Measures

A clock is a device for measuring time. People

didn’t start using clocks every day until the
Industrial Revolution. They needed to keep
track of when to start work at the factories and
how many hours they had worked each day.
What’s the point? You need to read a clock
accurately or you’ll be late (or early)!

Check in
1 What time is it?
Level 2

a b c
11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5

2 Cog A turns. When it does, the other five cogs turn as well.
Level 3

A D
B C E
F

Cog A turns in a clockwise direction.

a Will cog B turn in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction?
b Which direction will cog C turn in?
c Which direction will cog F turn in?

37
 Measuring lines
Exercise 3a
• Choose between mm, cm, m, and km Keywords 1 Which of these units would you use to measure parts a–h?
• Measure lengths in centimetres and millimetres Centimetre Metre
Divisions Metric millimetre centimetre metre kilometre
Kilometre Millimetre a the length of your little finger b the distance from your home to school
The four common metric units of length are Length
c the length of your classroom d the width of your exercise book
Millimetres Centimetres Metres Kilometres e the thickness of a pencil f the thickness of a 2p coin
very small lengths small distances bigger distances very big distances g the length of a football pitch h the distance from the earth to the moon
2 Give the length of each line by reading the ruler.
a b
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5
Leeds

10 millimetres  1 centimetre (cm) c d

(mm) 100 centimetres  1 metre (m)
1000 metres  1 kilometre (km) 4 5 16 17
An average lead
When measuring or drawing a line, pencil will draw a
you must start your measurement e f line 48 km long.
0 1 2 0 1 2
at the zero mark.
12 10
Each centimetre is divided
into 10 smaller parts.
Each large numbered Each smaller length 3 Use a ruler to measure each line in centimetres and
length is a centimetre. is a millimetre. match it to a measurement from the box.
a
0 1 2 3 b
c A 6.9 cm B 7.5 cm
d C 7.2 cm D 6.6 cm
What is the length of this line? This line is 5 cm and 6 mm long. e E 5.9 cm F 6.3 cm
example

f
Write this as 5.6 cm.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 Draw these lines accurately.
The decimal point shows
6
this is 5 whole cm and __ cm Write the measurement beside each line you draw.
10
a 3 cm b 7 cm c 45 mm
d 58 mm e 11.2 cm f 9.9 cm
Which unit would you use to measure each of these?
example

puzzle Which blue line is longer?

a your hand a centimetres Your hand is about 15 cm
Check your estimate with a ruler.
b a pen tip b millimetres A pen tip is about 3 mm
c the distance from London to Leeds c kilometres The distance is about 315 km a b
d a door frame d metres A door frame is about 2 m

38 Shape Measures Measuring lines 39

 Reading scales
Exercise 3b
• Read different scales accurately Keywords 1 Look carefully at each dial. Decide which is the best guess.
Scales
Measurements 20 30 40 4 5 300 400 500
• Scales show measurements on a display. Instruments

a about 28 d about 4.7 g about 380

This scale measures This scale measures b about 35 e about 4.4 h about 480
weight at the butchers. petrol in a car. c about 22 f about 4.1 i about 440

2 What numbers are the 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

The green scale shows intervals of 10.
arrows pointing to on
The arrow is pointing to a number between 20 and 30.
this decimal scale?
The numbers in between 20 and 30 are shown as small divisions. a b c d e
Count on from 20. 3 What does each display show?
10 20 30 20 The arrow is pointing at 23. a b c
10 10 0 10 20

20

20
0
d e f g
The blue scale is numbered in ones. 0 100

50
210 20

10
There are 10 small divisions between each number. 200

30
Each small division is one tenth or 0.1.

40

20
30
The arrow is pointing to a number between 3 and 4.
90
The arrow is pointing at 3 4 What does each display show?
0 1 2 3 4 3 4 whole units and 6 tenths.
This is written 3.6. a b c
50 100 0 100 100 200
0 150
example

What reading is shown

on this scale? 0
0 100 200 300 400 300 400 d e f 0 g
30

400
0 50 100

100
200

300
200

First, determine the intervals. Intervals of 100 with 10 small divisions

problem
between each number. These dials have been splashed with paint.
Work out a reading or give an estimate for each dial.
Then find the value of 100  10  10
a b c d 200
each small division. Each small division  10
0 40
0 10 20 30
The arrow is pointing You count 6 small divisions.

50
1
4
between 300 and 400. Each small division is 10.
Count on from 300. 6  10  60 3

100
The reading on the scale is 360. 300  60  360
Some readings are measured in decimals, some in units and some in tens.
40 Shape Measures Reading scales 41
 Time
Exercise 3c
• Tell the time in different ways Keywords 1 Which of these units of time would you use to measure parts a–f?
a.m. p.m.
Clock Time seconds minutes hours days weeks months years
You measure time on scales.
Digital a tying your shoe lace b you are asked how old you are
You should know these units of times.
c the amount you sleep each night d the length of your summer holidays
Clocks and calendars are
Second There are 60 seconds in a minute. scales. e the time it takes to run 100 metres f the time it takes to boil an egg
Minute There are 60 minutes in an hour. 2 Here are the timings of Kim’s day.
Hour There are 24 hours in a day. wakes up shower breakfast maths class
Day There are 7 days in a week. You read the time on a clock
Week There are 52 weeks in a year. or a calendar. 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2
Month There are 12 months in a year. 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3
Year There are 365 days in a year 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5
(and 366 in a leap year).

A clockface is numbered from 1 to 12. bedtime watches tv home lunch

You use a.m. for times before midday. You use p.m. for times after midday. 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4
11 12 1 11 12 1 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 a What is Kim doing at 7 p.m.?
8 4 8 4 b Does Kim have lunch at 1 a.m. or 1 p.m.?
7 6 5 7 6 5 c What is she doing at eight o’clock? The Mayan
civilisation in what
d Where is Kim at a quarter past ten in the morning? is now Mexico
The clock shows 8.30 a.m. The clock shows 8.30 p.m.
e What is Kim doing at 7.30 a.m.? used a system of
f What is Kim doing at half past four in the afternoon? 60 to record time.
• You can also use the 24-hour clock.
g What time does Kim go to bed?
The hours before midday read the same. 3 Match the times on the clockface with the same time on a digital clock.
The hours after midday count on from 12. a b c d e
11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5

A B C D E
This clock shows 8.30 a.m. This clock shows 8.30 p.m. 22:00 7:30 14:30 10:00 18:15

Work out your age in hours to the nearest hour.

challenge

Use a calculator to help you.

42 Shape Measures Time 43

 Shapes
Exercise 3d
• Know the names of simple shapes Keywords 1 Give the name of each shape.
• Know if a shape is regular or not Parallel
a b c
Regular
Sides
You need to know these shapes

Circle Square Rectangle Trapezium

d e f

g h i
Even curve 4 parallel sides 4 parallel sides 4 sides, 2 sides parallel
p. 144
Equal sides 2 sets of equal sides

Triangle Pentagon Hexagon Octagon

2 Measure the sides of each shape and fill in the missing information.
a b
Number of sides _____ Number of sides ____
3 sides 5 sides 6 sides 8 sides
Shape name _________ Shape name ________
Side lengths_________ Side lengths ________
• If a shape is regular, all of its sides are the same length.
Regular?____________ Regular? __________

Use a ruler to measure the sides of each shape.

example

c d
Give its name and say if it is regular or not.
Number of sides ____ Number of sides _______
a b c
Shape name ________ Shape name ___________
Side lengths ________ Side lengths ___________
Regular? ___________ Regular? ______________

a Pentagon b Rectangle c Square Is this shape a square?

challenge
Each side is 1.5 cm. The long sides are Each side is Why or why not?
It is regular. 3 cm. 1 cm.
The tall sides are It is regular.
2 cm.
It is not regular.

44 Shape Measures Shapes 45

 Perimeter
Exercise 3e
• Calculate the perimeters of simple shapes Keywords Don’t use a ruler for the exercises on this page.
Edge
Perimeter 1 What is the perimeter of each shape?
Rita is painting a white line around
Regular Give your answers in centimetres (cm).
the edge of this table-tennis table.
a 5 cm b 9 cm c 6 cm d 8 cm
When finished, the white line
4 cm 4 cm
will go around the perimeter 6 cm 6 cm
8 cm 8 cm
of the table. 10 cm 10 cm 9 cm
6 cm
8 cm
5 cm
• The perimeter of a shape is the distance around the edge. 2 What is the perimeter of each regular polygon?
Remember, the sides are all the same length.
What is the perimeter of this shape? a b c d
example

To find the perimeter of this triangle you add

up the lengths of all three sides. 5 cm 3 cm
11 cm 5 cm
A to B  3 cm
13 cm
B to C  4 cm
C to A  5 cm
C 4 cm B
3 cm  4 cm  5 cm  12 cm 3 These polygons are not regular. What is the perimeter of each? 10 cm
The perimeter is 12 cm a 3 cm b 20 cm

This shape has five sides. 3 cm 6 cm

5 cm 11 cm 9 cm
Each side is the same length.
2 cm
Perimeter It is a regular pentagon. 15 cm
 10 cm 14 cm
The perimeter of this pentagon is:
2 cm  2 cm  2 cm  2 cm  2 cm  10 cm 4 This netball court is made of rectangles.
Find the perimeter of
2 cm
a the full court 15 m
b each third of the court.
4 cm 3 cm This shape has five sides. 10 m 10 m 10 m
The sides are not all the same length. a The perimeter of this triangle is 35 cm.

challenge
Perimeter ⫽ 17 cm
2 cm This pentagon is not regular.
2 cm
What is the length of the missing side? 10 cm 10 cm
The perimeter of this pentagon is:
6 cm 4 cm  3 cm  2 cm  6 cm  2 cm  17 cm
?
b This is a square. The perimeter is 20 cm.
What is the length of each side? ?

46 Shape Measures Perimeter 47

 Area
Exercise 3f
• Find the areas of shapes by counting squares Keywords 1 How many squares are there in each shape?
Area Square units
a b c d
Length Width
• Area measures the space inside a 2-D shape.

The sheet of paper has a smaller The table-top has a smaller

area than the table-top. area than the kitchen floor.

2 Mira has a bag of tiles. She arranges the tiles into rectangles.
Give the area of each shape in units2.
a b c d

2
4 4
6
• Area is measured by finding how many square units This shape is made 5
of 6 squares.
(units2) would cover a shape. Its area is 6 units2. 3 5

3
Give the area of each shape by counting squares. 3 What is the area of each shape? Give your answer in units2.
example

a b c a b c d

a 15 squares  15 units² b 9 squares  9 units² c 24 squares  24 units²

• You can guess about the area of a shape if it covers parts of squares.
These areas have been paved with square slabs.

challenge
Give the area of this shape
example

Not all of the paving can be seen.

by counting squares. Work out how many slabs are used in each area.
a b c

Count the whole squares. 24 squares

Count the half squares. About 6 half squares, so 3 whole squares
Add them together. 24  3  27 squares
The area is about 27 units².
48 Shape Measures Area 49
 Angles
Exercise 3g
• Tell the difference between types of angles Keywords 1 Name each of these angles. Choose your answer from this list.
• Estimate angles in degrees Acute Clockwise
Angle Obtuse acute right obtuse straight line
Anticlockwise Right angle a b c d
You can turn in two directions:
Clockwise Anticlockwise
The hands of a clock 12

11 12 1 11 12 1 move in a clockwise 9 3
10 2 10 2 direction. 6
9 3 9 3 e f g h
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5
1 1
From 12 to 3 is a _ turn. From 12 to 6 is a _ turn.
4 2

• You measure turns in degrees, written  for short. 2 Choose the correct measurement for each angle.

There are 360 in There are 180 in There are 90 in a b c d

a full turn. a half turn. a quarter turn.
360 180 90
40° or 140° 60° or 120° 70° or 130° 35° or 110°

e f g h

This is a right angle.

65° or 125° 25° or 95° 80° or 160°
75° or 115°
• An angle is a measure of turn.
3 Match each angle with a measurement from this list.
An acute angle is A right angle is An obtuse angle is A straight line is
p. 138 180 20 90 155 75 120
smaller than 90. exactly 90. between 90 and 180. exactly 180.
a b c

You mark a right angle

with a square.
d e f
Which one of these angles measures 130? a b
example

Alex has measured five angles. Which measurements are wrong?

challenge

Do not measure.
a This angle is an acute angle so it is less b This angle is an obtuse angle so it a b c d e
than 90. It cannot be 130. must be 130.
90° 130° 50° 360°
100°

50 Shape Measures Angles 51

 Consolidation

1 Draw a line of each length.

3a

5 Find the perimeter of each of these shapes.

3d
Write the measurement beside each line that you draw. 5 cm
a b
a 10 cm b 9 cm c 13 cm 8 cm 8 cm
d 10.5 cm e 11.4 cm f 8.2 cm
7 cm 5 cm
2 Measure the length of each of these lines.
a
b 10 cm
c
9 cm 12 cm 12 cm
c
5 cm 5 cm
3 What number are the arrows pointing to on each scale
3b

a C b 50
34 35 36 37 38 39
lts 9 cm 9 cm

vo

100
C B D

0
B DA E F G CH F A 8 cm 8 cm
E

G
5 cm 5 cm
4 Write each of these times using the 24-hour clock.
3c

9 cm
a b c
11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 6 Find the area of each rectangle by counting squares. Which one of the

3e
10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3 rectangles has an area different to the other two?
8 4 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 a 6 cm b
2 cm
p.m. p.m. a.m.
15 cm
d e f 5 cm

11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4 c 7 cm
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5

p.m. p.m. a.m. 4 cm

7 What kind of angle is each of these?

3f

a b c d

52 Shape Measures Consolidation 53

 Owning an animal involves much more than just love
and affection. This is what each of these animals
expects from its owners.
DOG

Food: 200 g per day,

£1.70 per kg
FISH Vet: £100 per year
Space: 300 m2 garden
Food: 1 g per day, Time: 2 x 30 minute
£5 for 100 g walks per day
Space: 20 litre tank
Time: 1 hour every
two weeks
to clean
TORTOISE
the tank How much
does it cost
Food: 60 g leaves
to feed a fish per day
each day? Vet: £20 per year
How much
a
Space: 5 m indoor
2 space does
ed
tank, 10 m
2
tortoise ne
garden in total?
CAT Time: 30 minutes
per day
Food: 100 g tin
per day,
25p per tin
Vet: £30 twice a year
Space: 100 m2 in or out
2 Which animal would be a
Time: 30 minutes per 1 Which animal needs
day to play
match if you had
a the most space
the least time a £150 to spend each year
b
house with a 20m garden
2

c the most food per day? b

c no garden?
hy?
Which animal would you choose? W
54 MathsLife 55
 3 Summary
Key indicators
• Measure area in square centimetres (cm2) Level 4
• Calculate the perimeter and area of rectangles Level 4

1 A square is shown.

Level 4
M M– M+ ON
C CE % X
7 8 9 –
4 5 6 ÷
1 2 3
=
0 +

a Measure one of the sides.

b Calculate the perimeter of the square.

Russell’s answer ✔

Russell uses a ruler to a 3.5 cm Russell knows the perimeter

measure one of the sides. b 3.5 × 4 = 14 cm is the distance around the
outside of the shape.

2 Here is a shaded shape on a centimetre square grid.

Level 4

a What is the area of the shaded shape?

b Draw a rectangle on centimetre square grid paper
that has the same area as the shaded shape.
Key Stage 3 2004 3–5 Paper 2

56 Shape Measures