nd

INTEGRAL CALCULUS FINALS REVIEWER (2 Sem ‘11-‘12) 4. ∫sec xdx

3

INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES = ∫sec xsecxdx

2

I. Integration by Parts u = secx dv = sec2xdx

du = secxtanxdx v = tanx
∫udv = uv – ∫vdu
= secxtanx ─ ∫secxtan xdx
2

1. ∫lnxdx = secxtanx ─ ∫secx(sec x – 1)dx

2
*First, determine u and dv. Yung dv, dapat laging kasama yung “dx” sa
= secxtanx ─ ∫(sec x – secx)dx
3
formula. For u, an easier way to find that is by using the code “LIPET”:
Logarithm, Inverse, Polynomial, Exponential, Trigonometric. Kumbaga
= secxtanx ─ ∫sec xdx + ∫secx
3
parang ‘yan yung hierarchy ng pagpipilian mo kung ano yung gagawin
mong u. Logarithm being the highest and Trigonometric the lowest *transpose ∫sec3xdx kasi same siya nung sa other side
u = lnx dv = dx
2 ∫sec xdx = secxtanx + ∫secx
3
dx
du = x v=x
1
*substitute these values sa formula na ∫udv = uv – ∫vdu ∫sec3xdx = 2 (secxtanx + ln(secx + tanx)) + c
dx
5. ∫e cos2xdx
x
∫lnxdx = xlnx ─ ∫x ▪ x
u = ex dv = cos2xdx
= xlnx – x + c x 1
du = e dx v = 2 sin2x
2. ∫x lnxdx
2

u = lnx 2
dv = x dx 1 x 1 x
= 2 e sin2x – 2 ∫e sin2xdx
dx x3
du = x v= 3
u = ex dv = sin2xdx
1 1 dx x 1
∫ x2lnx dx = 3 x3lnx ─ 3 ∫ x3 ▪ x du = e dx v = ─ 2 cos2x

= 2 e sin2x – 2 ─2 e cos2x ─ ─ 2 ∫e cos2xdx 

1 3 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 x
= 3 x lnx ─ 3 ∫ x dx   
2

u = x2 dv = dx 1 x 1 x 1 x
du = 2xdx v=x
= 2 e sin2x + 4 e cos2x ─ 4 ∫e cos2xdx
1 3 1 3 *transpose ∫exsin2xdx kasi same siya nung sa other side
= 3 x lnx ─ 3 [x – 2∫ x dx]
2
1 1 1
1 3 1 3 2 x
3 ∫excos2xdx + 4 ∫excos2xdx = 2 exsin2x + 4 excos2x
= 3 x lnx ─ 3 x + 3 ▪ 3
5 x 1 x 1 
4 ∫e cos2xdx = 2 e sin2x + 2 cos2x
3
1 3 1 3 2x
= 3 x lnx ─ 3 x + 9 + c
∫excos2xdx = 5 ex sin2x + 2 cos2x + c
2 1
= 3 x lnx ─ 1 + 3  + c
1 3 2
 
1 3 1
6. ∫(x + sinx) dx
2
= 3 x lnx ─ 3 + c
 
= ∫(x + 2xsinx + sin x)dx
2 2
3. ∫x e dx
3 x
3
x
= 3 + 2∫xsinxdx + ∫sin xdx
2
u = x3 dv = exdx
du = 3x2dx v = ex 3
x 1
∫ x3exdx = x3ex ─ 3 ∫ x2exdx = 3 + 2∫xsinxdx + 2 ∫(1 – cos2x)dx
3
= 3 + 2 x ─ 2 sin2x + 2∫xsinxdx
u = x2 dv = exdx x 1 1
du = 2xdx v = ex  
3
= x e ─ 3 * x e – 2∫ xe dx ]
3 x 2 x x x 1 1
= 3 + 2 x ─ 4 sin2x+ 2∫xsinxdx
u=x dv = exdx u=x dv = sinxdx
du = dx v = ex du = dx v = ─ cosx
= x e ─ 3x e + 6[ xe – ∫e dx ]
3 x 2 x x x 3
x 1 1
3 x 2 x x x = 3 + 2 x ─ 4 sin2x+ 2 *─xcosx +∫cosxdx]
= x e ─ 3x e + 6xe – 6e + c
3
x 1 1
= 3 + 2 x ─ 4 sin2x+ 2 *─xcosx + sinx +
3
x 1 1
= 3 + 2 x ─ 4 sin2x ─ 2xcosx + 2sinx + c
 = ─8 (1 – x ) x + 7 ─ 7 x 
3 3 2 3 3 2
7. ∫ t dt
1 + 3t
2
2 4/3
 
= ─8 (1 – x ) 7 x + 7 
2
3 2 4/3 4 2 3
= ∫ t1▪t+ dt3t 2
3
 
2 4/3 2
= ─ 56 (1 – x ) (4x + 3) + c
u = t2 dv = (1 + 3t2)-1/2tdt
1 1
du = 2tdt v = 6 ▪ 2(1 + 3t2)1/2= 3 (1 + 3t2)1/2
-11
1 2 2 11. ∫Sec x dx
= 3 t 1 + 3t ─ 3 ∫ 1 + 3t tdt
2 2 n
 use u du
1
u = Sec-1x dv = dx
u = 1 + 3t2
du = 6tdt dx
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3/2
x2
= 3 t 1 + 3t ─ 3 ▪ 6 ▪ 3 (1 + 3t ) du = ─ v=x
1 1
x x2 ─ 1
1 2 2 2 2 3/2
= 3 t 1 + 3t ─ 27 (1 + 3t ) + c dx
x2
=─
8. ∫xCsc xdx
-1
1 1 ─ x2
x x2
u = Csc-1x dv = xdx
dx
dx x2
du = ─ v= 2 x2
x x2 ─ 1 =─1 1
2
1 2 -1 1 2 dx x▪x 1─x
= 2 x Csc x + 2 ∫ x ▪ 2
x x ─1 dx
=─
1 ─ x2
1 2 -1 1
= 2 x Csc x + 2 ∫ xdx
2
x ─1 -11
= xSec x + ∫xdx
 use undu
2
1 2 -1 1 1─x
= 2 x Csc x + 2 ∫ (x – 1) xdx  use undu
2 -1/2
-11 1 2 2 1/2
= xSec x + 2 ▪ 1 (1 – x ) + c
1 2 -1 1 2 1/2
= 2 x Csc x + 2 (x – 1) + c
-11 2
= xSec x + 1 – x + c
9. ∫sin x dx
y= x  y2 = x  2ydy = dx
12. ∫ln3xdx
=∫ siny ▪ 2ydy u = ln3x dv = dx
3ln2xdx
= 2∫ysinydy du = x v=x
2
u=y
du = dy
dv = sinydy
v = ─cosy
3
= xln x ─ 3 ∫x ▪ ln xxdx
= 2 * ─ycosy + ∫cosydy ]
= xln x ─ 3 ∫ln xdx
3 2
= ─2ycosy + 2siny + c
*substitute x back sa mga y u = ln2x dv = dx
2lnxdx
= ─2 x cos x + 2sin x + c du = x v=x
10. ∫x (1 – x ) dx  ∫x x(1 – x ) dx
3 2 1/3 2 2 1/3
lnxdx
= xln x ─ 3 [xln x ─ 2 ∫ x ▪
3 2

u=x 2 2 1/3
dv = (1 – x ) xdx
x
= xln x ─ 3xln x + 6 ∫lnxdx
1 3 3 2
du = 2xdx v = ─2 ▪ 4 (1 – x2)4/3

3 2 u = lnx dv = dx
2 4/3 3
= ─8 x (1 – x ) + 8 ∫ (1 – x ) xdx
2 4/3
 use undu dx
du = x v=x
3 2 2 4/3 3 1 3 2 7/3 dx
= ─8 x (1 – x ) + 4 ▪ 2 ▪ 7 (1 – x ) = xln x ─ 3xln x + 6 *xlnx ─ ∫ x ▪ x ]
3 2

3 2 2 4/3 9 2 7/3
= xln x ─ 3xln x + 6 *xlnx ─ ∫ dx]
3 2
= ─8 x (1 – x ) + 56 (1 – x )
3 2
= xln x ─ 3xln x + 6xlnx ─ 6x + c
= ─8 (1 – x ) x + 7 (1 ─ x ) 
3 2 4/3 2 3 2
 
 π c. sinxcosx
2 5 4
13. sin xdx sin xsinxdx recall the identity sin2x = 2sinxcosx. Just transpose 2 to the other
0 1
side. So you’ll get 2 sin2x = sinxcosx
u = sin4x dv = sinxdx
du = 4sin3xcosxdx v = ─cosxdx 7

= ─sin xcosx + 4∫ sin xcos xdx

4 3 2 = ∫1 sin 2x dx
5
sin 2x
2 6
= ─sin xcosx + 4∫ sin x(1 – sin x)dx 8 sin 2xcos 2x
4 3 2

7
= ─sin xcosx + 4∫ (sin x – sin x) dx
4 3 5
 use undu
=8 ∫sinsin2x2xdx 3
= ─sin xcosx + 4∫sin xdx – 4∫sin xdx
4 3 5
6
cos 2x
*transpose ∫sin xdx kasi same siya nung sa other side
5

= 8 ∫sin 2xcos 2xdx

4 6
4∫sin xdx +∫sin xdx = ─sin xcosx + 4∫sin xdx
5 5 4 3
dy
*represent 2x as y. so y = 2x. And dy = 2dx. So dx = 2
5∫sin xdx = ─sin xcosx + 4∫sin xdx
5 4 3

1
= 8 ▪ 2 ∫sin ycos ydy
4 6
u = sin2x dv = sinxdx
du = 2sinxcosxdx v = ─cosxdx
*change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa y = 2x.
x 0 π
1
∫sin5xdx = 5 (─sin4xcosx + 4∫sin3xdx) 4
0 π
y 2
π π
4 6
= ─sin xcosx + 4─ 4 + 6  ]
2
4 cos x cos x =4 2 4
sin ycos ydy
6

  0 0
*use Wallis’ formula
[(4-1)(4-3)][(6-1)(6-3)(6-5)] π
ADDITIONAL FORMULA: WALLIS’ FORMULA = 4 ▪ (6+4)(6+4-2)(10-4)(10-6)(10-8) ▪ 2
π
*only works when the upper and lower limits are 2 and 0. (3▪1)(5▪3▪1) π
π
= 4 ▪ 10▪8▪6▪4▪2 ▪ 2
2 m n [(m-1)(m-3)…2 or 1+▪*(n-1)(n-3)…2 or 1+
sin xcos xdx = (m+n)(m+n-2)(m+n-4)…2 or 1 •α 3π
0 = 27
π
where: α = 2 , if both m and n are EVEN

= 1, if other wise II. Substitution Methods

*yung “2 or 1”, ibig sabihin yung subtraction blah, yung value nun diba A. Substitution of Functions
paliit nang paliit. Basta until maging 2 OR 1 ka magsstop.
1. ∫x 1 + x dx
π 2 7/2 u=1+x
4 (1 ─ cos 2x) dx
1. 4 2
tan 2xcsc 4xsinxcosx
x=u–1
0 dx = du
2 7/2 *substitute all x’s with u’s
= ∫ sin 2x 4
(sin 2x) dx
1 1 = ∫(u – 1)u du
1/2

cos 2x ▪4sin 2xcos 2x ▪ 2 sin2x

4 2 2
= ∫(u – u )du
3/2 1/2

*okay so isa-isahin natin yung mga chuchu sa denominator:

a. tan42x
2 5/2 2 3/2
=5u –3u +c
sinx sin42x
recall sa identities na tanx = cosx . Kaya naging tan42x= cos42x yay 5/2 3/2
6u – 10u
1 = 15 +c
b. csc24x  sin24x
1
2 3/2
recall the trigonometric transformation formula sinxcosx = 2 = 15 u (3u – 5) + c
sin2x. So ang main agenda mo is to get sin24x 2 3/2
1 = 15 (1 + x) [3(1 + x) – 5] + c
sinxcosx = 2 sin2x
*i-double mo yung angle ng right side. so pag dinouble mo yung angle sa
2 3/2
right side, double the angle sa left as well
= 15 (1 + x) (3x – 2) + c
1
sin2xcos2x = 2 sin4x
*square both sides
1 1
sin22xcos22x = 4 sin24x *transpose 4

4sin22xcos22x = sin24x tadaaaaa yay you

 3 2 B. Algebraic Substitution
∫ x dx x xdx
2. (x2 + a2)3  (x2 + a2)3
1. ∫x 1 + x dx
u = x2 + a2
x2 = u – a2 u= 1+x
2xdx = du u2 = 1 + x
*substitute all x’s with u’s x = u2 – 1
2 dx = 2udu
1
=2 ∫(u - ua )du 3 = 2∫(u – 1) ▪ u ▪ udu
2

= 2∫u (u – 1)du
2 2
1
= 2 ∫(u – a u )du
-2 2 -3

= 2∫ (u – u )du
4 2
-1 2 -2
= 2  -1 ─ -2  + c
1 u au 5 3
= 2 5 ─ 3  + c
u u
   
2
1 1 a  5 3
= 2  15  +c
= 2 ─ u + 2u2 + c 3u ─ 5u
   
2
1 -2u + a  2 3
= 2 2u2
 +c
2
= 15 u (3u – 5) + c
*substitute the value of u back to x2 + a2
2 2 2 2
= 2  2(x2 + a2)2  + c
1 -2(x + a ) + a 3/2
= 15 (1 + x) [3(1 + x) – 5] + c
 
2 2/3
1 2 2 2 = 15 (1 + x) (3x – 2) + c
= 4(x2 + a2)2 [a – 2(x + a )] + c
1 2 2
= ─ 4(x2 + a2)2 (2x + a ) + c 3 3 dy
2. y - y dy
1/3
2 2
u = y1/3
2 u3 = y
∫ y +3 x xdx
3. (3 - 2y)2/3 dy (x2 + a2)3 3u2du = dy
2
u = 3 – 2y
2y = 3 – u ∫u du
= 3 u3 - u
2dy = ─du 2
= 3∫u(u - 1)
3-u+6 u du
2

=─2
1
∫ 2
2/3 du
= 3∫ u - 1
u udu
2
1
= ─ 4 ∫(9 – u)u du
-2/3
2
= 3ln(u – 1)
1 3 3 3
= ─ 4 ∫(9u – u )du ]
-2/3 1/3 2/3
= 2 ln(y – 1)
1/3 4/3 2 2

=─4 1 ─ 4 +c
1 3 ▪ 9u 3u 3 3
  = 2 (ln2 – ln1) = 2 ln2
3 1/3 7 dx
= ─16 u (36 – u) + c 3.
0 1+3 x+1
3 1/3
= ─16 (3 – 2y) (2y + 33) + c u=3 x+1
u3 = x + 1
3u2du = dx
2
=3 1+u∫
u du
*divide u2 by 1 + u

= 3∫u - 1 + u + 1  du
1
 
**change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa u = 3 x + 1
x 0 7
1 2
y
2 1
= 3  2 + u + ln(u + 1)
u
  ] 2

= 32 + ln2 
1 3
 
 2x x x
ln2 e dx e ▪ e dx
4.
0 1+e
x 
1+e
x =─ ∫ ydy
1-y
2  ─ ∫(1 – y )
2 -1/2
ydy
u = 1 + ex 1
u2 = 1 + ex **change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x = y
ex = u2 – 1 x 5/3 5/4
2udu = exdx 3/5 4/5
2 u
=2 ∫(u - u1)udu 3/5
1 2
= 2∫(u – 1)du
2
= 2 ▪ 1 (1 – y)
1/2
] 4/5
*change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa u = 1 + ex 9 16 1
x 0 ln2 = 1 - 25 ─ 1 - 25 = 5
u 2 3
3 3
= 2 3 - u
u
 ] 2 3. ∫x 2xdx- x 2

= 33 (3 3 - 2 2 ) - ( 3 - 2 ) = 3
1 2 2
= ─∫
dy
  25y - 1
2

u = 5y a=1
C. Reciprocal Substitution
du = 5dy
*use this when you see equations like this: 1
─5 ∫ du
u2 - a2
dx 1 dy 2
2 and substitute x = y & dx = ─ y2 1 5+ 25 - x
x ax + bx + c = ─ 5 ln +c
x

1. ∫x dx
2x - x
2
1 dy
*substitute x = y & dx = ─ y2
D. Trigonometric Substitution
dy If you see this combination: Substitute these:
2

=─ ∫1 y
2 1
2
a –u
2
u =asinθ
y -y
2 2 2
y a +u u = atanθ
dy 2 2
2 u –a u = asecθ
=─ ∫1 2y - 1
y
2ax - x
2
x = 2asin θ
2

2
y y 2 2
2ax + x x = 2atan θ
dy
2 2

∫
2 x = 2asec θ
y x - 2ax
=─ 1
y 2y -1
2

=─ ∫ dy 1. ∫u du- a
2 2

2y - 1 u = asecθ
du = atanθsecθdθ
= ─ ∫(2y – 1) dy
-1/2

1 2 1/2
= ─ 2 ▪ 1 (2y – 1) + c ∫tanθsecθdθ
= a a2sec2θ - a2

= a ∫ sec θ - 1
2 a tanθsecθdθ
=─ 2 2
x -1+c

= a ∫ tan θ
1 tanθsecθdθ
2
5/3 dx
2. 2 2
5/4 x x -1
= a ∫ tanθ
1 secθdθ
dy
2

=─ ∫1  y
2 1
1
= a ∫cscθdθ
y  y -1
2
1
= a ln |cscθ – cotθ| + c
 *going back to u = asecθ…i-draw mo sa right triangle E. Half-Angle Substitution
hyp
*so diba cscθ, which is opp so
*use this when you see trigo functions
u
magiging . and cotθ 1 1 2dz
u2 - a2 z = tan2 (nx) dx = n ▪ 1 + z2
a
=
u2 - a2
2z 2z
tan(nx) = 1 - z2 sin(nx) = 1 + z2

= a ln   +c
1 u a
2 – 2
 2
u -a
2
u -a
2
 1-z
cos(nx) = 1 + z2
1 u-a
= a ln 2 2 +c
u -a
*i-square yung fraction para mawala yung square root at may
ma-cancel hihi
1. ∫1 + sinxdx+ cosx n=1
2dz
1 (u - a)(u - a)
= a ln (u - a)(u + a) + c 1 + z2
= 2z 1 - z2
1 u-a 1 +1 + z2 + 1 + z2
= a ln u + a + c
2dz

2 2 2
= ∫ 1 + z2
1 + z2 + 2z + 1 - z2
2. x 4 - x dx 1 + z2
0

=∫ x
2 2 2

u = asinθ
(2) - (x) dx
= ∫22dz
+ 2z = ∫1 + z
dz

x = 2sinθ
dx = 2cosθdθ
= ln (1 + z) + c
1
= ∫ (2sinθ)
2 2
4 - (2sinθ) ▪ 2cosθdθ = ln (1 + tan2 x) + c
= 2▪4 ∫ sin θ 4 - 4sin θ cosθdθ
2 2
π/2 dx
2. 3 + cos2x n=2
= 8 ∫ sin θ ▪ 2
2 2 0
1 - sin θ cosθdθ
1 2dz
= 16 ∫ sin θ cos θ cosθdθ
2 2
2 ▪ 1 + z2

= 16 ∫ sin θcos θdθ

2 2
=∫ 1 - z2
3 + 1 + z2
*change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x = 2sinθ
x 0
0
2
π
1
=2 ∫3 + 3z2dz+ 1 - z2 2
u 2
= 2 ∫4 + 2z = 2 ∫ 2 + z
π/2 1 2dz 1 dz du
= 16 sin θcos θdθ
2 2 2 2  a2 + u 2
0
*use Wallis’ Formula π/2
1 z
(1)(1) π =
2 2
Tan
-1
2
] 0
= 16 ▪ (4)(2) ▪ 2 = π
1
tan2 (nx) π/2
1
2a 2 2
=
2 2
Tan
2
-1
] 0
3. x 2ax - x dx
0 π/2
2 1 tanx
x = 2asin θ
dx = 4asinθcosθdθ =
2 2
Tan
-1
2
] 0
= ∫ (2asin θ) 2a(2asin θ) - (2asin θ) ▪
2 2 2 2 2

1
π
tan2 
4asinθcosθdθ = Tan -1
- Tan
-1tan0 = π
2 2  2 2  4 2
= 4a▪4a
2
∫ sin4θ 2 2
4a sin θ - 4a sin θ sinθcosθdθ
2 4
π/2 dx
= 16a ∫ sin4θ 4a2sin2θ(1 - sin2θ) sinθcosθdθ
3 3. 12 + 13cosx
0
= 16a ∫ sin θ ▪ 2asinθ cos θ sinθcosθdθ 2dz
3 4 2

= 32a ∫ sin θcos θdθ

4 6 2 =∫ 1 + z2
1 - z2
12 + 13▪ 1 + z2
*change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa x =
2asin2θ
= 32a
0
4 π/2
sin θcos θdθ *use wallis’
6 2 = ∫12 + 12z 2z+ 13 - 13z
2 2

4 4
32a (5 x 3 x 1)(1) π 5πa
= 2∫25 - z = 2∫(5) - (z)
= 8x6x4x2 ▪2 = 8 dz dx
2 2 2 z = 5sinθ, dz = 5cosθdθ
 2 2
∫ 5cosθdθ
= 2 25 - 25sin2θ 2. ∫x3x+ 7x+ 8x+-12x
3
12
= ∫x(x + 4)(x + 3) dx
2
3x + 8x - 12

= 2∫25(1 - sin θ) = ∫ x + x + 4 + x + 3  dx
5cosθdθ A B C
 
2

= Alnx + Bln(x + 4) + Cln(x + 3)

= 5 ∫ cos θ = 5 ∫cosθ = 5 ∫ secθdθ
2 cosθdθ 2 dθ 2
2 Equating Coefficients:
3x2 + 8x – 12 = A(x + 4)(x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + Cx(x + 4)
2 3x2 + 8x – 12 = A(x2 + 7x + 12) + B(x2 + 3x) + C(x2 + 4x)
= 5 ln (secθ + tanθ) x2: 3 = A + B + C
x: 8 = 7A + 3B + 4C
= 5 ln cosθ + cosθ  = 5 ln  cosθ 
2 1 sinθ 2 1 + sinθ c: -12 = 12A  A = -1
    *using system of equations:
*going back to z = 5sinθ…i-draw mo sa right triangle (3 = -1 + B + C) – 3 -12 = -3B – 3C
hyp 8 = -7 + 3B + 4C  15 = 3B + 4C
*so diba sinθ, which is opp so 3=C
z 3=A+B+C
magiging5 . and cosθ B = 3 – (-1) – 3  B = 1
3
25 - z2 c(x + 4)(x + 3)
= 5 = -lnx + ln(x + 4) + 3ln(x + 3) + lnc = ln x
B. Linear, Repeated Factors
  2
z
1+5
2
= 5 ln  25 - z
2  = 5 ln
5+z
25 - z
2
1. ∫x(x(x- 2)dx
+ 3) = ∫ x + x + x + 3 + (x + 3)  dx
2
A B2
C
2
D 
2

 5  B D
= Alnx + x + Cln(x + 3) + x + 3 + E
*square and get the square root of the fraction. Squinare and
kinuha yung sqrt para parang walang damage na nangyari. It was Equating Coefficients:
as if you raised the fraction to the first power. Pero diba pag may x – 2 = Ax(x + 3)2 + B(x + 3)2 + Cx2(x + 3) + Dx2
exponent yung base ng ln, pwede mo siyang i-lagay and imultiply x – 2 = A(x3 + 6x2 + 9x) + B(x2 + 6x + 9) + C(x3 + 3x2) + Dx2
2 x3: 0 = A + C
with 5 . x2: 0 = 6A + B + 3C + D
x: 1 = 9A + 6B
2
= 5 ln  ^ 2 ▪ 12
5+z 1 c: -2 = 9B
*yung 2 i-move mo sa harap
 2
25 - z  7 2 7 5
A = 27 , B = ─ 9 , C = ─ 27 , D = ─9
2 1 (5 + z)(5 + z)
= 5 ▪ 2 ln (5 + z)(5 - z) 7 2 7 5
= 27 lnx ─ 9 x ─ 27 ln(x + 3) ─ 9(x + 3) + c
1
*change the limits. To do that, substitute x sa z = tan2 x
C. Quadratic, Distinct Factors
1
1 5+z 1 3
= 5 ln 5 - z ] = 5 ln 2
1. ∫x +x 4x+ 2+ 5 dx = ∫A(2x + 4) + B
0
x + 4x + 5 dx
2 2

III. Partial Fractions *(2x + 4) came from the derivative of x2 + 4x + 5

A. Linear, Distinct Factors ∫

2x + 4 dx
∫
= A x2 + 4x + 5 dx + B x2 + 4x + 5

1. ∫(2xx ++ 11)dx
2
x - 6 = ∫(x + 3)(x - 2)
(2x + 11)dx du
*dun sa A, u .

= ∫x + 3 + x - 2  dx
A B
 
*multiply the whole equation 2
∫ dx
= Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B x2 + 4x + 4 + (5 - 4)
with the denominator of the original fraction

= Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B∫(x + 2) + (1)

dx
∫ (2x + 11)dx = ∫ (A(x - 2) + B(x + 3)) dx 2
2 2
du
 u2 + a2
= ∫ A(x - 2)dx + ∫B(x + 3)dx 2 -1
= Aln(x + 4x + 5) + B Tan (x + 2) + c
= Aln(x – 2) + Bln(x + 3) + lnc Equating Coefficients:
*”lnc” yung ginamit para lang maging mas pretty/simplified yung x + 2 = A(2x + 4) + B
kalabasang equation later hihi 1
x: 1 = 2A  A = 2
when x = 2: when x = -3:
2(2) + 11 = A(0) + B(2 + 3) 2(-3) + 11 = A(-3 – 2) + B(0) 1
15 = 5B 5 = -5A c: 2 =4(2 ) + B  B = 0
B=3 A = -1 1
3 2
c(x - 2) = 2 ln(x + 4x + 5) + c
= ─ln(x + 3) + 3ln(x – 2)+ lnc = ln (x + 3)
*remember yung exponent pwede itanspose transpose. We’ll do
it sa 3ln(x – 2) to magiging ln(x – 2)3
 C. Quadratic, Distinct Factors B. Horizontal Element

1. ∫x (x(x+- 3)dx
2 2
4x + 5)
2 A= ∫ (xR – xL)dy
∫ y(xR – xL)dy
= ∫ x + x + x + 4x + 5 + (x + 4x + 5)  dx
A B C(2x + 4) + D E(2x + 4) + F Ay‾ =
 
2 2 2 2

Ax‾ = ∫ (xR2 – xL2)dy

∫
dx
∫ (2x + 4)dx
∫ dx
= A x + B x-2dx + C x2 + 4x + 5 + D x2 + 4x + 4 + (5 - 4) + ∫
∫ (2x + 4)dx
∫
dx
E (x2 + 4x + 5)2 + F (x2 + 4x + 5)2 ANALYSIS OF POLAR CURVES
B 2 -1 I. Symmetry
= Alnx + x + Cln(x + 4x + 5) + DTan (x + 2) +
F(r , -θ)
ox: F(r,θ) =
E dx
∫
x + 4x + 5 + F [(x + 4x + 4) + (5 - 4)]
2 2 2 F(-r, π - θ)
dx
∫
*Now let’s focus on F [(x + 2)2 + (1)]2 .
F(r , π - θ)
oxy: F(r,θ) =
F(-r , - θ)
u=x+2 a=1
u = asinθ F(-r , θ)
2 ox: F(r,θ) =
x + 2 = tanθ  dx = sec θdθ F(r, π + θ)
x+2
tanθ = 1 *draw this  II. Intersection w/ the pole
Bianca
set r = 0 and solve for θi
III. Intersection with axes
θ 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

2 2 2
r
=F ∫ sec θdθ
∫sec θdθ
∫
sec θdθ
(tan θ + 1) = F (sec θ) = F sec θ
2 2 2 2 4

IV. Critical Points

= F∫sec θ = F∫ cos θdθ = 2 ∫ (1 + cos2θ)dθ
dθ F 2
2
dr
F 1 set dθ = 0 and solve for θC
= 2 *θ + 2 sin2θ]
1 V. Divisions
*recall that 2 sin2θ = sinθcosθ. According to the drawing of the
x+2 1 use θi & θC
triangle, sinθ = 2 and cos θ = 2 . So
x + 4x + 5 x + 4x + 5 VI. Additional Points
x+2 1
multiply them to get x2 + 4x + 5 . So yun yung value ng 2 sin2θ. 
SOME COMMON POLAR POLES
*as for θ, recall that x + 2 = tanθ. So θ = Tan-1(x + 2).
*so the final equation is: A. Limacons : r = a ± bsinθ or r = a ± bcosθ
B 2 -1 a
= Alnx + x + Cln(x + 4x + 5) + DTan (x + 2) + 0<|b|<1 with a loop
E F -1 x+2 
x + 4x + 5 + 2 Tan (x + 2) + x + 4x + 5  + G
2 2
a
0<|b|=1 cardioid
*just solve for the values of A, B, C, D, E and F and you’ll get the
final answer 
a
1<|b|<2 with a dent
AREAS & CENTROIDS OF PLANE AREAS
A. Vertical Element a
|b |≥2 convex
A= ∫ (ya – yb)dx
B. Rose Curves
Ax‾ = ∫ x(ya – yb)dx r = asin(nθ) r = acos(nθ)
Ay‾ = ∫ (ya 2
–
2
yb )dx
1. r = 2 – 2sinθ (cardioid) 5. r = 2 at 360° or back to 0° ulit  Then TA-DAAA!
Intersection with the pole:
r = 2 – 2sinθ
0 = 2 – 2sinθ
2sinθ = 2
-1
θ = sin (1)
π
θ=2

Intersection with the axes:

Compute for the Area:
θ 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
1
r 2 0 2 4 2
A=2 ∫ r2dθ
*isang half lang yung area na kukunin mo. Eh
Critical Points: since sobrang carbon copy yung other half of
the heart, multiply the Area by 2.
dr
dθ = -2cosθ 1 π/2 2
A=2▪2 (2 – 2sinθ) dθ
-π/2
0 = -2cosθ
A = ∫ (4 + 8sinθ + 4sin θ)dθ
2
-1
θ = cos (0)
A = 4∫ (1+ 2sinθ + sin θ)dθ
2
π 3π
θ=2, 2

A = 4 θ ─ 2cosθ + 2 θ - 2 sin2θ 
1 1
Plot the points on the graph and draw the heart:   
1. r = 2 when the angle’s nasa 0°. So π/2
A = 42 θ - 2cosθ - 4 sin2θ
3 1
plot the first point sa (2,0)
  ] -π/2 = 6π

2. r = 3sin2θ
Intersection with the pole:
r = 3sin2θ
0 = 3sin2θ
2. r = 0 at 90°. As you plot it, gawa ka 0 = sin2θ
-1
na ng curve 2θ = sin (0)
2θ = 0, π, 2π, 3π, etc.
π 3π
θ = 0, 2 , π, 2 , etc.
Critical Points:
dr
3. r = 2 at 180°. Ilagay mo yung point dθ = 6sin2θ = 0
2 units TOWARDS 180°. Kumbaga sa 0 = sin2θ
side ng 180° yung “2”. -1
2θ = sin (0)
π 3π 5π 7π
2θ = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2
π 3π 5π 7π
θ=4, 4 , 4 , 4
Intersection with axes & Critical Points:
4. r = 4 at 270°. Like 180°, plot “4” sa θ 0° 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
side ng 270.
r 0 3 0 -3 0 3 0 -3 0
 2 2
VOLUMES & CENTROIDS OF PLANE AREAS 2. Find the volume of y = x and y = x about x + 1 = 0.
A. Method of Circular Disk Points of Intersection:

b (x2)2 = x
2
V=π r dh x4 = x
a
x4 – x = 0
Vx‾ = ∫ XCdv
x(x3 – 1) = 0
Vy‾ = ∫ YCdv x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1

CONDITIONS: XRIGHT: y = x  x = y
2 2
XLEFT: y = x  x = y
2

1. element must be parallel to the axis R = y + 1 (kasi about x = -1)

2
r=y +1
2. r must be parallel to the axis 1
2 2
V=π (R – r )dh
3. the axis should be a boundary 0

V = π∫ (( y + 1) – (y + 1) ) dx
2 2 2

1. Find V, ‾x , ‾y of the solid generated by rendering the

V = π∫ (y + 2y
1/2 4 2
3 + 1 – y – 2y – 1)dx
region bounded by y = 1 – x , ox and oy about ox.
2 3/2 5 3 1
V = π 2 + 3 - 5 - 3 - y
y 4y y 2y 29π
V = π∫ r dx
2
  ] 0
= 30

V = π∫ (ya – yb) dx
2
C. Method of Cylindrical Shell
b
V = π∫ (1 – x – 0) dx
3 2
V = 2π xydx
a
0
3 6 (when using a vertical element)
V=π (1 ─ 2x + x )d
1
b
2 7 1
x x 9π V = 2π xydy
V = π (x - 2 + 7 ) ] 0
= 14 a

(when using a horizontal

B. Method of Circular Ring element)
b
2 2
V=π (R – r )dh
a
3
1. Find V if the area bounded by y = 1 – x , ox and oy is
revolved about ox.
1. Find V if the axes bounded 3 3 3
2 3 y=1–x x =1–yx= 1-y
by y = x and y = 2x is
revolved about ox. 1

2 3
V = 2π xydy V = 2π∫ (xL – xR)ydy
*substitute y = 2x sa y = x to get 0
the points of intersection
V = 2π∫ (1 - y) ydy
1/3
2 3 2 3
(2x) = x  4x – x = 0
*use algebraic substitution & change limits
2
x (4 – x) = 0 u = (1 – y)1/3 y = 1 – u3
2
x =0 4–x=0 u3 = 1 – y dy = 3u2du

x = 0, then y = 0 x = 4, then y = 8 *change the limits. To do that, substitute y sa u = (1 – y)1/3

0
3 2
4 V = 2π u(1 – u ) ▪ 3u du
2 2 1
V=π (R – r )dh
0 *you may interchange the limits by turning the equation to negative

V = π∫ [(2x) – (x ) ]dx
2 3/2 2
1
3 3
V = ─6π u (1 – u ) du
0
V = π∫ (4x – x )dx
2 3

V = ─6π∫ (u – u ) du
3 6
3 4 4
V=π 3 - 4 
4x x 64π
  ] = 3 4 7 1
V = ─6π 4 – 7 
u u 9π
0
  ] 0
= 14
LENGTH OF ARC S = 2a∫ 2 + 2cosθ dθ
S= ∫ 1 + ( ) y in terms of x
dy 2
dx S = 2 2 a∫ 1 + cosθ dθ

S = ∫ 1 + (dy )
dx 2 *let’s focus on 1 + cosθ. Recall that:
x in terms of y
2 1
S = ∫ (dt ) + ( dt )
dx dy 2 2 cos θ = 2 (1 + cos2θ)
parametric
2
2cos θ = 1 + cos2θ
S = ∫ r + (dθ )
dr
2 2
r in terms of θ
2θ
2cos 2 = 1 + cosθ
π
1. Find the length of the curve y = lncosx from x = 0 to x = 4 .
2θ
y = lncosx S = 2 2 a∫ 2cos 2 dθ
dy sinx
θ
dx = ─ cosx S = 2 2 ▪ 2 a∫cos2 dθ

S= ∫ 1 + ─cosx( sinx
) 2
dx = ∫ 2
1 +tan x dx θ
S = 4a(2)sin2 ]
π

0
= 8aError! Bookmark not defined.

S = ∫ sec x dx = = ∫ secxdx
2
AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION
π/4 SA = 2π∫ydS about ox
S = ln(secx + tanx) ] 0
= ln(1 + 2) SA = 2π∫xdS about oy
3/2 2
2. Find the length of the curve x = 2(2t + 3) , y = 3(t + 1) 1. Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by
3
from t = 0 to t = 1. revolving y = x between x = 0 and x = a about ox.
dx 3  1/2 SA = 2π∫ydS
dt = 22  (2t + 3) (2) = 6 2t + 3
dy
dy
dt = 6(t + 1)
SA = 2π∫x
3
( )
1 + dx
2
dx

SA = 2π∫x
3 4 n
1 + 9x dx  u du
S=∫
2 2
(6 2t + 3 ) + (6(t + 1)) dt
4 3
u = 1 + 9x du = 36x du
S = ∫ 36(2t + 3) + 36(t + 1) dt
2
a
1 2
S = 6∫ 2t + 3 + t + 2t + 1 dt
2
4 3/2
SA = 2π ▪ 36 ▪ 3 (1 + 9x ) ] 0

π
S = 6∫ (t + 1) dt
2 3/2
SA = 27 [ (1 + 9x) + 1]

S = 6∫ (t + 1)dt
1
S = 3(t + 1)
2
] 0
= 15

3. Find the total arc length of the cardioid r = a(1 + cosθ).

dr
dθ = a(─sinθ)

S = 2 ∫ (a(1 + cosθ)) + (─asinθ)

2 2

*minultply sa 2 kasi 2 parts yung cardioid

S =2 ∫ 2
a (1 + cosθ) + a sin θ
2 2 2

S = 2a ∫ 1 + 2cosθ + cos θ + sin θ dθ

2 2

2 2
*recall cos θ + sin θ = 1
SECOND THEOREM OF PAPPUS
V = 2πAd
where:
A = area
d = perpendicular distance of the centroid from the axis of
revolution
2 2
1. Find the volume if area bounded by y = x and y = x is
revolved about x = -1.

A = ∫(ya – yb)dx

A = ∫(x
1/2 2
– x )dx
3 1
2 3/2 x 1
A=3x ─ 3 ] 0
=3

Ax‾ = ∫ x(ya – yb)dx

Ax‾ = ∫ x(x1/2 – x2)dx
Ax‾ = ∫ (x3/2 – x3)dx
4 1
2 5/2 x
Ax‾ = 5 x – 4 ] 0

1 3
3 ‾x = 20
9
‾x = 20

V = 2πAd = 2π3  20 + 1  = 30

1 9 29π
  
* may + 1 kasi yung yung axis nasa x = -1.