HOME

HIBERNATION

TORPOR

ESTIVATION

DIAPAUSE

GLOSSARY

FUN PAGE

SITE MAP

SURVEY
Deep Sleeping.... Four different ways
THE TEAM
Scientists are studying hibernation all the time. They want to know
SOURCES what tells the animals to hibernate, how the animals live once their
temperatures drop so low, and what tells them it’s time to wake up.
EMAIL US
HIBERNATION Sleeping during the winter.
TORPOR Short naps.
ESTIVATION Sleeping the summer away.
DIAPAUSE Deep sleeping through growing up.
Check out this
really cool
guestbook! Our web team was very interested in what happens during
(Sorry, link hibernation. In our research, we found that some facts were different
depending on the source we used. The facts in this site are a
disabled.) combination of the many sources that we used.

This site was made for

ThinkQuest, an educational
website contest for kids. We had a
good time making it, but it was lots
of hard work, too. Check out our
plan here.
About This Site >
Library >
FAQ >

7,000+ sites
by kids for kids

Privacy Policy

Terms of Use

Hibernation is a time when animals ‘sleep’ through cold weather.

HOME This sleep is not like human sleep where loud noises can wake you
up. With true hibernation, the animal can be moved around or
HIBERNATION touched and not know it. [Don’t you do this, though. Some animals
only go into a torpor or temporary sleep time and can wake up
TORPOR quickly. Like BEARS.] We are going to use the word 'sleep'
sometimes but hibernation is different from regular sleep. With
ESTIVATION normal sleep, the animal moves a little, has an active brain, and can
wake up very quickly. With true hibernation, the animal appears
dead. There is no movement and it takes a long time for it to wake
DIAPAUSE
up enough to even walk around.
We will show you how animals get ready to sleep the winter away,
GLOSSARY what it is like, and who does it.
GETTING READY: During the fall, hibernating animals eat more
FUN PAGE food than usual. Their bodies will live off their body fat as they
‘sleep’ through winter. The animal will use up the body fat it stores
and not lose any muscle. This causes the animal to come out of
SITE MAP hibernation thinner but still as strong as it was in the fall.
The animals get their winter nests, dens and burrows ready.
SURVEY Different kinds of animals hibernate in different kinds of safe spots.
When they go into hibernation and their bodies slow down, enemies
can get them easier. They try to pick the safest place to spend the
THE TEAM winter away from these enemies.
WHAT IT IS AND WHO DOES IT: Hibernation is the way that
SOURCES animals adapt to the climate and land around them. Animals must
be able to live through extreme cold…. or die. Animals hibernate—
EMAIL US or deep sleep—to escape that cold. They also do this because it is
really hard to find food during the winter.
We don’t think about body energy too often. Our bodies are like
machines that need power to work right. Food gives animals the
energy they need to walk, run, hunt for food, and lots of other things.
Hibernating animals store food as body fat during the end of summer
and during fall. This body fat runs their bodies all winter. This would
be hard to do if they stayed awake, moved around a lot, or ran
around because those things would use up the body fat before
winter was over. A hibernating animal’s body saves energy by
doing a couple of cool things.
When an animal begins to hibernate, its body temperature drops
very low so that it almost matches the temperature outside. Your
temperature is normally about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. If you were
a hibernator and it was 30 degrees outside, your body temperature
would drop from 98.6 down to about 30-40 degrees. THAT’S cold!
The animal’s heartbeat and breathing slow down, too. This is
when that stored fat that the animal packed on in the fall comes in
handy. This stored fat lasts longer because their bodies are slowed
down so much that they don’t need much energy. This is how the
animal makes it through the whole winter on the fat it has stored in
its body. This is why it's important for animals to get enough food
stored in the fall. If there is a shortage of food at that time, the
animal might not live until spring when it can find its food again.
Some of these hibernators also store food in their caves and
burrows. The ones that do this do not sleep straight through the
winter. They wake up once in awhile, walk around a little, and eat
before they go back to sleep. Some warm-blooded hibernators are:

Badgers Hedgehogs
Bats Nighthawks
Chipmunks Poor-Wills
Dormouse Prairie Dogs
Fat-tailed lemurs Raccoon
Ground squirrels Skunks
Hamsters Swifts
Marmots,
And bears [depending
Groundhogs,
on who you talk to]
Woodchucks

Cold-blooded hibernators begin hibernation when the cold weather

causes their body temperatures to drop. Cold-blooded animals do
not have a body temperature like humans do. Our temperature
stays about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit all the time. Cold-blooded
animal temperatures stay the same as the air temperature around
them. If it is 50 degrees outside, the lizard is around 50 degrees. If
it is 110 outside, then they are about 110, too. Since we already
said that hibernators adapt to their environments, you can see why
these animals would try to escape extreme cold AND heat by
hibernating. Hibernation is sleeping through cold and estivation is
sleeping through heat. Cold-blooded hibernators will wake up when
the air outside warms or cools enough for them to be comfortable.
Some cold-blooded hibernators are:

Bees
Earthworms
Frogs and toads
Lizards
Mud Turtles
Snails
Snakes
 Hibernation links
Getting Ready for Winter
Zoom Hibernating Animals coloring pages
Edward Willett's Intergalactic Library
What is hibernation?

About This Site >

Library >
FAQ >

7,000+ sites
by kids for kids

Privacy Policy

Terms of Use

This ‘sleep’ section is about animals that either: 1. Sleep [are inactive]
HOME in the daytime and are active at night, or the opposite, 2. Sleep at night
but are active in the daytime or 3. Have shorter hibernation times. To
HIBERNATION make this easier to understand, we will use the word torpor to show any
short ‘sleep’ time. Some sources called hibernation a winter torpor and
TORPOR estivation a summer torpor.
When an animal is in torpor, its body slows down. Its heartbeat and
temperature go down. In ‘human’ sleep, a person can wake up instantly.
ESTIVATION
With torpor, the animal doesn’t seem to see, hear, or feel things going on
around it. It is groggy and it takes a little while for it to wake up. This is
DIAPAUSE not as deep a ‘sleep’ as hibernation and can last a very short time.
Examples of animals that go into torpor:
GLOSSARY
Badger
FUN PAGE Raccoon
Skunks
Bears
SITE MAP
Chipmunk
SURVEY Nighthawks
Poor-wills
THE TEAM Wild hamsters
Ground squirrels
SOURCES
Diurnal torpor is when creatures ‘deep sleep’ for only part of a day.
EMAIL US The part of day depends on what animal it is.
 Examples of Diurnal torpor are:

Bats, the California pocket mouse, and the dormouse who

‘sleep’ [are dormant] during daytime but are up and active at
night.
Hummingbirds and frogs who are up and active during the
day but ‘sleep’ the night away.

This kind of torpor usually happens with small animals for different
reasons. They can get their food [like insects] for only part of the day.
Since these are small creatures, they can’t eat and store enough to keep
their bodies active all the time. The animals adapt by ‘sleeping’ through
the times when it would be hard to get food. By doing this, their bodies
use less energy and their food lasts longer in their bodies. They wake
up when they can get food again.
With frogs, the air is just too cold at night. It will go to ‘sleep’ [into
torpor], its heartbeat and breathing will slow down, and less energy
[food] will be needed to keep it warm.
Most animals are in danger during torpor or hibernation. They are so
slow and unaware of what is happening around them that they are easy
to catch.

About This Site >

Library >
FAQ >

7,000+ sites
by kids for kids

Privacy Policy

Terms of Use

Estivation is another form of torpor, dormancy, or "sleep".

Animals that estivate are trying to escape things happening in their
HOME environment. This happens in hot, desert climates where heat and
water are so important to the animals that live there. Estivation
HIBERNATION protects these animals from high temperatures and drought.
Just as animals hibernate in order to stay alive in cold places,
TORPOR animals estivate [or aestivate] in hot, dry places. The bodies of
estivators will slow down. Breathing and heartbeat get very slow.
ESTIVATION The animal doesn't need as much food and water to live since food is
fuel for energy and they aren't using much. Reptiles use 90-95%
less energy when they are estivating. Animals don't move, grow or
 eat during this time.
DIAPAUSE When hot and dry times come, estivators will find themselves a
safe place to sleep--usually underground. This is the only way some
GLOSSARY animals can live through high heat and no water.
Some examples of estivators are:
FUN PAGE
Bees
Earthworms
SITE MAP Frogs and Toads
Hedgehogs
SURVEY
Snails
Snakes
THE TEAM
Mud Turtles
SOURCES Lizards

EMAIL US Reptiles estivate in the middle of summer. Because they are cold-
blooded, their bodies stay the same temperature as the air around
them. If it is 40 degrees outside, their bodies are 40 degrees. If the
air is 110 degrees, then their bodies are, too. High temperatures
plus lack of water make estivation the animal's only chance to
survive in that climate. This is a way that animals adapt to the
climate they live in.
Back Home

About This Site >

Library >
FAQ >

7,000+ sites
by kids for kids

Privacy Policy

Terms of Use

Diapause is usually done by insects. It is a ‘sleep time’ that is

HOME different from hibernation because the animals do not grow during this
time. There are two kinds of diapause:
HIBERNATION
Obligatory--a word that just means that the animal or insect
TORPOR MUST do this at some stage in its development. It has no
choice.
ESTIVATION Facultative--another big word that means the animal goes
to 'sleep' because something bad is going to happen. This
 is different from other kinds of hibernation that happen
DIAPAUSE AFTER something bad happens. With facultative
diapause, the creature goes to sleep BEFORE the drought
GLOSSARY or cold weather.

Diapause is the way animals adapt to the world around them. It

FUN PAGE
happens a lot in places where food or water are only there for a little
while or the amount of food or water changes. It is a way for animals to
SITE MAP live through droughts or lack of food.
Insects that stop growing have more of a chance to live if they can
SURVEY ‘sleep’ through the bad times and wake when things get better. The
animals or insects might:
THE TEAM
Be active in the spring and ‘sleep’ (be dormant) in the
winter [temperate regions].
SOURCES
Be active in the rainy season and ‘sleep’ during drought
[tropical areas].
EMAIL US

The insects get warning signals a few times before they actually do
anything about it. These warning signs might be:

Days becoming shorter. Animals can sense this and send

out the message for ‘sleep’.
Outside temperature going lower than usual.
The quality or quantity of food goes down.

Long-day insects are the ones that go into diapause because the
days get shorter. Short-day insects go into diapause when there are
longer days. This is part of the genes in an animal.
After a few warning-signal days, the female will lay ‘diapausing’ eggs.
These eggs will have their cycle from egg to adult stopped somewhere.
Some examples of these ‘sleepers’ are:

Gypsy moth: diapause as fully formed embryo

Bombyx mori [silkworm]: diapause as early embryo
Grasshoppers: diapause in the middle of embryo stage
Some butterflies and moths: larvae
White cabbage butterfly: pupae
Colorado potato beetle: adult

Animals would become extinct without adapting to their habitats.

Fun Pages
Zoom butterfly and moth coloring pages
Diapause in insects
About This Site >
Library >
FAQ >

7,000+ sites
by kids for kids

Privacy Policy

Terms of Use

HOME adapt: an animal's fitting into its environment by changing what

it needs to live.
HIBERNATION

TORPOR
burrow: either digging in the ground OR the underground home
of some animals.
ESTIVATION

DIAPAUSE
carnivores: meat-eating animals.
GLOSSARY

clans: a group of animals that stay together.

FUN PAGE

SITE MAP climate: temperature, wind, and rain conditions over a long
period of time.
SURVEY

THE TEAM cold-blooded: animals having a body temperature that is

controlled by the outside temperature. A cold-blooded animal in
100 degree heat will be 100 degrees inside its body. In 20 degree
SOURCES
cold weather, the animal will have an inside temperature of 20
degrees.
EMAIL US

colony: a group of same-kind animals that live together.

coterie: a part of a colony of same-kind animals; sometimes a

family of animals in a larger colony.

diapause: a period of time in the life cycle of insects where they

don't grow or develop and their body functions slow down a lot.
diurnal: Active during the day

dormant: a kind of sleep time that happens when the weather

gets very hot or very cold or in times of drought or other bad
living conditions.

drought: a serious lack of rain.

environment: the land and climate where an animal lives.

estivation: summer hibernation when animals sleep to get away

from heat, no water, or their food source disappears.

hibernation: winter sleeping where the animal's temperature,

heart rate, and body slow down so much that it might appear to
be dead.

hoard: when an animal gathers food, eats some, but saves the
rest in its nest or burrow.

litter: the young animals born to a mother. This word means

that more than one is born at the same time.

nocturnal: active and hunting during the night.

omnivores: animals that eat everything whether it is meat or

vegetable.

prairie: a large area of grassland.

pregnant: having an unborn child or baby animal inside the

mother.

primate: an mammal in the same group with humans, monkeys,

and apes.
reptile: a group of cold-blooded animals that have scaly skin.

roost: a bird's perch

setts: underground homes that have tunnels and rooms.

solitary: living alone

temperate: an area where the weather is never really hot or really

cold.

temporary: lasting only a little while

torpor: sluggishness; a time when the heartbeat, temperature,

and body activities slow down. The animal is only a little alert.

tropical: an area that has mostly warm to hot weather.

warm-blooded: animals that have bodies that control their inside

temperatures to keep them warm.
About This Site >
Library >
FAQ >

7,000+ sites
by kids for kids

Privacy Policy

Terms of Use

Hibernation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the process of hibernation in biology. For other uses, see Hibernate.

For the ability of certain operating systems, see Hibernate (OS feature)

v•d•e

Animal dormancy topics

Hibernation (Hibernaculum) · Estivation

Torpor · Diapause · Brumation

Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in animals, characterized by

lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate. Hibernating animals
conserve energy, especially during winter when food is short, tapping energy reserves,
body fat, at a slow rate. It is the animal's slowed metabolic rate which leads to a reduction
in body temperature and not the other way around.[citation needed]

Hibernation may last several days or weeks depending on species, ambient temperature,
and time of year. The typical winter season for a hibernator is characterized by periods of
hibernation interrupted by sporadic euthermic arousals wherein body temperature is
restored to typical levels. It has been shown that at least the arctic ground squirrel builds a
need for sleep during hibernation, more slowly than normally, and must occasionally warm
up in order to sleep.[1]
Contents
[hide]

 1 Hibernating animals
 2 Human hibernation
 3 See also
 4 References
 5 External links

[edit] Hibernating animals

European Hedgehog

Animals that hibernate include bats, some species of ground squirrels and other rodents,
mouse lemurs, the West European Hedgehog and other insectivores, monotremes and
marsupials. Even some rattlesnakes, such as the Western Diamondback, are known to
hibernate in caves every winter. Historically, Pliny the Elder believed that swallows
hibernated, and ornithologist Gilbert White pointed to anecdotal evidence in The Natural
History of Selborne that indicated as much. Birds typically do not hibernate, instead
utilizing torpor. However the Common Poorwill does hibernate.[2] Many experts believe
that the processes of daily torpor and hibernation form a continuum.[citation needed]

One animal that some famously consider a hibernator is the bear, although bears do not go
into "true hibernation". [3] During a bear's winter sleep state, the degree of metabolic
depression is much less than that observed in smaller mammals. Many prefer to use the
term "denning". The bear's body temperature remains relatively stable (depressed from 37
°C to approximately 31 °C; about 98.6° to 88 °F) and it can be easily aroused. Some reptile
species are said to brumate, or undergo brumation, but the connection to this phenomenon
with hibernation is not clear.
Hibernating ground squirrels may have core body temperatures as low as -2.9 °C (about 27
°F), maintaining subzero body temperature for more than three weeks at a time.[4]

Before entering hibernation most species eat a large amount of food and store energy in fat
deposits in order to survive the winter. Some species of mammals hibernate while gestating
young, which are born shortly after the mother stops hibernating.

For a couple of generations during the 20th century it was thought that basking sharks
settled to the floor of the North Sea and hibernated; however, research by Dr David Sims in
2003 dispelled this hypothesis,[5] showing that the sharks actively traveled huge distances
throughout the seasons, tracking the areas with the highest quantity of plankton.

The epaulette sharks have been documented to be able to survive for long periods of time
without oxygen, even being left high and dry, and at temperatures of up to 26 °C.[6] Other
animals able to survive long periods without oxygen include the goldfish, the red-eared
slider turtle, the wood frog, and the bar-headed goose.[7]

Until recently no primate, and no tropical mammal, was known to hibernate. However,
animal physiologist Kathrin Dausmann of Philipps University of Marburg, Germany, and
coworkers presented evidence in the 24 June 2004 edition of Nature that the Fat-tailed
Dwarf Lemur of Madagascar hibernates in tree holes for seven months of the year. This is
interesting because Malagasy winter temperatures sometimes rise to over 30 °C (86 °F), so
hibernation is not exclusively an adaptation to low ambient temperatures. The hibernation
of this lemur is strongly dependent on the thermal behavior of its tree hole: if the hole is
poorly insulated, the lemur's body temperature fluctuates widely, passively following the
ambient temperature; if well insulated, the body temperature stays fairly constant and the
animal undergoes regular spells of arousal. Dausmann found that hypometabolism in
hibernating animals is not necessarily coupled to a low body temperature.

Noise and vibration from snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles (ATV) and the like is said to
sometimes awaken hibernating animals, who may suffer severely or die as a result of
premature awakening in times of food shortage.[citation needed]

[edit] Human hibernation

There are many research projects currently investigating how to achieve "induced
hibernation" in humans.[8][9] The ability for humans to hibernate would be useful for a
number of reasons, such as saving the lives of seriously ill or injured people by temporarily
putting them in a state of hibernation until treatment can be given (compare induced coma).
NASA is also interested in possibly putting astronauts in hibernation when going on very
long space journeys, making it possible one day to visit far away stars.

Erika Nordby, a toddler of 13 months in Edmonton, Alberta, wandered outside her family
home on February 23, 2001. The outside temperature was -24°C (-11°F). When she was
found, her heart had stopped beating for two hours and her internal body temperature had
fallen to 16°C (61°F). Other sources say there was a slow pulse of 30 beats per minute but
no blood circulation when paramedics arrived. In either event she was clinically dead.[10]
She suffered severe frostbite, yet required no amputation and made a full recovery.[11][12]

In October 2006, a Japanese man, Mitsutaka Uchikoshi, was believed to have been in a
"denning"-like state for three weeks. He had fallen asleep on a snowy mountain and
claimed he had only woken up after being discovered 23 days later; doctors who treated
him believed his internal body temperature had fallen to 22°C (71°F) during that period.[13]

[edit] See also

 Diapause - a state of metabolic dormancy that requires specific stimuli to trigger and
release, which only occurs in insects.
 Dormancy - a period when development is temporarily suspended
 Estivation - a state of dormancy similar to hibernation, except it is used in the summer
 Hibernation induction trigger
 Sleep (non-human)
 Suspended animation - also similar to hibernation, but induced artificially
 Torpor - regulated hypothermia for less than a day, often used by birds

[edit] References
1. ^ Daan S, Barnes BM, Strijkstra AM (1991). "Warming up for sleep? Ground squirrels sleep
during arousals from hibernation". Neurosci. Lett. 128 (2): 265–8. PMID 1945046.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-3940(91)90276-Y.
2. ^ Jaeger, E.C. 1948. "Does the poorwill hibernate?" Condor 50:45-46.
3. ^ Secrets of Hibernation; nova, pbs.org
4. ^ Barnes, Brian M. (30 June 1989). "Freeze Avoidance in a Mammal: Body Temperatures
Below 0 °C in an Arctic Hibernator" (PDF). Science (American Association for the
Advancement of Science) 244: 1521-1616.
http://users.iab.uaf.edu/~brian_barnes/publications/1989barnes.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-
11-23.
5. ^ "Seasonal movements and behavior of basking sharks from archival tagging". Marine
Ecology Progress Series (248): 187–196. 2003.
6. ^ "A Shark With an Amazing Party Trick". New Scientist 177 (2385): 46. 8 March 2003.
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/innews/sharktrick2003.htm. Retrieved on 2006-10-
06.
7. ^ Breathless: A shark with an amazing party trick is teaching doctors how to protect the
brains of stroke patients. Douglas Fox, New Scientist vol 177 issue 2385 - 8 March 2003,
page 46. Last accessed November 9, 2006.
8. ^ Hibernation
9. ^ Times Online
10. ^ A rescue from the cold." Shanda Deziel. Maclean's. Toronto: March 12, 2001. Vol.114,
Iss. 11; pg. 18, 1 pgs
 11. ^ "Frozen toddler recovers." Anonymous. Current Science. Stamford: May 11, 2001.
Vol.86, Iss. 16; pg. 12
12. ^ "After the miracle: Erika Nordby beat all the odds by surviving her night in the snow."
Moher, Frank. Saturday Night. Toronto: June 9, 2001. Vol.116, Iss. 22; pg. 40

Dormancy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Brumation)

Jump to: navigation, search

Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in
animals) physical activity is temporarily suspended. This minimizes metabolic activity and
therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated
with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with
their environment through predictive or consequential means. Predictive dormancy occurs
when an organism enters a dormant phase before the onset of adverse conditions. For
example, photoperiod and decreasing temperature are used by many plants to predict the
onset of winter. Consequential dormancy occurs when organisms enter a dormant phase
after adverse conditions have arisen. This is commonly found in areas with an
unpredictable climate. While very sudden changes in conditions may lead to a high
mortality rate among animals relying on consequential dormancy, its use can be
advantageous, as organisms remain active longer, and are therefore able to make greater
use of available resources.

Contents
[hide]

 1 Animal dormancy
o 1.1 Hibernation
o 1.2 Diapause
o 1.3 Aestivation
o 1.4 Brumation
 2 Viral dormancy
 3 Plant dormancy
o 3.1 Dormant seeds
o 3.2 Tree dormancy
 4 See also
 5 References
[edit] Animal dormancy
v•d•e

Animal dormancy topics

Hibernation (Hibernaculum) · Estivation

Torpor · Diapause · Brumation

[edit] Hibernation

Main article: Hibernation

Hibernation is a mechanism in many animals to escape cold weather and food shortage
over the winter. Hibernation may be predictive or consequential. An animal prepares for
hibernation by building up a thick layer of body fat during late summer and autumn which
will provide it with energy during the dormant period. During hibernation the animal
undergoes many physiological changes, including decreased heart rate (by as much as 95%)
and decreased body temperature. Animals that hibernate include bats, ground squirrels and
other rodents, mouse lemurs, the European Hedgehog and other insectivores, monotremes
and marsupials.

[edit] Diapause

Main article: Diapause

Diapause is a predictive strategy that is predetermined by an animal's genotype. Diapause

is common in insects, allowing them to suspend development between autumn and spring,
and in mammals such as the red deer, where a delay in attachment of the embryo to the
uterine lining ensures that offspring are born in spring, when conditions are most favorable.

See also: Mammalian embryonic diapause

[edit] Aestivation

Main article: Aestivation

Aestivation, also spelled estivation, is an example of consequential dormancy in response

to very hot or dry conditions. It is common in invertebrates such as the garden snail and
worm but also occurs in other animals such as the lungfish.

[edit] Brumation
Brumation is an example of dormancy in reptiles that is similar to hibernation.[1][2] It
differs from hibernation in the metabolic processes involved.[3]

Reptiles generally begin brumation in late fall (more specific times depend on the species).
They will often wake up to drink water and return to "sleep". They can and do eat during
this time, but can go weeks or months without food. Reptiles may want to eat more than
usual before the brumation time, but will eat less or refuse food as the temperature drops.
However, they do need to drink water. The brumation period is anywhere from 1-4 months
depending on the air temperature and the size, age, and health of the reptile. During the first
year of life, many small reptiles do not fully brumate, but rather slow down and eat less
often. Brumation should not be confused with hibernation; when mammals hibernate they
are actually asleep, when reptiles brumate they are less active, their metabolism slows
down so they just don't need to eat as often. Reptiles can often go through the whole winter
without eating. Brumation is triggered by cold weather/lack of heat, and the decrease in the
amount of hours of daylight in the winter.

[edit] Viral dormancy

Viruses of the family Herpesvirus are notable for remaining dormant within cells in the
human body. See for example varicella zoster virus, which in an individual causes first
chickenpox then shingles (herpes zoster). Concerning viruses this dormancy is often
referred to as latency or a latent infection. HIV produces a latent infection in
lymphocytes,[4] and at this stage in its life-cycle it is called a provirus.[5]

This should not be confused with clinical latency.

[edit] Plant dormancy

In plant physiology, dormancy is a period of arrested plant growth. It is a survival strategy
exhibited by many plant species, which enables them to survive in climates where part of
the year is unsuitable for growth, such as winter or dry seasons.

Plant species that exhibit dormancy have a biological clock that tells them to slow activity
and to prepare soft tissues for a period of freezing temperatures or water shortage. After a
normal growing season, dormancy can be brought on by decreasing temperatures,
shortened day length, or a reduction in rainfall.

[edit] Dormant seeds

When a mature seed is placed under favorable conditions and fails to germinate, it is said to
be dormant. There are two basic types of seed dormancy. The first is called seed coat
dormancy or external dormancy, and is caused by the presence of a hard seed covering or
seed coat that prevents water and oxygen from reaching and activating the embryo. The
second type of seed dormancy is called embryo dormancy or internal dormancy, and is
caused by a condition of the embryo which prevents germination (Black M, Butler J,
Hughes M. 1987). The oldest seed that has been germinated into a viable plant was an
approximately 1,300-yr-old lotus fruit, recovered from a dry lakebed in northeastern China.
[6]

[edit] Tree dormancy

Tree species that have well-developed dormancy needs may be tricked to some degree, but
not completely. For instance, if a Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum) is given an "eternal
summer" through exposure to additional daylight, it will grow continuously for as long as
two years. Eventually, however, a temperate climate plant will automatically go dormant,
no matter what environmental conditions it experiences. Deciduous plants will lose their
leaves; evergreens will curtail all new growth. Going through an "eternal summer" and the
resultant automatic dormancy is stressful to the plant and usually fatal. The fatality rate
increases to 100% if the plant does not receive the necessary period of cold temperatures
required to break the dormancy. Most plants will require a certain number of hours of
"chilling" at temperatures between about 0 °C and 10 °C to be able to break dormancy
(Bewley JD, Black M. (1994). )

[edit] See also

 Scotobiology

[edit] References
1. ^ Reptilian Brumation
2. ^ Brumation
3. ^ Brumation
4. ^ Bagasra O (2006). "A unified concept of HIV latency". Expert Opin Biol Ther 6 (11): 1135–
49. doi:10.1517/14712598.6.11.1135. PMID 17049012.
5. ^ Margolis DM, Archin NM (2006). "Attacking HIV provirus: therapeutic strategies to
disrupt persistent infection". Infect Disord Drug Targets 6 (4): 369–76.
doi:10.2174/187152606779025824. PMID 17168802.
6. ^ Long-living lotus: germination and soil {gamma}-irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and
cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring, 2002, American Journal of
Botany Vol. 89:236-247.

Bewley JD, Black M. (1994). Seeds: physiology of development and germination, 2nd edn.
New York, London: Plenum Press.

Black M, Butler J, Hughes M. (1987). Control and development of dormancy in cereals. In:
Mares DJ, ed. Fourth International Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals,
Boulder, Co. USA: Westview Press, 379-92.

Scholar team (2002) SQA Adv. Higher Biology; Environmental Biology. p 93-95 Heriot
Watt University
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormancy#Brumation"

Categories: Plant physiology | Physiology

Views

 Article
 Discussion
 Edit this page
 History

Personal tools

 Log in / create account

Navigation

 Main page
 Contents
 Featured content
 Current events
 Random article

Search

Go Search

Interaction

 About Wikipedia
 Community portal
 Recent changes
 Contact Wikipedia
 Donate to Wikipedia
 Help

Toolbox

 What links here

 Related changes
 Upload file
 Special pages
 Printable version
 Permanent link
 Cite this page

Languages
  Deutsch
 Eesti
 Español
 Français
 ‫עברית‬
 日本語

 This page was last modified on 18 February 2009, at 16:53.

 All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See
Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered
501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
 Privacy policy
 About Wikipedia
 Disclaimers

Advertisement.

EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site.

As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages.
Click here to learn more.

Become a member of Enchanted Learning.

Site subscriptions last 12 months. Click Here to Subscribe

Click here for more information on site membership.

As low as $20.00/year (directly by Credit Card)

Site members have access to the entire website with print-friendly pages and no ads.

(Already a member? Click here.)

EnchantedLearning.com
 Animal Printouts

ABCDEFG HIJKL M N O PQ RSTU V W XYZ

Ocean
Amphibian Arachnid Bird Cat Dog Dinosaur Insect Mammal Invertebrate Reptile
Animal
s s s s s s s s s s
s

Life
Camouflage Endangere Hibernatin Migrator Nocturn Poisonou Undergroun Venomou
Cycle
d d g y al s d s
s

Africa Antarctica Arctic Asia Australia Europe North America South America

Temperate
Coral Coniferous Tropical More
Desert Grassland Pond Ocean Deciduous Tundra
Reef Forest Rainforest Biomes
Forest

Simple Animal Guidelines for Writing a Report on an Animal Report Graphic

Printouts Animal Organizers

Click on an animal to go to that printout. Go to animals listed by biome.

For the top 25 printouts, click here.

Hibernating
Animal
Printouts

Some animals hibernate over the winter, going into a very deep sleep.
Hibernating animals usually retreat to a den, a burrow, or a hollow log for
protection and shelter. During "true hibernation," the animal's body temperature
drops, and its rate of breathing slows down. These hibernating animals are very
difficult to awaken.
Most animals will eat large amounts of food before hibernating, adding body fat
that will nourish them during the winter. Occasionally, hibernating animals will
awaken periodically during the winter to eat. When most hibernating animals
awaken in the spring, they are very hungry.

Some of the animals listed below are not "true hibernators," but they do become
dormant over winter or go into diapause (a suspended state that some insects
enter during cold, short days). For example, during cold winter months, some
bears go into a dormant state in which their heart rate is extremely low, their
body temperature is relatively high, they neither eat nor release bodily waste, and
they can be roused (unlike "true hibernators"). In older scientific literature,
hibernation used to refer only to low-body-temperature winter dormancy, but
now that much more is known about this dormancy phase, some bears (like the
black bear) are considered to be extremely efficient hibernators (some biologists
refer to these animals as "super hibernators").

American Black Bat

Badger
Bats are the only flying
Bear The badger is a nocturnal
mammals. Some bats
A large, black to brown mammal with a black-and-
hibernate over winter.
bear. Not a true white striped face.
hibernator.

Brown Bear
Bear Black Bear The Brown Bear is a large
A large, black to bear with a muscular
Bears are flat-footed,
hump on its shoulders.
omnivorous mammals. Some brown bear. Not a
Not a true hibernator.
bears, like the grizzly and black true hibernator.
 bear, go into adeep sleep
during cold winters.

Brown Bear Butterflies and

(Simple Version) Chipmunk
Moths
The Brown Bear is a large Some butterflies and moths Chipmunks are
bear with a muscular hump overwinter in the pupal rodents that live in
on its shoulders. Not a true stage and emerge when the North America and
hibernator. Asia.
weather warms.

Frog Gila Monster Grizzly Bear

Tadpoles grow up to A venomous lizard from The Grizzly Bear is a large
be frogs. Many frogs deserts of southwestern bear with a muscular hump
are dormant during North America; it is dormant on its shoulders. Not a true
freezing weather. during the winter. hibernator.

Groundhog Hamster Hedgehog

The groundhog is The hamster Hedgehogs are
a rodent that is is a small small mammals
also called the rodent that that can roll
woodchuck. Groundhog Day some people into a prickly
A Printable Activity Book for
 Early Fluent Readers keep as pets. ball.
A short, printable activity book
on Groundhog Day for
beginning readers, with pages
on Groundhog Day,
groundhog anatomy, word
unscrambles, facts, and
questions.

Ladybug Mouse
Jerboa Tiny flying insects Mice are small rodents with
The jerboa is a small, long- that eat garden long, scaly tails. Some, like the
tailed rodent that hops. pests. jumping mouse, hibernate.

Painted Turtle
This common Raccoon
turtle lives in Pupfish The raccoon is a
A small fish from
Rodents
ponds, marshes mammal with Rodents are
and slow-running desert waters of mask-like markings
southwestern relatively small,
rivers in North on its face and a
North America. prolific mammals
America. Not a ringed tail. whose front two top
true hibernator.
teeth continually
grow. Many rodents
hibernate over
 winter.

Skunk Slow Worm

Skunks are black and Snakes
The slow worm is a legless
white mammals that Snakes are reptiles that
lizard that looks like a
can produce a terrible
snake (it is not a worm at have a long, narrow body
odor. and no legs. Some snakes go
all).
dormant during winter.

Spring Peeper Frog Squirrel

Spring Peeper Frog (Unlabeled) Squirrels are rodents.
A very small treefrog that An unlabeled printout of a Some ground squirrels
makes a peeping sound. very small treefrog that makes hibernate.
a peeping sound.

Turtles
Turtles are cold-blooded Woodchuck
animals that have a Wasp The woodchuck is a
protective shell. Some Wasps are insects with 2 rodent that is also
 turtles go dormant over pairs of wings and strong called the groundhog.
winter. jaws. Some wasps go
dormant during the winter.

ABCDEFG HIJKL M N O PQ RSTU V W XYZ

Amphibians Arachnids Birds Cats Dogs Dinosaurs Fish Insects Mammals Invertebrates Reptiles

Life
Camouflage Endangere Hibernatin Migrator Nocturn Poisonou Undergroun Venomou
Cycle
d d g y al s d s
s

Africa Antarctica Arctic Asia Australia Europe North America South America

Temperate
Coral Coniferous Tropical More
Desert Grassland Pond Ocean Deciduous Tundra
Reef Forest Rainforest Biomes
Forest

Simple Animal Guidelines for Writing a Report on an Animal Report Graphic

Printouts Animal Organizers

Click on a letter to go to that page of animal printouts.

In addition to printing the animals, you can copy a printout (click here for instructions) and
paste it into a painting program (like Paint) and color the animal there. (Thanks to Grace P.
from Thorngrove School for this great idea.)

Enchanted Learning ®

Over 20,000 Web Pages.

Sample Pages for Prospective Subscribers
 Overview of Site Languages
What's New Dutch
Enchanted Learning Home Biology French
Monthly Activity Calendar Animal Printouts German
Books to Print Biology Label Printouts Italian
Site Index Biomes Japanese (Romaji)
Birds Portuguese
Butterflies Spanish
Dinosaurs Swedish
K-3
Food Chain
Crafts
Human Anatomy
K-3 Themes
Mammals
Little Explorers Geography/History
Plants
Picture dictionary Explorers
Rainforests
PreK/K Activities Flags
Sharks
Rebus Rhymes Geography
Whales
Stories Inventors
US History

Physical Sciences
Writing
Astronomy
Cloze Activities Other Topics
The Earth
Essay Topics Art and Artists
Geology
Newspaper Calendars
Hurricane
Writing Activities Crafts
Landforms
Parts of Speech Graphic Organizers
Oceans
Label Me! Printouts
Tsunami
Math
Volcano
Fiction Music
The Test of Time

Hibernación
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Saltar a navegación, búsqueda

La hibernación es un estado de hipotermia regulada, durante algunos días o semanas, que

permite a los animales conservar su energía durante el invierno. Durante la hibernación el
metabolismo de los animales se hace lento hasta un nivel muy bajo, además de tener una
temperatura corporal y frecuencia respiratoria inferior a lo normal, usando gradualmente las
reservas energéticas almacenadas en sus cuerpos durante los meses más cálidos.

Definición [editar]
Algunos animales de sangre caliente, mamíferos y aves sobreviven en invierno entrando en
una especie de sueño profundo, logrando que su actividad corporal sea más lenta y su
temperatura descienda para ahorrar energía. El corazón les late más lentamente y la
respiración se hace también más pausada. Pueden lograr que la temperatura de su cuerpo se
asemeje a la de su entorno, aunque se acerque al punto de congelación. Los animales que
hibernan suelen utilizar lugares cálidos y seguros para pasar el invierno. Los murciélagos
duermen en el fondo de las cuevas y cavernas, donde la temperatura no cambia demasiado.
Muchos pequeños roedores hibernan bajo tierra, en madrigueras forradas de hierba para
mantener el calor.

Algunos otros animales, como la ardilla terrestre ártica y el lirón, pasan más de la mitad de
su vida hibernando. Los procesos corporales del animal están al mínimo, y obtiene la
energía de la reserva de grasa de su cuerpo. Algunos animales pierden hasta el 40% de su
peso mientras hibernan; otros, como los hámsters, guardan una reserva de alimento en sus
madrigueras para el invierno, y durante los meses fríos despiertan de vez en cuando para
comer un poco.

Los animales de sangre caliente consumen alimento para producir calor y mantener así su
temperatura corporal más o menos constante. En invierno, estos animales tienen que
producir más energía para conservar el calor con la misma eficacia, aunque el alimento
escasee en su entorno. Es por esto que hibernan, para ahorrar energía.

Sin embargo, en los países donde hay una estación cálida y seca, y el agua y la comida
escasean durante el verano, muchos animales entran en un estado muy parecido a la
hibernación, llamado estivación, para sobrevivir a la sequía y ahorrar energías. Muchas
ranas y sapos se ocultan para la estivación en madrigueras subterráneas, frescas y húmedas.

Existen multitud de especies animales que hibernan, quizás el grupo que menos lo hace es
el de las aves, donde si lo hace, una especie de chotacabras del este de América del Norte.

Los osos se amodorran durante los meses de fríos, y las ardillas duermen durante varios
días seguidos si la temperatura desciende demasiado, pero esto no se trata de una
hibernación, porque la temperatura de sus cuerpos no desciende significativamente y
pueden despertar con facilidad. Esto les da la ventaja de poder enfrentar el peligro con
rapidez.

Entre los animales de sangre fría, los anfibios, los reptiles y los peces, pierden calor si
desciende la temperatura de su entorno, y automáticamente quedan inmóviles. Muchas
serpientes y lagartos duermen durante el invierno en madrigueras. También pequeños
insectos como las mariquita y algunas mariposas duermen en invierno en lugares
resguardados.