Ap bio in 43 minutes

1. Atoms, molecules + compounds:

 Water so polar bc O has high electronegativity vs H has low electronegativity = O becomes partially negative/H
partially negative
 Cohesion/adhesion/good solvent/high specific heat/ice less dense than water
2. Organic molecules”
 Polymers = multiple monomers
 Dehydration reaction = take h2o out = make polymers
 Hydrolysis = add h2o = split polymers
 Carbohydrates (sugar), Lipids (saturated tails = solid/dense; unsaturated = double bond = less dense/fluid), Proteins
(amino acids having R groups, amine groups, carboxyl groups; primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure),
Nucleic Acids (dna/rna: phosphate + nitrogenous base + sugar; G%=C%, A%=T%)
 Transcription > translation
3. Cells:
 Long cells/compressed membranes = surface area-volume ratio efficient
 Endosymbiotic theory (small cell into large cell)
4. Cell Cycle
 G1 phase = growth G1 – G2 = interphase
 G0 phase = stop cell growth if problems detected
 S phase = duplicate chromosomes
 G2 = prep for M phase/ more growth
 M phase = PMATC [Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis]
 P: chromatin condenses into chromosomes/nuclear envelope breaks/
Mitotic spindles form
 M: Spindles attach to chromosomes (at kinetochores = region of chromosome
At centromere)
 A: spindles pull chromosome/sister chromatids apart
 T: nuclear envelope forms, chromosome = chromatin
 C: cleavage (animal)/cell plate in cell wall grows (plant)
5. Calvin cycle + photosynthesis
6. Photorespiration (CAM + C4 plants)
7. Anaerobic processes (yeast/lactic acids)
8. Sexual/Asexual reproduction > genetic variation
 Crossing over = genetic variability
 Chromosome numbers (deletion/duplication/substitution/etc)
9. Punnett square (complete/incomplete/codominance)
 Epistasis, polygenic traits, pleiotropy, sex-linked genes (on X chromosome), linked genes = on same chromosome
(inherited together 50%+ of the time)
10. DNA replication
 Leading/lagging strand (3’ tp 5’)
 Transcription = RNA from DNA
 Alternative splicing (introns out)
 Translation = mrna > amino acids > polypeptide chain
11. Chromosomes only in Mitosis (chromatin every other stage of cell life)
12. Gene regulation:
 Prokaryotes = operons
 Eukaryotic = activators/repressors/ etc.
13. Restriction enzymes = cut genes up; Gel electrophoresis = small segments move further (less base pairs)
14. Evolution:
 Lamarck: traits acquired in life can be passed on to offspring
  Darwin: traits are inherited and favorable traits = organism survives and reproduces and more likely to be passed
down through generations
 Fitness- surviving to reproduce
 Macroevo =change over large period of time; microevo = change generation to generation
 Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (large, no selection, random mating, no mutation, no gene flow)
15. Stabilizing (favor middle), Directional (favors one extreme), Disruptive (favors both extremes) Selection
16. Bottleneck/founder effect
17. Heterozygous advantage
18. Speciation: isolations
 Allopatric: geographic barrier
 Sympatric: together but don’t interact
19. Types of evolution (convergent/divergent evolution)
20. Viruses: genome encased in protein capsid
 Lytic = infects cell, propagates, and bursts out
 Lysogenic = viral dna combines with bacterial dna > binary fission = multiple cells w/ virus dna
 Retrovirus = rna as genome, enzyme allowing for dna creation from rna = mutate rapidly
21. Bacteria can:
 Transform: absorb dna from surroundings
 Conjugate: form bridge w/ another bacteria and share plasmids
 Transduce: transfer genes to another via bacteriophage
22. Plant stuff (xylem/phloem/transpiration/plant growth)
 Meristematic growth (lateral)
 Cambium growth (wide)
 Photo-, gravitropism
23. Early developmental cells: (zygote > blastula > gastrula)
24. Lymphatic system (immune system)
 Nonspecific response/inflammatory
 Specific/innate response : humoral (b cells), cell mediated (killer t cells)
 Active immunity: body’s normal response (humoral + cell mediated)
 Passive immunity: antibiotics/breastmilk antibodies
25. Autoimmune disorder (allergies) recognizes yourself as a pathogen/dust
26. Neurons
 White matter = consists mostly of axons/neurons, highly myelinated
 Grey matter = high concentration of cell bodies/higher blood flow
 Pituitary glands: ADH (causes kidneys to conserve water)
 Pancreas (insulin vs glucagon)
 Reflexes/conditioning (previous experiences)
27. Ecology:
 Carrying capacity
 Logistic growth/exponential based on density dependent factors/independent factors (weather/disease/etc)
 Community interactions = biodiversity/keystone species
 Geochemical cycles: water, phosphorous, nitrogen, carbon cycle
 Photic = light, aphotic = no light (zones in the ocean)
28. Habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, overharvesting