BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
City of Malolos, Bulacan

NAME: DE SILVA, ANGELICA COLLENE M.

JAZMIN, KYRAH JANE LOUISE F.
SANTOS, EINSLYN NICOLE L.

COURSE& SECT: CE – 4B

Proposed Title: Reinforced Cement Mixture With Shredded Aluminum Foil As An

Additive For Slab-On-Fills

REASON(s) / JUSTIFICATION(s) IN CHOOSING THE TOPIC:

 Is the topic important to the people?

o Yes, the topic is important to people because it is an enhancement of cement
which is a main ingredient of a house, which is one of the primary needs of
people.
 Is the topic of personal interest to you?
o Yes, the topic is of personal interest to us because as students taking up a civil
engineering course, it is our constant duty to look for and discover matters that
would upgrade the quality of constructions.
 Is the topic interesting to the general reader?
o Yes, the topic is interesting to the general reader because it tackles something that
is a necessity not just for big constructions, but for the whole community.
 Is the topic relatively new?
o Yes, the topic is relatively new because recycling of aluminum foils as an additive
for cement has not been tested and practiced
 Is the topic manageable in terms of length, duration, availability?
 o Yes, the topic is manageable because aluminum foils are always available in
landfills and experimental tests can be done for only a short period of time.

LIST OF RELATED LITERATURE and RELATED STUDIES CONSULTED:

 Use Of Recycled Plastic Bag Waste In The Concrete

By: Youcef Ghernouti, Bahia Rabehi, Brahim Safi and Rabah Chaid
https://www.scientific-publications.net/get/1000002/1401702655607485.pdf

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of recycling plastic bag
waste materials (PBW) which is now produced in large quantities in the preparation of
concrete mixture by replacing sand with variable percentages of 10, 20, 30 and 40 %. The
effects of PBW in concrete mixtures are the following: workability, bulk density, ultrasonic
pulse velocity testing, compressive and flexural strength of the different concretes. The
results showed that PBW improves the workability and the density. On the other hand, it
reduces the compressive strength of concrete containing 10 and 20 % of waste by 10 to 24
% respectively, but its mechanical strength is still acceptable for lightweight materials and
remains close to the control concrete (without the PBW). The results of this research
provide the idea of the use of PBW for the formulation of concrete mixtures for
construction. (2014)

 The Effect of Admixtures on Concrete Properties

By: Abdel Rahim Mohammed Abdel Rahim Ahmed

http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle

In this study super plasticizers admixtures were used for the three grades of
concrete 15, 25 and 40 N/mm2 to improve the properties of fresh and harden
concrete in hot weather to achieve these properties in the summer season of
Sudan: increased workability, increased compressive strength reduction of water content
and reduce the cement content for cost saving. The experimental work was divided into
two phases: tests on basic materials (cement, aggregate, sand, water) and the effect of
 quantity of admixture on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The results of tests
for the basic materials were carried to ensure that their results conforming to their
standards; concrete testing program for the three grades which contain four mixes for each
grade. The results of the second phase for the three grades indicate that admixtures can be
used to: increase the workability of the concrete for the three grades, increase the
compressive strength of the three grades at 28 days, reduce the cement content by 23%
compared with reference mixes without reducing the compressive strength. (2001)

 Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Neem Gum on the Strength

Characteristics of High Performance Concrete

By: M.G.L.Annaamalai*, G.Maheswaran, R.Yuvaraja, R.Jayakodi

http://sphinxsai.com/2015/ch_vol8_no1/3/(178-183)%20V8N1.pdf

In this research, the purest kind of Neem Gum, extracted from Azadirachta indica
trees, is used in concrete mixtures as a natural enhancer. The gum is crushed and used in
powder form, then dissolved in water for the liquid additive. Neem gum was added to
concrete mixes at various radios (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2% & 1.5%) by
weight of cement content. Unfortunately, the gum decreases the compressive strength
(7,21, & 28 days) slightly with the increase in its proportion in concrete mixtures. (2015,
Vol.8, No.1, pp 178-183)

 Seven Must-Use Concrete Admixtures (Additives)

By: Juan Rodriguez

https://www.thebalance.com/common-used-concrete-admixtures-845036

Admixtures, or additives, are added to concrete mixtures immediately before or

during mixing. Concrete admixtures can improve concrete properties like its quality,
manageability, acceleration or retardation of setting time and other properties in
accordance to the necessity. Many, not to say all, concrete mixes today contain one or more
 concrete admixtures that reduces the production cost but still increases productivity. The
cost of these admixtures will vary depending on the quantity and type of admixture being
used. All of this will be added to the cubic yard/meter cost of concrete.
These admixtures are the following: Set-Retarding, Air-Entrainment, Water-
Reducing, Accelerating, Shrinkage Reducing, Superplasticizers and Corrosion-Inhibiting
concrete admixtures. Set-Retarding admixtures are used to delay the chemical reaction
when the concrete starts drying. This may reduce additional cost of preparing new concrete
batch plant on the site. Air-Entrainment additive, on the other hand, increases the freeze-
thaw durability of the concrete. It is useful in countries with freezing temperatures. Next
additive is the Water-Reducing Additive. It is used to create a desired slump at lower water-
cement ratio. This results to lower CO2 emissions and obtain specific concrete strength
using lower cement content. Another additive is the Accelerating admixture. Accelerating
concrete admixtures are used to increase the rate of concrete strength development or to
reduce concrete setting time. This may boost the time efficiency of the project. Next
additive is Shrinkage Reducing additive. This type of admixture can reduce early and long-
term drying shrinkage which can lead to durability problems. Next is the Superplasticizers.
The main purpose of using superplasticizers is to produce concrete with a high slump in
the range of seven to nine inches to be used in heavily reinforced structures and for the
production of high strength concrete. Lastly, Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures is used to
slow corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. It has little effect on strength in the long
run but may accelerate early strength development. (2017)

 The Benefits of Concrete Admixtures

By: Conexpo-Con//Agg Trade Show

http://www.conexpoconagg.com/news/june-2017/the-benefits-of-concrete-admixtures/

Admixtures in concrete offer durability, wear resistant, watertight, high

compressive strength, high workability, and high finish for the complex modern structures.
This along with rapid growth of construction industry fueled the growth of concrete
admixture market. Emerging countries such as China, India, Brazil, Middle East and
 Africa’s change in lifestyle and rapid economic development, stimulates the adoption of
concrete admixtures. Latest manufacturing standards increases the accessibility of concrete
admixtures. Opportunities will be opened with an increase in government initiatives
regarding energy conservation and sustainable infrastructure. However, lack of awareness
of long-term benefits of concrete admixtures in that of less expensive substitutes may
impede the growth of the market. (2017)

 Decomposition: Aluminum Foil

By: Metro Recycling

Thursday, November 7, 2013

Let’s talk about an item that you probably use often but you don’t often think to
recycle. Aluminum foil is a common item found in most household kitchens. We use it to
wrap, shine and even sharpen. Aluminum foil is 100 percent recyclable. Unfortunately,
most of the aluminum foil used in the United States ends up in landfills. According to
reports, we throw away enough foil each year to build a fleet of aircraft and recycling a
single aluminum can saves enough energy to power a television for 3 hours. The aluminum
foil will sit for literally thousands of years. Next time you unwarp that casserole, think
twice before throwing the foil into the garbage can.

 How Long Does it Take Electronic Waste to Decompose?

By: Electronic Recyclers International, Inc.
November 3, 2015

E-waste is on the landfill blacklist for a good reason. Electronic devices seem like
they were made to resist decomposition forever. The glass they might contain takes 1-2
million years to decompose. Plastics last forever: a plastic jug lasts 1 million years, and
plastic bags stick around 20 to 1,000 years. And that’s for comparatively thin, low-grade
plastics, not the kind that makes up your computer mouse. Flimsier metals, like tin can
steel, take 50 years to decompose, and an aluminum can takes 200 to 500 years to break
down. That’s not taking into account heavier duty components, like the neodymium-iron-
boron magnet in a computer’s hard disk head.

 Aluminum - Specifications, Properties, Classifications and Classes, Supplier Data

by Aalco
2005

Pure aluminum is soft, ductile, corrosion resistant and has a high electrical
conductivity. It is widely used for foil and conductor cables but alloying with other
 elements is necessary to provide the higher strengths needed for other applications.
Aluminum is one of the lightest engineering metals, having a strength to weight ratio
superior to steel. Aluminum has a density around one third that of steel or copper making
it one of the lightest commercially available metals. The resultant high strength to weight
ratio makes it an important structural material allowing increased payloads or fuel savings
for transport industries in particular. When exposed to air, a layer of aluminum oxide forms
almost instantaneously on the surface of aluminum. This layer has excellent resistance to
corrosion. It is fairly resistant to most acids but less resistant to alkalis. Aluminum can be
severely deformed without failure. This allows aluminum to be formed by rolling,
extruding, drawing, machining and other mechanical processes. It can also be cast to a high
tolerance.

 The Aluminum Beverage Can.

By: Hosford, William F. and John L. Duncan
September 2004, pp. 48-53.

The raw material of the aluminum beverage can is, of course, aluminum. Aluminum is
derived from an ore called bauxite. U.S. aluminum producers import bauxite, primarily
from Jamaica and Guinea. The bauxite is refined and then smelted, and the resulting molten
aluminum is cast into ingots The aluminum base, for beverage cans consists mostly of
aluminum, but it contains small amounts of other metals as well. These are typically
1% magnesium, 1% manganese, 0.4% iron, 0.2% silicon, and 0.15% copper. A large
portion of the aluminum used in the beverage can industry is derived from recycled
material. Twenty-five percent of the total American aluminum supply comes from recycled
scrap, and the beverage can industry is the primary user of recycled material. The energy
savings are significant when used cans are remelted, and the aluminum can industry now
reclaims more than 63% of used cans. Some aluminum is lost at several points in the
manufacturing process—when the blanks are cut and the ears are trimmed—but this scrap
can be reused. Cans which have been used and discarded by consumers can also be reused,
and as mentioned above, recycled material makes up a significant percentage of the
aluminum used for beverage cans. The savings from recycling are quite significant to the
industry. The major expense of the beverage can is in the energy needed to produce the
aluminum, but recycling can save up to 95% of the energy cost. Can producers also try to
control waste by developing stronger can sheet so that less aluminum goes into each can,
and by carefully controlling the manufacturing process to cut down on loss through earing.
The lid of the typical can is smaller in diameter than the walls in order to conserve the
amount of aluminum that goes into it, and as world-wide demand for beverage cans
continues to grow, the trend is to make the lid even smaller. A new can introduced in 1993
with a lid a quarter-inch smaller in diameter than most cans can save manufacturers $3 per
 thousand. This figure seems small until it is multiplied by the hundreds of millions of cans
produced each day in the U.S. It becomes clear that any small savings in raw materials or
energy can be a major step in conserving both money and resources.

 How Long Does It Take Garbage to Decompose?

By: Solid Waste Management Association of the Philippines (SWAPP), Inc.
2017

Every minute, every day, more than 120,000 aluminum cans are recycled only in
America. But, at the same time, in every three-month period, enough aluminum cans are
thrown away in America that can rebuild the entire American commercial air fleet.
Aluminum cans take 80-200 years in landfills to get completely decomposed. The
increasing waste volume are a major concern for mankind. So, the best way to deal with
this problem is avoiding products that generate waste materials that take more than a year
to decompose in landfills through a proactive design for recycling.