Experiment – 1

Aim :- To study Process control Technique and Different Process Characteristics.

Theory :-

An automatic control system comprises of an arrangement of elements which are inter

connected and interact such that some controlled condition forming part of the system is
maintained in a prescribed manner. The important element of a process, measurement,
evaluation & the control element.

The Block diagram of a simple closed loop control system is given below.

Where r = Reference Input / set point.

b = Measurement signal / feed back signal
e = r – b.
= error signal +ve / -ve.
P = controller o/p.
C = controlled output.

Important Definition and abbreviations.

Loop :- In Block diagram the signal flow from complete process through measurement
,error detector , controller and final control element is known as Loop / Process control
loop / feed back loop.

 The selection of what controller modes is to be used in process is a function of the

characteristics of process.
 Every process is defined by a equation in which controlled parameter is a function
of the other Parameter and the equation is known as Process equation.

1). Nominal Set :- From the process equation or knowledge of and experience with
the process, it is possible to identify the set of values for the process parameters that
results in the controlled variable having the set point value. This set of parameter is
known as Nominal Set.
2). Transient :- If any one of load parameter varies, after excursion the parameter
returns ti its nominal value. This temporary variation is called the transient.
 3). Controlled Variable :- It is the Most effective process parameter which is to be
controlled.
4). Controlling Variable :- It is the Process parameter which is choose to provide a
control over the controlled variable.
5). Load Variable :- A load variable is the variable a change in value of which
affects or deviates the controlled variable to its set point value.
6). Process Lag :- A Process control operations is a time variation problem. At some
point in time, a process load changes or transient causes a change in controlled
variable , the process control loop assures, after some finite time later, the variable
returns to its set point value. Part of this time taken itself by the process is known as
Process Lag.
7). Self Regulation :- A significant characteristics of the process is the tendency to
adopt a specific value of the controlled variable for nominal load with no control
operation. This operation is known as a self regulation.
8). Error :- It is the difference between the reference value and measured value.