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Featured Lesson
1 Beware of
Resonance
Contributor Article
Video
9
Spotlight Video:
Understanding Resonance
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FEATURED LESSON
Beware of Resonance
Mobius Institute Board of Certification is an ISO/IEC 17024 and ISO 18436-1 accredited
certification body providing globally recognized certification to reliability professionals,
vibration analysts, ultrasound analysts and thermal imaging specialists.
Mobius further contributes to the condition monitoring industry by hosting the Interna-
5 CONTRIBUTOR ARTICLE
tional Machine Vibration Analysis and Condition Monitoring (IMVAC) conferences and
the www.CBMconnect.com media site worldwide.
Paving the Path to a
Digital Future
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SCHOLARSHIP NEWS
9 VIDEO SPOTLIGHT
11 UPCOMING COURSES since 1984. He is the founder and managing director of the
Mobius Institute and the Mobius Institute Board of Certifi-
See a listing of upcoming
cation. Mobius Institute is ISO-accredited to ISO 17024 and
Mobius Institute courses ISO 18436-1. Mobius has training centers in more than 50
countries and has trained over 27,000 people in a classroom
setting and many thousands more via e-learning. Jason is
the author of the majority of Mobius’ classroom material
13
FAME
VIBRATION ANALYST HALL OF and the “iLearn” series of products, and is a member of
ISO TC108/SC5. After running a vibration consulting and
software development company in Australia in the mid-’80s,
Recognizing our Vibration
Jason sold his business and moved to the United States as
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the product development manager at DLI Engineering (now
Azima/DLI). Jason has delivered presentations, workshops
and had articles published all over the world.
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FEATURED LESSON
BEWARE
of RESONANCE
Don’t just treat the symptoms of
resonance, treat the cause.
The maintenance team probably won’t be asked proximately the same amplitude as the machine. But if you had
a machine that vibrated at 440 Hz, the tuning fork would vibrate
to go out and correct the resonance problem. You at much higher amplitude; perhaps 20 times the amplitude of the
will experience a bearing failure. You will experience machine.
high vibration from unbalance. You may experience
broken welds or bolts. And you may even experience 440 Hz is the natural frequency of the tuning fork. When the tuning
fork is attached to the machine its natural frequency is being excited
product quality problems. The list is endless. But which makes it resonate.
what is the root cause? Resonance.
All rotating machinery, and their support structure, has these natural
What Is Resonance? frequencies. In an ideal world the natural frequencies of the machine
and its support structure would not be the same as the frequencies
The simplest way to describe resonance is the amplification of vibration. The generated by the machine.
vibration being amplified could originate from a number of sources;
unbalance, misalignment, pump vane vibration – almost any source of
vibration can cause resonance. And that vibration does not have to be But that is not the case. You may think that it is unlikely that the
a problem in itself. For example, resonance can cause slight unbalance machine vibration would coincide exactly with these natural fre-
to appear as if the rotor is seriously out of balance. quencies. Unfortunately, they do not need to match exactly; they just
need to be within approximately 20 percent.
which then potentially leads to the bearing failure, or the product detailed vibration testing. We will briefly summarise these tests – but
quality problem, or the failure of a weld or fastener, or the mistaken please understand that there is a great deal more than can be said about
belief that a rotor is seriously out of balance. each of these techniques; that is what vibration analysis training is for!
As mentioned, the vibration is being amplified – if the source of Examining Vibration Spectra
vibration is low in amplitude, the resultant amplified vibration will not
be as high as if the source vibration was itself higher. The closer the The simplest way to check for resonance is to look at the vibration
frequency of the source vibration is to the actual natural frequency spectra you have already collected. A peak in a spectrum would
the amplification will again be higher. These two facts are the keys to normally be quite narrow – if the peak is broad at the base it suggests
dealing with resonance. that it may be amplified by a natural frequency.
Have you ever felt like beating one of your machines with a piece of
timber? Here is your chance.
If you strike the tuning fork it vibrates at its natural frequency; 440
Hz in the example above. The same is true for your machine and its
supporting structure. If we strike the machine – taking due care not to
damage the machine or injure yourself of course – we can excite its
natural frequencies.
The test can be performed in a number of ways, but most commonly How Do We Correct for Resonance
a once per revolution tachometer signal is fed into the analyser and
the analyser monitors the vibration at the running speed. By observing
If the source vibration that is exciting the natural frequency is
how the vibration changes in amplitude, and how the phase changes,
low in amplitude, the resultant amplified vibration will be lower in
we can determine where the natural frequencies are located.
amplitude and it will do less damage. That is one way to solve a
resonance problem. But in most cases we take a different path.
ODS Testing
ODS stands for Operating Deflection Shape. The ODS test enables The natural frequencies of a structure are related to its design and
us to visualize the vibration. We perform the ODS test while the machine are greatly affected by the mass and stiffness of the structure. If
is operating. we made the tines of a tuning fork stiffer, the note made by the
tuning fork would increase in frequency. And the same is true for
If we take vibration and phase readings at the frequency (or frequen- the structure supporting our machine; which is normally what is
cies) that we believe are exciting natural frequencies, at locations all resonating.
over the machine and structure, we can then compare the amplitude
readings and phase readings to build a picture of exactly how the If we know that we have a resonance problem we can consider
machine and structure vibrates. Does it bounce up and down? Does it either adding mass to reduce the natural frequency or increasing
sway from side to side? Does it twist or does it rock? stiffness to increase the natural frequency. The aim is to change
the natural frequency so that is no longer excited by the machine.
The most common answer we receive is that it is based on the criticality of the equipment. More frequent measurements
are taken on the more critical equipment. The next most common answer is that it is based on reliability. If you have been
monitoring a machine with vibration analysis every 30 days and have not detected a fault for a year you may decide to test it
every 60 days, or 90 days. Now, it is true that you have to decide how best to use your precious time. But the one factor often
forgotten is the “PF interval”.
The PF interval, also known as the “lead time to failure”, is the time between when you can detect the fault condition and when
the equipment will have “functionally failed” – i.e. it can no longer be used. If we use the right technologies with the correct
settings and we take frequent measurements, then we will get the earliest warning, and therefore we have the greatest lead
time to act. However, if the PF interval is short, then it is possible that if you have extended the measurement period to 90
days, the equipment may develop a fault and fail before you take the next measurement.
There is a lot more that could be said on this topic but suffice to say that it is essential that you understand the PF interval
and continue to monitor equipment so that you take at least two measurements between the time the fault is detectable and
when the asset will have functionally failed.
www.imvacconference.com
CONTRIBUTOR ARTICLE
Digitalisation is most apparent in the consumer market, where SKF has been monitoring equipment remotely for around fifteen
music downloads, online shopping and on-demand TV are years now, we now have around 1 million bearings connected
hailed as marvels of the digital age. However, digitalisation is to the Cloud. Data from them is gathered and interpreted daily,
also having a huge effect on manufacturing – and SKF is at the often with assistance from our experts. The ability to handle this
forefront of using it to improve our business in the service of our data leads to enhanced analytics – allowing SKF to earlier detect
customers. potential failures in rotating equipment that affect overall equipment
reliability and to get a better understanding of critical product and
The ability to collect and manipulate vast amounts of digital infor- system design requirements.
mation will catapult manufacturing into the future. By embracing
digitalisation, SKF is enhancing its core offering – bearings We have already developed platforms to help customers gather
technology, and related services – so that our customers can and interpret data. For instance, our Enlight platform helps
further boost the performance of their rotating equipment. operators visualise data from a variety of sources, using a device
Furthermore, by focusing on industrial digitalisation, SKF aims such as a smartphone or tablet. This is a smart way of putting ‘Big
to drive the further optimization of cost and efficiency of the full Data’ into an operator’s pocket.
value chain, including World Class Manufacturing and Supply
Chain integration. The ‘connectivity’ of the data runs in all directions, and can be used
in many ways. At its simplest, it connects a sensor to a remote
Growing expertise diagnostics centre. However, the data – on the health of a bearing,
for instance – can be fed right back to the design stage, and used
Digitalisation will affect all parts of the value chain, from design to help redesign a better product.
and manufacturing through to purchasing and maintenance.
Increased digitalisation has also begun to allow more customised Recently, SKF agreed a five-year ‘Rotation For Life’ contract
manufacturing. Because it can cut machine re-setting times close with Zinkgruvan Mining of Sweden. SKF will carry out remote
to zero, there are fewer restrictions to making customised products. monitoring of four mills at a Zinkgruvan enrichment plant. The
Recently, the owner of an aluminium mill required bearings that would company will then pay SKF a fee – based on whether it meets
allow increased output – through a higher rolling speed – as well as its productivity targets.
lower maintenance costs and the elimination of unplanned downtime.
SKF was able to produce four-row cylindrical roller bearings – This arrangement relies on digitalisation technologies working
complete with optimised surface properties and customised coatings in synchronisation. In one element of the contract, monitoring
– to boost service life and robustness, as well as designing out data from a conveyor belt is gathered automatically – with
product cost. no human intervention – and an SKF specialist analyses the
deviations if necessary, while a distributed lubrication system
Paid for performance keeps the line running at optimum efficiency.
A major shift in the future – aided by digitalisation – will be the way in The ability to correlate a wider variety of data can further
which we serve our customers. While the usual ‘transactional’ model improve performance. For instance, the condition monitoring
of providing hardware will remain important, it will start to be replaced data that SKF routinely collects can now be combined
by more performance-based contracts. with ‘process’ data such as machine speed and control
parameters, through a collaboration with Honeywell.
Here, SKF will be responsible for ensuring that the customer’s Combining these data streams has helped one of our joint
operations remain efficient. Supplying hardware like bearings will then customers – a major copper producer – to make more
support the services – from predictive maintenance to lubrication informed decisions on maintenance and asset performance.
expertise – that deliver this extra efficiency.
CONTRIBUTOR ARTICLE continued on next page
Join us
SKF is leading the change to utilise the @ IMVAC2018
industrial internet of things by connecting We are facilitating
big data and predictive maintenance with knowledge share
and technology
machines monitored by SKF technology ... showcase
skf.com.au
CONTRIBUTOR ARTICLE continued
The customer says that part failure would once have led
to shutdown – but this can now be avoided thanks to the
advance warning provided by the combination of process
and monitoring data.
Self-replacement
Mobius Institute, in association with the IMVAC conference, would like to help twelve people each year to achieve Category II certification
and benefit from the IMVAC conferences.
To learn more about the benefits of the Mobius Scholarship program visit our website.
Understanding Resonance
This presentation focuses on resonance, which is the excitation of a
natural frequency. Why is this important? Because resonance is often not
well understood and goes undetected. Resonance amplifies vibration and
can be very damaging to machines, and it is common for machines to
excite natural frequencies. Watch this 9MoK video to learn more, and how
by eliminating resonance you can extend the life of your equipment and
surrounding structures.
Related Video
Distinguishing Between Unbalance and
Resonance
IMVAC Presentation
Paulo Cipriano, SKF Australia Pty
presents
“How Digitalization and
Machine Learning Can Advance
the Vibration Analysis”
IMVAC Australia highlights one of its engaging presentations, presented by Global CBM Services CoE Manager at SKF Australia Pty, Paulo
Cipriano, "How Digitalization and Machine Leraning Can Advance the Vibration Analysis". This presentation provides a new approach
in the field of vibration analysis that aims to improve efficiency and accuracy of data analysis to produce diagnostics and prognostics by
introducing digitalisation and machine learning technologies. The principal goal on the utilisation of digitalisation and machine learning
technologies associated with vibration data is to automate the identification of incipient failures and recommendation of maintenance
actions to improve the usage and extend the life of the asset by predicting its future condition.
In last past 20 years, several attempts have been made on trying to use alarms to automate the process of vibration analysis and diagnos-
tics with the objective of improving efficiency, cost and performance but none has been successful. So, till today most vibration analysis
data are manually reviewed. This manual evaluation of vibration data is inconsistent, time-consuming and an expensive task.
New technologies such as digitalisation and machine learning have the potential to automate the complex process of vibration analysis
entirely and at the same time use this data in correlation with others to predict the remaining life or reliability of assets in real-time and
consequently cause a significant impact on the asset management program.
To see this expert presentation and other keynote presentations, condition monitoring workshops, case studies and hands-on sessions,
attend IMVAC in Gold Coast, Australia, June 6-9, 2018. Visit the IMVAC website
ISO 18436 CAT-II VIBRATION ANALYST Course [+] ISO 18436 CAT-III VIBRATION ANALYST Course [+]
ISO 18436 CAT-I VIBRATION ANALYST Course [+] ISO 18436 CAT-III VIBRATION ANALYST Course [+]
Chris Hill
CAT IV
Certificate: M-8309-01
Exp: 10 December 2019
Location: Brooklyn, NSW, AU
Steven Taylor
CAT IV
Certificate: M-8297-01
Exp: 10 December 2019
Location: Twizel, NZ
VIBRATECH INC.
http://www.vibratech.ca/
Anne-Marie Samson, amsamson@vibratech.ca
Montreal, Quebec
(514) 259-6173
Sielecom SAS
Mobius Institute is http://sielecom.com/
Javier H. Ruiz, jruiz@sielecom.com
represented well all around Bucaramanga, Santande, Colombia
(+57) 3157918468
the world. We have over
90 Authorized Training
Uhre & Nybaek ApS
Centers (ATC) that offer http://www.uhrenybaek.dk/
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Training in more than 50 (+45) 53736420
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Organizations (ATO) provide high quality Petite-Forêt, France
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managed through Mobius Institute and
Mobius Institute Board of Certifica-
tion, students from around the world Reliability Institute
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To learn more about ATOs in your region
of the world, visit our website and select
“Locations & Schedules”. Asset Peak Performance
http://assetpeakperformance.com/
We would like to recognize several of our
Johnny Frem, Johnny.frem@assetpeakperformance.com
ATOs in each issue of Vibration Matters, Beirut, Lebanon
please see this month’s listing to the (+96) 1 70 13 15 10
right.
Vibration Thermography Oil Analysis Wear Particle Motor Testing Ultrasound Lubrication Alignment Balancing
We hope to see you in Gold Coast! Visit our website to learn THANK YOU TO OUR
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