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ABSTRACT
One of the most common problem in human being is transverse. To identify such a different types bone
bone fracture. Bone fracture can occur due to accident fractures different medical imaging tools are used
or due to high pressure applied on bone. Another such as X-rays,
rays, CT(computed tomography) images,
reason to occur bone fracture can be osteoporosis and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging), ultrasound,
ultraso etc.
bone cancer. Therefor accurate diagnosis is impor
important. Most commonly used technique are X-rays X and CT
The fracture can occur in any bone of our body like images in fracture detection. These techniques
wrist, heel, ankle, rib, leg, hib, chest, etc. the fracture provide easiest way to diagnosis. For existence and
can not detect by naked eyes. To detect it xx-rays and location of fracture, doctors usually use X-rays.
X In the
CT images are used. Now a days image processing children, broken bones are very common. In children,
plays an important role in modern data ta storage. Image the fractures are easily recovered than the adults. The
processing is important in modern data storage and broken bones can recover within 28 to 56 days and
transmission. This paper presents a study of image also it may depend on the person age and health and
processing techniques for bone fracture detection. type of fracture. A fracture can be crosswise,
This paper will help user to design new techniques to lengthwise, in several places, or into small
sm or two or
improve accuracy of fracture detection.
tection. This project more pieces. Typically, a bone fracture can be
employed MATLAB for loading image, image occurred by the force or pressure or fall from vehicles
processing as a programming tool. etc. The input image is taken from the user. The input
image can be in any form like X-rays,
X skin images,
Keywords: X-rays;
rays; CT images; osteoporosis. eye images etc. These images then forwarded to
image processing block. Image processing includes
1. Introduction
image feature extraction using wavelets. The wavelets
The facture can be defined as crack in bone or break can be used for image enhancement and image
in a bone. Proteins, fibers and minerals combined to compression. It can be extract different features of
form a bone of our body. Number of bones are joined images. Pixel classification can be done on the basis
together to form a skeleton of the body. Support to the of intensity of pixels. In X-rays,
rays, there are three types
body shape, protection to the organ of body is of different intensities can be occur such as
provided by skeleton. Bones helped to produce red background, bones, and fractured region in X-rays.
X In
blood cells. With help of bones we can walk, seat, this region we can identified the fracture region using
run, jump, kneel, lift. Bones also protect our internal pixel classifications. The next nex block is Image
organs from the damage. Various shape, size and segmentation which is used to detect the boundaries
structure of bone occurs in human body. Femure bone of an image. In this section we can determine the
are the largest bones and auditory bones are the actual length of the fracture. The calculated result will
smallest bones. Different types of bone fractures be applied with fuzzy logics. To apply fuzzy logics
occurs as oblique, compound, spiral, greenstick and there are different fuzzy rulesules by which we can
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 719
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
canny edge detection algorithm. The processed noise can be removed from the image by using
image output show that the proposed technique wavelets. For noise removal Gabor filter is used. It is
provides efficient fracture detection when compared a linear filter all filters are generated from wavelet
with other edge detection methods. Using GLCM by performing dialation and rotation.
and fcm Hs Rathode and Wahid Ali [10] proposed an
algorithm for Automatic tumor detection that is Pixel classification: It is a technique used in editing
based on segmentation using Daubechies Wavelet images. An image is blurred by displaying part or all
and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) Clustering. The of it at a clearly lower resolution. It is primarily used
segmented portion showing the tumor area in pixels for censorship. The result is a standard graphics
and the time elapsed to detect and calculate the area filter, vacant in all but the most basic bitmap
in seconds. graphics editors.
Tanudeep Kaur , Anupam Garg [11] proposed Image Segmentation: For image segmentation
wavelet approach used to detect Fracture detection Thresholding is used. The image obtained after
region on the X-Ray images. Multilevel wavelet is thresholding required less space for stoarage, it can
used to find the fracture from the x-ray bone images process fastly and easy to conduct. Therefore,
after applying FCM and Gabor filter. It finds fracture thresholding techniques have drawn a lot of
only in horizontal images. It uses Hough transform awareness during the past 20 years. Thresholding is a
to find long bones and wavelet decomposition. It non-linear action that converts a gray-scale image
finds the fracture only the horizontal images. into a binary image where the two levels are
assigned to pixels that are below or above the
3. System Architecture particular threshold value. In this research, Otsu’s
method is used. This method gives suitable results
A. Block Diagram for bimodal histogram images. Threshold values
based on this method will be between 0 and 1, after
achieving the threshold value; image will be
segmented based on it.
Fuzzy logic: It is based on the mathematical theory
of fuzzy sets, which is a simplification of the
classical set theory. By introducing the notion of
degree in the proof of a form, thus enabling a
Description :
condition to be in a state other than true or false, it
The X-Rays /CT images are obtained from the provides a very valuable elasticity for reasoning,
hospital that contains normal as well as fractured which makes it possible to take into account
bone images. In the first step applying preprocessing inaccuracy and reservations .One advantage of fuzzy
techniques such as RGB to gray scale conversion. logic in order to formalize human reasoning is that
The image enhancement can be obtained by the rules are set in normal language. In this detection
removing noise from the image. Then image method fuzzy logic is used for the conclusion. For
classification can be done so as to separate the accurate conclusion apply the rules that is fuzzy
background, ROI(region of interest) and infected rules.
pixels. Then infected pixels get marked. Then this
Result analysis: The infected image with the disease
images will be compared with the given data base
matches with the given dataset. For the disease
and result is calculated by applying fuzzy logic to it.
detection and classification, we are implementing the
The block description can be given as below.
deep learning algorithm. algorithm is used to classify
Input Image: The input image can be obtained from the specified image into appropriate disease hence it
the patient or from the hospital in the form of X-rays will be easy to detect the disease and find out the
or CT images. remedy over the disease.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 720
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
C. Algorithm Pattern Recognition. ICPR. In: Proceedings of
the 17th International Conference on, 3, p. 730–
1. Input Image 733. IEEE.
2. Preprocess an Image 4. Lum, V. L. F., Leow, W. K., Chen, Y., Howe, T.
S., Png, M. A. (2005). Combining classifiers for
3. Classify Image Pixels into background, ROI and
bone fracture detection in x-ray images. In:
Infected Pixels.
Image Processing. ICIP. IEEE International
4. Mark infected pixels. Conference on, 1, p. I–1149. IEEE
5. Measures dimension of infected region i.e. height 5. Al-Khaffaf, H., Talib, A. Z., Salam, R. A.
and width. (2008). Removing salt-and-pepper noise from
binary images of engineering drawings. In:
6. Perform Image segmentation so as to separate Pattern Recognition. ICPR. 19th International
background, ROI and infected region. Conference on, p. 1–4. IEEE.
7. Add infected region to database with proper 6. Vijay Kumar, V., Vanathi, P., Kanagasabapathy,
naming. P. (2010). Fast and efficient algorithm to remove
Gaussian noise in digital images. IAENG
8. Perform result analysis to get accurate International Journal of Computer Science,
conclusion. 37(1).
9. Stop. 7. Aishwariya, R., Geetha, M.Kalaiselvi. and
4. Advantages Archana, M. “Computer- Aided Fracture
Detection Of X-Ray Image”,
1. To get a fracture detection system in which
pathology admin will upload patient’s scanned 8. Anu T C, Mallikarjunaswamy M.S Rajesh
report. Raman. Detection of Bone Fracture using Image
Processing Methods. In International Journal of
2. To get an expert system for patients. Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 721
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 722