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AMAH HC1, UCHEGBU U1, AMAH CC2, NDUDIM – DIKE J1, NWOSU DC
EGEDE N3 and ULONEME GC4
1. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health
Science, Imo State University Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
2. Orange Specialists Medical Laboratory, No 10 Oparaugo Street
Owerri, Imo State
3. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Federal Medical
Centre, Owerri, Imo State.
4. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine,
Imo State University, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Genital tract infection has been associated with
increased risks for preterm premature rupture of the membranes
(PPROM). This study was carried out to ascertain the role of genital tract
infection in the aetiology of PPROM as well as the antibiotic susceptibility
profile of the incriminating pathogens.
METHODS: A total of 102 pregnant women presented with PPROM
between 24 weeks and 37 weeks of gestation and 102 control cases
were enrolled while attending prenatal clinic of the federal medical
centre, Owerri. The sociodemographic characteristics of the study
population was taken and microbial flora were isolated using standard
bacteriological methods. Disc susceptibility test was performed according
to NCCLS methods.
RESULTS: Pathogens were isolated in 85 patients, giving a recovery
rate of 83.3%. The common pathogens include Escherichia coli (23.5%),
Staphylococcus aureus (20.6%) Streptococcus spp (16.7%) and Candida
albican (13.7%). Levofloxacin was the most effective antibiotics against
all the isolated pathogens while ampicillin-cloxacillin was the least active.
CONCLUSION: The timely detection and administration of ceftriaxone
erythromycin, cefuroxime or augmentin were suggested for conservative
management of PPROM.
GENITAL TRACT BACTERIA LINKED TO PREGNANT WOMAN
WITH PPROM AND THEIR ANTIBIOTICS SUSCEPTIBILITY
PATTERN
Introduction:
Preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM) is the rupture of the
fetal membranes before the onset of labour before 37 weeks of
gestation. It occurs in approximately 3 percent of pregnancies and leads
to one third of preterm births. It increases the risk of prematurity and
leads to a number of other perinatal and neonatal complications
including a 1 to 2 percent and risks of fetal deaths. The most serious
outcome of preterm premature rupture of membranes is often
associated with adverse maternal and infants outcomes related to
infection. Studies `indicates that one of the causes is genitals tract
infection, has been associated with increased risks for premature rupture
of the membranes (gravett et al., 2002).
The specimen were inoculated on blood, chocolate and Mac Conkey agar
plates. All plates were incubated for 48 hours aerobically with the
exception of chocolate agar that was incubated in a candle jar.
Thereafter, a wet mount and gram staining study was done for each
specimen. Emergent colonies were identified according to standard
bacteriology methods. Disc susceptibility test was performed according
to NCCLS method.
The results were analyzed using the statistical software of STATA 8.0 in
the analysis of statistical differences was used test person CHI square
and test based on an analysis of variance. The level of statistical
significance was P<0.05.
Table 1:
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population
characteristics
Table 1:
Microbial flora isolated from the genital treat of participating
women
Table: 3
Table: 4
SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS DRUGS AMONG ISOLATED
BACTERIAL IN THE NON-PPROM GROUP
Antibiotic Streptococcus spp Staphylococcus aureus Escheriachia coli
N=2 N=3 N=1
Gentamicin 2(100.0) 2(66.7) 1(100.0)
Ceftriaxone 2(100.0) 2(66.7) 1(100.0)
Erythomycin 2(100.0) 3(100.0) 1(100.0)
Ciprofloxacin 2(100.0) 3(100.0) 1(100.0)
Levofloxacin 2(100.0) 3(100.0) 1(100.0)
Cefuroxime 1(50.0) 1(33.3) 0
Ampicillin- 0 0 0
cloxacilin
Amoxiclav 1(50.0) 2(66.7) 0
3. RESULTS
In total, 204 women participated in the study. The demographic
characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1. Both groups
were apparently homogenous (P>0.05). The mean age of the women in
the PPROM group was 30.2 + 3.2 years and the mean age of the non-
PPROM group was 30.4 + 2.3 years. Most women in the study
population had a parity of 0 – 2. The mean gestation age of the fetuses
in the PPROM and non-PPROM groups were 32.5 + 1.5 weeks and 33.1
+ 1.8 weeks respectively.
DISCUSSION:
Despite many years of research the etiology of preterm delivery remains
to be unraveled. Several studies contain the complexity of reasons both
from the mothers side or the blastocyst and depending on the external
environment (Hiller et al, 2005).
In studies by Das CR et al., (1996) showed that infection was 2-3 times
more common in patients with rupture of membranes before 37 weeks
of gestation than when foetal membranes ruptured at term. In this
study, we found a significant correlation between PPROM and
pathogenic micro-organisms. The following bacterial pathogens were
significantly isolated: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus spp, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella pneumonia and
Gardnerella vaginalis.
According to sherman et al., 2007 the colonization of Streptococcus
agalactiae or Enterobactecteriacae alone do not induce preterm labor
and PPROM only lowering the percentage of lactobacilli or co-infection
with other micro-organisms of high virulence (such as klebsiella spp and
pseudomonas aeruginosa) increase the risk of premature contractions.
In our research has confirmed that infection with Klebscella spp, etiology
was positively correlated with PPROM, as klebsiella spp was not isolated
from the non-PPROM group. According to Krychowska – cwkla et al.,
(2011), ureaplasm urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Bacteriodes,
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrrhoea are implicated in
premature spontaneous birth. These bacterial agents may contribute to
the negative specimens with no bacterial growth, as they are not
cultivated by the conventional methods used in our study.
The rationale for prophylactic treatment of PPROM with antibiotics is
that infection appears to be both a cause and consequence of PPROM
and can lead to premature delivery (Lewis et al., 1995). The
administration of antibiotics in cases of PPROM forms part of the current
standard care due to strong evidence that antibiotics prolong latency
period in short-term neonatal morbidity by eradication of intrauterine
infection and decreasing inflammatory responses (Kenyons et al., 2003).
Ampicilin-cloxacillin is one of the antibiotic habitually implicated in self-
medication in Nigeria, which might explain why only 22(32.8%) of the
isolates were sensitive to ampicillin-cloxacillin.
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