CHAPTER 2

DIFFERENTIATION

2.1 Differentiation of hyperbolic functions

2.2 Differentiation of inverse

trigonometric functions

2.3 Differentiation of inverse hyperbolic

functions

*Recall: Methods of differentiation

- Chain rule
- Product differentiation
- Quotient differentiation
- Implicit differentiation

1
2.1 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

Recall: Definition:

e x + e-x
cosh x =
2

e x - e-x
sinh x =
2

sinh x e x - e-x
tanh x = = x
cosh x e + e-x

1 cosh x
coth x = =
tanh x sinh x
1
cosech x =
sinh x

1
sech x =
cosh x

2
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

Example 2.1: Find the derivatives of

(a) sinh x (b) cosh x (c) tanh x

Solution:

d d  e x - e -x 
(a) dx
sinh x = 
dx  2




1
= ( e x + e - x ) = cosh x
2

d d  e x + e -x 
(b) dx
cosh x = 
dx  2




1
= ( e x - e - x ) = sinh x
2

d d  e x - e -x 
(c) dx
tanh x = 
dx  e x + e - x




Using quotient diff:

3
 =
 e x + e - x  e x + e - x  -  e x - e - x  e x - e - x 
 e x + e -x  2
e 2 x + e -2 x + 2 - e 2 x - e -2 x + 2
=
 e x + e -x  2
2
4  2 
= =  
 e x + e -x  2 x
 e +e
-x
 


2
 1 
=   = sech 2 x
 cosh x 

Using the same methods, we can obtain the derivatives

of the other hyperbolic functions and these gives us the
standard derivatives.

Standard Derivatives

y = f ( x) dy
= f�
( x)
dx
cosh x sinh x

sinh x cosh x

tanh x sech 2 x

sech x -sech x tanh x

cosech x -cosech x coth x

4
coth x -cosech 2 x

5
Example 2.2:
1.Find the derivatives of the following functions:

a)
b)
c)

2. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(a) y = cosh  3x  (b) r = sinh(2t 2 - 1)

(c) g ( x) = ( x - 1)3 sech 2 x (d) y = tanh(ln x)

3.(Implicit differentiation)

dy
Find from the following expressions:
dx

(a) x = y 2 sinh 4 x + cosh y

(b) y = tanh ( x + y )

6
2.2 Differentiation Involving Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

Recall: Definition of inverse trigonometric functions

Function Domain Range

sin -1 x -1 �x �1 p p
- �y �
2 2

cos -1 x -1 �x �1 0 �y �p

tan -1 x -�< x < � p p

- < y<
2 2

sec -1 x x �1 p p
0 �y < � < y <p
2 2

cot -1 x -��x �� 0 < y <p

cosec -1 x x �1 p p
- < y < 0 �0 < y <
2 2

7
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Standard Derivatives:
d 1
1. (sin -1 x ) =
dx 1- x2

d -1
2. (cos -1 x ) =
dx 1- x2

d 1
3. dx
(tan -1 x ) =
1+ x 2

d -1
4. dx
(cot -1 x ) =
1+ x 2

d 1
(sec -1 x ) =
5. dx x x 2 -1

d -1
(csc -1 x ) =
6. dx x x 2 -1

2.2.1 Derivatives of y = sin -1 x . (proof)

Recall: y = sin -1 x  x = sin y

for x  [-1, 1] and y  [ - p 2 , p 2] .

Because the sine function is differentiable on [- p 2 , p 2] ,

the inverse function is also differentiable.

8
To find its derivative we proceed implicitly:

Given sin y = x . Differentiating w.r.t. x:

d d
(sin y ) = ( x)
dx dx
dy
cos y =1
dx
dy 1
 =
dx cos y

p p
Since -
2
 y
2 , cos y  0 , so
dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx cos y 2
1 - sin y 1 - x2

Example 2.3:
1. Differentiate each of the following functions.
(a) f ( x ) = tan -1 x

(b) g (t ) = sin -1 (1 - t )

(c) h( x ) = sec -1 e 2 x

2. Find the derivative of:

(a) y = (tan -1 x 2 ) 4

(b) f ( x) = ln(sin -1 4 x )

9
3. Find the derivative of y = tan -1 (tan(3t 2 - 1)) .

dy
4. Find the derivative dx if
(a) x tan -1 y = x 2 + y

p
(b) sin -1( xy) + 2 = cos-1 y

10
Summary
If u is a differentiable function of x, then

d -1 1 du
1. (sin u ) = �
dx 1 - u 2 dx

d -1 1 du
2. (cos u ) = - �
dx 1 - u 2 dx

d -1 1 du
3. (tan u ) = �
dx 1 + u dx
2

d -1 1 du
4. (cot u ) = - �
dx 1 + u 2 dx

d -1 1 du
5. (sec u ) = �
dx u u 2 - 1 dx

d -1 1 du
6. (csc u ) = - �
dx u u 2 - 1 dx

11
2.3 Derivatives of Inverse hyperbolic Functions
Recall: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Function Domain Range

y = sinh -1 x ( - ,  ) ( - ,  )

y = cosh -1 x [1,  ) [ 0 , )

y = tanh -1 x (-1, 1) ( - ,  )

y = coth -1 x ( - , -1 )  ( 1,  ) ( - , 0 )  ( 0 ,  )

y = sech-1 x (0, 1] [ 0 , )

y = cosech-1x ( - , 0 )  ( 0 ,  ) ( - , 0 )  ( 0 ,  )

Function Logarithmic form

y = sinh -1 x 
ln x + x 2 + 1 
y = cosh -1 x ln  x + x -1
2

y = tanh -1 x 1 � 1+ x �
ln � � ; x <1
2 � 1- x �
2.3.1 Proof: ( d
(sinh -1 x) =
1 )
dx 1+ x2

Recall: y = sinh -1 x � x = sinh y

12
To find its derivative we proceed implicitly:

 Given x = sinh y . Differentiating w.r.t. x:

d d
( x) = (sinh y )
dx dx

dy
1 = cosh y
dx
dy 1
 =
dx cosh y

 Since -  < y <  , cosh y  0 , so using the identity

cosh 2 y - sinh 2 y = 1:

dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx cosh y 1 + sinh2 y 1+ x 2

d 1
 (sinh -1 x ) =
dx 1 + x2

 Other ways to obtain the derivatives are:

(a) y = sinh -1 x � x = sinh y then

e y - e- y dy
x= . Hence, find .
2 dx

13
  
(b) y = sinh -1 x = ln x + x + 1 .
2

dy
Hence, find .
dx

14
 Standard Derivatives

Function, y dy
Derivatives,
dx

sinh -1 x 1
x2 + 1

cosh -1 x 1
; x >1
x -1
2

tanh -1 x 1
; x <1
1- x 2

coth -1 x 1
; x >1
1 - x2

sech -1 x -
1
; 0 < x <1
x 1- x 2

cosech-1x 1
; x �0
x 1+ x 2

15
 Generalised Form

y = f (u ); dy dy du
= �
u = g ( x) dx du dx
sinh -1 u 1 du
u 2 + 1 dx

cosh -1u 1 du
; u >1
u - 1 dx
2

tanh -1 u 1 du
; u <1
1 - u dx
2

coth -1u 1 du
; u >1
1 - u dx
2

sech -1u -
1 du
; 0 < u <1
2 dx
u 1- u

cosech-1u 1 du
; u �0
2 dx
u 1+ u

16
Example 2.4: Find the derivatives of

(a) y = sinh -1 (1 - 3 x )

1
(b) y = cosh -1 
 x

(c) y = e x sech -1 x

(d) y = sinh -1 (tan 3 x)

tanh -1 t 2
(e) f (t ) =
1 - sec t

(f) y= coth -1 u

(g) y = cos 4 x cosh -1 4 x

(h) y 3 - sinh -1 xy = 0

17