Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ideas, and feelings from one person to another. But its role is not limited to only
for the benefit of others. Education is an essential part of every man’s life for it
improves the quality of life and develops living standards. Thus, the general
importance of language justifies the need for a scientific and objective study of
with by the time they grow up at school and for the generation today, schools are
much more diverse than they were twenty-five years ago” (Malarz, 2014). Stated
by Omark and Erickson, the changing society has come to a clearly defined
increase in the number of language minorities. And with that, schools can no
longer ignore the need for adjustment when it comes to the languages used
inside the campus. Sticking to one language or having the incapability of learning
another one will hinder the students into further advancement of their vocabulary.
1
wherever there is language contact, there is bound to be some form of code-
switching for those who are adept in using more than one language which may
(Intrapersonal and Interpersonal), one is used for socializing and the other is
used at school, as it may be a school policy or it is just the language where one
used way for communicating for this generation because for some it actually
helps them explain a thing or two; It helps the students know the translation of
Language, and culture has a great impact when it comes to preferred Academic
little influence when it comes to ‘teaching’ the language, it may be enhanced with
it but the learner is still the one who would determine whether or not the
language is gained. With that, they contract their own rule in language acquisition
(Malarz, 2014). Consistency is a very important role here because the more they
hear or engage with it, the higher the possibility that they may adapt to it.
brain, the executive control system. It’s a general manager. Its job is to keep you
2
possible for you to hold two different things in your mind at one time and switch
between them. If you have two languages and you use them regularly, the way
the brain’s networks work is that every time you speak, both languages pop up
and the executive control system has to sort through everything and attend to
what’s relevant in the moment. Therefore, the bilinguals use that system more,
and it’s that regular use that makes that system more efficient.”
the said language and it gives more way to other information we could absorb
from school which leads to academic success. Having less time to focus on other
languages the students could speak, the respondents manage to give their time
to other things the respondents could learn aside from the respondents
obligated to follow the English Only Policy, thus students are given the chance to
use and excel with their preferred language. However, there could be a
justification why they chose the language they would use above other languages;
3
Statement of the Problem
language of the Grade 9 students and their success on their language subjects.
And to determine those who are having difficulties on their language subjects
questions:
can switch from language to language and those student who are obliged to have
And if having more than one preference could show intelligence and has higher
4
language subjects. The researchers aim to know the common factor of students
Conceptual Framework
students and what effect it may have to them. Determining the similarities of the
categories; 1.) Student who have a language preference between the two and 2.)
5
The study is limited to and only to determine the effects of the language
they chose with their excellence on their language subjects. The data can be
used to further improve the methods which the teachers are using to enhance the
speaking ability and/or to help the students to cope up with the discussion inside
the school premises. This would help identifying the possible language
Definition of Terms
Preferred language in this study it is how the student will learn and excel.
Mastering the said language helps them in the proficiency of it and is allotting
They may have another preferred language to this or it could just be the same,
depending on the students we would conduct the study on. But this language is
Social Language is the one they use when it comes to talking with other
people. Some would have to adjust to this because not all of the people they
encounter will have the same language preference as theirs. This would help the
students communicate better with the people who is proficient or has the same
language to language, further enhancing the vocabulary and is use when you
can’t find the word on the said language. It helps some students that is capable
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of speaking two languages but isn’t fluent to both, the method of this gives them
Academic Success in this study we are observing this aspect with the
would be gathering the data and we would determine the students that has the
same language preference and to those who have more than one language they
obtain and would find out who has better success in academics.
knew. It has great effect to it because it is occurred when the environment the
student is in is responsive enough for the student to acquire the language. And
that Language development is continues, you would know what language the
Null Hypothesis
7
Chapter II
The literature review is divided into two primary sections that discuss specific
the knowledge sharing and intranets. It introduces the framework for the case
study that comprises the main focus of the research which is to determine the
effects of the Grade 9’s language preference with their proficiency with their
language subject. This review’s importance is to find limits within this study’s
scope, efficiently used observations and comments essential to the study, and
clearly explain the purpose of the study through the means of using evidences
I. Local Literature
Lingua Franca
Philippines is linked with definite or need for lingua franca – a common language
that could both link the people of the Philippines to each other and link the
Philippines to the rest of the world. The economic and social need of an evolving
aside from linguists and historians who would like to disclose behind the post-
8
colonialism effect in the language. But with the research, the need is visible for
the Filipinos to connect with each other and to connect to the rest of the world. In
the Philippines, supposedly there are recognized 185 dialects which is 4 of them
are now extinct (Mandane, 2014). Ironically, the political system is a unitary one,
How come?
implemented the foundations for a bilingual education system, which gained full
implementation from 1959 onwards. Thus, from then on, most Filipinos celebrate
They say that language is the key to understand others but what many
Filipinos miss is that English can also be used as a key to understand ourselves.
Besides, America does not own English. It can belong to the whole wide world if
we only accept it with grace and use it with wisdom (Espinosa, 1997). The
numbers of Filipinos who can speak more than a few languages than there own
are rising. The Philippines is very flexible to change, the Filipinos can adapt the
compared to second language instruction that affect the students’ proficiency that
resulted into some implications not only for mother tongue-based but also for
9
English as a second language instruction in the country (Aquino, 2012). Since
inevitable at that time because of the colonisation that gave a long-term effect in
Like English, people who were present in the colonization on that time have
acquired it and may have taught it to their sons and daughters same with the
language they grew up with, creating a bilingual effect. Thus, having the ability to
Code-Switching
than one language. Some people doesn’t like the thought of it since it can be
accrediting agencies of schools. But it does not mean that the use of the method
Philippines, thus letting others to be overwhelmed with the usage of such way of
speaking. Like what Bernardo said: Our language prescription in formal school
environments to allow students and teachers to benefit from the use of this
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The current policies do not need to be changed. Nevertheless, views on
Foreigners that visit Manila or other urban areas in the Philippines for
the first time are struck by the experience of hearing small conversations that
they can understand because a part of the conversation is in English. But at the
same time, they feel comprehensively lost when they are listening to the other
English newspaper and see an advertisement in English but with a long stretch of
Tagalog thrown in, or a news item with English and Tagalog quotations from
interviewee switching between English and Tagalog. When they turn on the
Television, they hear interviews, panel discussions, and sportscasts in the same
confusing way to speak of those who only use one of either language, yet it gives
a little bit of hint to the listeners who subsequently get confused after hearing the
code-switched statement.
This part in the research presents the future observations, which gives
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form of language we use when we speak or write (Gee, 2005); a speech act is an
and several sentences (Carla, 2014); and code can be defined as a system used
(Wardhaugh, 2010)
This has raised great scholarly interest during the last twenty-years and
has been given different definition. One of the definition sets that it is the practice
of moving back and forth between two languages or between two dialects
Academic Language
typical for a content area. You should also develop your students’ abilities to
produce and understand oral and written texts typical in your subject area as well
It is stated that the Academic language is important for the students, they
sentence and the grammar. Academic language is most used it essays, lab
reports, and discussion. For the Philippines one might use two Academic
Language for some of the students, knows how to speak two languages. In the
Philippines, the only difference the Academic and Social Language have is the
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way we deliver, the tone and the behaviour of the one speaking because code-
This kind of language has many purpose and it very important for the
studying language. The student should also develop their abilities in language so
that they can more understand oral exams and other written objects that’s very
difficult to understand.
This refers to the oral, written, auditory, and visual language proficiency
language used in classroom lessons, books, tests, and assignments, and it’s the
language that students are expected to learn and achieve fluency in. Frequently
allow students to acquire knowledge and academic skills while also successfully
example, they may still struggle in a school setting if they have not yet mastered
certain terms and concepts or learned how to express themselves and their ideas
improve your language skills and it can also make you easily understand other
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our knowledge about language and even though a student is very intelligent if
they can’t understand the Academic language it is hard for them to understand
Social Language
talking face to face with family members and friends. It allows us to use
communicate feelings, needs, and wants using symbolic hand gestures for drink,
eat, hot, cold, hurt, or tired. Social language also includes writing emails, friendly
Special needs children may need specific instruction that the researchers
giving and receiving compliments, apologizing, and making polite requests. They
expressions and body language, respecting rules of personal space and using an
appropriate tone of voice and volume for different environments. For example,
the classroom in the same tone and volume they use speaking to friends outside
develop continually.
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Role playing, teacher and peer modeling, and viewing age-
appropriate videos are good tools for students to observe social language skills
and behaviors. Teachers and parents can set up opportunities to use and
encourage appropriate social language and behaviors with real incidents that
It is stated here that social language is being used when you’re talking to
someone. Slang is included in social language, we can use social language with
letters, and texts or retelling stories. It can be added up with some tone and
volume of the user’s voice. It is important for us to know Social language, without
the knowledge of it we can’t talk properly to others or express the feelings that
everyday communication in oral and written forms. This which helps the learner
into further the levels of a word they would pick up when talking to their peers,
another.
What the researchers gathered shows the connection to the actual thesis
which is the language preference and its effect to academic success, with this
the researchers found out these factors has a great effects to the possible
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is the preferred language of most people for the reason because they are used to
that language giving them the advantage if the topic or discussion would be on
their proficient language. This may lead to a better transition in learning another
language, giving the way to Bilingualism where a student might need to manage
their proficiency in two languages at the same time helping them absorb more if
the discussion is mixed between two languages. On the other hand, this could
commonly the person’s own mother tongue than the 2nd language to the person.
This will show up more, the loner the MTB-MLE is used in our country because
people are encouraged to study their mother tongue, so they will have a higher
This research shows that Academic Language and Social Language may
example, both of their Social and Academic Language has no difference since
they use Hangul all-around. While some part in the Philippines uses Filipino as
their Social Language and English as their Academic Language because some of
giving them a better success rate because they would have better understanding
in the discussion.
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EFL/ESL
second language but not everyone is learning it efficiently. Much of the class time
is devoted to talking about the language; virtually no time is spent talking in the
really used aside from that subject, so the students will like the language that
they are used to than the language that is only used only during a certain subject.
conference in Britain in which it was suggested that the term second language be
and foreign language in which English holds a dominant position as the principal
instruction. EFL/ESL is mostly used in asian countries like Hong Kong, Malaysia
and the Philippines”. In the Philippines, people only use the English language if
they are talking to a foreigner or if they are outside the country, because it is
easier to speak in our first language which is Filipino. There a few cases where
Filipinos use the English language as their main language, but that is only the
17
country because we are using the English language as a second language or a
Cultural Language
Language and culture are connected one way or another. People uses certain
certain place. It can verbal or non-verbal. The relationship between language and
culture is deeply rooted. Language is used to maintain and convey culture and
cultural ties (Aubrey Neil Leveridge, 2008). In the Philippines, we use the Filipino
language to share our culture, but there will always be a time where some people
foreigners. For the Filipino people to express culture, they need a medium to
share their culture. This is where cultural language or more specifically the
English Language comes in. It helps the Filipinos spread their culture, because
although we can share it through music and arts, it’s better to explain it in either
behaviors which are acceptable will vary from location to location thus forming
the basis of different cultures. Different places have different cultures. Their
cultures are shaped through the history of their country. We Filipinos have a
the recipient is great. Hantrais (1989) puts forth the idea that culture is the beliefs
18
and practices governing the life of a society for which a particular language is the
vehicle of expression. This is how culture is spread, even though many people
don’t understand each other at first, they can learn a language that can connect
Oral Communication
questions quickly and freely without wasting any time. By using less time, you
can also give more time to other stuff because you are saving time when using
oral communication.
2011; Gray, 2010; Kavanagh and Drennan, 2008). Oral Communication might be
very important, but it is also hard to master. Oral Communication isn’t just about
talking and getting a reply then it’s done, oral communication is talking properly
so the recipient understands you and can give you proper reply too.
19
II. Foreign Literature
Language Preference
construction of social identity. As said by Lynn Malarz on the year 2014, Culture
isn’t taught, it is acquired; there is a little influence when it comes to the language
there were fourteen or fifteen major language groups with almost 2,400,000
students between the ages of five and fourteen. By far, the largest language
speakers. In 1985, it was projected that the number of Spanish speakers in this
country would increase some 48 percent by the years to come. Because of this
and culturally different individuals, school can no longer ignore the need for
adjusting education programs to better serve these groups. One result to this is
the great expansion of bilingual education to provide for the educational needs of
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It has long been recognized (Mohan 1986; Early, Thew, and Wakefield
1986; Ashworth, Cummins, and Handscombe 1989) that if ESL students are to
and academic growth should continue while the second language is developing.
and thinking skills. Thematic units help involve students in real language use
types.
This only proves that no one can contain the expansion of vocabulary of
people into extending much further than the language they knew since birth. This
would also show that there are many people who can handle learning another
language aside from what they grew up with meaning that they could handle the
Bilingualism
The chances are the brain of the bilinguals may look and work differently
than those who are monolingual. What does it really mean to know a language?
Language ability is typically measured in two active parts which are speaking and
writing and two passive parts, listening and reading; a balance bilingual person
has near equal abilities across board in two languages. Most bilinguals around
the world know and use their language in varying proportions and it really
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depends on their situation and how they acquired each language; it can be
classified into three general types: 1.) Compound Bilinguals; where the learner
learners begins to process the world around them. Mostly happens to toddlers
who are still observing their surroundings, 2.) Coordinate Bilinguals; it is those
who work with two sets of concepts, learning the other language academically
while continuously using their native language at home and when speaking with
friends, and there is what we call 3.) Subordinate Bilinguals who are learning a
regardless the accent and pronunciation. The difference may not be apparent to
a casual observer but recent advances in brain imaging technology have given
the bilingual brain (Nacamuli, 2015). It’s well-known that the brain’s left
hemisphere is more dominant and analytical with logical processes, while the
degree not an absolute split. The fact that language involves both types of
functions while lateralization develops gradually with age, has lead to the Critical
Period Hypothesis. According to this theory, children learn language more easily
because the plasticity of their developing brains lets them use both hemispheres
hemisphere, usually the left. If this is true, learning a language in childhood may
give you a more holistic grasp of its social and emotional contexts. Conversely,
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recent research showed that people who learned a second language in
adulthood exhibits less emotional bias and more rational approach when
gives your brains some remarkable advantages; some of these are visible, such
as higher density of the grey matter which it contains most of the brain’s neuronal
cell bodies and synapses. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved
in muscle control and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory,
emotions, speech, decision making and self-control. Thus, giving more activity in
bilingual brain receives throughout its life can also delay the onset of diseases,
Where a more recent study did show that reaction time and errors increases for
some bilingual students in cross-language tests, it also showed the effort and
potentially strengthened the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex; the part of the brain
that plays a large role in the executive function, problem solving, switching
Bilingualism may not be a definition of being smart, but it does make you more
healthy, complex and actively engaged which could enhance your capability to
23
comprehend and understand your environment that copes you up. (Nacamuli,
2015).
school department knows at least 2 - 3 language thus showing that the students
may have the ability to handle task all things at once and it quite shows a proof
that having the ability to speak or switch from language to language can
Language Dominance
“Language dominance is, on its face, a relatively simple concept. It refers to the
is, the relative level of proficiency in each of the languages. A person may know
both equally well, in which case we speak of balanced bilingualism. Or, the
speaker may exhibit greater control of one over the other, in which case we
consider the first language to be dominant over the second.” This would mean
languages with near-native fluency due to the fact that some phrases or words in
one language may not match with the other language and thus the person might
refrain from using their second language and instead focus on the language they
fluency. However, this kind of “balanced” bilingual is rare. In the vast majority of
24
cases, bilinguals have a dominant native tongue and a second language they
can speak with some effort (Ludden, 2017). Thus bilinguals are not always fluent
in all of the languages they speak and so there are moments that Language
Dominance emerges due to the fact that they are more comfortable with their
native language rather than their second language. What makes rational thought
behavior.
language. And when we think rationally, we need to inhibit our natural intuitions
(Ludden, 2017), which means to say that the reason why most bilinguals have a
hard time in speaking two languages with near native fluency is due to the lack of
intuitions.
Shared Language
professional organization can invent words that are understood only within the
group, and not by outsiders (British Library). This includes codes and slangs
which are very common nowadays. Shared language is basically what people
use to understand themselves easily. Some people prefer to use slangs to speak
since it’s faster and easier for them to use. Slangs are usually derived from a
25
certain language/s and adding a twist to it. For the people today, English is the
main shared language used in the world today, as it is the language which many
communications (IGI Global). Since English is the main shared language today, it
aside from the Filipino language. Shared Language can develop as time passes
for a certain set of people (e.g. friends, class). A peer or a group of people should
understand each other to work efficiently, as said by Clare Anderson (2017), Real
understanding occurs when everyone is ‘on the same page’. So it’s better to
learn the preferred language of the people around you to easily mingle and work
with them.
Language Variation
No two languages are the same, yet there is more than just variation
between different languages, there is also variation within one and the same
has quite a lot of varieties depending on where and how you choose to use it.
Social language, language you mostly use on a daily basis or the language that
you use to communicate with friends and family and other kinds of languages
that you may use depending on your need. The study of language variation is an
factors. Languages vary from one place to another, from one social group to
26
another, and from one situation to another (Richard Hudson 1996). This means
to say that language is not bound by a single social group nor a single place nor
from one country to another and even within a single country, we may find a
number of local varieties and even within individuals, some may have a variety of
linguistic ways to express the same thing. This fact is explained by sociolinguists
as language variation. (Naima Ammour 2012). This signifies that language has
many different forms in accordance to one’s country or culture thus giving way to
language variation. Many of the developing nations of the world face the
which may include well over a hundred dialects or languages. Even among
variations of the national language and pockets of minority languages still exist.
Is to say that although to have a rich and diverse culture and language
especially when the government tries to reach out to the distant minorities in their
beneficial or non-beneficial based on how you choose to view it. If the thesis is
pushed to a wider scope the researchers would most likely Tackle Language
27
Chapter III
Methodology
This chapter describes and discusses how the researchers gathered the
necessary data and information that was used in the entire study. This describes
who the respondents are and what is the focus of the research. This also shows
the procedure of data collection and instruments used; this chapter also
discusses the type of research, research method and data gathering procedure
Research Design
type wherein the researcher used the Chi-Square Method to compute the data.
Qualitative research is a type of social science research that collects and works
with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that
help us understand social life through the study of targeted populations. Methods
ended surveys, focus groups, content analysis of visual and textual materials,
Qualitative-Descriptive Method of Research due to the fact that the survey was
After conducting the survey the researchers then used the Chi square
method (x squared is equal to Expected minus Observe time 2 and then divided
by E) to determine the numerical quantity of the obtained data. A chi square tests
28
the relationship between two attributes (Abbas Keshvani 2014). The researchers
therefore decided to use the Chi-Square method as it was very suitable for the
study due to the fact that their survey tests the relationship of the two attributes,
Language Subject.
Research Instrument
gather enough data to identify the possible effects or if it may or may not have
question, that has something to do with their preferred language, where these
Sampling Scheme
29
Data Gathering Procedure
The first step that the researchers did was to ask permission from the
Thesis Adviser who is also the Class Adviser of the Respondents where the
teachers of the Grade 9 students to collect the student’s data; it was conducted
after assuring the confidentiality of that section. After it was collected, the
Statistical Treatment
∑f
x = ———
Where;
f = frequency
30
Description of the Respondent
The students from Grade 9 were the chosen respondents for the
study. They are arranged according by their grades from their language subjects.
Their performance in their language subjects is our primary point in arranging the
Grade 9 students
Validation of Instrument
School before the final survey was released to the Respondents. Their
comments and questions about the survey helped polishing the questionnaire. It
was also consulted to the group’s Thesis Adviser and Statistician and their
31
Chapter IV
TABLE 1
FILIPIN
O ENGLISH
F % F %
22 85% 4 15%
What is your mother tongue?
Which language do you use most often when 26 100% 0 0%
talking with friends and schoolmates?
The table presents the different instances where the respondents use their
preferred language.
32
As the table shows, 85% of the respondents have the Filipino
Language as their mother tongue, whereas 15% has English as their mother
tongue.
Language when talking with friends and schoolmates while none of the
The table indicates that the language in which they understand the
taught in English.
86.77% are most confident when expressing themselves in the Filipino language.
On the other hand, 5 out of 26 students answered that they are most confident
11 out of 26 students answered that they often find words that are
similar to them when speaking the Filipino Language while there are 15 out of 26
33
15 out of 26 students or 38.46% answered that they have a wider
TABLE 2
34
FILIPINO ENGLISH
F % F %
Do you prefer books that are in the 12 46% 14 54%
language of English or Filipino?
11.54
3 % 23 88.46%
Do you prefer movies in English/Filipino?
19.23
6 % 20 80.77%
You prefer English/Filipino music.
There are many possible reasons that a language can affect a student. The
researcher chose 3 situations where the students may use their preferred
It shows that 12 out of 26 or 46% of the students prefer books that are in
Displayed also in the data, there are only 3 out of 26 or 11.54% of the
respondents responded that their preferred movies are in Filipino. However, there
are 23 out of 26 or 88.46% students who have answered that their preferred
movies in English.
It also shows that there are 6 out of 26 or 11.54% students who prefer
Filipino music while there are 20 out of 26 or 80.77% students who prefer English
music
35
TABLE 3
36
CHI-
SQUARE
INTERPRETATIO
CV DECISION N
ACCEPTED NOT
SIGNIFICANT
In which language do you have a wider 3.50
vocabulary in?
The table shows that the computed value is 3.64 which is lower than the
tabulated value which proves that whether the mother tongue of the respondents
language subjects.
than the tabulated value that's why it demonstrates that whether you use Filipino
language or English language when you're talking with your friends, it will not
Whether you use English or Filipino most often when you're at home, it
will not affect the grades of the students on their language subjects because
37
according to the data that we've gathered, the computed value is 3.44% that's
why it doesn't have an effect because it is lower than the tabulated value.
The grades of the students on their language subjects are affected with
which language let them understand the lessons more at school. The computed
value is 9.67% which means it has an effect because it is higher than the
tabulated value.
than the tabulated value that's why, it shows that it does not affect the students'
language subject if they more often find words that are unfamiliar to them in
English or in Tagalog because its computed value is 8.39% that is lower than the
tabulated value.
mean that it will have an effect on their language subjects because the computed
The Table shows the Significance of the problem to the effect of it to the
success of the students to their language subjects. It shows that what is used
when talking with friends, when at home, what the language the respondents
may be confident with and with words the respondents are having difficulties with
38
language subjects while the language that lets the respondents understand the
lesson more at school has a great effect since it is what is used12 everyday to
CHAPTER V
39
This chapter elaborates the summary of findings, conclusions and
Summary of Findings
The following are the breakdown findings from the results of the study’s
collected data.
Filipino Language, while 39.23% of the total population has preferred using the
English Language, thus, making the English Language most dominantly used by
the respondents.
Subjects.
78 in their Language subjects, 15% obtained a grade of 79-82, the students that
had grades of 83-86 were 27%, the grades around 87-90 were composed of 23%
, and 27% of the total population had the grades of 91-94 in their Language
subjects. This shows the breakdown of the whole population by their grades.
40
It was interpreted as such; the computed X2 value obtained that was lower
than its tabulated data at .05 level is accepted and the value that is greater than
the tabular value of 9.49 is considered rejected. Thus, the null hypothesis is
rejected, meaning that the preferred language has no major effect to the
Conclusions
In alignment with the findings made, the following ideas were concluded:
1. That the grade 9 students of IBCS prefer the English language more than
gathered. Which shows that whatever may the student’s preferred language may
be, it has no major effect with their performance in their language subject.
Recommendations
And with the findings throughout the study and conclusions that was made, the
preferences they have and assist them to adapt the different learning methods
41
2. For schools to consider the language preference of their students when
making their lesson plans to allow their students to absorb more of their lectures.
3. Future research, to present new outputs with follow-up studies that will
find out the possible relationships of language preferences to other factors such
as course teaching methods, hobbies/interests, and study habits and such. That
the future research may study the association between student performance,
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