Ex.

No: 8 STRESS ANALYSIS OF CORNER ANGLE BRACKET

Date:
Aim:
To do the structural static analysis of the corner angle bracket
Problem description:
In the Corner angle bracket shown, the upper left-hand pin hole is constrained (welded) around its
entire circumference, and a tapered pressure load is applied to the bottom of the lower right-
hand pin hole. It is made of A36 steel,Young’s modulus of 30E6 psi and Poisson’s ratio of 0.27

Assume plane stress for this analysis. Since the bracket is thin in the z direction (1/2 inch thickness)
compared to its x and y dimensions, and since the pressure load acts only in the x-y plane, this is a
valid assumption.
Procedure:
Build Geometry
Pre processing
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By Dimensions
2. Enter the following: X1 = 0, X2 = 6, Y1 = -1, Y2 = 1 Apply to create the first rectangle.
3. Enter the following: X1 = 4, X2 = 6, Y1 = -1, Y2 = -3 OK to create the second rectangle.
Create first circle.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle.
2. Enter the center point as: WP X = 0 (in Graphics Window shown below) and WP Y = 0
3. Enter the radius of 1 and click OK to close.
Create second circle.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle
2. Enterthe center point as: WP X = 5, WP Y = -3
3. Enter the radius of 1 and click OK to close.
Add areas.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas
2. Pick ‘All’ for all areas to be added.
Create line fillet
1. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering
2. Turn on line numbering.
3. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Line Fillet
4. Pick lines 17 and 8. OK to finish picking lines (in picking menu).
5. Enter .4 as the radius. OK to create line fillet and close the dialog box.

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Create fillet area
1. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate
2. Click on Zoom button. Move mouse to fillet region, click left button, move mouse out and
click again.
3. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Arbitrary> By Lines
4. Pick lines 4, 5, and 1. And OK to create area and close the picking menu.
5. Utility Menu> Plot> Areas
Add areas together
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas
2. Pick all for all areas to be added.
Create first pin hole.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle
2. Pick center point at: WP X = 0 (in Graphics Window)WP Y = 0
3. Move mouse to radius of .4 (shown in the picking menu) and click left button to create circle.
And OK to close picking menu.
Move working plane and create second pin hole.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle
2. Pick center point at: WP X = 0 (in Graphics Window) WP Y = 0

3. Move mouse to radius of .4 (shown in the picking menu) and click left mouse button to
create circle. And OK to close picking menu.
Subtract pin holes from bracket
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Subtract> Areas
2. Pick bracket as base area from which to subtract. Apply (in picking menu).
3. Pick both pin holes as areas to be subtracted. OK to subtract holes and close the menu.
Utility Menu> File> Save As Enter model.db for the database file name. OK to save and close
dialog box.
Define material properties.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models
2. Double-click on Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic.
3. Enter 30e6 for EX. And Enter .27 for PRXY.
4. OK to define material property set and close the dialog box.
Material -> Exit
Define element types and options.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete
2. Add an element type. Structural solid family of elements. Choose the 8-node quad
(PLANE82). And OK to apply the element type and close.
3. Options for PLANE82 are to be defined. Choose plane stress with thickness option for
element behavior. And OK to specify options and close the options dialog box. Close the
element type dialog box.
Define real constants.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants>
Add/Edit/Delete
2. Add a real constant set. OK for PLANE82. Enter .5 for THK.
And OK .
Mesh the area

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 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool
2. Set Global Size control. And Type in 0.5.
3. OK. Choose Area Meshing. And Click on Mesh.
4. Pick all for the area to be meshed (in picking menu). And Close the Mesh Tool.
Apply displacement constraints.
1. Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On Lines
2. Pick the four lines around left-hand hole .
3. OK (in picking menu).and Click on All DOF.
4. Enter 0 for zero displacement. And OK to apply constraints and close dialog box.
5. Utility Menu> Plot Lines
Apply pressure load.
Now apply the tapered (means varying linearly) pressure load to the bottom, right-hand pin hole.
Note that when a circle is created in ANSYS, four lines define the perimeter. Therefore, apply the
pressure to two lines making up the lower half of the circle. Since the pressure tapers from a
maximum value (500 psi) at the bottom of the circle to a minimum value (50 psi) at the sides, apply
pressure in two separate steps, with reverse tapering values for each line.
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Lines
1. Pick line defining bottom left part of the circle. And Apply.
2. Enter 50 for VALUE. Enter 500 for optional value. And Apply.
3. Pick line defining bottom right part of circle. And Apply.
4. Enter 500 for VALUE. Enter 50 for optional value. And click OK.
Solve
1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
OK to begin the solution. Choose Yes to any Verify messages that appear.
Close the information window when solution is done.
Post processing
Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set
Plot the deformed shape.
1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape
2. Choose Def + undeformed. OK.
Plot the von Mises equivalent stress.
1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu
2. Choose Stress item to be contoured. Scroll down and choose von Mises (SEQV).OK.

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Result:
Thus the structural analysis of the corner angle bracket is carried out and the deformation and
stress distribution are observed and plotted.
Ex.No: 9 MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM
Date:
Aim:
To find the natural frequencies of a cantilever beam, by modal analysis using ANSYS.

Problem Description:

Procedure:
Open preprocessor menu
Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title...
Give example a Job name Utility Menu > File > Change Job name ...Enter 'Dynamic' for the
job name
Create Key points
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > In Active CS
We are going to define 2 key points (the beam vertices) for this structure as
given in the following table:
Key point Coordinates (x,y)
1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Key point 1 and Key point 2.
Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3 degrees of
freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
Cross-sectional area: 0.0001, Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 8.33e-10 & Total beam height: 0.01. This
defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.01 m x 0.01 m.

24
Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
Young's modulus EX: 2.068e11 & Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
To enter the density of the material, double click on 'Linear' followed by 'Density' in the 'Define
Material Model Behavior' Window. Enter a density of 7830
Note: For dynamic analysis, both the stiffness and the material density have to be specified.

Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Controls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'

Assigning Loads and Solving

Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal
Set options for analysis type:
Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options..
Enter the following in the window that appears. Select the Subspace method
And enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand' Click 'OK'

The Subspace Method extracts modes for all DOF's. It is therefore more exact but, it also takes
longer to compute (especially when the complex geometries).
For this problem, we will use the default options so click on OK.

Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key points
Fix Key point 1 (i.e. all DOFs constrained).

Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Post processing:
Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions
General Postproc > Results Summary...
The following window will appear

25
Note: To obtain accurate higher mode frequencies, this mesh would have to be refined even more
(i.e. instead of 10 elements, we would have to model the cantilever using 15 or more elements
depending upon the highest mode frequency of interest).

View Mode Shapes

Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape
Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape. Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.

To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set. As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.

The first four mode shapes should look like the following:

Result:

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 Thus the modal analysis to find the natural frequencies of a cantilever beam is found
using ANSYS. And the mode shapes are observed

Ex.No: 10 FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY OF A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Date:

Aim: Determine the fundamental frequency f of a simply-supported beam of length L and uniform
cross-section using ANSYS.

Problem Description:

h 1 2 3 4

Geometric Properties
3 L= 804in 5
1 AL = 4 in2 2
h = 2 in
Material Properties
I = 1.3333 in4
E = 30 x 106 psi
w = 1.124 lb/in
ρ = w/Ag = .000728 lb-sec2/in4

Procedure:
Open preprocessor menu
Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
Give example a Jobname Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ...Enter 'SSB' for the jobname

Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the following
table: Keypoint Coordinates (x,y)
1 (0,0)
2 (80,0)
Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3
degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3
degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
Define Real Constants

27
 Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: Cross-
sectional area: 4, Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 4/3 & Total beam height: 2. this defines an element
with a solid rectangular cross section 2 in x 2 in.
Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel: Young's
modulus EX: 30e6 & Poisson’s ratio 0.3 and Enter a density of 728e-6
Note: For dynamic analysis, both the stiffness and the material density have to be specified.
Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Controls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify 4element divisions along the line.
Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'

Assigning Loads and Solving

Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal (ANTYPE,2)
Set options for analysis type:
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options.
Select the Reduc method and enter 3 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
Click the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and Enter 3 in the 'No. of modes to expand' Click
‘OK’. Options for reduced modal analysis window appears
Enter 0 and 0 for frequency range and No of modes to print: 3 and click on OK.
Define Master Degrees of Freedom
These are required only for the reduced mode-extraction method. Master degrees of freedom
(MDOF) are significant degrees of freedom that characterize the dynamic behavior of the structure.
Main Menu> Solution> Master DOFs> User Selected> Define
Pick the nodes 3, 4, 5 and click OK. In the direction select UY.

Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key points
Select Key points 1 and 2
In UROT on key points window select UX and UY. Click OK.
Solve the System
Main Menu>Solution>Solve>
Post processing:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Results summary

28
View Mode Shapes

General Postproc > Read Results > First Set

This selects the results for the first mode shape

General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'

First mode shape

To view the next mode shapes, General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set .

As above choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.

Second mode shape Third mode shape

29
 Result: Thus the fundamental frequency f of a simply-supported beam of length L and
uniform cross-section is found by modal analysis using ANSYS.

Ex. No: 11 HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM

Date:
Aim: To perform Harmonic analysis the cantilever beam.

Problem Description:
Perform Harmonic analysis the cantilever beam shown below.

30
Conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of the
beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz.

Procedure:
Preprocessing:
Open preprocessor menu
Give example a Title Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
Give example a Jobname Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ...Enter 'Harmonic' for the job
name

Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
Keypoint Coordinates (x,y)
1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.

Define Element Types

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
Select 2D elastic BEAM3 Element.
Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter Cross-sectional area: 0.0001, Area Moment of
Inertia IZZ: 8.33e-10 & Total beam height: 0.01.
Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
Young's modulus EX: 2.068e11 & Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3 & Enter a density of 7830
Note: For dynamic analysis, both the stiffness and the material density have to be specified.
Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Controls > Manual Size > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
Assigning Loads and Solving
Define Analysis Type (Harmonic)

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 Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Harmonic-(ANTYPE,3)
Set options for analysis type:
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options..
Enter the following in Harmonic analysis window
Select the Full Solution method, the Real + imaginary DOF printout format and do not use lumped
mass approx. Click 'OK' . Use the default settings in appearing window

Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
In The window appearing once you select the node at x=0 : Constrain all DOF as shown in the above
window real=0& Imag=0

Apply Loads:
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes
Select the node at x=1 (far right)
In Apply F/M on nodes window, enter a load with a real value of 100 and an imaginary value of 0 in
the positive 'y' direction
Note: In this case the magnitude of the load is 100 N and its phase is 0. For harmonic analysis, all
loads applied to a structure must have the SAME FREQUENCY.

Set the frequency range

Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequency > Freq and Substps...
Specify a frequency range of 0 - 100Hz and 100 sub steps and stepped b.c..
By doing this we will be subjecting the beam to loads at 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, ..... 100 Hz.
Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE

Post processing:
We want to observe the response at x=1 (where the load was applied) as a function of
frequency. we must use TimeHist Post Processing (POST26). POST26 is used to observe certain
variables as a function of either time or frequency.
Define Variables
In here we have to define variables that we want to see plotted. By default, Variable 1 is
assigned either Time or Frequency. In our case it is assigned Frequency. We want to see the
displacement UY at the node at x=1, which is node #2.
TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer... Select Add (the green '+' sign in the upper left
corner) from this window and the following window should appear
We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement. Click
OK. Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK. The 'Time History Variables' window
should now look as follows
List Stored Variables

32
 In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'List' button, listing the data:

Plot UY vs. frequency

In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, graph should be plotted in the main
ANSYS window.

Note that we get peaks at frequencies of approximately 8.3 and 51 Hz.

Result:
Thus the Harmonic analysis the cantilever beam is carried out by applying a cyclic load
(harmonic) at the end of the beam. The displacement vs frequency graph is plotted for the load
variation from 1 - 100 Hz.
Ex. No:12 THERMALLY LOADED SUPPORT STRUCTURE
Date:
Aim: Find the stresses in the copper and steel wire structure loaded with thermal and structural load
using ANSYS. Y
Problem Description:
Find the stresses in the copper and steel wire structure shown below. The wires have a cross-
X to a load Q and a temperature rise of ΔT after
sectional area of A. The structure is subjected
assembly.
1 2 3
Copper Steel Copper

1 3
2

4 5 6
Rigid Beam

33

Q
Material Properties Geometric Properties Loading
Ec = 16 x 106 psi A = 0.1 in2 Q = 4000 lb
αc = 92 x 10-7 in/in-°F ΔT = 10°F
Es = 30 x 106 psi
αs = 70 x 10-7 in/in-°F
Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes
Assume: Length of wires (20 in.), spacing between wires (10 in.), and the reference temperature
(70°F) are arbitrarily selected. The rigid lower beam is modeled by nodal coupling.

Procedure:
Open preprocessor menu
/PREP7
Give example a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
/title, Thermally Loaded Support Structure
Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static - ANTYPE, 0
Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the LINK 1 , 2D spar element . Select the element
shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 LINK1' in the 'Element Types' window
Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
Cross-sectional area: 0.1
Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic>
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties Copper
(Type1): i. Young's modulus EX: 16e6
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Thermal Expansion
>Secant Coef > Isotropic: ii. ALPX: 92e-7
Similarly define the material properties for Steel (type 2) : Young's modulus EX: 30e6
and ALPX: 70e-7

Define Reference Temperature

Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Settings > Reference Temp

34
 For this example set the reference temperature to70 degrees F.
Define Nodes
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Nodes> In Active CS...
N,#,x,y,z : Define 6 Nodes for this link as given in the following table:
Node Coordinates (x,y,z)
1 (-10,0)
2 (0,0)
3 (10,0)
4 (-10,-20)
5 (0,-20)
6 (10,-20)
Create Elements through Nodes
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements> Auto numbered> through nodes...
Select nodes 1,4 and apply, Select nodes 3,6 and click OK
Change the element attributes for type 2 steel material
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements>element attributes
Select type 2 in the material number which is already defined.
Select nodes 2,5 and click OK
Create coupled sets at specified nodes
When you need to force two or more degrees of freedom (DOFs) to take on the same (but
unknown) value, you can couple these DOFs together.
Typical applications for coupled DOFs include: 1) maintaining symmetry on partial
models, 2) forming pin, hinge, universal, and slider joints between two coincident nodes, and
3) forcing portions of your model to behave as rigid bodies.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Couple DOFs
Pick the nodes 5, 4, 6 which are at the rigid beam. And Click OK.
In the subsequent window that appears, Enter the NSET value as 1 (Nodes 5, 4, 6 will
have the same loading and referred by set reference number 1)

Apply Boundary Conditions

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
Pick nodes 1, 2, 3 and Click OK. In the subsequent Apply U,ROT on nodes window
,Select All DOF to arrest the motion in all directions.
Apply Structural load
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes
Pick node 5 and Click OK. In the subsequent Apply F/M on nodes window, Select
FY to indicate downwards load Enter -4000 as the value.
Apply Thermal load
Main Menu>Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>
Other>Fluence>Uniform Fluen
In the subsequent Uniform nodal fluence window,
Enter BFUNIF uniform fluence value as 80. (TREF 70+ INCREMENT10)
Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS> SOLVE

35
Post processing: Viewing the Results
Get Stress Data
Since the element is only a line, the stress can't be listed in the normal way. Instead, an element table
must be created first.
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table > Add
Fill in the window as shown below. [Element Stress > By Sequence Num > LS > LS,1
List the Stress Data
General Postproc >List Results> Element table Data>Element StressValues in psi

Stress in copper (Element1,2) = 10323 psi

Stress in steel (Element 3) = 19355 psi

Result:
Thus the stresses in the copper and steel wire structure loaded with thermal and structural
load are found from the structural analysis.

Ex.No: 13 SIMPLE CONDUCTION IN A PLATE

Aim:
To solve the 2-D heat conduction problem below, using ANSYS. And find the temperature
distribution.
Problem description:
Rectangular plate based on the specified temperatures on the plate edges, and the plate
dimensions. Note: Thermal conductivity of the plate, Kxx=401 W/(m-K)

36
Procedure:
Preprocessing:
Change jobname.
On the Utility Menu across the very top of the screen,
select:File -> Change Jobname Enter “platetemp”, and click on “OK”.

Define element type:

Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete
Click on “Add”. The “Library of Element Types” menu appears, . Scroll down
to highlight “Thermal Solid”, and “Quad 4node 55” as shown. Click on “OK”, then“Close”.

Define Material Properties:

Preprocessor -> Material Properties -> Material Models
In the dialogue box that appears, on the right hand side, choose:
Thermal -> Conductivity -> Isotropic
Another box appears. Enter “401” for Kxx (thermal conductivity), then click on “OK”.
Close the other box (the one headed “Define Material Model Behavior”) by clicking on the red “X”
in the upper right-hand corner.

Create a rectangular area:

Preprocessor -> Modeling-> Create -> Areas -> Rectangle -> By Dimensions
Fill in the fields, (X1, X2) as 0, 10 & (Y1, Y2) as 0, 20 and then click “OK”.

Specify mesh density controls.

We will specify numbers of element divisions along lines. Choose:
Preprocessor -> -Meshing- Size Cntrls -> Manual Size -> Lines-> Picked Lines
The picking menu (below left) appears. On the graphics window, click on the bottom
Horizontal line (this is one of the 10 meter lines), to highlight it. Then, click “OK” in the
Picking menu. Then, the “Element Size” menu (below right) appears. Enter “6” for
“NDIV”, as shown, then click “OK”. Now, repeat the above process to specify 12 divisions along
either of the vertical lines.

Mesh the rectangle to create nodes and elements.

Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesh -> Areas -> Mapped -> 3 or 4 Sided
A picking menu appears. Select “Pick All”. The rectangle will be meshed.

37
Solution:
Apply temperatures around the edges:
Solution -> Define Loads-> Apply -> Thermal-> Temperature -> On Lines
A picking menu appears. Highlight the two vertical lines (the 20 meter lines), which have a
temperature of 100 C, then click on “OK” in the picking menu. The box on the next page appears.
Highlight “TEMP” for “DOFs to be constrained”, and enter “100” for“VALUE”, as shown.

Repeat the above process to apply the 100 C temperature to the bottom horizontal line,
but in this case, choose “Yes” for “Apply TEMP to endpoints?”. Repeat the process
once more, to apply the 200 C temperature to the top horizontal line, but in this case,
choose “No” for “Apply TEMP to endpoints?”.

Now, to address the fact that two corners do not have a specified temperature, as an
Approximation, we will set the temperature at these to corners to 150 C.
Solution -> Define Loads-> Apply -> Thermal-> Temperature -> On Key points
A picking menu appears. Note that there are four “key points” in the model, one at each
corner of the large rectangular area. Click on the upper two corners, at the intersections
of the 100 C and 200 C lines. When these corner “key points” are highlighted, choose
“OK” in the picking menu, and the following box appears: Click on “TEMP” for “DOFs to be
constrained” and enter “150” for VALUE, then click “OK”.

Solve the problem:

Solution ->-Solve -> Current LS
Click “OK” in the “Solve Current Load Step” Box. Soon after clicking “OK”,
We should see a note in a box saying “Solution is done!” We may close this box.

Postprocessing:

Plot the temperature distribution:

General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Contour Plot-> Nodal Solu
The box below appears. Click on “DOF solution”, then “Temperature”, then click “OK”.
In the graphics window, a plot, as shown on the following page, should appear.

38
Temperature Distribution Color Contour Plot: Note that the temperature values
Corresponding to the colors are shown in the legend at the bottom of the plot.

List the temperatures at each node.

General Postproc -> List Results -> Nodal Solution
In the box that appears, click on “DOF Solution” and “Temperature”, as shown, then
click “OK”.

Result:
Thus the given 2-D heat conduction problem is solved using ANSYS. And the temperature
distribution within the rectangular plate, based on the specified temperatures on the plate edges, and
the plate dimensions was found.

Ex.No. 14 THERMAL - MIXED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Date:
Aim: To solve the 2-D heat conduction and convection problem below using ANSYS, and find the
temperature distribution.

Problem Description:
The Mixed Convection/Conduction/Insulated Boundary Conditions Example is constrained as
shown in the following figure (Note that the section is assumed to be infinitely long):

39
Procedure:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

Give example a Title
Open preprocessor menu
ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor
/PREP7
Create geometry
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0,
Width=1, Height=1
Define the Type of Element
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass
Solid, Quad 4Node 55
ET,1,PLANE55
As in the conduction example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This
element has 4 nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2
dimensional steady-state or transient thermal analysis.

Element Material Properties

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic >
KXX = 10
This will specify a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m*C.
Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05

Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All
AMESH,ALL

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-State
ANTYPE,0

Apply Conduction Constraints

In this example, all 2 sides of the block have fixed temperatures, while convection occurs on
the other 2 sides.

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Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines
Select the top line of the block and constrain it to a constant value of 500 C
Using the same method, constrain the left side of the block to a constant value of 100 C

Apply Convection Boundary Conditions

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
Select the right side of the block.
The following window will appear:

 Fill in the window as shown. This will specify a convection of 10 W/m2*C and an
ambient temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. Note that VALJ and VAL2J have been
left blank. This is because we have uniform convection across the line.

Apply Insulated Boundary Conditions

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
Select the bottom of the block.
Enter a constant Film coefficient (VALI) of 0. This will eliminate convection through the
side, thereby modeling an insulated wall. Note: you do not need to enter a Bulk (or
ambient) temperature

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 Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Post processing:
Viewing the Results
Plot Temperature
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution,
Temperature TEMP

Result:
Thus the given 2-D heat conduction and convection problem is solved using ANSYS. And
the temperature distribution within the component based on the specified temperatures on the edges,
and the dimensions, was found.

Ex.No 15 SIMULATION OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

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Date:
Aim: To find the COP of refrigeration system with condenser temperature and evaporator
temperatures as input by using C program

Problem description:

In the table below, typical COP is given for a screw compressor operating on an ammonia
refrigerant. Condensing temperature kept constant; Evaporating temperature is increased

Condensing Evaporating Condensing Evaporating

temperature C temperature C temperature C temperature C
20 -40 30 -40
20 -30 30 -30
20 -20 30 -20
20 -10 30 -10
20 0 30 0

Procedure:
Related theory: Coefficient of performance (COP)
In the refrigerator or heat pump, a refrigerant, typically ammonia or freon, is pumped around
a loop. The refrigerant gas condenses to a liquid in the condenser, giving out heat. The liquid passes
through an expansion valve and drops in pressure. The liquid boils to a gas in the evaporator,
absorbing heat. The compressor compresses the gas.

Energy is conserved so:

Q2 = Q1 + W

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The coefficient of performance as a refrigerator is defined as:

COP = Q1/W

The COP depends primarily on the temperatures of the evaporator and the condenser, the
closer the two temperatures are, the higher the COP.

COP also depends on the refrigerant gas and the model of compressor used.
Formula for calculation:

Coefficient of Performance = Te / (Tc - Te)

Te = Evaporator temperature in K
Tc= Condenser temperature in K

C Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int con,i,j,no;
float a[20];
float b[20];
clrscr();
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf("Enter the Condesing Temperature %d in celcius:",j+1);
scanf("%d",&con);
printf("\nEnter the no of Evaporting Temperatures:");
scanf("%d",&no);
printf("\nEnter the Values of Evaporting Temperatures in celcius\n");
for(i=0;i<no;i++)
scanf("%f",&a[i]);
con=con+273;
for(i=0;i<no;i++)
a[i]=a[i]+273;
for(i=0;i<no;i++)
b[i]=a[i]/(con-a[i]);
printf("COP of the refrigerator are\n");
for(i=0;i<no;i++)
printf("%f\n",b[i]);
}
getch();
}

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Results:

INPUTS:
Enter the condensing temperature 1 in Celsius : 20
Enter the no. of Evaporating temperature : 5
Enter the value of Evaporating temperatures in Celsius :
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
OUTPUT:
COP of refrigerator are:
3.883333
4.860000
6.325000
8.766666
13.650000

INPUTS:
Enter the condensing temperature 2 in Celsius : 30
Enter the no. of Evaporating temperature :5
Enter the value of Evaporating temperatures in Celsius :
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
OUTPUT:
COP of refrigerator are:
3.328571
4.050000
5.060000
6.575000
9.100000

Thus the Simulation of Air conditioning system with condenser temperature and evaporator
temperatures as input to get COP using C is carried out.

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Ex.No 16 SIMULATION OF CAM AND FOLLOWER MECHANISM USING C.
Date:
Aim: To find the displacement, velocity and acceleration of cam and follower mechanism in simple
harmonic motion by using C program

Problem description

Simulate the cam and follower mechanism using C with the following specifications.
Simple harmonic motion of the follower,
Speed of the cam = 10 rad/s , Cam angle during lift = 100 degree, Cam lift = 10 cm.

Procedure:

Related theory: A cam and follower system is system/mechanism that uses a cam and follower to
create a specific motion. The cam is in most cases merely a flat piece of metal that has had an
unusual shape or profile machined onto it. This cam is attached to a shaft which enables it to be
turned by applying a turning action to the shaft. As the cam rotates it is the profile or shape of the
cam that causes the follower to move in a particular way. The movement of the follower is then
transmitted to another mechanism or another part of the mechanism.

When the cam turns through one motion cycle, the follower executes a series of events consisting
of rises, dwells and returns. Rise is the motion of the follower away from the cam center, dwell is
the motion during which the follower is at rest; and return is the motion of the follower toward the
cam center.

There are many follower motions that can be used for the rises and the returns.

Ex. Harmonic motion

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Harmonic Motion
When Cam mechanisms impart simple harmonic motion to the follower, the velocity diagram
at h indicates smooth action. The acceleration, as shown at i, is maximum at the initial position, zero
at the mid-position, and negative maximum at the final position.

Where
: The rotary angle of the cam, measured from the beginning of the motion event;
: The range of the rotary angle corresponding to the motion event;
h: The stoke of the motion event of the follower;
S: Displacement of the follower;
V: Velocity of the follower;
A: Acceleration of the follower.
C Program:
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int n,B,i,j;
float Q,w,y[20],v[20],a[20],l,pi=3.14;
clrscr();
//printf("n=number of steps\nB=cam angle\nl=lift of the cam\nw=angular velocity\n");
printf("Enter the value of n,B,l and w\n");
scanf("%d%d%f%f",&n,&B,&l,&w);
Q=B/n;
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
y[i]=(l/2)*(1-cos((pi*Q*i/B)));
v[i]=((l*w*90)/B)*sin((pi*Q*i)/B);
a[i]=(l/2)*((180*w)/B)*((180*w)/B)*cos((pi*Q*i)/B);
}
j=10;
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("At Q=%d\nDisplacement\tvelocity\tAcceleration\n",j*i);
printf("%f\t%f\t%f\n",y[i],v[i],
a[i]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

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Results:

INPUT:
Enter the value of n,B,l and W
9
90
0.1
10

OUTPUT:

Displacement Velocity Acceleration

At Q=0 0.000000 0.000000 16.200010

At Q=10 0.002445 0.277979 15.407913
At Q=20 0.009540 0.528775 13.109108
At Q=30 0.020591 0.727862 9.528381
At Q=40 0.049960 0.900000 0.012900
At Q=50 0.065405 0.856216 -4.991351
At Q=60 0.079344 0.728705 -9.507504
At Q=70 0.090413 0.529934 -13.093933
At Q=80 0.097531 0.279342 -15.399925
At Q=90 0.100000 0.001433 -16.199980

Thus the displacement, velocity and acceleration of cam and follower mechanism in simple
harmonic motion by using C program is carried out.

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