Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Flow Measurement
MALIK ABBAS
Flowmeters are divided in three categories: 2
All fluids posses mass, and therefore require force to accelerate just
like solid masses
4
𝐹 = ρVa
𝐹 𝑉
=ρ 𝑎
𝐴 𝐴
𝑉
𝑃=ρ 𝑎
𝐴
𝑃 = ρla
Operating Principle 5
Equation of continuity;
Volumetric Flow Rate = A1v1= A2v2
A1
v1
v2
A2
Bernoulli’s equation 6
For ideal fluids, the sum of static energy (pressure head), kinetic energy
(velocity head) and the potential energy (elevation head) is
conserved in the flow across the constriction.
A1
v1
v2
A2
Assuming incompressible fluid and no height change to consider,
Bernoulli’s equation becomes: 7
The ratio of the inertial forces of the flowing fluid to the forces due to
the viscous drag
Describes whether the flowing condition through the pipe is laminar,
transitional, or turbulent
Re = vρD/μ
v: Avg. velocity through the pipe
ρ: Mass density of the fluid
D: the pipe diameter
μ: the absolute viscosity
11
Reynolds number less than 2300: Laminar flow
Reynolds number greater than 4000: Turbulent flow
Reynolds number between 2300 and 4000: Transitional flow
Differential pressure flowmeter types 12
A metal plate with a hole in the middle for fluid to flow through
Orifice Plates 14
Device that restricts the flow and thus develops the DP
Due to symmetry, can be used to measure bidirectional flow Downstream side is beveled to minimize contact with the fluid stream
15
16
β ratio 17
hloss = DP x (1-β2)
Restriction with relatively long passage with smooth entry and exit
Produces low DP compared to orifice flowmeter wit same beta ratio
plate
Less permanent pressure loss than orifice flowmeter
Often used in dirty flow streams
Flow Nozzle 23
(𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙)(𝜌)
𝑊=
𝐾𝐹
F = Thermal expansion factor
K = the meter factor
Compensation of Differential Pressure Meter signals
𝑊 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐾𝐹𝑌√(𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙)(𝜌)
Y = Gas expansion factor (Applicable to gases only)
Square root extraction 31
Linear Flowmeters 32
Magnetic flowmeter
Turbine flowmeter
Vortex flowmeter
Magnetic Flowmeter 33
Principle:
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
E = (constant) x B x L x v
E = magnitude of voltage
B = magnetic field density
V = average velocity of medium
The system 34
• The voltage developed at the electrodes is extremely low level signal (in micro
volts)
• Transmitter amplifies this signal and convers it to a usable signal (4 to 20 mA DC)
Installation 35
Advantages 36
Obstructionless design
Linear output
Corrosion-resistant wetted parts
High accuracy
Turbine Flowmeters 37
Principle:
Free spinning turbine wheel to measure fluid velocity
Flow calculation 38
Turbine speed is transmitted to indicator by means of magnetic
sensor using “pickup” coil to generate voltage pulses as the turbine
rotates.
The frequency of AC signal related directly to fluid velocity (and the
flow rate)
𝑓 = 𝑘𝑄
f = frequency of output signal (Hz)
k = factor for turbine element
Q = volumetric flow rate
Amount of fluid passed over span of time may be calculated as
𝑓
𝑉 = 𝑄𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑘
𝑇 𝑇𝑓
OR 𝑉= 0
𝑄 𝑑𝑡 = 0 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
Advantages 39
Highly accurate
Corrosion-resistant materials
Long term stability
Wide operating range
Low pressure drop
High shock capability
Vortex Flowmeter 40
Principle:
When fluid moves with high Reynolds number past a stationary object,
vortices are formed on either side of the object and they continue to
move along the fluid in alternate fashion. This phenomenon is called
‘vortex shedding’.
𝑑
λ𝑆 = 𝑑 λ=
0.17
S = 0.17 = Strouhal number
Flow measurement 41
When DP sensor, installed immediately downstream of the stationary object,
Detects passing orifices, an alternating signal is generated. Sensor is mostly piezoelectric crystal.
𝑑𝑓
v=fλ 𝑣=
0.17
𝑓 = 𝑘𝑄
Questions?
43
Thank you!