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Sub Division Notes

Id Division
Internal
3886 Biostatistics PPVdepends on the prevalence of the disease.(Directly proportional)
Medicine
Internal
4178 Biostatistics attrition bias is a type pf bias,when there is loss to followup..ie the study pts doent folowup
Medicine
hypertrophoc cardiomyopathy: c/f carotid pulse with dual upstroke due to midsystolic obstructio
2691 Pediatrics Cardiology
during cardiac contraction. systolic ejection murmur due to the obstruction.
Internal mITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF mITRAL REGURGITAION .
2695 Cardiology
Medicine Common in women in young age.
most common cuase of Aortic stenosis are: Senile calcific aortic stenosis Bicuspid arotic walve and
Internal
2698 Cardiology rheumatic heart dises Senile calcifif valve is common pts with age >70 while in pts whith age <70
Medicine
years is due to bicusfid aortic valve.
Internal HOCM: there is hypertrophied interventricular septum plus abnormal motion of the mitral valve which
2711 Cardiology
Medicine si also caleed as Systolic anterior motion(SAM)
Internal cardiac myxoma: fever wt loss fatigue diastolic rumble iT MIMICS MITRAL VALVE DISEASE.
2713 Cardiology
Medicine tRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHO WILL SHOW MASS IN THE LEFT ATRIUM.
Internal variant angina is associated with other vasospastic disorder like Raynaud's phenomenon and
2722 Cardiology
Medicine Migraine headache.
Internal
2726 Cardiology RIGHT VENTRICLE IS INVOLVED IN 1/3 OF THE inf wall MI.
Medicine
Internal Ventricular aneurysm is the complication of STEMI.occurs within days to month. C/F persistent
2731 Cardiology
Medicine ST-segment elevation after a recent MI and deep Q WAVES IN THE SAME LEADS.
Internal Viral myocarditis,caused by Coxsacie B virus ,is the most common cause of CH in young
2741 Cardiology
Medicine patients,with no risk factor of coronary artery disease.
Internal in aortic dissection give beta blockers like Labetalol which decrases heart rate and also blood
3056 Cardiology
Medicine pressure,thus minimizing stress on aortic wall.
Internal Chagas disease:Caused by trpanosoma cruzi(PROTOZOA) C/F: megacolon.megaesophagus and
3065 Cardiology
Medicine cARDIAC DISEASE
Internal Treatment of patient with WPW nd Afib: Dont give dIgoxin,CCB,bETA BLOCKER AND ADENOSINE.
3069 Cardiology
Medicine Give procainamide or Crdioversion if pt is not stable.
Internal Bicuspid aortic valve is also a cause of aortic regurgitaation.There is early diastolic murmur at the left
3093 Cardiology
Medicine sternal border.
Internal
3096 Cardiology Atrial tachcardia with AV block is the most specipic arrhythmia for digitalis toxicity.
Medicine
Internal uses of N acetylcystein: Dissoluton of mucus protection against contrast induced renal failure
3158 Cardiology
Medicine Therapy for acetaaminphen overdose
Internal DVT ALGORITHM: if probability is low then dow D dimer IF probability is high then do compression
3596 Cardiology
Medicine ultrasound first.
Internal Peripheral edema is the common sideffect of the dihydropyridamole calcium channel blockers like
3920 Cardiology
Medicine Amlodipine.
Internal sITUATIONAL SYNCOPE:It occurs mostly in old age ppl with prostate hypertrophy,who wake up at
3921 Cardiology
Medicine night and go for urinate and loose consciousness..there is no hx of arrhythmia or postural hyotension.
Cholesterol emboli: c/f livedo retcularis,renal injury,ocular envolvemnt,elevated
Internal
3950 Cardiology CRT,Eosiinophilia,and Hypocomplementemia skin or renal biopsy will show needle shaped cleft
Medicine
withon the occlded vessels.
Internal High dose Niacin causes cutaneous flushing and inyensive generalzied pruritus.This is die tp niacin
3973 Cardiology
Medicine induced vasodilation.
Internal
3977 Cardiology Malignant hypertension: associated with retinal hemorrhages and pappiloedema
Medicine
Internal
3979 Cardiology hemodialysis is the most effective treatemnt of uremic pericarditis.
Medicine
wITH AGE THE arterial wall becomes rigid,Thus systolic blood pressure increases,while diastolic
Internal
3994 Cardiology blood pressure is reserved because of the elastic recoil of the arterial wall. TX: systolic blood is low
Medicine
dose thiazide,acei,CCBS
Internal Management of cocaine induced chest pain: Benzos for blood pressure nd anxiety aspirin nitro nd
4042 Cardiology
Medicine CCB
 Internal
4042 Cardiology Emergency tx of cocain toxicity: Supplemntal oxygen and intravenous benzos
Medicine
Internal lIDOCAINE INCREASES THE RISK OF ASYSTOLE IF GIVEN TO PT WITH VENTRICULAR
4068 Cardiology
Medicine PREMATURE BEATS. BUT IT DECREASES THE RISK OF A.FIB..
Internal
4068 Cardiology lidocaine decrease the risk of V fib in pts with ACS but increases the risk of asystole.
Medicine
Internal
4129 Cardiology Risk factors for descending aortic aneurysm are Hypertension,hypercholesterolemia and smoking.
Medicine
Internal Tachycardia meditaed cardiomyopathy: AF,atrial flutter,V tach,AVNRT can cause cardiomyopathy. tx
4238 Cardiology
Medicine : tx the cause ,not the cardiomyopathy first.COntrol rate and rhythm ..
Internal tACHCARDIA ASSOCIATED CARDIOMAYOPATHY:MOST COMMON AFTER
4238 Cardiology
Medicine A.FIB,FLUTTER,AVNRT ETC tx: treat the tachcardia(rate and rhythm)
Internal
4298 Cardiology Clopidogrel should be given to pt who have done PCI for UA/NSTEMI.
Medicine
Internal Cardiac temponad: Hypotension,Distended enck veins,Muffled heart sounds Due to fluid
4345 Cardiology
Medicine accumulation in the pericardial cavity,there is the decrease in preload i-e th heart cannot filled up.
Internal Tricuspid regurgitation is the most common complication of IE and it causes holosystolic murmur that
4398 Cardiology
Medicine increase in intensity with inspiration.
Internal Marfan suyndrome: cardiac abnormalities: Aortic dilation,regurgitation or dissection The patient will
4484 Cardiology
Medicine have diastolic murmur.
Vascular rings: baby with inpiratidy stridor in prone position and relieved by extension of the neck.
4497 Pediatrics Cardiology
the baby will be congenital heart defect as well.
HIT1: is due to direct ffect of heparin on palateles,The pt count will normalize with cotinued therapy.
Internal
4616 Cardiology HIT2: IS DUE TO ANTIBODIES against plateletes facto 4(PF4) COMPLEXED WITH HEPARIN.usally
Medicine
repesent 4 to 5 days afer heparin therapy.
Internal HOCM--cRECSENDO DECRESCENDO SYSTOLIC MURMUR ALONG THE LEFT STERNAL
4673 Cardiology
Medicine BORDER
Internal
4676 Cardiology Cogenital long qt syndrome have associated hearing loss.
Medicine
Internal aN ABNORMAL S4 CAN BE HEARD IN KOST PTS DIRUNG ACUTE PHASE OF MYOCARDIAL
4679 Cardiology
Medicine INFARCTION.
Internal EXTRARENAL COMPLICATION OF PKD: cerebral aneurysm hepatic and pacreatic cysts cardiac
4680 Cardiology
Medicine valvlar abnormalities colonic diverticula inguinal hernia
Internal TX of narrow complex tachcardia: if pt is stable:do maneuveors,if still present then give adenosine. If
4709 Cardiology
Medicine pt is unstable,then give sedation and do synchronized cardioversion
Internal
4727 Cardiology IE cause by viridans group shoudl be treated with either pnicillin G or IV ceftriaxone.
Medicine
Internal
4727 Cardiology viridans group streptococci are msotly suscetipble to IV pen G OR iv ceftriaxone.
Medicine
Internal rISK FACTOR FOR dEVELOPMENT OF AAA: older age >60yrs cigarrette smoking family hIstory of
4738 Cardiology
Medicine AAA ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Internal Aspirine causes bronchoconstriction ESpecially in patients with asthma,chronic rhinitis and nasal
4742 Cardiology
Medicine polyps.
VIRAL MYOCARDITIS CAUSE BY COXSACKIE B OR ADENOVIRUS D/X: CARDIOMEGALY ND
4854 Pediatrics Cardiology PULMONARY EDEMA ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY IS GOLD STANDAR SHOWING
INLAMMATORY INFILTRATE WITH MYOCYTE NECROSIS
Internal pULMONARY VEINS ARE THE MOST FREQUENT ORIGIN FOR THE ECTOPIC FOCI THAT
8472 Cardiology
Medicine CAUSES ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.
Tinea versicolor: cause by malassezia furfur pale,velvety pink whitish hypopigmented macule,that
Internal
2747 Dermatology scales on srapping. spaghetti nd meatball appearnace on KOH prep tx: topical slenium sulfide lotion
Medicine
or ketoconazole shampoo
Internal Miliaria: also know sas heat rash.Presents as superficial small vesicles,papules,pustues, which is
2748 Dermatology
Medicine burning and itching..Caused by hot and moist climates.
Internal ICYTHOSIS VULGARIS: also called lizard skin.the skin become dry and lizard skin like plaque
2754 Dermatology
Medicine formed on extensor srfaces.
Internal Clazion is nodular rubbery chronic granulomatous conition,caused by the obstruction of meibomian
2760 Dermatology
Medicine gland. Hodoleum is the acute infection of the eyelid mostly commonly caused by Staph.
 Internal
2770 Dermatology ACE inhibitors are the most comon caues of acquired angioedema.
Medicine
Internal Pemphigus vulgaris: IGg deposition i the epidermis Bullous pemphigoid:IGg and C3 deposits i dermal
2775 Dermatology
Medicine epidermal junction deRMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS:igA deposits along dermal papillae
Internal Autoimmune condition associayed with vitiligo: Graves,Type 1 DM,pernicious anemia,primary
4296 Dermatology
Medicine adrenal insufficiecny,hypopituitarism and alopecia areata.
Pophyria cutanea tarda : c/f painless blisters,increased sin fragility,facial hyertrichosis,and
Internal
4314 Dermatology hyperpigmentation.Triggered by ethanol or estrogens. TX:phlbotomy or hyrdoxholorquine or
Medicine
interferon alpha in pts with hep c.
cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquird secondary to chronic middle ear disease. c/f New onset
2831 Pediatrics ENT
eharing loss or chronic ear draingage despite antibiotic therapy are typical presentation.
most common cause of Acute ottitis media are: Streptococcus pneumonia nontypeable hemophilus
3972 Pediatrics ENT
type b Moraxella catarrhalis
Malignant otitis externa:Common in Diabetic pts cause by Pseudomonas aeruginosa present with
Internal
4282 ENT ear ache,difficulty to chew or open mouth.ear drianage,Granulation tissue can damage the facial
Medicine
nerver Cuases osteomyelitis of skull base of TMJ TX: CIPROFLOXACIN
Adrenal insufficiecny: Increse potassium low sodium low glucose low bp since there is low cortisole
Internal
2817 Electrolytes and aldosterone ,thus leading to decrease sodium,increase potassium andincrease Hydrogen ions
Medicine
as well...Thus it causes normal anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Internal Lactice acidosis decondary to tonic clonic seizure: No treatment is required to corretct metabolic
2821 Electrolytes
Medicine acidosis,wait and obserrver the pt for 2 hours>
Internal Potassium can be removed from the body by cation exchange resins,dialysis and diuretics.
3654 Electrolytes
Medicine Examples of cation exchange resins are: Kayexelate or sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
Internal Alcoholism causes hypokalemia,hypomagnesemia and hypophospatemia. All the three should be
4423 Electrolytes
Medicine corrected together.
Internal Succinly choline causes significant potassium release so it is contraindicated in pt who already have
4428 Electrolytes
Medicine hyperkalemia.
Internal Meds causing hyperkalemia: ACEI/ARBS BETA BLOCKERS CYCLOSPORIN DIGOXIN NSAID
8331 Electrolytes
Medicine HEPARIN TMP-SMX SUCCINLYCHOLINE
Internal Parathyroidectomy indications: serum calcium >1 mg/dl above the upper limit of normal young age
2176 Endocrinology
Medicine .50 yrs bone mineral density,-2.5 reduced renal function
if a pt suffer from leukocytosis after taking antithyroid drugs,discontine the drug and do WBC
Internal
2178 Endocrinology COUNT.if count is less than 1000 PER CUBIC MM permanently discontinue the drug.IF TOTAL WBC
Medicine
COUNT IS GREATER THAN 1500 PER CUBIC MM,ANTITHYROID IS UNLIKELY THE CAUSE.
Internal arterial PH Nnd anion gap are the most reliable indicator of metabolic recovery in patients having
2189 Endocrinology
Medicine DKA.
Side effects of hypoglycemics: Metformain: mactic acidosis Sulfonylureas:weight gain and
Internal
2192 Endocrinology hypoglycemia Pioglitazones(tzds):weightgain,edema,CHF,bone fracture,bladder cancer dpp-iv inhib:
Medicine
it can be used in renal insufficiecny GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONIS: WEIGHT LOSS IF DESIRED
Internal
3083 Endocrinology vIT D toxicity: the patient will have sx of hypercalcemia like abdominal pian,polyuria,polydipsia.
Medicine
Internal hYPERALDOSTEONE TX:- Unilateral adrenal tumor: spironlactome,eplerenon Bilateral adrenal
3231 Endocrinology
Medicine tumor:Aldosterone antagonists
Internal
3483 Endocrinology Hypothyroidism can cause: hyperlipidemia hyponatermia elevated ck
Medicine
Internal
3487 Endocrinology PROPYLTHIOURACIL ND METHIMAZILE both causes AGRANULOCYTOSIS
Medicine
Internal MEN 2B: Medullary throid cancer Pheochromocytoma and 1. mucosal & intestinal neuroma 2.
3494 Endocrinology
Medicine marfanoid habitus
Internal Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Normal t3 nd t4 ,Low TSH eUTHYROID SICK SYNDROME: DECREASE
3495 Endocrinology
Medicine T3 while normal t4 nd TSH
Internal
3518 Endocrinology pget disease: The patient should be given Bisphoponates,calcium and vitamin D.
Medicine
Internal
3520 Endocrinology RET Proto oncogene testing shoudl be done in pts suspeting MEN 2 SYNDROMES.
Medicine
Internal LEYDIG CELL TUMOR PRODUCE ESTROGEN,THUS CAUSES GYNECOMASTIA IN MALES. IN
3594 Endocrinology
Medicine SEMINOMA beta hcg and alpha feto proteins levels are norma. in teratome both are elevated.
Internal
3634 Endocrinology Most common cause of death in pts having acromegaly is cardiovascular.
Medicine
 Internal
3781 Endocrinology Monofilament testing is used to asses the peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients.
Medicine
Internal
3800 Endocrinology tx of diabetic neuropathy: TCA,GABAPENTIN OR NASIADS.
Medicine
Internal in primary polydipsia serum sodium is kess than 137 while in diabetes insipidus the serum sodium is
3899 Endocrinology
Medicine higher than 150.
Internal HTN causes in Hypo nd Hyperthyroidism: in hyo there is increase vascular resistance. In hyper
3952 Endocrinology
Medicine thyroidism there is hyperdynamic circulation.
Internal in pheochromocytoma ,beta blocker with alphablockers will cause unopposed stimulation of vascular
3976 Endocrinology
Medicine alpha receptors by circulating catecholamines which reslts in rapid catastrophoc increase in BP.
Internal
4132 Endocrinology Hypothyroidism is the major sideeffect of radioactive iodine therapy.
Medicine
Internal Siledenafil pharmacotkinetics: Contraindicated with Nitrates interfer with erythromycin and
4191 Endocrinology
Medicine cimetedine taken 4 hours earlier than Alpha blocker,used for BPH
lATE ONSET CAH: HAVE SIGNS OF ANDROGEN EXCESS INSTEAD OF SALT WASTING as in in
4239 Pediatrics Endocrinology
neonatal CAH.
Internal
4307 Endocrinology Untreated hyperthyroidism increase the risk of rapid bone loss.
Medicine
iF THERE IS HYPERCALCEMIA THEN NEXT step is to measure PTH LEVEL. if PTH level is high
Internal then cause is primary or tertiary hyperthroidism,or familial hypercalcemia hypocaciuria,or lithium
4308 Endocrinology
Medicine induces. IF pth is high then it might be malignancy,vit D toxicity,granul matous disease,vit a toxicity
immobilization or drug induced.
Internal Diagnosis of Acromegaly:- 1st step: Measure IGF-1 LEVEL--IF HIGH THEN DO ORAL GLUCOSE
4323 Endocrinology
Medicine SUPPRESSION TEST
Internal
4415 Endocrinology radioactive iodine therpy worsend the exophthalmos.
Medicine
Internal E-coli an d klebsiela are the most common pathogen envolved in SBP. Neutrophils counts >250/mm3
2217 GIT
Medicine is dignaostic.
miLK OR SOY PROTEIN INDUCED PROCTOCOLITIS: painless bloddy stools,eczema and
2464 Pediatrics GIT
regurgitation or vomiting
dOWN SYNDROME IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIRSCHPRUNG DISEASE WHILE CYSTIC FIBROSIS
2467 Pediatrics GIT WITH MECONIUM ILLEUS. In MI,the obstruction is at the level of the illeum while in Hirschprung the
obstruction is at rectsigmoid level.
Internal VIPoma: watery diarrhrea decreases gastric acid secretion hypokalemia VIP>75 do abdominal ct or
2649 GIT
Medicine MRI to lcalized tumor in pancreatic tail
Internal cigarrette smoking,obesity,low physical activity,chronic pancretitis are the major risk factors for
2966 GIT
Medicine pancreatic cancer.
Internal
2977 GIT only conjuagted bilirubin can be detected in urine,cos it is water soluble.
Medicine
Beckwith-wiedmann syndrome: aleration in 11p15 Macrosomia\macroglossia hemihyperplasia
3835 Pediatrics GIT abdominal wall defects( Umbilical hernia,omphalocele) Hypoglycemia Do U/S to rule out wilms tumor
and hepatoblastoma
beckwith-widemann syndrome: 11p15 chromoso defect which encoded IGF2 ND GROWTH
PROMOTING HORMONSE SIMMILAR TO INSULIN. c/f macrosomia,macroglossia and
3835 Pediatrics GIT
hemihyperplaisa and abdominal wall defects. The childs are at increased risk of Wilms tumor nd
Hepatoblastoma.
Internal Giardia: Hx of developing country visite,Hiking or Gay MEN C/F : FOUL SMELLING STOOL,FATTY
3887 GIT
Medicine STOOL,FLATULENCE,ABDOMINAL CRAMPS dx:STOOL ANTIGEN TEST tx: Metronidazole
Internal
3918 GIT Villous atrophy polys which are sessile polys,are the most premalignant polys of the colon.
Medicine
narly all pts with CF have sinoplumonary disease.Opcaification of the sunises is seen in all CF pts at
4183 Pediatrics GIT
age 8 months.
Internal Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis causes: obesity DM hypertriglyceridemia the ot is aymptomatic with
4389 GIT
Medicine hepatomegaly and elevted transaminseses there is fatty infiltration of the liver.
Internal Left side varicocele is rekated with Renal cell carcinoma. There is flank paon,hematuria,and palpable
2221 Genitourinary
Medicine abdominal renal mass.
Internal Focal segmental GS: Common is heroin users,obesity and HIV Membranous: NSAIDS,HEP B SLE
2223 Genitourinary
Medicine Minimal change:NSAIDS,LYMPHOMA
 Indication for Hemodialysis: Refractory hyperkalemia volume overload,Pul edema not respondng to
Internal
2224 Genitourinary diuretics Refractory met acisosis Uremic pericarditis uremic encephalopathu or neuropathy
Medicine
Coagulopathy due to renal failure
Internal Struvite stones are formed by ureas producing bacteria( proteaus) especially where the urin is
2228 Genitourinary
Medicine Alkaline.
Internal IGA nephropathy: normal complements,Mesangial IGA depostits seen in kidney biopsy PIGN: LOW
2230 Genitourinary
Medicine C3 COMPLEMENT elevated ASO TITRE subepithelial bumps consisting with c3 complements
Internal Mixed essential cryoglobulinemia: Palpabel purpura proteinuria heamturia dx:circulating cryglbulins
2232 Genitourinary
Medicine most pts have underlying hep c infection.
ALPORT SYNDROME: Hematuria,proteinura and Sensorineural deafness Histology shows
Internal
2233 Genitourinary alternating areas of thinned and thickened capillary loops with splitting of glomerular basement
Medicine
membrane
tx of uncomplicated cystitis: Nitrfurantoin,TMP-SMX COMPLICATED
Internal
2235 Genitourinary CYSTITIS:FLUORQUINOLONES pYELENEPHRITIS:outpt-fluoroquinoloes inpt:iv ceftraiaxone or
Medicine
fluoroquinolones
Internal Common cause of urethritis/cystitis Neisseria gonnorrhea (most common) Chlamydia trachomatis
2236 Genitourinary
Medicine mycoplasma genitalium Tichomonas
Internal Ciprofloxacin is the only oral medications used in patients with Pyelonephritis empirically. or give IV
2237 Genitourinary
Medicine CEFTRAIXONE,OR GENTA
RENAL VEIN THROMBOSIS is an important complication of nephrotic syndrome.Antithrombin 3 is
Internal
2243 Genitourinary lost in urine and puts the ot at increased risk of thrombosis. RVT present with sudden onset of
Medicine
abdominal pain,fever and hematuria in a nephrotic patient,with Membranous glomerulnephritis..
Internal renal vein thrombosis is common in Nephroti syndrome,especially most common in Membarnous
2243 Genitourinary
Medicine glomerulonephritis.
2513 Pediatrics Genitourinary dESMOPRESSIN: CAUSES HYPONATREMIA IF TOO MUCH FLUID IS CONSUMED IN EVENING
Internal the usual cause of renal arter stenosis in young adults is Fibromuscular dysplasia. In older patients
3894 Genitourinary
Medicine renal artery stenssi is usually caused by Atheromatous plaque.
Internal Rena artery stenosis in young pts is due to fibrmuscular dysplaisa.Tx by angioplasty with stent
3894 Genitourinary
Medicine placement.
Internal Common causes of Priapism: Trazodone Prazosin sickle cell disease and leukemia perineal or
3916 Genitourinary
Medicine genital trauma neurogenic lesion suck as spinal cord injury,cauda equina
Polycystic kidney diesseas: Autosomal dominant(ADPKD) COMPLICATIONS: Intracranial aneurysm
Internal
3939 Genitourinary to high BP HEPTIC CYSTS VALVULAR HEART DISEAS COLONIC DIVERTICULA ABODOMINAL
Medicine
WALL AND INGUINAL HERNIA
Internal Extrarenal complication of ADPKD: hepatic cysts(most common) Vavular heart ds(mostly mvp nd AR)
3939 Genitourinary
Medicine colonic diverticula abdominal and inguinal hernia
Membanous Nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in opts with Hepatitis B.
3940 Pediatrics Genitourinary
FSGN is coomon in HIV.
Internal
3942 Genitourinary Hypertension causes Nephrosclerosis.
Medicine
Internal hYPERTENSION S THE LEADING CUASE OF END STAGE RENAL DISESE IN USA.It cause
3942 Genitourinary
Medicine nephrosclerosis.
Internal Membranoproliferative Glomerulnephritis is due to persistent activation of the alternative
3946 Genitourinary
Medicine complement pathway.Biopsy shows dense deposits within glomerular basement membrane.
Internal Cystinuria: recurrent stones postve family history typical hexagonal crystals on urinalysis and postive
3949 Genitourinary
Medicine urinary cyanide nitroprusside test
Internal
3949 Genitourinary Cysteinuria: Fmilial Hexagonal crstals on urinalysis postive urinary cyanide nitroprusside test
Medicine
Prolonged hypotension from any cause can lead to ATN.The hallmark of finding is muddy borwn
Internal
3955 Genitourinary granualr casts . Broadand waxy casts--Chronic renal failure RBC casts--glomerular disease
Medicine
WBC--pYELONEPRITIS,Interstitial nephtrits Fatty casts--Nephrotic nysdrome
Internal
3965 Genitourinary Emergency plasmaphaersis is required in patients having Goodpasture's syndrome.
Medicine
Internal
3966 Genitourinary NSAIDS nd Hodgkins lymphoma are the most common cause of Minimal change disease.
Medicine
Internal Sickle cell patients are at increased risk of Hematuria due to renal pappillary ischemia or
3967 Genitourinary
Medicine necrosis,renal medullary carcinoma,and UTI.
Internal ERYTHROPOEITIN SIDE EFFECTS: hypertension or worseing of rpeexisting hypertension Flu liek
3978 Genitourinary
Medicine syndrome Headcahes red cell aplasia
 Internal Focal segmental glomerulnephritis is the most common kidney disease in HIV positive pts regardless
3984 Genitourinary
Medicine of the CD4 count
Internal Intravenous acyclovir can cause crystal induced acute kidney inury.The drug have low urinf solubility
3987 Genitourinary
Medicine and thus precipitates in the renal tubules,causing intralobular obstruction and direct renal toxicity.
Internal
3997 Genitourinary Amylodosis: Apple green birefringent under polarized light afetr staining with congo
Medicine
Internal
4007 Genitourinary Papillary necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis are the two common pathologies caused by NSAIDS.
Medicine
Internal
4026 Genitourinary Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in dialysis pts.
Medicine
Internal tx of hypercalciuric hypocalcemia: Increase fluid intake normal or increased calcium intake dietary
4058 Genitourinary
Medicine sodium restriction oxalate restriction Thiazide/ameloride diuretcs dcreased dietary proteins
Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at increase risk of hypercoagulability due to many causes. due
Internal
4266 Genitourinary to increase rinary loss of antithrombin altered level of preotin c nd S increase platelte aggregation
Medicine
impaired fibrinolysis
Internal MEDICATION cause Hyperkalemia: NSAIDS ACEI ARBS POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETICS
4288 Genitourinary
Medicine DIGOXIN NONSELECTIVE BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Internal
4491 Genitourinary Prevention of contrast induced nephropathy: Normal saline iv Isotonic bicarbonates Acetylcysteine
Medicine
Internal Risk factor for bladder cancer: age> 35 smoking ccupational hx( chemicals,dyes) drug exposure liek
4506 Genitourinary
Medicine cyclophosphamide
Internal
4750 Genitourinary Most common Histologic lesion in pts with diabetes is DIFFUSE GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS.
Medicine
Internal Blood in start of urination-Urethral problem Blood in the end of urintion-Prostate or bladder Blood
4751 Genitourinary
Medicine through out urination-Kidney or ureter
Hepatorenal syndrome: Occurs due to decreased renal blood flow,renal vasoconstriction oddur and
Internal thus GFR is reduced. two type: TPYE 1 IS RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE TYPE 2 IS SLOWLY WITH AN
4752 Genitourinary
Medicine AVERAGE SURIVIAL OF 3 TO 6 MONTH. tx: here is no specific tx for HRS,Liver transplantation is
the only tx.
Interstitial cystitis:unclear etiology Cf: Urinar urgency,frequency as well as chronic pelvic pain in the
Internal
4807 Genitourinary absence of another disease that could cause the symptoms.Symptoms are relieved by voiding.
Medicine
cystoscopy shows submucosal petechiae or ulcerations.
Internal Spherocytes can be seen in Hereditary spherocytosis as well as in AIHA (AUTOIMMUNE HMOLYTIC
2248 Hem&Onc
Medicine ANEMIA)
MGUS: no anemia,Hypercalcemia,lytic lesion or renal insufficiency Serum monoclonal proteins
Internal
2249 Hem&Onc <3g/dl Multiple myeloma: There is anemia,hypercalcemia lytic lesions and renal insufficiecny Serum
Medicine
monoclonal prteins <3 g/dl
HIT: PT count reduction >50 % Thrombsosis Necrotic skin lesion at inj sites ANaphylactic reactions
Internal
2250 Hem&Onc after heparin DX:Serotonin release assay Stop heparin and give Argatroban,Bilavlirudin or
Medicine
Fondaparinux
Internal Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglubinuria: Hemolysis Cytopenias Venous thrombsosis Dx: FLOW
2258 Hem&Onc
Medicine CYTOMETRY(CD55 DN CD59 ABSENT) tx: iron nd folate Eculizumab
Internal In testicular cancer,First do high inguinal orchiectomy ( reomove testes and associated cord) and
2589 Hem&Onc
Medicine then examin for the type of cancer.
Internal
2590 Hem&Onc Anterior Medistinal masses: 4ts Themoma teratoma thyroid neoplasm terrible lymphoma
Medicine
Internal
2590 Hem&Onc Anterior medistinal masses: 4Ts Themoma,teratoma,thyroid neoplasma nd terrible lumphoma
Medicine
Internal Breast cancer prognosis: Prognosis depends on TNM staging ER+ ND pr+ are good prognostic
2605 Hem&Onc
Medicine overexpression of HER-2/NEU-ONCOGENE is owrse prognostic
Internal Tamoxifen increases to types of uterine cancers: 1;Endometrial caner,which arsises in the lining of
2606 Hem&Onc
Medicine the uterus 2:Uterine sarcoma:which arises in the muscular wall of the uterus.
Internal paget's disease of the breast: 85% pts ahve underlying breast cancer as well,mostly
2607 Hem&Onc
Medicine adenocarcinoma. Biopsy will show large cells surrounded by halo like aread invading the epidermis.
Overexpression of oncogene HER2 can be detected by Immunohistochemical staining IN BREAST
Internal
2612 Hem&Onc CANCER. pOSITIVITY PREDICTS a positive response to trstuzumab and anthracycline
Medicine
chemotherapy.
Internal gIANT CELL Tumor:beningn Epiphysis tumor x-ray: expansible and eccentric lytic area (Soap-bubble
2618 Hem&Onc
Medicine appearance) Increase pathologic fractures due to thinning of the bone cortex in weight bearing areas
 Internal
2623 Hem&Onc 5HT3 antagonists are considered first liek agent for Chemotherapy induced nausea.
Medicine
Internal Squamous cell carcinoma : Is associated with symptoms of hypercalcemia,because the SSC secret
2632 Hem&Onc
Medicine PTH RELATED PROTEIN,WHICH IS SIMILar to PTH in the receptor niding area. Squ........aCA
Internal Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Hyerphospatemia hyperuricemia hyperkalemia nd Hypocalcemia( b/c
2641 Hem&Onc
Medicine released phosphate binds the calcium)
Internal GLUCAGONOMA: there is Necrolytic migratory erythema Diabetes mellitus Diarrhea weight loss dx:
2645 Hem&Onc
Medicine hyperglycemia with elevated glucagon Normocytic,normochromic anemia Abdominal imaging
Internal
2645 Hem&Onc Glucagonoma: Migratory necrolytic erythema+ DM+diarrhea(watery)+weight loss
Medicine
Internal progesterone analogs and steroids are helpful in end stage cancer pts with decrease apetite,weight
2646 Hem&Onc
Medicine loss .
Internal CLL: smudge cells are highly characteristic Most cells have over matured look b/c of the
2865 Hem&Onc
Medicine hypersegmented nuclea chromatin material.
2867 Pediatrics Hem&Onc ALL: PAS +VE (periodic acid schiff) blasts cells
Hairy cell leukemia: B lypmphcytic derived chronic leukemia There are ahiry projection seen on the
Internal
2868 Hem&Onc lymphocytes.tHE BONE MARROW BEOCME FIBROTIC( A DRY TAP) Tratrate-resistant acid
Medicine
phosphatase stain and CD11 c marker are relatively specific. TX: treated with Cladribine
Internal Infectious mononucleosis: hISTOLOGICALLY MANY VARIENTS OF LYMPHCYTES ARE
2869 Hem&Onc
Medicine SEEN,including cells with convolted neclei and highly vacoulated cytoplasm.
Internal LEUKEMOID REACTION: is a marked incease in leukocytes due to sever infection of
2886 Hem&Onc
Medicine inflammation.An increase Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score is typical for this condition.
Hereditary Spherocytosis: There is defects in Ankyrin gene abnormal rbc plasma membrane
Internal scaffolding proteins. Elevated MCHC,RDW hIGHr risk of gallstones and aplastic crisis by PARVO
3062 Hem&Onc
Medicine VIRUS B19 DX:osmotic fragility test (Eosine-5-maleimide binding test) tx:supportive,folic acid and
splenectomy
Internal hERDITARY SPHERCYTOSIS: hAVE ELEVATED MCHC nad RDW .dx by Frragility test or eosin 5
3062 Hem&Onc
Medicine maleimide binding test. Tx:SUPPORTIVE,FOLIC ACID OR TRANSFUSION IF SEVER ANEMIA
presence of greater than 25 % lymphoblasts on bone marrow biopsy are significant for the diagnosis
3284 Pediatrics Hem&Onc
of ALL.
3552 Pediatrics Hem&Onc wilms tumor: Associated with WAGR(WILMS,ANIRIDIA,GU anomalies,medntal retardation)
Pinealoma: causes Parinaud syndrome in which: paralysis oif vertical gaze+pupillary problem+eyelid
3665 Pediatrics Hem&Onc
retraction the patient also have endocrine problems.
Internal Spinal cord compression: due to spinal cord injury Malignancy Infection TX: Emergency MRI IV
3680 Hem&Onc
Medicine steroids Radiotherapy nd Neurosurgeon consultation
Acquired sideroblastic anemia:Most commonly cause by pridoxine deficiency. ASA manifest as
Internal
4037 Hem&Onc microcytic,hypochromic anemia. two type od RBCs can be demonstrated on
Medicine
microscopy:Hypochromic and normochromic
Internal
4147 Hem&Onc Folate deficiency is acused by: Phenytoin TMP-SMX Methotrexate
Medicine
Internal
4147 Hem&Onc tRIMETHPRIM,methotrexate and Phenytoin chronic use can cause Folic acid deficiency.
Medicine
Type 1 HIT: 1 to 4 days after heparin,PT cnt >100,000 continue heparin nd observe Type 2 HIT:
Internal
4316 Hem&Onc OCCURS AFTER 5-10 DAYS pt count usually >20,000 Increase risk of thrmbosis stop heparin nd
Medicine
start argatroban etc
Internal vIT B12 acts as a cofactor for the demethylation of methyl-tetrahydrofolate.Tetrahydro folate is used
4350 Hem&Onc
Medicine in foration of purine molecules for DNA synthesis.
Internal
4351 Hem&Onc Nodes whicha re firm,immobile and diameter >2 cm are likely to be malignant.
Medicine
Internal most of the head and neck cancer are SCC.represent as hard,non tender submandbular nodes.Mpst
4352 Hem&Onc
Medicine common in smokers.
Androgen use in men (athletes) causes sideeffects like: depressed testiclar function,testicular
Internal
4374 Hem&Onc atropy,gynecomastia,mood disturbances In women: Acne,hirsutism,deepning of voice,and menstrual
Medicine
irregularities LAB:ERYTHROCYTOSIS,HEPATOTOXIXCITY AND DYSLEPIDEMIA
Internal In lupus coagulant: PTT will eb normal or slightly prolingedVWF ,bt nd PT COUNT WILL EB
4412 Hem&Onc
Medicine NORMAL d DIMER WILL BE Hight or normal.
Internal Most common cause of thrombocytopenia and lukopenia in SLE is immune mediated pereihperal
4416 Hem&Onc
Medicine destruction.
 Alpha thamssemia trait and Beta thalassemia minor is differentiated from iron defficiency anemia by
Internal
4440 Hem&Onc the presence of TART=GET CELLS ON SMEAR. there is also normal to increase iron nd ferritin in
Medicine
BOTH THALASEEMIAS (MINOR ND TRIT)
Internal bETA THAlassemia trait have high rbc count,HGb > 10 WHILE iron def anemia have low RBC count
4440 Hem&Onc
Medicine and HGB is <10.
herditary telangiectasia( Psler-weber-rendu syndrome) Diffuse telagectasia,recurrent epistaxis and
Internal
4447 Hem&Onc widespread AV malformation.AVM in the lungs can cause shunting ,thus causing chronic hypoxemia
Medicine
nd reactive polycythemia.pulmonary AVMs can cause hemoptysis.
Internal Multiple myeloma: MM pts are at increased risk of infections due to total decrease in functional
4466 Hem&Onc
Medicine antibodies and leukopenia secondary to over crowding of bone marrow with malignant plasma cells.
2896 Pediatrics Hepatology Reye syndrome: There is micrvesicular fatty infiltration and hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction
Internal Non-alcoholic fatty liver diease: common in obese,Hypertriglyceridemia aND DM. Biopsy show
2910 Hepatology
Medicine macrovesicular steatosis,polymorphnuclear cellellaer infiltrates and necrosis
Internal Hepatits has no chronic carrier state,However it can progress to fullminant hepatitis in pregnant
2915 Hepatology
Medicine femaile.Mother can also tranist to teh baby.
Internal Iosniazid induced hepatiits: Histology will hsow panlobular monuclear infiltration and hepatic cell
2917 Hepatology
Medicine necrosis.
Internal aLPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEF: Chromosone 14 defect Tx/:Purfied human A1AT HORMONE OR
2919 Hepatology
Medicine LIVER TRANSPLANT
bening Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Gilbert: decrease UDP glucuronyl tranferase no treatment
Internal required Criggler Najjar syndrome type 1:autosomal recessive,in which there is neurologic
2923 Hepatology
Medicine impairment sue to kernicterus.No improvemnt with phenbarbital.do plasmapharesis or
phototheraphy. Crigler n typ 2: milder autosomal recessive disorder,no kernicterus,give phenobarbital
Dubin Jhonson Syndrome:there is predominanatly conjuagted hyperbilirubinemia without
Internal
2924 Hepatology hemolysis,This is bening condition common in jews. Liver biopsy shows dark granular pigment in the
Medicine
hepatocytes.
Hepatic adenoma: benign epithelial tumor,associated with OCP intake,anabolic androgen
Internal
2932 Hepatology use,glycogen sotrage disease ad DM. BIOPSY SHOWS MULDLY ATYPICAL ENLARGED
Medicine
HEPATOCYTES CONTAINING GLYCOGENA ND LIPID DEPOSITIS.
Internal
2932 Hepatology hEPATIC ADENOMA: histology:atypical enlarged hepatocytes containing glycogen and lipid deposits
Medicine
Alcoholic liver disease and wilson's dieseae have same findings on the biopsy of the liver cells. but In
Internal
2938 Hepatology ALD there is history of alcoholic intake with in wilson disease there is history of gait and
Medicine
neuropschiatric symptoms.
Emphysematous gallbladder: cause by infection of gall bladder by gas forming
Internal bacteria(ESCHIRCHIA,CLOSTRIDIUM,STAPH,STREP,PSEUDOMONAS,AND KEBLSIELA)
2940 Hepatology
Medicine C/F.RUQP,nausea,vomiting and low grade fever DX: Abd radiograph demonstraing air fluid levels in
gallbladder, U/S SHOW CUVELINIER gas shadowing in gallbladder
Internal Risk factors for galbladder cancer: Age gallstones porecelain gb salmonella typhi carriage anatomic
2942 Hepatology
Medicine variations carcinogen exposure
hEPATITIS C treatment: tx should be started after detectable HCV RNA in serum AND Liver
Internal
2960 Hepatology biopsy,to find if there is portala nd bridging fibrosis. Contraindication to tx are: Alcohol or drug
Medicine
abuse(currently) Major uncontrolled depression
Internal
2965 Hepatology possible causes of pancreatitis: Gallstone.alcohole hypertriglyceridemnia,ERCP,thyzide
Medicine
Internal Acute cholangitis: charcot triad: fever,jaundice and RUQP REYNOLD PENTAD: above sx with
2978 Hepatology
Medicine confusion and hypotension. ERCP WITH SPHINCTEROTOMY is therapeutic and diagnostic as well.
Internal Postoperative cholestasis: IS A BENIGN CONDITION ,after a amjor surgery in which there is
2983 Hepatology
Medicine hyptonesion ,massiev blood loss. thre is acute jaundice with Increase alk phosphatase.
Fulminant hepatic failure: Most common in hep B or Hep D pts with history of acetaaminphen,alcohol
Internal
2986 Hepatology and methamphetamines. There is sudden elevation of transaminases,and prithrombin time and
Medicine
elevtaed Prothrombin tine.
Internal Alcoholic fatty liver: Biopsy will shpw mALLORY BODIES,INFILTRATION BY NEUTRPHILS,LIVER
4278 Hepatology
Medicine NECROSIS
Internal Non alcoholic fatty liver disease is due to peripheral insulin reisistance that elaad s to increased
4321 Hepatology
Medicine peripheral lipolysis,trigylceride synthesis,and hepatic uptake of fatty acids.
Vanishig bile duct syndrome: characterized by progressive destruction of the intrahepatic bile
Internal
4624 Hepatology ducts.histological hallmark is ductompenia. Other causes of ductpenia are: PBC hodgkin's diease
Medicine
failing liver transplant GVHD hiv CMV INFECTION
 Internal Ischemic hepatic injury: (shock liver) the pt is having septic shock and develope suddenly elevtaed
4648 Hepatology
Medicine AST ND ALT one day later,with odest leve of bilirubin and ALP elevation.
HCV:pts can have PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA,INwhich there si fragile
Internal
4654 Hepatology skin,photosenstivity,vesicles and erosions on the dorsum of the hands. HCV also has strong
Medicine
corelation with Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Internal CMV mononucelosis: atypical lymphocytosis,with no pharyngitis,and cervical lymph have vacoulated
2270 ID
Medicine basophils.
Internal
2272 ID ELISA IS THE SCREENING TESY AND WESTERN BLOT IS THE CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR HIV.
Medicine
Internal
2273 ID PCP 1st line tx: Trimethprim smx iv for acute ill... Add steroids if if pao2 <70 or A-a gradient >35.
Medicine
Internal
2994 ID Mucomycosis: TX SURGICAL DEBRIDEMENT PLUS IV AMPHOTERICIN
Medicine
Histoplasmosis: The fungus targets histiocytes and the reticulendotheial systme,thus causing
Internal
2995 ID lymphadenopathy.pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly. thre are platal ulcers as well. xray show
Medicine
hilar adenopathy with or wthout areas of pneumonitis.
Internal Coccidiomycosis: Fever,fatige,dry cough and weight loss and pleauritic chest pain Cutaneau findings
2998 ID
Medicine include Erythema multiformse,erythema nodisum as well as arthralgias.
Internal
3000 ID sporotrichosis is caused by Sporothrix schenckii..it is common in gardners
Medicine
Streptococcus Sanguinis: belongs to the viridans group which also include S.mitis,S oralis,S
Internal
3014 ID mutans,S sobrinus. All of these becteria causes IE in patients having native valves after dental
Medicine
procedures.
Internal Babesiosis:caused by babesia,which si psread by ixodes tick. c/f hemolytic anemia jaundice
3104 ID
Medicine hemoglobinuria renal failure
Internal
3131 ID Complication of Infectious mononeucleosis: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia
Medicine
Internal Ehrlichiosis: transmitted by tick Flue liek sx confusion no rash leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
3247 ID
Medicine elevated liver enzyme. TX: Doxcycline
Internal
3260 ID PSEUDOMONAS EXTERNA IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF malignant otitis externa.
Medicine
Internal Clue for UTI caused by proteaus mirabilis: The urine ph will akaline ,and this due to alkaline urine
3262 ID
Medicine there are high chances of Struvite stones.
Internal
3266 ID rubella in elders: SYMPTOMS ARE SAME LIEK MEASLE BUT MILDER +ARTHRALGIA
Medicine
streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenza are the msot common cause of acute bacterial
3286 Pediatrics ID
rhinosinusitis.
patients with infectious monnucelosis,can get post antibiotic polymorphous and maculopapular
rash.Its not a true drug alergic rash and the antoibiotics can be given in the future. Infectious
3444 Pediatrics ID
monnucleosis ,there is diffure cerical lymphadenopathy while in GAS INFECTION,there is anterior
cervical lymphadenopathy
Internal
3613 ID cmv in immunspressed:suspect cmv in immunosuppressed with lung nd GI symptoms.
Medicine
3636 Pediatrics ID Doxycycline is contraindicated in children age <8 yrs and in pregnant women.
3663 Pediatrics ID Congenital rubella infection: Catarcts + murmur of PDA+ HEARNIGN LOSS
Internal neurocysticercosis: cause by the ingenstion of larva of Teania solium.They reach the cns
3808 ID
Medicine hematgenously. characterized by multiple,smal fluid filled cysts in the brain parenchyma.
gram positive cocci in cluster: staph aureus gram positive cocci in chians: streptococcus pneumonia
3830 Pediatrics ID gram negative rod: pseudomonas aeruginosa these bacteria are the common pathogens causing
pneumonia in pts with CYSTIC FIBROSIS.
Internal
3917 ID CMV can cuase chronic bloody diarrhea in HIV pts with cd4 <50
Medicine
CMV: bloody diarrhe with normal stool exaination do colonoscopy for biopsy which will show multiple
Internal
3917 ID musocal erosions and coloinc ulcerations.alSO THERE are large number of eosinophilic intranuclear
Medicine
and basiphilic cytoplasmic inclusions. TX IS WITH GANCICLOVIR.
Staph aureaus is the most common cause of pneumonia in CF CHILDS while Pseudmonas is the
4030 Pediatrics ID
most common cause in CF adult pts.
Internal C diff: dx detection of toxin in the stool via PCR IF NEGATIEV THEN do sigmoidoscopy or
4092 ID
Medicine colonoscopy for biopsy to detect pseudomembranous colitis.
 Internal iNFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS IS MOST COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH mITRAL VALVE
4163 ID
Medicine REGURGITATION.
postexposure tx of varicella: if pt is immunocpmetent with ni hx of vaccination,then give only varicella
4186 Pediatrics ID vaccine. if pt is immunsupressed,then give immunoglubulin with 10 days of exposure. in pts whol are
already vaccined,then just obsereve.
4353 Pediatrics ID Lymphadenitis: most common cause is staph aureaus or strep pyogenes tx: clindamycin for both
Bacilary angiomatosis: A condition caused by bartonella henselae, common in immunosupressed
Internal
4373 ID pts. c/f include fever,wt loss,abdominal pain in addtition to skin lesion and viscera. Extreme caution
Medicine
must be taken in biopsy,because these lesions are extremely prone to bleeding.
Internal Nocardia, Partially acid fat,gram positive,bracnhing rod.affects immunosppressed hosts and
4417 ID
Medicine confused with TB. r=tx; TMP-SMX
Tdap should be given every 10 years after age 18. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine shold be
Internal
4475 ID giver in adults at age >65 but can also be gievn in ots at age <65 with Chronic lung dieses diabetes
Medicine
chronic liver diese cigarrete smking alcoholism immunocomprmising chronic cardiovascular disease
Internal
4611 ID HIV pts should be screened for antibodies against Toxoplasmosis gondii..
Medicine
Congenital Syphilis: C/F: ulcerative lesion on palms and soles hepatosplenmegaly jaundice anemia
4852 Pediatrics ID
and rhinorhea X-ray: Metaphseal dystrophy and periostitis
Congenital syphilis: Causes early manifestation like ulcerative lesions on palms and
4852 Pediatrics ID soles,Hepatosplenmegaly,jaundice,anemia and rhinorrhea. late manifestations are frontal
bossing,high arched palate,hutchinson teeth,saddl nose,and perioral fissure.
Protsthetic joint infection: Within 3 months of surgert: staph aureus After three months:Coagulase
9111 Surgery ID
negative taph epidermidis
Infection after Knee Joint Replacement: EARLY ONSET(within 3 months) cause by staph aureus,tx is
9111 Surgery ID remove the prosthetics Delayed onset(>3 months)caused by staph epidermidis,tx is remove
prosthetics
Internal Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: pTS HAVE FEVER,HEACHES AND PAPILLOEDEMA. common in
9885 ID
Medicine ots with HIV. DX: cryptococcal antigen trsting of CSF
Hiv screening test is 4TH GENERATION ASSAY WHICH DETECTS BOTH hiv p24 antigen and HIV
Internal
10301 ID antbdies.Plasma HIV RNA testing is recmmended in those pts with negative serologic tests and high
Medicine
clinical suspicion of acute HIV.
Internal Presence of EBV DNA in the csf of HIV positive patient ,with a ring enahancing lesion ,is suggestive
2276 Neurology
Medicine of CNS lymphoma.
Internal PML: in hiv patients caused by a jc ,a human polyoma virus. MRI shows multiple demyelinating.non
2277 Neurology
Medicine enhancing lesions with no mass effects, no seefective tx available.
abscence seizure: day dreaming episodes,brief staring spells,declining school performance dx: on
2279 Pediatrics Neurology
EEG show 3-hz spike and wave activity tx: ethosuximide or valproic acid
Internal cerebral salt wasting syndrome may occur in patients wth Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hyponatremia
2284 Neurology
Medicine is common after SAH.
Infant botulism: can be either from ingestion of soil botulism spores or from ingestion of pre formed
2469 Pediatrics Neurology
botulism toxin in food:c/f bilateral bulbar palsies followe by descending flaccid paralysis.
Partial with secondary generalization seizure: They have loss of cosciousness with tonic clonic
2680 Pediatrics Neurology
activity.
Internal C-J disease: rapidly progressive dementia myoclonus sharp wave complexes on EEG Elevated
2990 Neurology
Medicine 14-3-3 proteins in csf
Internal
3044 Neurology Pseudotumor cerebri: Pathology envolves the impaired absorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi.
Medicine
icp: HEAD ELEVATION--increse venous outflow Sedation--decrease metabolic ddemand iv
3226 Surgery Neurology
Mannitol--osmotic diuresis Hyperventilation--co2 washout jut causing cerebral vasoconstriction..
Internal
3461 Neurology carbamazepine can cause aplastic anemia.,so routine CBC is advised
Medicine
Internal
3461 Neurology Trigeminal neuralgia: tx:carbamazepine or surgically gangliolysis or suboccipital craniectomy
Medicine
Absence seizure: rarely last longer than 30 sec abruptly return to consciousness no postictal
3514 Pediatrics Neurology
somnolence or confusion
GBS is a ascending polyneuropathy affecting peripheral nerves. There is demyelination of the
3664 Pediatrics Neurology
peripheral motor nerves.
 Intraventricular hemmorhage: premature and under weight childs are an increase risk of IVH. c/f
3666 Pediatrics Neurology letheragy,hypotonia,rapidly increasing head circumference. U/S shows bilateral ivh and dilated
ventricles.
Difference between homocysteinuria and marfan syndrome: there is normal intellectual,increase lens
3687 Pediatrics Neurology dislocation and aortic root dilation in marfan sndrom while in homocsteinuria there is intellectual
disability,decrease lens dislocation,thrombosis,fair complexion.
Marfanoid habitus D/D: Marfon syndrome: autosomal dominant,normal intelect,increase lense
3687 Pediatrics Neurology dislocation and aortic root dilatation Homocystinuria: autosomal recessive,dcrease lense
dis,intelectual disability,fair complexion,thrombosis,megaloblastic anemia
Internal
3715 Neurology levodopa/carbidonpa and bromocriptine,prampixiole causes hallucination in older patients.
Medicine
Internal
3715 Neurology Levodopa/carbidopa causes hallucination in older patients after initatioan.
Medicine
Internal
3771 Neurology riluzole is a glutamate inhibitort that is currently approved for the treatment of ALS.
Medicine
Internal
3879 Neurology hypertension is the highest risk factor for stroke.
Medicine
Internal Dexamethasone suppression test may be used clincial to detect endogenoue depresion in pts ahving
3919 Neurology
Medicine pseudodementia.In upto 50% pts with depression,DST will be abnormal.
Ulnar nerve syndrome: Cuased by the ulnar nerve entrapement in medical epicondylar groob]ve at
Internal
4170 Neurology elbow joint.This condition is common in ppl who working on desk or table and thus causing
Medicine
entrapement of ulnar nerve.
Internal
4170 Neurology Ulnar nerve entrapemnt is most common at elbow) at medial epicondylar groove)
Medicine
Internal
4218 Neurology nEUROFIBROMATOSIS: Non sense mutation.
Medicine
Internal Lacunar stroke dont have apahasia,agnosia,neglect,apraxia,and hemianopsia or significant Mental
4268 Neurology
Medicine status chnage.
Internal Parkinson diseae: hypokinetic gait (shuffling gait) MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: WADDLING GAIT wi,de
4322 Neurology
Medicine based gait:Multiple system atrohpy,multi infaarct dementia, and osenosry ataxia.
Internal
4513 Neurology bRAIN ABSCESS: CAUSES: Anaerobes like viridans streptococii Staph aureus gram negative
Medicine
Internal Cerebellar dysfunction is common among chronic alcoholic abusers.Sx includes gait
4618 Neurology
Medicine instability,ataxia,difficulty with rapid alternating movements,hpotonia and intention tremor.
Anti-psychotic medication effects in dopamine pathways: Mesolimbic: antipsychotic eeficacy
4899 Psychiatry Neurology
Nigrostriatal: EPS i.e acute dystonia,akathisia,parkinsonism Tuberoinfundibular: Hyperprolactinemia
Obstetrics Endometrial biopsy indication: postmenupausal qomen age >45 premen with age <45 with persistent
2391 & OBGYN sx or risk fsactors for endometrial cancer. unoppposed estrogen exposure(obesity,pcos) prolonged
Gynecology amenorrhrea
Obstetrics
Emergency contraceptives: IUDS and Ulipristal can prevent pregnancy for 120 hours after intercouse
2393 & OBGYN
while levonorgestrel can prevent upto 72 hrs.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM: cardiogenic shock+respiratory failure+dic+coma or seizure soon after
2405 & OBGYN
the delivery
Gynecology
Obstetrics
Luteoma of pregnancy: Appears as solid,bilateral cystic masses on both ovaries.its a benign
2415 & OBGYN
condition.Abt 1/3 pt develope hirsutism nd virilization.
Gynecology
Obstetrics luteoma of preganacy: These are bilateral solid masses of ovary.which regress spontaneously after
2415 & OBGYN delivery. Most patients have new onset hirsutism and acne due to excess of
Gynecology testosterone,dihydrotestosterone and androstendione. The fetus is at high risk of virlization.
Obstetrics Pseudocyesis: a sensation of pregnancy with dymptoms nf sighns of pregnancy as well but
2552 & OBGYN ultrasound and clinical preganancy test rule out the pregnancy. It is a conversion disorder,nd
Gynecology common in those pts who have strong desire for pregnancy. TX: is pyschological evluation nd tx.
Obstetrics
2575 & OBGYN DES exposure increses the cervial and vaginal adenocarcinoma rsk by 490 times.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
external cephalic version can be done at 37 weeks if no contrindication.It can convert a breech
3118 & OBGYN
position into vertex.
Gynecology
 Obstetrics
3269 & OBGYN Preterm labor: Give Tocolysis,sterods and MGSO4 for neuroprotection from cerebral palsy.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
3278 & OBGYN Abdominal circumference on u/s is the single best parameter for predicting fetal wieght.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
3339 & OBGYN progestin only contraceptives are safe in lactation as they cant decrease milk production.
Gynecology
Obstetrics Progestrone only pills are the bestoral contrceptive method in alctating mother,as it doesnt effect the
3339 & OBGYN volume or composition of milk produced by mother. Combined estro-proges pills may decrease milk
Gynecology volume nd pass into the milk.
Obstetrics
3359 & OBGYN Pap smear screening begins at age of 21 yrs. except in HIV,SLE AND IMMUNOSUPRESSED PTS.
Gynecology
Obstetrics At ovulatory phase of menstruation,The cervical mucus becomes thin,profuse and clear.and also
3370 & OBGYN exhibit ferning on a microscopic slide. While in pre ovulatory phase,the secretion are thick,opaque
Gynecology and has less strechting ability.
Obstetrics
METRONIDAZOLE ACYCLOVIR FLUCONAZOLE AZITHROMYCIN are considered safe in
3707 & OBGYN
pregnancy.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
iN POF ,FSH AND LH wll bothincrease but fsh is generally greaer than LH. due to slow clearance
3814 & OBGYN
from circulation.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
3868 & OBGYN Central precocious puberty: elevated fsh nd lh Peripheral precocios puberty: low FSH nd LH
Gynecology
Obstetrics
Mullerian inhibing factor( MIF) produced by testes inhibit the formation of uterus,fallopiantubes and
3913 & OBGYN
upper portion of vagina.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
alcohol,smoking,immobility,steroids,anticonvulsants,decreased vit d,malnutrition,decreased ca, r
4122 & OBGYN
modifie=able risk factors of osteoporosis.
Gynecology
Obstetrics Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary causes PRECOCOIUS PUBERTY. sERTOLI LYEDIG CELL tumor
4230 & OBGYN causes defeminization followed by muscullinaztion.is altered body content,flattening of
Gynecology breast,irregular menstraution,leading to hirsutism and enlargment of clitoris.
Obstetrics Aromatase deficiency: the patient have normal internal genitalia but ambigous external
4496 & OBGYN genitalia.clitoromegaly is common due to high endrogen in utero.Latr on the pt develope delayed
Gynecology puberty,osteoporosis,undetectable estrogen,hight conc of gonadotropins and polycystic ovaries.
Obstetrics
4777 & OBGYN Gestational hypertension: High blood pressure after 20 wk gestation in previous normal ptient
Gynecology
Obstetrics
Cell fREE fetal DNA testing: Performed at first trimester when maternal age is >35,or abnormal
4785 & OBGYN
maternal serum screening,previous pregnancy with aneuploidy.Also used for fetal sex determination.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
The greatest risk of CVS (chorionic villus sampling) is fetomaternal hemorrhage. Fetal limb reduction
4786 & OBGYN
defect is decreased if cvs is eprformed at increased gestational age.
Gynecology
Obstetrics
Amsel criteria for BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS: thin,grey white vaginal discharge vaginal ph >4.5 positive
4788 & OBGYN
whiff test clue cells
Gynecology
Obstetrics
4789 & OBGYN Hydatidiform Mole: Hyperemesis enlarged uterus markedly elevated beta HCG
Gynecology
Internal
2375 Ophthalmology maCular degeneration= Central vision loss ( c for central)
Medicine
Internal
2853 Ophthalmology maCular degeneration
Medicine
Prophylactic erythromycin ointment can prevent gonnococcal conjuctivitis but it cant prevent
3329 Pediatrics Ophthalmology
chlamydial conjunctivitis
2196 Pediatrics Pediatrics epiglottitis:caused by heamophilus influenza type b fever,drooling,neck hyperextended,
2439 Pediatrics Pediatrics T wave inversion differentials: MI Myocarditis Old pericarditis Myocardial contusion digoxin toxicity
2463 Pediatrics Pediatrics Risk factors of intussuception: Meckel diverticulum HSP celiac disease intestinal tumor polyps
Cephalohematome: doesnt corss the sture line Cput succudaneum: is diffuse and crosses the suture
2472 Pediatrics Pediatrics
lines.
3077 Pediatrics Pediatrics vit A has been shown to reduce the morbidity and mortality in measle patients.
3079 Pediatrics Pediatrics Kawasaki disease complicatio: coronary artery aneurysms tx: with aspirin and iVIG
quantitaive amin acid analysis is required for the diagnosis of phenylketonuria. c/f fair
3123 Pediatrics Pediatrics
complexion,musty odor urine,blue eyes,eczematous rash tx low phenylalanine
3194 Pediatrics Pediatrics rEYES SYNDROME: bIopsy of liver ,kidney and brain reveals microvesicular steatosis.
Catalas positive organism: s.aureus,serratia,klebsiela and aspergillus Catalase negative organism:
3198 Pediatrics Pediatrics
Strptococcus pyogenes,streptococcus pneumonia and h,influenza
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSIENT TENSYNOVITIS AND LEGG CALF PERTHES DISEASE: TT
3404 Pediatrics Pediatrics
follow viral infection and shoudl resolve with 1 to 4 weeks.
HSP: Iga deposition in affected organs c/f: palpable purpura with nrmal pt nd coagulation studies
3554 Pediatrics Pediatrics
arthritis.abdominal pain and gIT BLEEDING/iNTUSSECEPTION
3658 Pediatrics Pediatrics Astrocytomas are the most common peadiatrics tumors.
Myotonic dystrophia: c/f myotonia: pt is unable to release the hand after handshake. Dysphagia
3661 Pediatrics Pediatrics
cardiac conduction problem and arrhythmias
3662 Pediatrics Pediatrics Most common caue of congenital hypothyroidism in childs is thyroid dysgenesis.
Medulloblastoma is the second common posterior fossa children in children(first one is cerebellar
3667 Pediatrics Pediatrics
astrocytoma). 90% medullo develope in the vermis.
3681 Pediatrics Pediatrics Retinoblastoma: Inactivation of the RB supressor gene
3824 Pediatrics Pediatrics neuroblastoma: originated from Neural crest cells Wilms tumor: originated from metanephros
Mccune albright syndrome: 3 Ps precocious puberty pigmentation polyostotic fibrous dysplasia( bone
3871 Pediatrics Pediatrics
defect)
Neonatal conjugated jaundice is suggestive of neonatal cholestasis(billiary atresia) and needs further
3970 Pediatrics Pediatrics
evaluation.
3974 Pediatrics Pediatrics kartagner's syndrome:triad of situs inversus(dextrocardia),recurrent sinusistis and bronchiectasis.
impaired leukocyte adhesion: the leucocytes are unable to leave the vessels and migrate to the
areasof infection nd thus increa e in wbc. hx of not falling umbilical crd at birth no pus formation at
4143 Pediatrics Pediatrics
infection site recurrent skin and mucosal bacterial infections dx: lecucytes with neutrophil
predoiminance cultures positive for staph aureus and pseudomonas
waiter tip : erb duchene palsy intact grasp reflex claw hand: klumpke palsy intact moro and biceps
4198 Pediatrics Pediatrics
reflex and also have horner syndrome
hemiphillia: have hemarthrosis and hemophilic arthropathy due to hemosiderine deposition and
4249 Pediatrics Pediatrics
resulting fibrosis
Riboflavin deficiency (vit b2): cheilosis,glossitis stomatitis normocytic normochromic anemia
4302 Pediatrics Pediatrics
seborrhoic dermatitis
Osteogenesis imperfecta: Autosomal dominant mutation of COL1A1 BLUE SCLERA HEARING LOSS
4832 Pediatrics Pediatrics
RECURRENT FRACTURES PRIMARY AND PERMANENT TEETH AFFECTED
rISK FACTOR FOR JEJUNAL/SAMLL BOW ATRESIA: maternal use of vasoconstrictive meds or
4890 Pediatrics Pediatrics
dugs such as cocaine and tobacco. Triple bubble sign on the x-ray
4893 Pediatrics Pediatrics cocaine withdrwal in new born can cause Jitteriness,excessive sucking and hyperactice moro reflex.
Iron poisonign cause free radical production and lipid peroxidation,which impairs cell processes
2655 Pediatrics Poisoning
causinf abdominal pain,hematemesis,hypovolemic shock and metabolic acidosis.
Internal Delirium tremens: Occurs after 48-96 hours c/f Hypertension agitation tachcardia hallucinations fever
2661 Poisoning
Medicine tx:Benzos like chlordizepoxide
Internal Beta blockers intoxication: Bradycardia Av block hypotension Diffuse wheezing TX: give iv fluids and
2663 Poisoning
Medicine atropine if no improvement ,give Glucagon
Bnzos intoxication:surred speech,unsteady gait,drwosiness Phenytoin :horizontal
Internal
2664 Poisoning nystagmus,cerebellar ataxia,and confusion Opiod:respiratory depression,miosis,sedation
Medicine
lithium:Tremor,hyperreflexia,ataxia and seizures
Internal Fluphenzine:Is atypical antipsychotic,injected every 2 -3 weeks it causes hypothermia by inhibiting
3139 Poisoning
Medicine body's shivering mechanism and/or inhibiting autonomic thermoregulation.
Internal
3161 Poisoning Methanole intoxication: CAUSES headache nausea vomiting and epigastric pain vision loss and coma
Medicine
 Ethylene glycol intoxication: Metabolic acidosis(high anion gap) flank pain, oliguria tetany Urine show
Internal
4511 Poisoning calcium oxalate crstals(Envelope shaped) TX: Ethanol or Fomepizole(competitive inhibitor of alcohol
Medicine
dehydrogenase)
Internal Preventive pcv13 induces T cell dependent B cell response while PCV23 induces T cel independent B cell
2386
Medicine Medicine response.
Internal Preventive Mammographhy screening should be every 2 years in women at age 50-75 years. Cholestrol
3863
Medicine Medicine screeing in men start at 35 nd in women at 45.
Preventive
4479 Pediatrics Hep b first dose shoudn't be given to babies with weight less than 2 kg.
Medicine
Obstetrics
Preventive
4530 & all pregnant woman should be screened for syphilis,HIV, nad hep B REGRADLESS of risk fators.
Medicine
Gynecology
Preventive Contraindication of rota VIRUS VACCINE: anaphylaxis to vaccine hx of itussucceptio congenitl
8951 Pediatrics
Medicine malformation of git (meckel diver) SCID
2498 Psychiatry Psychiatry most common sideeffect of ECT is amnesia.
2508 Psychiatry Psychiatry in simple delusional disorder,one or more delusions in the absence of other psychotic symptoms.
2521 Psychiatry Psychiatry Hypochondriasis is also called Ilness anxiety disorder.
fORMICATION:the pt is convinced that bugs are crawling all over his body.It common after cocaine
or Methamphetamine (Meth). LSD INTOXICATION: halluciantions,Subjective perceptual
3191 Psychiatry Psychiatry
internsification(like colore are riched,tatses are heightened and sensation is
enhanced),depersonalization and illusions.
Neuoimagiing fidings in Psychiatric disorders: Autism:Increased total brain volume OCD:
3378 Psychiatry Psychiatry Abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex and striatum Panic disorder:Dcreased volum of amygdala
PTSD:decreased hippocampal volume Schizoprenia:Enlargement of cerebral ventricles
Neuroimaging findings in psychiatric disorders: Autism:Inreased brain vilume OCD:abnormalities in
3378 Psychiatry Psychiatry orbitofrontal cortex and straitum Panic disorder:dcerased volume of amygdala PTSD:dECREASED
hippocampal volume Schizophrenia:Enlargment of cerebral vetricles
3760 Psychiatry Psychiatry Comorbid conditions with Tourette syndrome: ADHD(60%) OCD(27%)
Anorexia nervosa pts are at risk of: Osteoporosis elevated cholesterol and carotene levels cardiac
3953 Psychiatry Psychiatry arhythmias(prolonged QT) EUTHYROID SICK SYNDROME HPO dysfunction leading to anovulation,
amenorrhea and Estrogen deficiency Hyponatremia seconday to excess water drinking
Complication ofanorexia in later life: Osteoporosis,elevatd cholesterole and carotene level.prolonged
QT interval,cardiac arrhythmias,euthyroid sick syndrome,HPS dysfunction,Hyponatremia due to
3953 Psychiatry Psychiatry
excessive water drinking Pregnant women are at increased risk of giving birth to premature ,small for
gestational age or both.
Ebstein anomaly: malformed and infeiorly attached tricuspid valve,which causes the rt ventricle to
4192 Psychiatry Psychiatry
become a part of right atrium,which is known as ATRIALIZATION of rt ventricle.
Dugs intoxication: PCP: Amnesia,nystagmus(vertical or jorizotal),ataxia LSD: visual hallucination
,euphoria, tachycardia and hypertension Coaine: euphoria,agitation,chect pain,seizures,mydriasis
4215 Psychiatry Psychiatry Methamphetmines: Psychosis,diaphorsis,choreiform movements,tachcardia/hypertension Marijuana:
increased appetitie,conjunctival inj,impaired tiem perception,dry mouth Heroin: Dpressed mental
state,respiratory depression, miosis,constipation
silmulating forepla,preoccupation with masturbation,extensive sexul knowldge,touching others
4924 Pediatrics Psychiatry
genitalia,or intercourse are the concerning sexual behaviours in childs.
Treatment of depression in cancer patients: Short life expectency: give SSRI Longer life expectancy:
7723 Psychiatry Psychiatry
give psychostimulants e.g methylphenidate,modafinil
Hoarding disorder: difficulty discarding possession regardless of their actual value difficulty due to a
8875 Psychiatry Psychiatry
perceived need to save items TX: CBT + SSRI
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy where tigital clubbing is accompanied by sudden onset arthropathy
Internal
2298 Respiratory commonly affecting wrist nd hand joints.Hyer pulmonary ostoarthropathy is a subest of HOA where
Medicine
HOA is due to lung cancer,TB Bronchiectasis,emphysema etc
laryngomalacia: inspiratory stridor worse in supine position diagnosed by larnygoscopy findings are:
2432 Pediatrics Respiratory omega shaped epiglottis nd collapse of the supraglottic structures during inspiration there is
increased risk of GERD.
Bird Fancier's lung: a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by repeated inhalation of inciting
Internal
3016 Respiratory antigen,which elads to alveolar inflammation x.ray shows: ground glass opacity,or hazziness of the
Medicine
lower lung.
Internal
3020 Respiratory ARDS: there is impaired oxygen exchange decreased lung complaince pulmonary hypertension
Medicine
 Internal Asbestosis:Common in plumber, electricians, caerpenter,pipe fitters X.ray show: hONEY COMBING
3021 Respiratory
Medicine AN FBIATERLA PLEURAL THICKENING, CT SHOW: PLEURAL PLAQUES
Internal blastomycosis: same x ray finids as TB or Histoplasmosis there is ulcerated skin lesion and lytic bone
3037 Respiratory
Medicine lesions as well.
Travel associated legionaire's disease caused by legionella that has been linked to teh cruise and
Internal hotel water supplies. The patietns have GI sx,fever and confusiob( Neurologic)along with
3054 Respiratory
Medicine Pneumonia. Gram stain doesnt show any bacteria s it is Intracelullar. Definitve DX: uUrinar antigen
test TX:mACROLIDE OR fLUROQUINOLONES
Epiglotittis: DASTRESS DYSPHAGIA AND DROOLING DX;tHUMB PRINT SIGN ON X-RAY MX:
3289 Pediatrics Respiratory
Emergency endotracheal intubation in the OR
childs suffering from broncholitis( RSV INFECTION) ARE AND INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING
3553 Pediatrics Respiratory
apnea.
Internal
3579 Respiratory In Goodpastuer's disease there is linear IGg deposition along the glomerular basement membrane.
Medicine
Internal Goodpastuer's disease pathology: Anti to alpha-3 chain of type 4 collagen renal biopsy shows: IgG
3579 Respiratory
Medicine deposition along glomerular basement membrane
Internal Wegner's disease( also called Granulomatosis with polyangitis) HX of sinusitis,lung and kidney
3580 Respiratory
Medicine problem C-ANCA +ive
Internal Non seminomatous nd seimonatous germ cells both produce bETA HCG BUT ONLY NON
3775 Respiratory
Medicine SEMINOMATOUS TUMOR also produces alpha fetoprotein.
Internal
4014 Respiratory Scystemic sclerosis: Causes pulmonary fibrosis.
Medicine
Internal
4036 Respiratory Glucocorticoid causes neutrophila in asthma patients,after prolonged stroids intake.
Medicine
Internal Roflumilast ,Phospodiesterase inhbitor,dcrease the exacerbation of copd in pts with history ofe
4039 Respiratory
Medicine xacerbations.
Internal ACUTE EXACERBATION OF COPD is treated with NON INVASOE POSTIVE PRESSURE
4040 Respiratory
Medicine VENTILATION.
Internal Middle medistainum masses: bronchogenic cyst,tracheal tumors,pericardial cyst,lymphoma,aortic
4052 Respiratory
Medicine aneurysm. Anterior mediastinum masses: Thymoma,retrosternal throid,teratoma,and lymphoma
Internal aLL neurogenic tumours are located in the posterior medistinum.i.e meningocele,enteric
4052 Respiratory
Medicine cysts,lymphomas,dighramatic hernias,esophageal tumors and aortic anurysm.
Internal
4053 Respiratory Pleural flui ph <7.30 represent Empyema.
Medicine
Internal
4073 Respiratory ph <7.2 and glucose < 60mg/dl are indication of tube thoracstomy.
Medicine
causes of recurrent pneumonia involving same lung region: Local anatomic obstruction like broncial
Internal
4118 Respiratory compression or intrinsic bronchial obstruction or recurrent aspiration from seizure,ethanol alcohol or
Medicine
GERD,DYSPHAGIA OR achalasia.
Internal CAP in dementia patient is most liekly due to impaired swallowing and Impaired epiglottic reflex.
4119 Respiratory
Medicine Anaerobic bactera with aerobic oral flora( viridans) are the most common bacteria.
Internal hISTOPLASMOSIS: caused by the inhalation of the yeast cacified nodes in lung,mediastinum,spleen
4210 Respiratory
Medicine and liver Xray may demonstrate central or target calcification.
Internal Most common causes of chronic cough are: Postanasal drip(Upper airway cough syndrome) Asthma
4519 Respiratory
Medicine GERD
Internal PaCO2 value depends on repiratory rate and tidal volume while Pao2 value depends on Fi02 nd
4536 Respiratory
Medicine PEEP.
Internal LMWH can be used in patients with kidney problem.So start with Unfractionated heparin in pt with PE
4629 Respiratory
Medicine nd also kidney problem.
Epinephrine have both alpha 1 and beta 2 agonist effects. BETA 2: Bronchodilation,decrease
4699 Pediatrics Respiratory
systemic inflammatory mediators Alpha 1:vasoconstriction
Internal eXUADTIVE FLUID AHVE GLUOCSE LESS THAN 60 MG/DL,plus LDH is >2/3 of the upper limit of
4753 Respiratory
Medicine normal of serum LDH (250)
4762 Pediatrics Respiratory CD19-POSITIVE LYMPHCYTES ( B LYMPHOCYTES) CD 3_POSITIVE( T LYMPHOCYTES)
4831 Pediatrics Respiratory Risks for RDS: Prematurity male sex perinatal asphyxia maternal diabetes c section without labor
Internal peak age for incidence of polymyositis and dermatositis is between 40-50 years..nd most common in
3059 Rheumatology
Medicine women.
 hyperparathyroidism,hemochromatosis,hypophospatemia,hypmagnesemia are associated with
Internal
3151 Rheumatology pseudogout. coffin shaped crystal are the struvite crystal seen in nephrolithiasis aasued by UTI
Medicine
WITH ureaease producing organsims.
Internal Septic arthritis in young sexually active women is always caused by n.gonnorhea unless proved
3153 Rheumatology
Medicine otherwise.
Giant cell arteritis: headaches,jaw cluadication,polymyalgia rheumatica there is association of
Internal
3164 Rheumatology Amaurosis fygax and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy as well with GCA. tx: for PMR GIVE LOW
Medicine
DOSE STEROIDS FOR GCA give high dose oral steroids for GCA with vision loss: give iv steroids
Internal Side effects of immunosuppressants: Cyclophospamide: bladder cancer,sterility, cisplati: cochlear
3169 Rheumatology
Medicine dysfunction ethambutl nd hydroxychloroquine: optic neuritis Methotrexate: folate deficiency
Internal Viral arthritis: caused by parvo virus b19 polyarticular pain is the major sx esp, in MCP AND PIP ,wih
3171 Rheumatology
Medicine no swelling,redness or tenderness.
Internal
3171 Rheumatology Viral Arthritis: Mostly caused by Parvovirus b19 Acute onset of polyarticular and symmetric arthiritis
Medicine
Internal
3176 Rheumatology Sarcoidosis: do chest xray: showing bilateral hilar adenopathy and reticular opacities.
Medicine
Internal
3177 Rheumatology In sarcoidosis angiotensin converting enzyme level will be elevated.
Medicine
Internal Mnagement of fibromyalgia rheumatica: regular aerobic exercise,strengh training nd stretching good
3202 Rheumatology
Medicine sleep hygiene medications include TCAs.
PATHOGENESIS OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME: DEPOSITION OF MUCOPOLYSACHARIDE
Internal PROTEIN COMPLEXES WITH IN TH PERINEURIUM AND ENDONEURIUM OF THE MEDIAN
3203 Rheumatology
Medicine NERVE AND IN THE TENDONS AND SYNOVIAL SHEATH THAT CAUSES PRESSURE ON THE
MEDIAN NERVE.
DERMATOMYOSITIS: heliotrope sign(violaceaous periorbital edema) gOTTRON PAPULES
Internal
3208 Rheumatology ANTI-Mi-2 (against helicse) positive The patients are at increased risk of malignancies like
Medicine
ovarian,breast,lung and other female urogenital cancers.
Internal polymyalgia rheumatica: 2 of the following required for diagnosis neck or torso shoulder or proximal
3317 Rheumatology
Medicine arms proximal thigh or hip constitutional sx liek fever,malaise and wt loss
Internal Sjogren syndrome: dental caries and difficulty swallowing due to no saliva.lYMPHOCYTIC
3321 Rheumatology
Medicine INFILTRATION OF THE SALIVAR GLANDS CAUSES THE GLANDS ENLARGMENT ND FIRMNESS.
Internal
3322 Rheumatology Scleroderma: ANA +ve Anti topoisomerase-1 antibodies in all pts
Medicine
Internal
3575 Rheumatology Lateral epicondylitis is due to the inflammation of extensor carpal radialis tendon.
Medicine
Internal bEHCET'S SYNDROME: RECURRENT ORAL ULCERS UVEITIS GENITL ULCERS ERYTHEMA
3815 Rheumatology
Medicine NODOSUM
Internal iMMUNE COMPLEX MEDIATED INJURY TO THE RENAL CELLS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE
3898 Rheumatology
Medicine OF RENAL FAILURE IN SLE.
Internal Dermatomyositis: symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and erythematous rash on the dorsum of
4123 Rheumatology
Medicine the fingers and upper eyelids. DX: muscle biopsy
Internal cervical spondyloysis: there is limited neck rotations and kateral bending due to osteoarthritis and
4205 Rheumatology
Medicine secondary muscle spasm. radiography will show bony spurs and sclreotic facet joints.
Internal If there is suspection of disc disease,cancer or spinal infection in pt with chronic back pain,worst at
4368 Rheumatology
Medicine night,,first d spinal x-ray fpr lytic lesion or other findings.....IF eqviocal,then do MRI or CT.
Internal
4370 Rheumatology Ankylosing spodylitis invloves primarily the apophyseal joints of the axial skeleton.
Medicine
Internal Enthesistis: inflammation and pain occur at the site of tendon and ligament attachment to the bone.it
4576 Rheumatology
Medicine is common in pts with ankylosing spondylitis.It is associtaed with HLA-B27.
Internal patients with chronic ankylosing spondylitis are at increased risk of verttebral fractures due to
4578 Rheumatology
Medicine decreased bone mineral density.
serum sickned liek reaction: happens after 1 to 2 weeks after administration of
4584 Pediatrics Rheumatology
penicillins,amoxi,tmp.smx. pt have fever,arthralgia,urticaria,
Internal CHARCOT JOINT (NEUROGENIC ARTHROPATHY) CAUSES:vit b12 deficia=ency Diabetes mellitus
4743 Rheumatology
Medicine c/f deformed joints with history of DM.
dECELERATION INJURY TO THE ANTERIOR CHEST CAUSES AORTIC RUPTURE WHILE BKUNT
2327 Surgery Surgery
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA CAUSES SPLENIC OR LIVER RUPTURE.
water soluble esophagram is the test of choice for esophageal rupture.Initial dx test is chest
2335 Surgery Surgery
radiograph. Common causes are recent endoscopy.
 Fat Necrosis of the berast: mIMICS THE BREAST CA calcification on mamography Escisional biopsy
2362 Surgery Surgery
will show fat globules and foamy histiocytes. Tx: routine followup
Fat embolism: c/f sever respiratory distress,petechial rash,cubconjuctival hemorrhage,tachcardia
3302 Surgery Surgery and fever.. DX.PRESENCE OF FAT DROPLETS IN URINE OR INTRA ARTERIAL FAT GLOBULES
ON FUNDOSCOPY
3500 Surgery Surgery Nasopharyngeal carcinomasare strongly associated with EBV.
Trendelenburg Sign: D due to weaknesses of the Gluteaus muscles which is innervated by superior
4534 Surgery Surgery
gluteal nerve.Any patholgy to superior gluteal nerve will cause this sign.
aNTERIOR CRUCIATE LIG TEAR WILL CAUSe rapid joint swelling and inavbility to carry weight
4554 Surgery Surgery while Meniscal tear ,the joint swelling is progressive and gradual nd s not noticeced on the following
day.