more
than 3 times per day and occurs less than 14 days.

Hassan, R dan Alatas. Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Jakarta:FKUI