Manufacturing

Pharmacy
Laboratory
(Post-Lab FINALS)
Prepared by: Alyssa S. Candelaria, RPh.
 Creams
-are semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more
drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable
base.

-This term traditionally has been applied to semi-

solids that possess a relatively soft, spreadable
consistency formulated as either water-in-oil or
oil-in-water emulsions.
COLD CREAM
-Described as an emulsion “based on
beeswax as emulsifier and thickener”
(deNavarre, 1941)
-water-in oil

-Roman/ Greek physician Galen (CE 150)

First produced by the
(water with molten beeswax and olive Chesebrough
oil) Manufacturing Company
in 1876

-**Use of rose-water and/or oil of

roses as a perfume – and was included
in the first edition of the
‘Pharmacopœa Londinensis’ in 1618.
Formulations:

◉ 4 oz. of the purest almond oil  White beeswax 22.0%

◉ 1¼ oz. of white wax  White mineral oil 50.8%

◉ 2 oz. of diluted rose-water  Distilled water 26.0%

◉ A few drops of pure essential oil  Borax 0.8%

of roses.  Perfume 0.4%

(Verni, 1946, p. 407) (Thomssen, 1947, p. 106)

Pond’s Cold Cream Cleanser
Ingredients:
Mineral oil, Water, Ceresin, Beeswax,
Triethanolamine, Ceteth-20, Fragrance,
Behenic acid, Montan wax, Cetyl
alcohol, Carbomer, DMDM hydantoin,
Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate.
USES:
◉ Cleanser or Make-up remover
 As the use of make-up increased, cold creams were also promoted as
a way to help remove face powder, lipstick, rouge, foundation and
other forms of make-up.

◉ Skin foods
 Nutritive value

◉ Moisturizer

◉ Pore tightening
EXPERIMENT 15: COLD CREAM
◉ FORMULATION:

Raw Materials Uses

Spermaceti Base/ moisturizer

White wax Base/ moisturizer

Base/ moisturizer
Mineral oil (Increases Stability)
Sodium borate Buffering agent

Purified water Solvent

 Shampoo
- is a hair care product, typically in the form
of a viscous liquid, that is used for cleaning
hair.
 “The goal of using shampoo is
to remove the unwanted build-
up in the hair without
stripping out so much sebum as
to make hair unmanageable.”

”
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition, See Shampoo; Also
see Shampoo Hobson-Jobson (1903), University of Chicago
SURFACTANTS
- also called surface-active
agent, substance such as a
detergent that, when added to
a liquid, reduces its surface
tension, thereby increasing
its spreading and wetting
properties
”
Specialized Shampoos
◉ Anti-dandruff ◉ Baby
◉ Antibacterial ◉ Animal
◉ Gluten-free or wheat- ◉ Solid
free ◉ Jelly and gel
◉ All-natural ◉ Paste and cream
Anti-dandruff
◉ Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos
specifically for those who have dandruff.

◉ Reduce loose dander by killing Malassezia furfur.

◉ Organic, natural shampoos can be a suitable

alternative for chemically made shampoos.
Antibacterial
◉ often used in veterinary medicine for various conditions as well as
in humans before some surgical procedure

Gluten-free or wheat-free
◉ Many people suffer from eczema on their palms and their head.
◉ Some find that wheat or gluten (the protein found in many grains
including wheat) is the cause, particularly if they are sensitive
to this in food;
All natural
◉ "organic", "botanical", or "plant-derived" ingredients (such as
plant extracts or oils), combining these additions with one or more
typical surfactants.
◉ The use of the term "natural" is not regulated in any form, leading many
companies to "green-wash" (convince) consumers into buying shampoos with
chemicals that might not meet each individual’s expectation for what
constitutes “natural”.

Baby
 Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less
irritating and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning
sensation if it were to get into the eyes.
For example:
Johnson's Baby Shampoo advertises under the premise of "No More Tears".
Animal
◉ may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin
conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange.

◉ Special care must be taken not to use those products on pets. Cats
are at particular risk due to their instinctive method of grooming
their fur with their tongues.

◉ The main ingredients contained by pet shampoos can be grouped in

insecticidals, antiseborrheic, antibacterials, antifungals,
emollients, emulsifiers and humectants.
◉ Generally, insecticidal pet shampoos contain pyrethrin, pyrethroids
(such as permethrin and which may not be used on cats) and
carbaryl.
◉ Antifungal shampoos are used on pets with yeast or ringworm
infections.

◉ Bacterial infections in pets are sometimes treated with

antibacterial shampoos.
◎ Examples: benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone
iodine, triclosan, ethyl lactate, or sulfur

◉ Antipruritic shampoos are intended to provide relief of

itching due to conditions such as atopy and other allergies.
◎ These usually contain colloidal oatmeal, hydrocortisone,
Aloe vera, pramoxine hydrochloride, menthol,
diphenhydramine, sulfur or salicylic acid.
◉ Antiseborrheic shampoos are those especially designed for pets with
scales or those with excessive oily coats.
◎ These shampoos are made of sulfur, salicylic acid, refined tar
(which cannot be used on cats), selenium sulfide (cannot be used
on cats) and benzoyl peroxide.

◉ Emollient shampoos are efficient in adding oils to the skin and

relieving the symptoms of a dry and itchy skin.
◎ They usually contain oils such as almond, corn, cottonseed,
coconut, olive, peanut, Persia, safflower, sesame, lanolin,
mineral or paraffin oil.
◉ Natural ingredients that might be potential allergens for some pets
include eucalyptus, lemon or orange extracts and tea tree oil.

◉ Hypoallergenic shampoos do not contain any unnatural additives.

Solid
◉ “shampoo bars” use as their surfactants soaps or other surfactants
formulated as solids. They have the advantage of being spill-proof.
They are easy to apply; one may simply rub the bar over wet hair,
and work the soaped hair into a low lather.

Jelly and Gel

◉ Stiff, non-pourable clear gels to be squeezed from a tube were once
popular forms of shampoo, and can be produced by increasing a
shampoo's viscosity.
Paste and cream
◉ The contents were wet but not completely dissolved. They would
apply faster than solids and dissolve quickly.
EXPERIMENT 16: SHAMPOO
◉ FORMULATION:
RAW MATERIALS USES
Coconut diethanol amide Surfactant/ Foaming Agent
Sodium lauryl sulfate Surfactant/ Foaming Agent
Lanolin Base
Methyl paraben Preservative (XXX molds)
Propyl paraben Preservative (XXX fungi)
Distilled water, qs ad Solvent
 POWDERS
-are mixtures of dry, finely divided
drugs and or chemicals that may be
intended for internal or external use.
Advantages:
•Flexibility of compounding
•Good chemical stability.
•Rapid dissolution due to small particle size
•Fast action and better bioavailability.
•The availability of new filler exipients that can act
as ideal drug carriers.
•Can be consumed easily by patients with swallowing
difficulties
Disadvantages:
◉ Time consuming.
◉ Inaccuracy in dosage.
◉ Unsuitable for many due to unpleasant taste,
volatile, oxidizing, hygroscopic and
deliquescent drugs
 POWDERS

BASED ON BASES ON BASED ON

USE PARTICLE DISPENSING
SIZE

BULK DIVIDED
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
POWDERS POWDER

VERY
VERY FINE
COARSE

COARSE FINE

MODERATELY
COARSE
Types of Powders (BASED ON DISPENSING USE)

1. INTERNAL 2. EXTERNAL
 ORAL  DOUCHE
 INSUFFLATIONS  DUSTING
 DENTRIFICES
 Types of Powders (BASED ON DISPENSING)

1. DIVIDED POWDERS 2. BULK (UNDIVIDED) POWDERS

- cachets - dusting powder
- capsules - effervescent powder
- packets - Antacids
- Laxatives
- dietary nutrient supplements
Types of Powders (BASED ON Particle Size)

Very coarse All particles pass through a No. 8 not more than 20% pass through a
sieve No. 60 sieve
Coarse All particles pass through a No. 20 not more than 40% pass through a
sieve No. 60 sieve
Moderately All particles pass through a No. 40 not more than 40% pass through a
coarse sieve No. 80 sieve
Fine All particles pass through a No. 60 not more than 40% pass through a
sieve No. 100 sieve
Very fine All particles pass through a No. 80 There is no limit to greater
sieve fineness.
 Experiment 17:
MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE ORAL
POWDER
 RAW MATERIALS USES

Magnesium trisilicate Antacid

Chalk Antacid

Heavy magnesium carbonate Antacid

Sodium bicarbonate Antacid

 EXPERIMENT 18:
Zinc, Starch and Talc
Dusting Powder
 Raw Materials Use(s)

Zinc oxide Antiseptic

Starch Absorbent/ Diluent

Purified talc Absorbent/ Diluent

 Doubling-Up Technique
 Start with a small amount of each and mix
thoroughly, then double the volume each time as
you add equal to what has been mixed.
EXPERIMENT 19:
Liquid Hand
Soap
 Raw Materials Uses
Sodium laureth sulfate Surfactant/Foaming agent
Phenoxyethanol Preservative/ Germicidal
EDTA Preservative/ Chelating agent
Cocamidopropyl betaine Surfactant/ Foaming agent
Glycerin Humectant
Sodium chloride Purifier/ Precipitant
Fragrance (Lavender oil) Fragrance
Water Solvent
Antimicrobial
◉ is any substance of natural, semisynthetic
or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits
the growth of microorganisms but causes
little or no damage to the host.
◉ All antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not
all antimicrobials are antibiotics
 Preservative

Slow Prevent Protect

Without strategy, execution is aimless.
Withoutexecution, strategy is useless.
-Morris Chang
Thank you
and
God bless!