Calculations

Throughout history and in different parts of

Clocks use the Roman
numeral system
The Chinese number system
the world, different number systems have
been used. The Roman numeral system is still
used today in some contexts. In China the
Chinese numeral system is used alongside
the Arabic numeral system. We use the Arabic
numeral system.
Using place value is a concept that came from
India via Persia and the Arabic countries.
What’s the point? Without this simple but
profound idea, doing maths would be a lot
harder.

Check in
1 Copy and complete these problems by inserting the correct operation (,  ,  or ).
Level 4

a 16 4  4 b 6 4  24 c 13 13  26
d 18 2  9 e 22 11  2 f 21 7  14
g 9 3  27 h 18 18  0 i 99 1  100
2 A number squared is a number multiplied by itself.
Nine squared is written 92... which is 9  9  81.
What are these squared numbers worth?
a 32 b 52 c 72 d 102 e 82
3 Complete these multiplication problems using the grid method.
a 12  14  b 23  24  c 32  16 
10 4 20 4 10 6
10 20 30
2 3 2

4 Complete these division problems using continuous subtraction.

135
a 5����� b 8�����
176 c 12�����
180
115
 Powers of 10 L E V E L 5 /6 L E V E L 5 /6

Exercise 7a
• Multiply and divide by 10, 100, 0.1 and 0.01 Keywords 1 Multiply each number in this grid by 10. 2 Divide each number in this grid by 10.
Divide __
1
10
4 9 18 40 70 120
Multiply 0.1
• You multiply by 10 by moving the digits one place to 37 64 80 250 620 410
the left. 6 . 5 256 457 101 45 32 51
This makes the number 10 times bigger. � 10 6.5 4.8 11.2 125 207 648
6 5 0.5 0.65 0.07 7 4.8 1.4
6.5 � 10 � 65
3 Multiply each number in this grid by 100. 4 Divide each number in this grid by 100.
• You divide by 10 by moving the digits one place to
the right. 2 6 . 5 8 23 400 600 800
This makes the number 10 times smaller. 14 24 62 2600 1800 8700
� 10
6.7 1.9 23.4 550 470 615
26 � 10 � 2.6 2 . 6
3.71 6.48 9.06 904 2850 6057
24.56 7.617 13.582 62 57 23.9
• You multiply by 100 by moving the digits two places
to the left. 3 . 4 5 Copy each calculation and choose the correct answer from
This makes the number 100 times bigger. � 100 the box below it.
3.4 � 100 � 340 3 4 0 a 7 � 0.1 � b 6 � 0.1 � c 9 � 0.1 �
7, 70 or 0.7 60, 0.6 or 6 0.9, 90 or 9.1
• You divide by 100 by moving the digits two places to
the right. d 4 � 0.1 � e 12 � 0.1 � f 16 � 0.1 �
2 5
This makes the number 100 times smaller. � 100 4, 0.4 or 40 12, 120 or 1.2 160, 1.6 or 16
25 � 100 � 0.25 0 . 2 5
6 Copy each calculation and choose the correct answer from the
Look at this calculation. box below it.
3 � 0.1 a 5 � 0.01 � b 5 � 0.01 � c 8 � 0.01 �
It means ‘what is 3 lots of 0.1?’ or ‘what is 3 lots of __
1
?’
10 0.05, 50 or 500 0.05, 50 or 500 800, 8 or 0.8
0.1 � 0.1 � 0.1 � 0.3
so 3 � 0.1 � 0.3 d 7 � 0.01 � e 25 � 0.01 � f 19 � 0.01 �


• Multiplying by 0.1 � __
1
10 
is the same as dividing by 10. 700, 0.07 or 7 2.5, 0.25 or 2500 0.19, 1900 or 1.9

Look at this calculation. 7 Copy and complete these calculations with either
3 � 0.1
It means ‘how many times does 0.1 divide into 3?’ or ‘how
There are ten tenths __
1
10 
in 0.1 or 0.01 .
one whole, so there are
many times does __ 1
10
divide into 3?’ 30 tenths in 3.
a 8� � 0.8 b 8 � � 0.08 g 12 � � 1.2 h 15 � � 150
So 3 � 0.1 � 30
c 6� � 600 d 5 � � 50 i 18 � � 1800 j 24 � � 2.4

• Dividing by 0.1 � __
1
10 
is the same as multiplying by 10. e 9� � 0.9 f 7 � � 700 k 26 � � 0.26 l 40 � � 400

116 Number Calculations Powers of 10 117

 Rounding LEVEL 5 LEVEL 5

Exercise 7b
• Round positive whole numbers to the nearest 10, 100 Keywords 1 Round each of these numbers to the nearest integer
or 1000 and decimals to the nearest whole number or Column Round down
(whole number).
one decimal place. Midpoint Round up
a 2.8 b 0.3 c 14.2 d 3.5 e 1.4
f 21.8 g 28.4 h 40.2 i 99.6 j 49.5
‘Rounding’ makes working with numbers easier. 2 Round each of these numbers to the nearest 10.
a 25 b 31 c 83 d 36 e 98
f 101 g 215 h 305 i 1693 j 1555
3 Round each of these numbers to the nearest 100.
a 181 b 431 c 23 d 50 e 251
f 443 g 652 h 3518 i 1215 j 2879
The decimal point 4 Here are the populations of some towns.
When rounding, make sure you are aware of the value of the separates whole numbers Bideford 14 599
digits in each column. (integers) from decimal
Brecon 7 901
fractions.
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units . Tenths Hundredths Ely 15 102
first decimal place Filey 6 560
Heysham 4 397
You can use a number line when rounding. second decimal place
Keswick 4 984
5.8 is nearer to 6 than to 5. Ludlow 10 500
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0
You round 5.8 up to 6. Redruth 12 352
Shanklin 8 055
5.8 rounded to the nearest whole number is 6. Tetbury 5 250

25 is halfway between 20 Round each of the figures to the nearest 1000.

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 30. Then write the towns in order of their population size,
You always round up from smallest to largest.
the midpoint.
25 rounded to the nearest 10 is 30. Sarah is a shopkeeper.

challenge
614 is nearer to 600 than 700.
She decides to make things
600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700
You round 614 down to 600. easier by rounding the
prices in her shop to the
a Toffee b Tennis balls c Mug d CD e Biscuits
nearest 10p. £2.39 £5.54 £3.15 £11.75 55p
614 rounded to the nearest 100 is 600.
Round the price of each
7000 7100 7200 7300 7400 7500 7600 7700 7800 7900 8000 7500 is halfway between product to the nearest 10p.
7000 and 8000.
You always round up from 500ml
the midpoint.
7500 rounded to the nearest 1000 is 8000. f Oil g Comb h Mints i Map j Tea bags
£3.95 97p 54p £4.99 £1.03

118 Number Calculations Rounding 119

 Consolidation

1 Round each of these numbers to the nearest whole number. 6 Copy and complete these subtraction problems.
7b

7d
a 2.8 b 7.4 c 11.9 d 15.5 e 29.4 f 0.3
Subtraction card 1 Subtraction card 2
2 Round each number to the nearest 10. a 47 b 68 c 267 a 171 b 368 c 435
a 23 b 35 c 46 d 98 e 104 f 225 � 24 � 45 � 137 � 124 � 198 � 365
3 Round each number to the nearest 100.
a 55 b 236 c 250 d 43 e 661 f 919 d 40 e 32 f 64 d 308 e 430 f 216
� 15 � 26 � 36 � 178 � 124 � 96

4 Calculate these, remembering the BIDMAS rule.

7c

a 3�3�4� b 12 � 8 � 2 � g 328 h 304 i 409 g 101 h 360 i 253

c 3�3�4� d 3�4�9�3� � 158 � 223 � 290 � 73 � 225 � 88
e 25 � 5 � 5 � 2 � f 5 � 32 � 2 �
g (4 � 9) � 6 � 32 � h 42 � (6 � 2) � 5 �
i 8 � (8 � 3) � (6 � 2) � 2 � j 20 � 22 � (12 � 7) � 32 �
7 Complete these multiplication problems using the grid method.

7f
a 23 � 132 � b 14 � 253 �
5 Copy and complete these addition problems. 100 30 2 200 50 3
7d

Addition card 1 Addition card 2 20 10

a 23 b 41 c 104 a 198 b 61 c 272 3 4

� 30 � 32 � 223 � 331 � 180 � 94 c 32 � 143 � d 27 � 203 �
e 51 � 152 � f 38 � 246 �

d 55 e 41 f 13 d 37 e 19 f 337
8 Use the standard method to complete these.
10 17 16 73 160 148
a 143 b 217 c 135 d 238 e 239
� 25 � 23 � 35 � 152 � 271 � 22
� 5 � 3 � 6 � 5 � 4

g 218 h 54 i 353 g 218 h 195 i 88

34 225 208 29 73 357 9 Use continuous subtraction to complete these division problems.

7g
� 117 � 108 � 24 � 267 � 362 � 457 a 138 � 6 � b 184 � 8 �
c 273 � 13 � d 372 � 12 �
(These problems will leave a remainder.)
e 107 � 4 � f 164 � 7 �
g 189 � 12 � h 361 � 14 �

132 Number Calculations Consolidation 133

 7 Summary
Assessment criteria
• Use place value, order of operations and brackets Level 5
• Do calculations with decimals Level 5
• Round decimals Level 5

1 Use your calculator to work out the answers.

Level 5

M M– M+ ON
C CE % X

a (37  75)  (78  43)

7 8 9 –
4 5 6 ÷
1 2 3
=
0 +

37  75
b _______
78  43

Susy’s answer 

a (37 + 75) × (78 – 43) She works out each

= 112 × 35 bracket separately.
Susy works out each = 3920
bracket separately. She calculates 112  35
b 37 + 75 = 112
78 – 43 35
= 3.2

2 You can buy a new calculator for £1.25

Level 5

M M– M+ ON
C CE % X
7 8 9 –

In 1979 the same type of calculator cost

4 5 6 ÷
1 2 3
=
0 +

22 times as much as it costs now.

How much did the same type of calculator
cost in 1979?
Show your working.

KS3 2004 4-6 Paper 1

136 Number Calculations