ဖက္ဒရယ္ပညာေရး

odef;Ekdif (armu©ynma&;)

Education in a federal democracy

yHkESdyfjcif;rSwfwrf;
 rmwdum
(1) pdefac:csufrsm;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHzuf'&,fynma&;ed'gef; 1
(2) oif½dk;nTef;wrf; vGwfvyfcGihf 13
(3) bmaMumihf oif&rSmvJ 21
(4) vlrIw&m;rQwrItwGuf ynma&; 27
(5) zuf'&,fynma&;rl0g' vkyfief;pOf 33
(6) tmPmcGJa0xm;aom zuf'&,fynma&; (odkYr[kwf)
(tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ynma&;pepf) 41
(7) zuf'&,fA[dktpdk;&\ ynma&;csKyfudkifrIudk avsmhcsypf&rnfhcsdef 53
(8) Nidrf;csrf;aom zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pDpepf (tdE´d,EkdifiH\ ynma&;) 57
(9) rsm;rsm; oifwkdif;vnf; rwdk;wufyg -
(tdEd´,\ oif½dk;tusyftwnf;wpf&yf) 77
(10) 0efBuD;csKyftwGuf tdrfpm
(tdEd´,\ ynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifjcif;) 81
(11) zuf'&,ftodynmvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk wnfaxmifjcif;
(MopaMw;vsm;EkdifiHynma&;) 89
(12) todynmrsKd;qufudk ysKd;axmif?
todynmpD;yGm;a&;udk vufqihfurf;jcif; 99
(13) vpfb&,fynma&;a&SUaqmif (,lauEkdifiHynma&;pepf) 107
(14) tm&Synma&;udk cHpm;Munhfjcif; 125
(15) rdcifbmompum;oifMum;a&; tifwmAsL; 129
(16) rwljcif;rsm;\ wefzdk; 135
(17) ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESihf vlrsKd;rsm; 139
(18) rdcifbmompum;tajcjyK oif,ljcif;jzihf
bmompum;ynma&; ydkrdk wdk;wufEkdif 151
(19) ,Ofaus;rI A[k0g' 157
(20) A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif; decentralisation 167
(21) y&yf&Sm;ausmif;q&mxk&JU atmifyGJESihf
rGeforkdif;q&mBuD;&JU tdyfruf 179
(22) ynma&;ESihf a&G;aumufyGJ 187
(23) jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&topftwGuf
ynma&;pdefac:csuf 10 &yf 197
 trSmpm
EdkifaiGodrf;
tNidrf;pm; wkdif;ynm0ef?
tNidrf;pm; nTefMum;a&;rSL;?
ynma&;0efBuD;Xme?
OuúX? rGef'Drdkua&pDygwD/
 trSmpm
OD;wifnTefY
pma&;q&mBuD;
9
10
 pdefac:csufrsm;ESihf
jrefrmEkdifiH zuf'&,fynma&;ed'gef;

rwluGJjym;aom EdkifiHawmf
rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIrSm 'Drkdua&pD\ tm;jzpfonf[lí qdkMuyg
onf/ rwluGJjym;jcif;rSm wu,fawmhvnf; obm0ed,mrw&m; wpfckrQ
om/ ydkrdk,Ofaus;aom rsufarSmufacwf vlYabmifudk &Sifoef pnfyifap
jcif;? o[Zmw jzpfapjcif;ESihf OD;aqmif xdef;ausmif; yJhudkifjcif;rSm rwl
uGJjym; jcm;em;rIudk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;yif jzpfonf[lí 'Drdkua&pD ekdifiHa&; okc
rdefwdkYu qdkMuonf/ ynma&;wGif þ rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;rIwdkYudk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;rSomvQif ydkrdkí o[Zmwjzpfaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;?
wef;wla&;ESihf zGHYNzdK;a&;wdkYudk a&S;&Iaom tem*wfudk ydkifqkdifekdifygrnf/
uav;i,fwdkYonf arG;&myg ADZESihf pGrf;&nf rwlMuyg/ 0goem
rsm;vnf; uGJjym;Muonf/ rwlaom ÓPf&nf trsKd;rsKd;ESihf oif,laeMuonf/
vlrsKd;ESihf rdcifbmom pum;rsm;vnf; jcm;em;aewwfonf/ &SifoefBuD;jyif;
&m a'oEÅ& ywf0ef;usifrSmvnf; uGJjym;Edkifao;onf/ b0 aemufcHrsm;
rSmvnf; tajctae trsKd;rsKd;/ vlrIpD;yGm; tqihftwef;csif;vnf; uGm[Mu
ygonf/ ynma&;pdwfynmrS axmufjyxm;onfrSm EkdifiHawmf\ a'o
toD;oD;&Sd uav;i,fwdkYonf rwl uGJjym;rIrsm;pGmjzihf ausmif;ESihf pmoif
1
 zuf'&,fynma&;

cef;rsm;wGif wufa&mufvsuf &SdaeMuonf/ txifu&jzpfaom rwluGJjym;

onfh tkyfpkrsm;udk rsKd;wl pkpnf;í avhvmekdifonf/ rwluGJjym;rIudk
wpfOD;csif; oabmjzpfap? tkyfpktvdkufjzpfap ynma&;pepf? oif&dk;
ñTef;wrf;ESihf pmoifausmif;rl0g'wdkYwGif rvGJraoG xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;oihf
ygonf/ þodkYjzihf wpfoD;yk*¾v zGHYNzdK;rIudk xdxda&mufa&muf tultnD
ay;ekdifjcif;tjyif vlrItodkif;t0dkif; wpfckvHk;twGufvnf; ydkrdk vufawGYus
aom? tusKd; jzpfxGef;aom pmoifausmif;rsm; jzpfvmEkdifygrnf/
rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;? vlrsKd;EG,frsm;ESihf ,HkMunfudk;uG,f&m
bmomw&m;rsm;tjyif acwfumv ,Ofaus;rIyHkpH trsKd;rsKd;? tawG;tac:
t,ltq trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzihf &Sdaeonfh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ynma&;qkdif&m jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mjzpfaom 2014 trsKd;om;
ynma&;Oya'wdkYwGif rwl uGJjym; jcm;em;rIrsm;udk xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;Muyg\
avm/ ynma&;ESihf pmoifausmif;rSm rsufarSmufacwfrQom rubJ tem
*wf EkdifiHawmfESihf vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGuf vm;&mvrf;aMumif;udk azmfaqmif
ay;ekdifygonf/ vdkvm; awmifhwaeMuonfh 'Drdkua&pD? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf
w&m;rQwrIwkdYudk azmfaqmifay;Ekdifrnhf trsKd;om;ynma&; Oya'[k rnf
ol tmrcHygrnfenf;/ 'Drdku&ufwpf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHawmfudk
wnfaqmuf&ef 2008 ckESpf ekdifiHawmf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESihf
þ 2014 Am;&Sif; trsKd;om; ynma&;Oya'wdkYu zuf'&,fvrf;aMumif;udk
wnhfrSefpGm azmfaqmifay;ekdifygrnfavm/

twdwfumv 1947 zuf'&,ftdyfrufESifh 2014 ynma&; ueOD;ajcvSrf;rsm;

1947 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;umv rwkdifrD wkdifjyKjynfjyK vTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;
u rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk wefzdk;xm;NyD; wkdif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rIwdkY ydkrdk
o[Zmw jzpfaprnfh zuf'&,fpepf (wenf;tm;jzihf) “taoG;ta&mifpHk
,Ofaus;rIpepf” multiculturalism udk wnfaqmuf&ef arQmfrSef;cJhMuonf/
ynma&;wGifvnf; “taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;rIynma&;pepf multicul-
tural education” udk usihfoHk;Mu&ef wdkifyif aqG;aEG;cJhMuzl;onf/ ]]A[k

2
 odef;Ekdif

,Ofaus;rI ynma&;pepf[kvnf; ac:qdkEkdifygonf/ þonfrSmvnf;

zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpepfudk taumif;qHk;aom armif;ESiftm;taejzihf
ynma&;u jznfhqnf;ay;&ef &nf&G,f&if; &SdcJhyHk&ygonf/
rsufarSmufacwf 21 &mpk\ urÇmhzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEkdifiHrsm;
wGif 'Drkdua&pDESihf zuf'&,fpepf &Sifoef pnfyifap&eftwGuf rwluGJjym;rI
udk xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;onfh taoG;ta&mifpHk ynma&;pepfudk atmif
atmifjrifjrif usihfoHk;vsuf &SdaeMuonfudk avhvmawGY&Sd&onf/ wkdif;jynf
\ yuwd vlrIt&Sdw&m;rsm;udk tajccHvsuf ynma&;vIrIaA' qkdif&m
okawoe avhvmrIrsm;? wkdif;&if;om; nDñGwfa&; tjrifoabmxm;rsm;?
zuf'&,f,Ofaus;rI tajccHrsm;tay: aphikHpGm oHk;oyfNyD; ynma&;pepfudk
wnfaqmufjcif;[lívnf; qdkekdifygonf/
1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf acwftqufquf jrefrmEkdif
iHwGif ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI tcsKdUawmhjzihf &SdcJhygonf/ txl;ojzihf
tpdk;& tajymif;tvJjzpfwkdif;? (odkYr[kwf) EkdifiHawmftmPm odrf;,lNyD;wkdif;
ynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef BudK;pm;rItcsKdU &SdcJhonf/ ynma&;pepf
tajymif;tvJ umvwkdif;wGif tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m rsm;pGm yg&SdaecJhonf/ tm
Pm&Sif(ydkif) wkdYpdwfBudKuf wif;usyf vGef;aom ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIwdkY
jzpfojzihf wdkif;&if;om; jynfolwdkY\ ynma&; tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf t&nf
taoG;twGuf &wufrat; jzpfcJhMu&onf/ txl;ojzihf 1962 ckESpfwGif
“ynma&;qkwfuyf” rSm 0rf;enf;zG,f&m pwifcJhawmhonf/ yGihfvif; vGwf
vyfaom 'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm vGwfvyfa&;oufwrf; i,fekpOfrSmyif uG,f
aysmufcJhawmhonf/ 2012 ckESpf rwkdifrDtxd ESpf 50 rQ rD'D,mrsm; wGif
ynma&;qkdif&m jiif;ckH aqG;aEG;rIrsm;? a0zefwifjyrIrsm;? qefYusifzuf
tjrif rsm;udk vufcH aqG;aEG;rIrsm;tm; azmfjycGihf r&&SdcJhyg/ ,ck 2014 ck
ESpf? rD'D,macwfOD;? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv? ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
ed'gef;ydkif;odkY pwifaomumv… ponfjzihf acwfyHk&dyfudk azmfusL;Ekdifyg
onf/ ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; tajymif;tvJodkY OD;wnfaeonf[k
,lqzG,f&m&Sdonfh vuf&SdtajctaewGif ynma&;qkdif&mjiif;ckHjcif;rsm;?
a0zef wifjy aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESihf qefYusifzuf tjrifrsm;udk w&m;0if aqG;aEG;

3
 zuf'&,fynma&;

cGihfrsm; ydkrdk&&SdaMumif; avhvmawGY&Sd&ygonf/ q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ydwf

yif wm;qD;cJhaom wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm; oifMum;a&;udkvnf;
jyefvnf toufoGif;&ef w&m;0if BudK;yrf; tm;xkwfrIrsm;txd &Sdvm
cJhonf/
odkY&mwGif ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkolrsm;ESihf tpdk;&\ ynma&;
tm*sif'gwdkYwGifjzpfap? ynma&; ya&mh*sufrsm;wGifjzpfap 'Drkdu&ufwpf
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHawmftwGuf vrf;aMumif; azmfaqmifekdifrIrsm;rSm
tm;enf;vsufyif &Sdaeao;aMumif; wifjyvdkygonf/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDtcsKdUESihf
ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&m wufMuGvIyf&Sm;ol tcsKdUwdkYu OD;aqmif
aom ynma&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ESihf wkdif;&if;om; e,fajra'orsm;&Sd ynma&;
vkyfief;rsm;? pDrDemrsm;? tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif tOD;tp ajcvSrf;rsm;
taejzihf rSwf,lekdifonfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk ynma&;qdkif&m udpörsm;udk
xnhfoGif;vsuf aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; pwifaeonfudk owdjyKrdygonf/ wdkif;
&if;om; jynfolvlxk\ vlrI yuwdt&Sdw&m;rsm;? vdktyfcsuf qE´rsm;
tay: tajccHvsuf wekdifwydkif ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;? pmoifcef;
twGif;xd oufa&mufrI &Sdapaom oif&dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm;? oifMum;enf;
rsm;? taMumif;t&mrsm;udkvnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJvmjcif;rsm;rSm udk,fh0ef
udk,fxrf;vsuf zuf'&,fynma&;pepfudk a'oEÅ&tqihf wnfaqmuf&ef
BudK;yrf;rIrsm;taejzihf oHk;oyf&ygonf/

ynma&;ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifU tjiif;tckH
q,fpkESpf 2 ckausmftMum 2010 a&G;aumufyGJwGif tmPm &,l
xm;aom OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&ESihf ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeuvnf; ynma&;qkdif&m
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vkyfaqmifaeaMumif; owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;
rD'D,mrsm;wGif rMumrMum zwf&I&onf/ txl;ojzihf &efukefwuúodkvf
pdef&wkcef;rESihf aejynfawmfwdkYwGif “trsKd;om; ynma&;Oya' (rlMurf;)”
udk tvkyf&Hk aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;? EkdifiHawmftqihf aqG;aEG;yGJ
rsm;jzihf usif;yMuaMumif; owif;rsm;yif/ tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; t&yfzuf
vlrI tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ESihf tjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;? EkdifiHa&;

4
 odef;Ekdif

ygwDrsm;? CBO, NGO rsm;? vlYtcGihfta&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf q&mor*¾rsm;

pkzGJYxm;onhf ynma&;pepf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; EkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m uGef,uf
NNER wdkYu 2014 trsKd;om; ynma&;Oya'udk tjyif;txef qefYusif
uefYuGufvsuf &Sdaeonf/
txl;ojzihf wkdif;&if;om; jynfolvlxk\ ynma&;qE´tay:wGif
tajcrcHjcif;? ausmif;om;xk? ausmif;q&m?q&mrrsm; udk,fwkdif yg0if
a&;qGJcGihf r&&SdcJhjcif;? vlxktBuHjyKcsufrsm;tay: xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;rI r&Sd
jcif;rsm;? ynma&;vGwfvyfcGihf tvGeftrif; tm;enf;aeao;jcif;? A[dkOD;pD;
csKyfudkifrI wif;usyfaeqJjzpfonfhtjyif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ ynma&;
tcGihfta&;tay: tajcrcHxm;jcif;? roefpGrf; uav;i,frsm;twGuf cGJ
jcm;xm;aom Oya'jzpfjcif;? q&mor*¾rsm;ESihf ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; vGwf
vyfpGm zGJYpnf;cGihf? pnf;&Hk;cGihf? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdk aqG;aEG;cGihfESihf vGwf
vyfpGm a&G;cs,fcGihfwdkYudk tmrcHcsuf ray;Ekdifjcif; ponfh tcsuftvuf
rsm;tay:wGif uefYuGuf qefYusifMuaMumif; avhvm awGY&Sd&ygonf/
ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;\ tvkyfwefzdk;ESihf *kPfodu©mwdkYudkvnf;
trsKd;om; ynma&;Oya'u umuG,fay;jcif;? wdk;jr§ihf aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkY
tm;enf;aMumif; axmufjyxm;onf/ oif&dk;ñTef;wrf;qkdif&m u@wGif
vnf; rwluGJjym;aom wkdif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;twGuf vGwfvyfcGihf ydkrdk
&&SdoifhaMumif; tBuHjyKxm;Muonf/ ynma&; tqihftwef; uGmjcm;csuf
r&Sdap&eftwGuf tedrfhqHk;pH owfrSwfcsuf vdktyfaeqJ/
ynma&; t&nftaoG; wkd;wuf aumif;rGefapa&;twGuf oif
Mum;rI-oif,lrI enf;vrf;rsm;? ynm&nfwkd;wufrIudk ppfaq; tuJjzwf
onfh pepfrsm;ESihf ynma&;toHk;p&dwf bwf*swfqkdif&m jyXmef;csufrsm;wGif
vnf; tjrifoabmxm; rwlMuyg/

Oya' jyXmef;cJUavNyD
or®wOD;odef;pdefuvnf; trsKd;om;ynma&; Oya'Murf;wGif yg
0ifonfh pepfwpfckvHk;onf aemif 13 ESpf MumrSom tm;vHk; taumif
txnfaz:Ekdifrnf[k rSwfcsufjyKaMumif;vnf; zwf&I&onf/ jynfaxmifpk
5
 zuf'&,fynma&;

vTwfawmfrS twnfjyKxm;aom trsKd;om; ynma&;Oya'Murf;udk EkdifiH

awmf or®wu oabmwl vufcHjcif;r&SdbJ jyefvnfjyifqif&ef jynf
axmifpk vTwfawmfodkY jyefvnfay;ydkYxm;onfh oabmxm; rSwfcsuf 25
csufwGif þtcsufrSm wpfcsufjzpfonf/
rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl 2014 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv 30 &ufaeYwGif
usif;yjyKvkyfaom jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;wGif trsKd;om;
vTwfawmfrS twnfjyKxm;onfh jyifqifcsuf 71 csuftay: rlwnf
aqG;aEG;NyD; trsKd;om;ynma&; Oya'Murf;wpfckvHk;udk twnfjyKcJhjyD jzpf
onf/ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu ,if;Oya'Murf;udk twnfjyKvdkufNyDjzpf
onfhtwGuf EkdifiHawmfor®wu vufrSwf a&;xdk;NyD;ygu Oya'tjzpf
xkwfjyef jyXmef;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
trsKd;om;ynma&;Oya'udk jyKpka&;qGJolrsm;? oabmwlaxmufcH
olrsm;? twnfjyK jyXmef;aom tpdk;&ESihf vTwfawmf ponfwkdYESihf tjyif;
txef uefYuGufqefYusif olrsm;tMum; ynma&; tawG;tac:? t,ltq?
tusihftBuHESihf ynma&;rl0g'wdkY\ tuGmta0;rSmum; tcsKd;&m BuD;BuD;
jzihf ydkrdk a0;uGm? us,fjyefYeuf&dIif;cJh&NyD/ þonfrSmvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtajymif;
tvJtwGuf r&Sdrjzpf ]]w&m;0if tuGmta0;}} wpfck[lí qdkcsifygonf/

zuf'&,fynma&;taMumif; ajymMuygpdkh
ynma&;qkdif&m ajymif;vJrI acgif;pOfrsm;wGif pdk;pOf;i,frQ rMum;
&? rjrif&? rzwf½I&ao;onfrSmum; zuf'&,fynma&; taMumif;yif
jzpfyg\/ acwftqufquf rsufuG,fjyK xm;cJhMuonf? wvGJ yHkzsufxm;
Muonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHawmfwnfaqmuf&ef vdktyfcsufudkawmhjzihf 2014-
2015 jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ydkrdk pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sdvmonfudk awGY&ygonf/
wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ b0rsm;? qE´rsm;? &SifoefrIrsm;ESihf xyfwlusaeonfrSm
ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepf[lí uRefawmf oHk;oyfrd
ygonf/ odkYjzpfav&m zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpepftwGuf ydkrdk tmrcHcsuf
ay;rnfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&; pepftaMumif;? zuf'&,fynma&;pepftaMumif;?
taoG;ta&mifpHk,Ofaus;rI ynma&;taMumif;ESihf 21 &mpk\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;

6
 odef;Ekdif

ESihf vlrIo[Zmw oif&dk;ñTef;wrf;taMumif;wdkYudk tus,fw0ifh zGihfxkwf

aqG;aEG;oifhNyD[kvnf; tBuHjyKvdkygonf/ 'Drdkua&pD pHEIef;rsm;tay:
tajccHxm;onhf zuf'&,fynma&;pepfrSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnf
aqmuf&mwGif tc&m usaMumif;udkvnf; aqG;aEG; ajymqdkoihfygonf/
wdkif;&if;om; a'orsm;tvdkuf zuf'&,f ynma&;pepfudk pwif usihfoHk;&ef
vnf; wkdufwGef;vdkygonf/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpktwGuf EkdifiHa&;t&
tajz&SmMuonfhtcsdefESihf wNydKifeufwnf;rSm wkdif;&if;om;rsm;uvnf;
rdrdwdkY udk,fwkdifyif zuf'&,fynma&;udk rl0g'rsm; csrSwfí usihfoHk;oifh
ygonf/ jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd tmPmydkifrsm;ESihf ekdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ydkrdkí em;?
rsufpd yGihfvmapa&;twGuf zuf'&,fynma&; pmrsufESmrsm; ay:xGuf
vmNyD; zuf'&,fynma&; aqG;aEG;oHrsm; pl;&S us,favmif&ygvdrhfrnf/
,ckvrSpwifí zuf'&,fynma&; taMumif;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;
oGm;ygrnf/ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;aMumif;? wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; ta&;?
rsufarSmufacwf 'Drdkua&pDESihf wef;wla&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tay:wGif
zuf'&,f ynma&;qkdif&m tm;jznhf aqmif&GufEkdifrIrsm;udk oHk;oyfoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfudk atmifjrifpGm usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonfh
urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;\ zuf'&,f ynma&;pepf taMumif;wdkYudkvnf; ,SOfwGJ
avhvmEkdifap&ef qufvuf aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf/

zuf'&,fpepf Federalism
zuf'&,fynma&;taMumif;udk tao;pdwf raqG;aEG;rD q&m
q&mrrsm;ESihf jrefrmausmif;om; vli,frsm;twGuf aemufcH A[kokw
taejzihf od&Sdxm;oihfaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepf taMumif;udk
ed'gef;rQ OD;pGm rdwfqufwifjy vdkygonf/ xkdYaemuf 'Drdkua&pD? wef;wla&;?
zuf'&,fpepfwdkYESihf ynma&;rl0g'rsm; tquftpyfudk qufvufwifjy
ygrnf/ pmoifcef;wGif; 'Ddrkdua&pD? zuf'&,ftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESihf ausmif;
ynma&;pepf? wkdif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESihf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;wdkYudkvnf;
tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf/ rwluGJjym;aom wkdif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fpk
rsm;twGuf zuf'&,fynma&;pepf taMumif;udk t"dutm;jzihf r@dKif
7
 zuf'&,fynma&;

jyKvsuf þaqmif;yg;pkudk jyKpka&;om;ygonf/

zuf'&,fpepfrSm urÇmhekdifiHa&;orkdif; pmrsufESmay:wGif usihfoHk;
vmcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif; 200 ausmfrQom &Sdygao;onf/ urÇmhukvor*¾wGif
tzGJY0if EkdifiHaygif; 192 EkdifiH&SdNyD; xkdEkdifiHrsm;wGif tkyfcsKyfrI yHkoP³mef
trsKd;rsKd;ESihf aemufcH ordkif;rsm;vnf; rwl? uGJjym; Muygonf/ þ
ekdifiHrsm;teuf zuf'&,f (odkYr[kwf) zuf'&,fyHkpH tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftm;
usihfoHk;aom EkdifiHaygif;rSm 28 EkdifiH&Sdonf/ tcsKyftm;jzihf zuf'&,f Fed-
eral pepfqdkonfrSm tpdk;& ESpf&yfjzpfaom A[dktpdk;& (zuf'&,ftpdk;&)
ESihf (jynfe,ftpdk;&)? a'oEÅ&tpdk;&wdkYtMum; tmPmcGJa0 tkyfcsKyfaom
pepf[lí qdkEkdifygonf/
þodkYjzihf tpdk;& 2 &yftMum; tmPmcGJa0rItm; tajccHOya'rS
owfrSwfay;xm;&onf/ jzpfavhjzpfx&Sdaom tpdk;& 2 &yftMum; tjiif;
yGm;rIESihf y#dyu©rsm; &Sdvmygu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom cHk½Hk; (odkYr[kwf)
w&m;½Hk;rsm;u tqHk;tjzwfay;Mu&onf/ txl;ojzihf wm0efcHrIESihf
wm0ef,lrIqkdif&m &Sif;vif;rI r&SdonfhtwGuf jyóem wwfavh&Sdonf/
EkdifiHawmf tmPm\ r@dKifoHk;&yfudk zuf'&,ftpdk;&ESihf jynfe,ftpdk;&
tMum; [efcsufnD cGJa0jcif;? tjyeftvSef xdef;ausmif;jcif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&ESihf jynfe,ftpdk;&wdkYtMum; tmPmcsdefcGif
vQm nDrQap&ef jynfolvlxku qHk;jzwf ydkif;jcm;ay;onf/

zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepf\ tm;omcsufrsm;
zuf'&,fpepf\ tm;omcsufrsm;rSm (1) wkdif;&if;om; jynfolvl
xkESihf ydkrdk eD;pyfrI&&Sdjcif;? (2) jynfolESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufedkifjcif;? (3) vl
enf;pk\ tcGihfta&;ESihf tusKd;pD;yGm;wdkYudk umuG,f apmihfa&Smufay;Ekdifjcif;?
(4) ppfrSefaom zuf'&,frsKd;cspfpdwf? EkdifiHcspfpdwf jzpfay:apjcif;? (5)
(zuf'&,f - A[dktpdk;&) taejzihf wpfEkdifiHvHk;\ wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;a&;ESihf
jidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYudktay:wGif xJxJ0if0if tm½Hkpdkuf vkyfaqmifEkdifjcif;? (6)
tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf EkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;? zGHYNzdK;a&;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm;tm;
vufawGYtm;jzihf prf;oyf taumiftxnfaz:Ekdifjcif;? (7) tmPm&Sifrsm;

8
 odef;Ekdif

ray:xGufvmap&ef umuG,f wm;qD;Ekdifjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/

zuf'&,fpepfudk usihfoHk;jcif;jzihf tpdk;&tqihfqihf (zuf'&,f?
jynfe,f? a'oEÅ&) onf wkdif;&if;om; jynfolvlxkESihf ydkrdk eD;pyf xdawGYrI
rsm; &SdaomaMumihf vlxk\ edpö"l0 vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tvG,fwul cHpm;
odjrifEkdifMuonf/ jynfolrsm;uvnf; qE´oabmxm;wkdYudk tcsdefESihf
wajy;nD vG,fvihfwul wifjy aqG;aEG;EkdifMuonf/
zuf'&,fpepfudk usihfoHk;jcif;tm;jzihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf wkdif;jynf
wkd;wuf zGHYNzdK;a&; pDrHudef;rsm; vkyfaqmif&mwGif a'ocHrsm;\ vdktyfcsuf
rsm;? qE´rsm;ESihftnD (odkYr[kwf) a'ocHrsm; oabmwl vufcHEkdifap&ef
vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtjyif pDrHudef;rsm;\ aemufqufwGJ jzpfay:avh&Sdaom
vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf EkdifiHa&; jyóemrsm; rjzpfay:ap&ef jynfolESihf
yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufekdifaom tcGihfta&;rsm;udk &&SdEkdifjcif;yifjzpfonf/
zuf'&,fpepfwGif A[dktpdk;& (zuf'&,ftpdk;&) ESihf jynfe,f
tpdk;&wdkYudk tmPm wef;wl cGJa0xm;jcif;aMumihf jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;tm;
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk tpdk;&u csKyfudkif cs,fvS,fEkdifcGihf r&Sdyg/ odkYaomf
vnf; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk tpdk;&rS csrSwfaom Oya'rsm;tm; jynfe,f
tpdk;&rsm;u vdkufem aqmif&GufMu&onf/
'Drdku&ufwpf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif rQwaom tcGefawmf
rSm vGefpGm ta&;BuD;ygonf/ jynfe,frsm;tvdkuf tcGef aumufcHNyD;vQif
zuf'&,f tpdk;&xH tcsKd;us cGJay;&onf/ jynfe,fwpfckESihf wpfck rwlnD
Ekdifyg/ EkdifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;tm; zuf'&,ftpdk;&u udkifwG,f
aomfjim;vnf; jynfwGif;ukefoG,frIudk jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u OD;aqmif
wm0ef,l aqmif&GufMuonf/ e,fpyfukefoG,frIrsm;twGuf zuf'&,f
rl0g'twkdif; jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm; a'otvkduf jyKjyif usihfoHk;cGihf &Sdonf/
EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;udk A[dktpdk;& (zuf'&,ftpdk;&) u csKyfudkifonf/
þonfrSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfqkdif&m ynma&;orm;rsm;?
q&mq&mrrsm;ESihf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; avhvm odxm;oihfaom
aemufcHtcsuftvufrsm; tusOf;csKyfjzpfonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&; pepf
rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tus,f avhvmoihfaMumif;vnf; wkdufwGef;vdkygonf/

9
 zuf'&,fynma&;

zuf'&,fynma&;pepfed'gef;
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif (A[kd) tpdk;&\
ynma&;qkdif&m wm0efESihf 0wÅ&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jzwfay; xm;ygonf/ txl;
ojzihf zuf'&,ftpdk;&onf trsKd;om;ynma&; rl0g'rsm;ESihf wpfEkdifiHvHk;
tay: vTrf;NcHKaprnfh ynma&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk csrSwfa&;qGJonf/ ynm
a&;wef;wl nDrQjcif; udpö&yfrsm;? uav;wkdif; ynmoifMum;cGifh &&Sda&;
udpörsm;? t&nftaoG; jrihfrm;a&;udpörsm;ESihf tqihfjrihfESihf EkdifiHwum
ynma&;? ynm&Siftqihf okawoe vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk wm0ef,lygonf/
zuf'&,fynma&;0efBuD; xm;&SdNyD; ygvDrefwGifvnf; ynma&; twGif;0ef
rsm; xm;&Sdonf/ jynfe,ftvkduf ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeudk xm;&SdMuonf/
ynma&; toHk;p&dwftm; zuf'&,ftpdk;& (A[dktpdk;&) \
jyXmef;csufrsm;tay: tajccHí oufqkdif&m jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u vGwf
vyfpGm wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&onf/ zuf'&,fESihf jynfe,ftpdk;wdkYu
wkduf&dkuf 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI r&SdbJ udk,fykdifausmif;rsm;? wkdif;&if;om;
trsKd;om; ausmif;rsm;rSmvnf; udk,fydkif rl0g'rsm; csrSwf usihfoHk;EkdifcGihf
&Sdonf/ wpfjynfe,fvHk;&Sd ausmif;aet&G,f uav;i,fwkdif; pmoifcef;
twGif;&SdaeNyD; t&nftaoG;jrihf tcrJhynma&; &&Sdapa&;rSm jynfe,f
tpdk;&rsm;wGif t"du wm0ef&Sdonf/ tEGrf;yg;qHk;rdom;pkrS uav;i,frsm;
t&nftaoG; jynfhrDaom tajccHynma&;udk qHk;cef;wkdifatmif wuf
a&mufcGihf &&Sda&;rSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHtwGif;&Sd jynfe,f tpdk;&
rsm;\ yifrwm0efjzpfonf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&\ atmifjrifrIudk ppfaq;
wkdif;wmEdkifaom zuf'&,f pHowfrSwfcsufwpfck[kvnf; qdkMuonf/
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfwGif jynfe,fynma&;Xmeu rdrdwkdY
oufqkdif&m jynfe,frsm;twGif;&Sd jynfolvlxk\ ynma&;udk rlBudK
tqihfrSonf rlvwef;? tv,fwef;ESihf txufwef;ynma&;udk vHk;0
wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufonf/ yk*¾vduvGwfvyfcGihf &Sdojzihf oD;oefYausmif;
rsm;udkvnf; zGihfvSpfcGihf ay;xm;ygonf/ oufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynma&;udk
jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'o wm0ef,lygonf/
oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynma&;ESihf tqihfjrihfwuúokdvfynma&;rSm
10
 odef;Ekdif

rnfonfh tpdk;&vufatmufwGifrS r&Sdyg/ zuf'&,f tpdk;&jzpfjzpf? jynfe,f

tpdk;&rsm;ujzpfap wuúodkvfynma&;udk wkduf½dkuf yg0ifaqmif&GufcGihf
r&Sdyg/ q&mtwwfoif ynma&;udk tpdk;&vufatmufcH r[kwfaom
udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyf pDrHcGihf&aom wuúodkvfrsm;ESihf jynfe,ftpdk;& ynma&;
XmewkdYu yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufonf/
wuúodkvfrsm;u q&mtwwfynm oifMum;a&;? bGJYcsD;jr§ihf ay;
tyfjcif; udpörsm; aqmif&GufNyD; jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;u todtrSwfjyK
q&mtwwfynm vkdifpifudk xkwfa0;jcif;jzpfonf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u
todtrSwfjyK wuúodkvfwpfckcku ynma&;bGJY &&Sdxm;olrsm;\ ½dk;om;
ajzmihfrwfrI? uav;oli,frsm;ESihf oifMum;a&;tvkyf vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf;? oihf
awmfrI &Sd-r&Sd? tusihfpm&dwåESihf tjcm; tcsuftvufrsm;udk ppfaq;NyD;rS
omvQif ]]oifMum;a&;vkdifpif}} xkwfay;onf/ ynma&;wuúodkvfrS bGJY
'D*&DESihf jynfe,ftpdk;& todtrSwfjyK q&mtwwfynm vdkifpif &&Sdxm;ol
rSomvQif pmoifcef;twGif; 0ifa&mufNyD; ausmif;q&mvkyfcGihf? oifMum;cGihf
&Sdonf/ q&mtwwfynm vdkifpif r&&Sdygu tjcm;r[mbGJYrsm;? yg&*lbGJYrsm;
&&Sd xm;olrsm;yif jzpfapumrl (rl?v,fxuf) ausmif;pmoifcef; twGif;
0ifa&mufí pmoifMum;cGihf r&Sdyg/ þonfrSm Oya'jyK jyXmef; xm;onfh
zuf'&,f ynma&;qkdif&m q&mtwwfynma&;u@ wpfpdwfwpfa'o
jzpfonf/
oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (atmufwdkbm? 2014)

11
 zuf'&,fynma&;

12
 odef;Ekdif

oif½dk;nTef;wrf; vGwfvyfcGihf

ynmtzGihf

ynma&;udk t"dyÜg,f trsKd;rsKd; zGihfqdkMuygonf/ acwfpepf\ vdk

tyfcsuft&? &SifoefrI vdktyfcsuft& zGihfqdkMujcif;jzpf&m a'otvdkuf?
acwftvdkuf uGJjym;Ekdifygonf/ bHkpHEIef;rsm; wlnDonfhwkdifatmif ynma&;
OD;wnfcsufrSm uGJvGJEkdifygonf/ a,bk,s t"dyÜg,f zGihfqdkcsufrsm;xJwGif
]]vlom;wdkY\ b0 vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihftnD vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; vdkuf
avsm nDaxG jidrf;csrf;pGm &Sifoef aexdkifEkdifa&; twGuf BuHpnf? pdwful;
wDxGif vkyfaqmifEkdifonfh pGrf;&nfrsm; &&Sdatmif jyKpkysKd;axmif avhusifh
oifMum;ay;jcif;}}” [lí jzpfonf/ jrefrmhynma&;udk q&mpOfquf zGihfqdk
cJhonfh tjrifwpfckvnf; jzpf\/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk\ ynma&;
arQmfrSef;csuf taejzihfvnf; a,bk,s vufcHEkdifp&m[k &Ijrifygonf/
odkY&mwGif ar;cGef;rsm;pGm ay:xGufvmygonf/ wkdif;&if;om;wdkY\
b0vdktyfcsufrSm tb,fenf;? olwdkY\ &SifoefrItwGuf vdktyfaom
pGrf;&nfrsm;udk rnfodkY owfrSwfxm;ygoenf;? rnfolwdkYu jyXmef;owfrSwf
13
 zuf'&,fynma&;

xm;aom t&mrsm;enf;/ rnfonfhpepfESihf vdkufavsmnDaxG Nidrf;csrf;atmif

aexkdif&ygrnfenf;/ aocsmonfrSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk vlrItaqmuf
ttHkESihf ppfrSefaom jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk vGrf;arm arQmf&nfwrf;w ae
Mu&qJ jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wdkY tzdkY tESpf 50 jrefrmhynma&;rS jynhfjynhf
00? rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&cJhMuao;jcif;yif/ þwGif ynma&;pepfxJrS oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;tay: ar;cGef; xkwfp&m jzpfvmawmhonf/

zuf'&,f oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;[lí qdkonfESihf zwfpmtkyfrsm;udkom ajy;jrifMu
onfrSmvnf; jrefrmhynma&;\ vGefpGm usOf;ajrmif;vSaom qdk;arGwpfckyif/
a,bk,sqdk&vQif oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;onf bmom&yfrsm;? vufawGY vkyf
aqmifcsufrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lavhvmrI tawGYtBuHKrsm;udk
pDpOfxm;&SdrIyifjzpfonf/ wefzdk; wpfpHkwpf&m &Sdaomfjim;vnf; jyXmef;
zwfpm tkyfrsm;udkomvQif qdkvdkjcif; (vHk;0) r[kwfyg/ xdkYtwl bmom&yf
todynmrsm;? yHkpHcs oifMum;rIrsm;xufvnf; ydkrdk av;euf us,f0ef;
ygonf/ ydkrdk pkd;&drfzG,f&mrSm oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;pHEIef;rsm; r&Sdao;jcif;yifjzpf
onf/ twef;ESihf touft&G,fvdkuf wufajrmuf&rnfh pGrf;&nfrsm;twGuf
pHEIef; owfrSwfcsufrsm; vdktyfygonf/ zuf'&,foif½dk; pHEIef;tay:wGif
xyfqihfí rwluGJjym;aom wkdif;&if;om; uav;rsm;twGuf a'otvdkuf
qufvufNyD; oif&dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm;udkvnf; jyXmef;ydkifcGihf xm;&Sdjcif;jzihf
zuf'&,f ynma&; ½kyfvHk;MuG touf0ifvmygrnf/
wkdif;&if;om;uav;i,frsm;\ rdom;pktdrfwGif;? &yf&GmtwGif;?
pmoifcef;twGif;? ausmif;twGif;? "gwfcGJ prf;oyfcef;twGif;? pmMunhf
wkduftwGif;? awmawmifrsm;twGif;? upm;uGif;twGif;ESihf edpö'l0 awGYBuHK
rI tpkta0; wpf&yfvHk;udk oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;[lí 21 &mpk ynma&;u
t"dyÜg,f zGihfqdkxm;&Sdonf/ þtcsufudk zuf'&,f ynma&;pepf\ oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;u@wGif rvGJraoG xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ygvdrfhrnf/
ynm&Siftrsm;pk\ ,lqcsufukd xif[yfaponfh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
zGihfqdkcsuft& wkdif;&if;om; ausmif;q&mwdkYonf a&SUaqmifvrf;jyol jzpf

14
 odef;Ekdif

onfqdkygu (þonfrSmvnf; &yfxJ&GmxJ ajymqdkaeus jrefrmpum;

wpf&yfyif?) oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;onf todw&m;tzHkzHkudk &nfñTef;onhf vrf;jy
rD;&I;wkdifyifjzpfonf/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm;udk,fwkdif zefwD; xkqpfxm;onhf
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; rD;&I;wkdifawmhvnf; jzpfoihfonf r[kwfygvm;/
zuf'&,fpepftwGif; ausmif; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;onf wkdif;&if;om;
wdkY\ OD;wnf&m yef;wkdifudk wnfhrwfpGm xm;&SdoihfNyD; uav;rsm;udk &nf
&G,fcsufrJh? OD;wnf&mrJh b0rsm;jzihf &SifoefaeMu&jcif;tygt0if yk*¾vzGHYNzdK;
wkd;wufrIESihf &SifoefrItwGuf uHMur®mESihf olwyg; zefwD;onfh tcGihf
ta&;tay:wGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; trSDo[JjyKae&jcif;? rMumcP ]]bk&m;
w}} ae&jcif; ab;'ku©rsm;rS uif;a0;ap&ef umuG,fxm; &Sdavonf/

zuf'&,fynma&;twGuf pdefac:rIESifh EkdifiHa&; t0dZÆmab;

zuf'&,f 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif todÓPfynmqkdif&m pdefac:rI
wpfck&Sdaeygonf/ txl;ojzifh ynma&;qkdif&m pdefac:rI[k qdkMuonf/
EkdifiHa&;wGif oufa&mufrIrsm;pGm &Sdaom pdefac:rI[lívnf; qdkMuygonf/
'Drdkua&pD\ qdk;jypf[líyif wifpm;xm;Muao;onf/ odkYaomf zefwD;?
jznfhqnf; ,lEkdifygonf/
zuf'&,frlt& zuf'&,f? jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ& tqihfqifhaom
tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&rsm;udk jynfolvlxku wkduf½dkuf a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufcGihf
&SdonfhtwGuf jynfoljynfom;rsm;? jynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;ESihf
aus;vuf vlxkwdkY\ ekdifiHa&;todÓPf jynfh0rI &Sdjcif;rSm pdefac:csufyif
jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfav&m a&G;aumufyGJwGifjzpfap? trsm;ESihf qkdif&mEkdifiHa&;
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGifjzpfap vlxk\ todÓPfynm tm;enf;ae
jcif;u cRwfacsmfrI? pHvGJrIESihf qHk;jzwfcsuftrSm;wkdYudk jzpfapEkdifygonf/
vSnfhpm;wwfolrsm;\ upm;uGufxJodkY wdrf;apmif; a&muf&SdapEkdifav
onf/ þonfrSm ynma&;ESihf zuf'&,f'Drkdua&pDekdifiHa&;\ wkduf½dkuf
tcsKd;usrI[kvnf; ½IjrifEkdifygonf/
1950 0ef;usifu xkwfa0cJhaom ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSonf ukv
or*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhol OD;oefY\ ]]jynfa&;jynf&m
15
 zuf'&,fynma&;

oifMum;enf;}} pmtkyfrSm vGwfvyfpEkdifiHtwGuf jrefrmhynma&;ESihf

ausmif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk acwfrD apcJhrnfhtjyif 'Drdkua&pDESihf zuf'&,f
ynma&;twGuf ed'gefysKd; rdwfqufay;Ekdifonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ pmtkyfxJ
wGif jynfoljynfom;aumif; wpfOD;taejzihf avhusihf ysKd;axmifay;&rnhf
todÓPfrsm;? pGrf;&nfrsm;ESihf tawG;tjrifrsm;udk wifjyxm;cJhonf/
pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD EkdifiHa&;ESihf jynfa&;jynf&mwdkYudk twdt
vif; xnhfoGif; oifMum;oifhaMumif; OD;oefYu wifjyxm;cJhonf/ odkYrSom
vQif t&G,fa&mufcsdef? qE´rJ ay;csdefwdkYwGif EkdifiHa&; todw&m;&Sd&Sd yg0if
aqmif&GufekdifMurnfjzpfonf/ rdrdEkdifiHESihf rdrd jynfe,f? rdrd &yfaus;wdkYudk
tkyfcsKyfrnfholrsm; a&G;cs,f&mwGifjzpfap? Oya'jyK jyXmef;&mwGifjzpfap
zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pD tusihftBuHESihf pHEIef;wdkYudk jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd jynfol
wdkYu xdef;odrf;xm;ekdifrnf/ þoif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rSm 1962 ckESpf ppftmPm
odrf;NyD;aemufydkif; jrefrmhynma&;&Icif;rS vHk;0 uG,faysmufcJh&avonf/
zuf'&,f'Drkdua&pDtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh jynfolYeDwDESihf
ekdifiHom;ynma&;bmom oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk jyefvnf toufoGif;&ef
wkdufwGef;vdkygonf/ EkdifiHa&;ESihf vlrIa&;t& qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfEkdifpGrf;&Sdol
rsm;taejzihf ysKd;axmifay;rnfh bmom&yfjzpfav&m vlenf;pk wkdif;&if;om;
uav;i,frsm;twGuf ydkrdk ta&;BuD;vSonf/
ynma&; okawoDwpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwmodef;vGifu ol\ jref
rmEkdifiH 'Drkdua&pDESihf ynma&; pmwrf;xJwGif 'Drdkua&pDynma&;\
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;owfrSwfcsufrSm ta&;BuD;aMumif; wifjyxm;onf/
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHudk owfrSwfonfh ae&mwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;& (odkYr
[kwf) EkdifiHtpdk;&\ ynma&;qkdif&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u wpfekdifiHvHk; vkduf
emoihfaom tedrfhqHk;pH owfrSwfjcif;jzihf pwifjcif;jzpfonf/ tedrfhqHk;pH
qdkonfrSmvnf; jynfe,ftm;vHk;ESihf udkufnDEkdifrnfh? vdkufavsmnDaxG
&SdEkdif rnhf? EkdifiHwum pHEIef;rsm;ESihf vlom;qkdif&m wefzdk; owfrSwfcsufrsm;
yifjzpfonf/ wkdif;&if;om; jynfe,frsm;tvdkuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESihf wkdif;&if;
om; ynm&Sifrsm;u þtedrfhqHk;pH owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk tajccHNyD;
oufqdkif&m jynfe,ftvdkuf bmompum;? ,Ofaus;rI? ½dk;&m"avhxHk;pH?

16
 odef;Ekdif

obm0ywf0ef;usif? vlrI&Icif;ESihf &SifoefrI vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihf udkufnD

rnfh wdkif;&if;om; jynfe,f oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;abmifudk xyfqifh wnf
aqmufEkdifcGihf &Sdoihfygonf/ þonfrSm zuf'&,fynma&;\ oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf; tcGihftmPmudk rQa0jcif; [lívnf; &Ijrifekdifonf/
vlrsKd;tay: tajccHrcHbJ wnfaqmufxm;onfh zuf'&,fpepf
rsm;jzpfonfh MopaMw;vsm;? tar&duef? uae'gwdkYwGifvnf; jynfe,f
tqihf? c&dkiftqihf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; vGwfvyfcGifhudk jyXmef;xm;&Sdonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH\ tdrfeD;csif;vnf;jzpfNyD; urÇmhtBuD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pD[k ac:a0:
onhf tdE´d,EkdifiH\ ynma&;pepfwGifvnf; A[kdtpdk;&\ ynma&;tcGihf
tmPmESihf jynfe,ftpdk;&wdkY\ tcGihftmPmudk ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGihf?
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; zefwD; wnfaqmufydkifcGifhESihf ynma&; vGwfvyfcGihf
tay:wGif tajccH xm;yg onf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rSm tem*wfvrf;aMumif;udk
az:aqmif&ef wm0ef ,lxm;jcif;yif r[kwfygvm;/ wdkif;&if;om; yg&m'kdif
ta&GUrsm; (paradigm shifts) - pepfrsm;\ tajccHusus ajymif;vJjcif; -
twGuf ausmif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rSm tc&m usygonf/ zuf'&,f oif&dk;
ñTef;wrf;pHEIef;udk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKvdkygonf/
ekdifiHa&; t0dZÆmab;'ku©? b0\ qif;&JrI'ku©ESihf vlrItedXm&Hk
'ku©tpkpkwdkYu uif;vGwfapvsuf zGHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf
csrf;omokcw&m;udk aqmifusOf;ay;Ekdifap&ef zuf'&,fynma&; pHowf
rSwfcsufESihf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; tcGihftmPm cGJa0rIudk jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;
ynma&; pmrsufESmrsm;u tylwjyif; awmif;qdkvsuf &Sdaeavonf/ þ
ynma&; pmrsufESmrsm; ryg&Sdygu zuf'&,fpmcsKyfrsm;? Oya'rsm;ESihf
Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;rIrsm;rSm wdkif;&if;om; uav;i,fwdkY\ tem*wfb0
rsm;udk vspfvsL½I&m a&mufaeygvdrhfrnf/

udk,fUoif½dk;ñTef;wrf; udkf,fzefwD;cGifU
jrefrmEkdifiH\ acwftqufquf ynma&;Oya'wdkYwGif roif
rae& ynma&;u@udkawmh xnhfoGif; xm;cJhMuygonf/ 1947 rSonf
1974 ESihf 2008? xkdYaemuf tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m 2014 trsKd;om; ynma&;
17
 zuf'&,fynma&;

Oya'txd/ 1973 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH? tajccHynma&; Oya'

twdkif; ESpfaygif; 41 ESpftxd ynma&;pepfESihf tajccHrlrsm;udk rjyK? rjyif?
rajymif;rvJbJ usihfoHk;cJhonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;pepfrSmvnf;
tvm;wl tajymif;tvJ r&SdcJhaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;rSm
tzdk;vufxufuwnf; zwfpmtkyfrsm;twkdif;yif/ rsm;pGm rajymif;vJcJhyg/
2012 ckESpf jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; ed'gef;umv rwkdifrDtxd
wif;usyfvGef;vSonfh A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI ynma&;pepfwGif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
ESihf jynfe,ftoD;oD;\ ynma&; vkyfydkifcGihfrsm; vHk;0OóHk aysmufqHk;aecJh
onf/ wkdif;&if;om;wdkY\ ½dk;&m"avhESihf bmompmay? ,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk
tmPm& tpdk;&rsm;u cGihfrjyKcJhonfhtjyif wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ udk,fxl
udk,fx BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;rSmvnf; taESmuft,Suf rsKd;pHkjzihf
&ifqkdif cJhMu&aMumif; owif;rSwfwrf;rsm;u qdkygonf/ bmompmay
oifMum;rIrsm;rSm yHkpHrsKd;pHkjzihf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;? tusyfudkifjcif;? zrf;qD;
csKyfaESmifjcif;rsm;txd q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm cHpm;cJhMu&onf/
2008 zGJYpnf;yHk tajccH Oya't& jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;wGif ynm
a&;wm0eftcsKdUudk vkyfaqmifcGihf jyKcJhaomfjim;vnf; jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\
wif;usyfvGef;vSaom csKyfudkifcs,fvS,frIatmufwGif xm;&SdqJjzpfonf/
jynfe,ftqihf ynma&;0efBuD;Xmersm;udk owfowfrSwfrSwf rxm;&Sd
ao;yg/ 0efBuD;Xmetqihf xm;&Sd&ef jynfe,frsm;pGmwGif vdktyfaeqJ/
jynfe,ftqihf ynma&;0efBuD;Xmersm;rSm ,ckxuf ydkrdk vGwfvyfaom
ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGihfESihf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;MoZm vdktyfygonf/ zuf'&,f
ynma&;pepf o½kyfouef ay:vGifvmap&ef wkdif;&if;om; jynfe,frsm;
taejzihf ydkrdk tm;xkwf&ygOD;rnf/
trsKd;om;ynma&;Oya'\ tcef; (2) tydk'f 3 wGif tajccHynm
a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk az:jy xm;&Sdaomfjim;vnf; ,if;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;taeESihf t"du wm0ef,l taumiftxnfaz:aqmif
cGihfxuf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ wkduf½dkufBuD;Muyf uGyfuGJrIatmufwGifom
vkyfaqmifrnf[lí qdkvdk&if; &SdyHk&onf/ xkdYtwl tcef; (3) tajccH
ynma&;qkdif&mrlrsm; u@wGifvnf; wkdif;&if;om; jynfe,frsm;taejzihf

18
 odef;Ekdif

ynma&;qkdif&m vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk vrf;ñTefxm;&Sdjcif; rawGY&yg/

odkYjzpfav&m jrefrmwkdif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; ynma&;uGef,uf
MINE u trsKd;om;ynma&; Oya'Murf;xJwGif wkdif;&if;om;wdkY vdkcsif
aom ynma&;pepfrsKd; r[kwfao;aMumif;ESihf rdcifbmompum;rsm;
oifMum;cGihfrSmvnf; pHvGJaeaMumif;udk axmufjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ynm
a&;Oya' jyKpk a&;qGJrnfholrsm;onf rwluGJjym;aom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
taMumif;udk taustvnf avhvm xm;&SdoifhaMumif;ESihf wkdif;&if;om;wdkY
udk,fwkdif rdrdwdkY ynma&;pepfudk vGwfvyfpGm zefwD; wnfaqmufcGihf vdk
tyfaeaMumif; xyfqihfwifjyxm;avonf/
pma&;olwufa&mufcJhonfh wkdif;&if;om; ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
wpfckwGif ucsiforkdif;q&m wpfOD;u oli,fwef;rS 'orwef;txd jynf
wGif; zwfpmtkyfrsm;wGif ucsifESihf ywfoufNyD; pum;vHk; 26 vHk;rQom
yg&SdaMumif; avhvm wifjycJhzl;onf/ þzwfpmtkyfrsm;udk ucsifjynfe,f
wpfckvHk;wGif yHkpHwpfrsKd;wnf;ESihf toHk;jyKMu&onf/ rsKd;EG,fpkwdkY &Sifoef
&eftwGuf rsm;pGm pdk;&drfzG,f&myifjzpf\/
rdcifbmompum;tjyif oif½dk;r@dKifbmompum; medium of
instruction? oif&dk;ñTef;wrf;\ us,fjyefY? rQwrI? twdrfteuf? a'oEÅ&ESihf
udkufnDrI? acwfrDopfvGifrIwdkYtwGuf ynma&; okawoersm;eSihf oif&kd;
ñTef;wrf;ppfwrf;rsm; vdktyfygvdrfhrnf/ txl;ojzihf jrefrmwekdifiHvHk;&Sd
ausmif;olausmif;om; 8 'or 7 oef;xJwGif rdcifbmompum;rSm Arm
pum; r[kwfaom uav;i,f 3 yHk 2 yHkcefYtwGuf epfemrI r&Sdap&ef
ynma&;Oya'u wm0ef,l&ygvdrfhrnf/ (bmompum;rsm;ESihf ywfoufNyD;
oD;oefYaqG;aEG;ygOD;rnf/)
zuf'&,f tem*wfvlYabmifudk zefwD;rnfh wkdif;&if;om;
uav;i,fwdkY\ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;wGif tb,ft&mwdkYukd xif&Sm;ap oihfyg
oenf;/ t-oHk;vHk;udk ausmfvGefNyD;vQif 21 &mpk ynmacwf\ wkd;yGm;
vmaeaom ]t} tvHk;uav; 30 udk ausmif;ynma&;rS jznfhqnf; ay;&
awmhrnf/ 'Drdkua&pDESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;? trsKd;om;trSwftom; vu©Pm?
bmompum;? ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIESihf "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;? uav;i,f\

19
 zuf'&,fynma&;

udk,fum, zGHYNzdK;rI? pdwfESvHk;om; odrfarGYrI? cHpm;rI vef;qef;apjcif;?

udk,fusihfpm&dwå? tcGihfta&;? todynm? rD'D,m? vlrIqufqHa&;? usihf
0wfeDwdESihf yk*¾v oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qkdif&m tvHk;pHk zGHYNzdK; wkd;wufEkdif&ef
rSm wkdif;&if;om; jynfe,ftqihf ausmif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf wnfaqmufEkdifcGihf &Sd&ygrnf/ wif;usyfvGef;aom A[kdcsKyfudkifrI
r&SdbJ ukd,fwkdif pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGihfvnf; vdktyfonf/

zuf'&,fpepf\ tESpfom&jzpfonfh udk,fhMur®m udk,fzefwD;cGihfESihf

wdkuf½dkuf ywfoufaeaom zuf'&,f ynma&;rl0g'rSm udk,fhoif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;udk ukd,fukd,fwkdif zefwD; a&;qGJjcif;yifjzpfygaMumif;/

oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (Ekd0ifbm 2014)? armfvNrdKifNrdKU/

20
 odef;Ekdif

bmaMumihf oif&rSmvJ
oem;p&m ynma&; tjiif;tckHrsm;
EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHwGif zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSm tc&m usouJhodkY
ausmif;ynma&;wGif oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rSm tc&musygonf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
t&omvQif ynma&;\ ta&twGufESihf t&nftaoG; wdk;wufekdifrnf/
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;t&omvQif ynma&;rSwqihf vdkvm;tyfaom vlYtzGJY
tpnf; tajymif;tvJudk jzpfapEkdifygonf/ odkYjzpfav&m oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rSm
tajymus,fjyefYvSaom oabmobm0 &Sdygonf/ tav;teuf xm;Mu&
rnfh ta&;BuD; ynma&;udpö wpf&yfjzpf&HkrQ omrubJ EkdifiHa&;t&vnf;
eufeuf&dIif;&dIif; ywfouf qufEG,faeavonf/ ausmif;ynma&;ESihf
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;tay: ynm&SifwdkYtMum; tjrifrwl? uGJjym; jcm;em;rI
rsm;pGm &Sd&jcif;rSm aemufcH EkdifiHa&;t,ltq? twdrf;tñGwf? vm;&mtjrif
ESihf yHkaz: zefwD;vdkonfh vlYtzGJYtpnf; wnfaqmufrIwdkYESihfvnf; qufEG,f
aejcif;aMumihfyif/ 'Drdku&ufwpf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk EkdifiHrsm;wGif
ausmif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm;ESihf rlabmifudk 4 ESpf wpfBudrf jyifqif
ajymif;vJ a&;qGJMuygonf/
t"dyÜg,ftrsKd;rsKd; zGihfqdkMuaomfjim;vnf; ausmif;ynma&;ESihf
21
 zuf'&,fynma&;

oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk NyD;jynfhpHkaom t"dyÜg,f zGihfqdkEkdifrnf r[kwfygacs/ jref

rmh ynma&;orm;rsm;? ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;? EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tygt0if
ausmif;om;rdbrsm;wGifvnf; rdrdwdkY udk,fykdiftjrifrsm;jzihf ausmif;ynma&;
ESihf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk t"dyÜg,f zGihfqdkaeMuavonf/ aejynfawmfrSjzpf
ap? wdkif;&if;om; ynma&;Xmersm; taejzihfjzpfap? ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
rSjzpfap ]]ynma&;}} [laom t"dyÜg,fudk zGihfqdkcsufrsm;rSm rwlnDaMumif;
awGY&Sd&onf/ xyfwlusaom tjrif[lí r&SdEkdifyg/
ynm&Sif aqmfvfwpf (1978) ckESpf\ Oyrmudk udk;um;NyD; tjcm;
ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol ydkYw,fvDrS þodkY rSwfcsufcscJhonf/ ]]...oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;\ t"dyÜg,f zGihfqdkrIudk &SmyHkawmf zGihfaeolrsm;rS oem;p&myif
jzpfawmhonf/ om;&Jwd&dpämefwdkYudk ab;rJhvTwfxm;aom qmz&Dawmeuf
xJwGif aoewfi,fav; wpfvufESihf trJvdkuf rkqdk;ozG,fESihfyif wlae
awmhonf/...}} þjyuf&,fjyKcsuftay:wGif tav;teuf xm;oihfyg
onf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif zuf'&,fjrefrmhynma&;wGif ekdifiHwumpHEIef;rD
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; t"dyÜg,fudkawmhjzihf zuf'&,fynma&;rl t&jzpfap?
oufqdkif&m jynfe,f tvdkufjzpfap? &Sif;vif;&ygrnf/
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ uefYuGufrIrsm;jzihf &ifqdkifae&aom ae
jynfawmf\ 2014 trsKd;om; ynma&;Oya'? tcef; (1) tydk'f (v) wGif
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk þodkY zGihfqdk &Sif;vif;xm;&Sdonf/ ]]...(v)
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; qdkonfrSm ynma&; &nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifap&ef
&nf&G,fí oif,lrI &v'frsm;? oif½dk;0if taMumif;t&mrsm;? oifMum;
oif,lrI enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf wwfajrmufrI ppfaq;jcif;wdkY tygt0if
ausmif;wGif;ESihf ausmif;jyifwdkYü avhvmoif,l&rnfh ynm&yfe,fy,f
tvdkuf pepfwus a&;qGJ owfrSwfxm;aom tpDtpOfrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/}}
a,bk,susaom þt"dyÜg,f zGihfqdkcsufxJwGifvnf; zuf'&,f ynma&;
qkdif&m ar;cGef;rsm; yg&Sdaeygonf/ txl;ojzihf “]]ynma&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;
atmifjrifap&ef &nf&G,fí}}” [k qdkxm;&m þoif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;u
wkdif;&if;om;wdkY\ ynma&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;tay:wGif &mckdifEIef;rnfrQ
aygufa&muf atmifjrifapEkdifygoenf;/ ynma&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm

22
 odef;Ekdif

ekdifiHa&;pepftwGuf armif;ESiftm; jzpfjcif;ESihf tem*wfvm;&mtwGuf

ud&d,mvnf;jzpfonfh tcsufrsm;udkawmhvnf; wkdif;&if;om;wdkYu xnhf
oGif; pOf;pm;&ygvdrfhrnf/

taxmuftuljyK ]jirf;} ozG,f oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;

oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;rSm oifMum;a&;ESihf oif,la&;wdkYudk axmuf

ul ay;xm;aom ud&d,m[k wifpm; ac:a0:Muygonf/ ausmif;ynma&;
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;xJwGif t*FgpOf 4 ydkif; yg&Sdygonf/ (1) oif,l&rnfh
taMumif;t&m? (2) oif,ljcif;-oifMum;jcif;enf;em? (3) ynm&yftvdkuf
twdrf-teuf? tus,ftjyefY? tpDtpOf? (4) wwfajrmufrIudk ppfaq;
jcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ þ 4 ydkif;rSmvnf; wpfckESifh wpfck xyfaeNyD; qufET,frI
rsm;pGm &Sd\/ q&mrsm;twGuf vrf;ñTefay;jcif;ESihf atmufyg ar;cGef;wdkY
udkvnf; ajzqdkay;xm;onf/

• bmudk oif,l&rSmvJ (1 - taMumif;t&m)

• b,fvdk oifay;&rvJ (2 - enf;em)
• b,favmuf eufeuf&dIif;&dIif;? us,fus,fjyefYjyefY oifay;&rvJ (3 -
twdrf-teuf)
• ausmif;om;awG wu,fyJ em;vnf wwfajrmufw,fqdkwm b,fvdk
oufao jyEkdifrvJ (4- ppfaq;jcif;)

zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk\ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm;? tñTef;abmif

u txufyg ar;cGef;rsm;udk q&mq&mrrsm? rdbrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf
jynfolvlxktwGuf ajzqdkjyxm;jcif;yif/ yg;vTmvSaom oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
pHEIef;rsm; tñTef;abmifrSm zuf'&,fynma&;\ axmufwkdiftaejzihf
wnf&SdaeEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,f oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; rl0g'udk wEkdifiHvHk;&Sd vl
wef;pm; tvTmtoD;toD;u taustvnf avhvmaqG;aEG;NyD; ygvDref
wGif twnfjyKNyD;onhfaemuf0,f jynfe,frsm;tvdkuf vGwfvyfpGmjzihf
23
 zuf'&,fynma&;

zwfpmtkyfrsm;? oifMum;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk xyfqifh a&;qGJEkdifMuonf/

uRrf;usifol wkdif;&if;om;ynm&Sifrsm;u zuf'&,fynma&;rltay: tajc
cHvsuf oif&dk;0if zwfpmtkyfrsm;udk oufqkdif&m a'o? jynfe,ftvdkuf
a&;qGJcGihf tjynhft0&Sdonf/ zuf'&,frlESihf rqefYusifvQif vHkavmufNyD/
olwdkYwGif a'oESihf jynfe,frsm; A[kokw? ynma&;vdktyfcsufESihf ynm&yf
0rf;pm jynhf0xm;olrsm;vnf; r[kwfygvm;/
þonfrSmvnf; academic freedom [k ac:qdkonfh oif½dk;ñTef;
wrf;qdkif&m ynm&SifvGwfvyfcGihfESihf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk tzGJY0if
wkdif;&if;om; jynfe,frsm;\ ynma&;tmPm[k ac:qdkEkdifygonf/
ausmif;q&mrsm;u ESpfouf&m zwftkyfrsm;udk a&G;cs,f toHk;jyKcGihf&SdaeNyD/
ynma&; aps;uGuft& ydkrdkvGwfvyf? wkd;wufaom oif½dk;0if zwfpmtkyf
rsm;? uav;rsm;twGuf qGJaqmifrI &Sdaom zwfpmtkyfrsm;? rifa&mif pdk
ajyaom? acwfrD opfvGifaom zwfpmtkyfrsm;udk þjynfe,fwdkYu ydkifqkdif
Murnf/ BuD;jyif; vmaeMuqJ jynfe,fom;i,f? jynfe,forD;i,fwdkY
pdwf0ifpm;rItjynhf? cHpm;csuftjynfh? jynfe,fuav; A[kdjyKenf;emrsm;?
wkdif;&if;om;A[kdjyK taMumif;t&mrsm;udk urÇmBuD;ESihf &ifabmifwef;
avhvm vdkufpm;EkdifMuygvdrfhrnf/

tJ'gudk bmjzpfvdkYoif&rSmvJ - q&mr/

'Dxufydkaumif;wm r&Sdawmhbl;vm;/

txufyg ynma&;wapä ar;cGef;udk uav;i,frsm;xHrS rMum

rMum Mum;ae&ygonf/ vGefpGm w&m;0ifvSaom ar;cGef;yif/ olwdkYudk,fykdif
avhvmvdkaom t&mrsm;vnf; &Sdaeao;onf r[kwfygvm;/ pmoifcef;
twGif;wGifom r[kwfbJ ausmif;0if;? vrf;? tdrf? &GmESihf upm;uGif;wdkY
wGifvnf; w&pyfyif oif,l avhvmaeMuvsuf/ MopaMw;vsm;EkdifiHrS
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; tawG;tac:ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol Garth Boomer u
þodkY rdefYqdkygonf/ ]]pmoifausmif;rsm;u þtcsufudk tav;teufxm;
oifhygw,f? uav;awG&JU ukd,fwkdifoif,lvdkwJh taMumif;t&mrsm;eJY pm
24
 odef;Ekdif

oifcef;wGif; tpDtpOfawGudk nd§EdIif; a&;qGJay;&r,f/}} jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;

uav;i,frsm; udk,fykdif oif,lvdkaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xnhfoGif;
pOf;pm; &ygvdrfhrnf/ pmoifausmif;u jyifqifxm;ay;aom oifcef;pmrsm;
tay: ]]bmjzpfvkdY oif&rSmvJ}} qdkonfh ar;cGef;rSm crf;em;xnf0gvGef;aom
w&m;0ifar;cGef;[lívnf; q&mwdkYu ½Ijrifay;&ygrnf/ odkY&mwGif txuf
wef; txufqihftxd ra&mufao;rD umvwGifrl ausmif;om;i,frsm;
twGuf a&G;cs,fp&m rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sdao;yg/ jyXmef;xm;aom zwfpm
tkyfrsm;? bmom&yfrsm;twGif;&Sd taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;onf
jzpfap? r0ifpm;onfjzpfap? uav;wkdY vdktyfcsufESihf udkufnDonf jzpfap?
rudkufnDonfjzpfap oif,laeMu&onf/ zwfpmtkyfyg taMumif;t&mwdkYrSm
uav;i,f\ teD;pyfqHk; ywf0ef;usifurÇmi,fESihf rnfrQ tvSrf;a0;ae
ygoenf;/ q&mra&m cHpm;vdkY &yg&Jhvm;/
tcsuftvufrsm;om >ywfodyfyg0ifaeaom zwfpmtkyfrsm;xJwGif
q&mESihf uav;i,f\ wDxGif zefwD;rIrsm; epfjrKyf? aysmufqHk; oGm;av
awmhonf/ awG;ac: BuHqrIrsm;? opfvGifaom pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;?
&ifwGif;qE´rsm;? ADZpGrf;&nfrsm;? ½dk;&m"avhrsm; a0;vGifh a<uus
aysmufuG,favonf/ uHMur®mrsm;udk twif;t"r® jyXmef; cHxm;&aom
zwfpmtkyf\ pmrsufESmrsm;u 0g;rsKdvdkufNyD/
wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,frSm rarG;zGm;rDuwnf;uyif ]]A[kd}} u
tonf;toef? twif;tusyf csKyfudkifvTrf;rdk;xm;onfh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
atmufwGif vlvm;ajrmuf&ef raocsmawmhNyD/

oif&jcif; taMumif;&if;
uav;i,f\ txufygar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&ef enf;vrf;tcsKdUawmh
jzihf&Sdaeygonf/
• 'guawmh ynmwwfwJh vlwkdif; odxm;&r,fht&muGJY? bmom&yfxJrSm
ygaewmav? (bmom&yfA[kdjyK tajz - subject discipline)
• rif; 'D[mudk rvkyfwwfbl;? rodbl;qdk&ifawmh rif;BuD;vm&if
tvkyf&zdkY rvG,fbl;uG/ 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; 'Dvdk pOf;pm;apcsifw,f/
25
 zuf'&,fynma&;

'gudk roif,l? rwwfajrmufbl;qdk&if rif; 10 wef;? 11 wef;

a&mufwJhtcg 'ku© vSvS awGYawmhrSm/ (vufawGY toHk;0ifrI - Instru-
mental)
• q&m 'gudk oif&jcif;uawmh rif;&JU ADZpGrf;&nfudk ydkwdk;wufvmapzdkYyg/
'DpDrHudef; oifcef;pmuawmh ighwynfhtwGuf oifhawmfr,fvdkY q&m
,lqygw,f/ rif; wu,f pdwf0ifpm;&JUvm;/ rif; ydkvdkY pdwfyg0ifpm;r,fh
oifcef;pm ya&m*suf? pmwrf;acgif;pOfeJY avhvmrIudk a&G;cs,fvdkY
&ygao;w,fuGm? rif; vkyfcsifukdifcsifpdwf ydk&Sdr,fh acgif;pOf wpfckck-
ayghuGm/ (vlom;wkd;wufrI A[kdjyK zuf'&,fynma&;tajz - pro-
gressive)

]]'gudk bmjzpfvdkY oif&rSmvJ}} qdkaom wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,f\

w&m;0ifar;cGef;rSm q&mwdkYtwGuf ynma&;wapä tajcmufcH&onfESihf
wlEkdifygonf/ odkYaomf ynma&; 'óewef;0if? zDavmfaqmfzDjyóemudk
uav;i,fu þjynfe,f\ zuf'&,fynma&; rl0g'twGuf jyXmef;ay;
vkdufjcif;yif/ bmudk oif,l&rvJ? bmjzpfvdkYvJ? bmwefzdk;&SdovJ? 'Dxuf
ydkaumif;wm r&Sdbl;vm;/

'Drdku&ufwpf zuf'&,f ausmif;q&m - toif rnfodkY tajzay;

aeygovJ/
(oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f? armfvNrdKifNrdKU? Dec. 2014)

26
 odef;Ekdif

vlrIw&m;rQwrItwGuf ynma&;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;ESihf w&m;rQwrIwdkYudk ydkrdk
aqG;aEG; ajymqdkaeMujyDjzpfonf/ w&m;rQwrIudk awmihfwaecJhMuonfrSm
q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm MumjrihfcJhjyD/ tcsdefvGef vlYtzGJYtpnf;yif jzpfaeavNyD
vm;/ w&m;rQwrIrSm rsufuG,fjyKxm;í r&onfhtjyif vlYtzGJYtpnf;\
a&&SnfwnfNrJrItwGuf tc&m usvSygonf/ vTwfawmfwGifvnf; w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; aumfrDwDwdkYudk zGJYpnf;xm;NyD;jzpfonf/
w&m;rQwrItwGuf awmif;qdkoHwdkYrSmvnf; ydkrdk us,favmifvm
aeonf/ tvTmtoD;oD;&Sd jynfolvlxk\ &ifzGihfoH? 0efxrf;rsm;\
nnf;wGm;oH? tdrf&Sifrrsm;\ aps;qpfoH? v,form;rsm;\ xGefwHk;oH?
*sme,fvpfrsm;\ pkzGJYoH? wkdif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpkwdkY\ zuf'&,f awmif;qdkoH?
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;\ aywpf&m vrf;rxufu a<u;aMumfoHwdkYwGif
w&m;rQwrIqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm; eufeufeJeJ yg0ifaeygonf/
rD'D,mrsm;wGifvnf; rygrjzpf xnhfoGif; azmfjyvmaeMuonhf
w&m;rQwrIu@rSm ysKd;axmifaeqJ 'Drdkua&pD jrefrmhvlYtzGJYtpnf;\
vlvm;ajrmuf&ef yifr tcsufyif jzpfygvdrhfrnf/ ynma&;qkdif&m w&m;
rQwrI twGufvnf; awmif;qdkoHrsm; rMumrMum Mum;ae&NyD/ wu,fawmh
27
 zuf'&,fynma&;

vnf; vlrI w&m;rQwrIudk pmoifcef;rsm;u pwif&ygvdrfhrnf/ þonfrSm

zuf'&,fynma&;twGuf ed'gef;yifjzpfygonf/

tmPmcGJa0 vkdufNyDjzpfonfU pmoifcef;

w&m;rQwrIudk ausmif;ynma&;uwqihf avhusihf ysKd;axmifay;
oihfonf[laom ta&;BuD;vSonfh ynma&;qkdif&m tjrifwpf&yfudk
aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ rnfolrqdk ausmif;pmoifcef;udk tedrfhqHk;tm;jzihf ESpf
tenf;i,frQawmh jzwfoef;zl;olcsnf;yif r[kwfygvm;/ ]]vlrI w&m;rQwrI
twGuf ynma&; - education for social justice}} qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/
zuf'&,fynma&;udk wnfaqmufonfESihf wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif EkdifiH
wpf0Srf;vHk;&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;? pmoifcef;rsm;? &yf&GmXmersm;toD;oD;wGif
pwifusihfoHk;oihfaom enf;emtcsKdUudk rdwfquf aqG;aEG;ygrnf/ ausmif;
q&mq&mrrsm;taejzihf rnfonfhbmom&yfudk oifMum; aeonfjzpfap
vlrIw&m;rQwrItwGufvnf; vHIYaqmfpnf;½Hk;olrsm; jzpfEkdifygao;onf/
tjyKoabmaqmifaom jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf uRefawmfwdkYxH
wGif &Sdaom vkyfydkifcGihf tmPmudk toHk;csNyD; todtrSwfjyKjcif;ESihf jyKrIvkyf
aqmifjcif;rSm vlrIw&m;rQwrI tajccHyifjzpf\/ edpö'l0yif ausmif; pmoif
cef;rsm;twGif; q&mq&mrrsm;rSm enf;vrf; toG,foG,fjzihf þudpöudk
ajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufaejuygonf/ aemufxyfwqihf wufí wdk;jr§ihfvkyf
aqmifEkdif&ef vdktyfygrnf/ ydkrdk yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sdap&eftwGuf tm;xkwf
vkyf aqmifEkdifygonf/ ]]vdkvm;tyfaom tjyKoabmaqmifonfh jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm;}} rnfodkY jzpfxGef;EkdifaMumif;ESihf wqihfNyD;wqihf wkd;wuf
jzpfay:vmaeonfudk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwkdif cHpm;odjrifcGihf
ay;&ef ta&;BuD;\/ þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfwGifvnf; olwdkYav;awG
udk,fwkdifyif yg0if aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcGihf &SdaeaMumif;ESihf OD;aqmifOD;&GufcGihf
&&SdaeaMumif;vnf; xifomjrifom jzpfapoihfygonf/ tmPmykdifolrSm
olwdkYav;awGyifjzpfaMumif; q&mu OD;pGm vrf;ñTefjyo xm;&Sdoihfygonf/
,cif ESpfumvrsm;eSihf rwlawmh/ (q&m? ausmif;tkyf? ausmif;aumfrDwD)
wpfOD;wpfa,muf? wpfpk? wpfzGJYwGifomvQif tcGihftmPm wnf&Sd rae
28
 odef;Ekdif

awmhyg/ 21 &mpk ynma&;vrf;aMumif;ESihf zuf'&,f tdyfruftwGuf

pmoifcef;rsm; twGif;wGif pwifNyD; tmPmcGJa0 usihfoHk;vdkufNyDjzpfonf/
OD;aqmifEkdifpGrf;ESihf qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&JpGrf; &Sdolrsm; OD;a& wkd;yGm;
vmawmhrnf/ pmoifcef;twGif; 'Drdkua&pD (tjynhft0) &&SdavNyD/

tydkbmom r[kwfyg - wu,fUbmom

vlrIw&m;rQwrItwGuf jyifqifxm;aom oifcef;pmrsm;rSm pm
oifcef;twGuf taumif;qHk;aom tusihftBuHwdkYudk a&mifjyef[yfjcif;vnf;
rnfygonf/ pmoifcef;twGif oD;oefY tydkjznhfpGuf oifMum;jcif; awmh
vnf; vHk;0 r[kwfyg/ þtcsufudk odxm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ rnfonfh
bmom&yfudk oifMum;onfjzpfap q&mq&mrrsm;taejzihf bmom&yf
tod? A[kokwwdkYudkvnf; t&nftaoG;jrihfjrifh oifMum;jyoekdifrnf/ xkdh
tjyif w&m;rQwrI &Sdaom pmoifcef;udkvnf; wnfaxmifekdifjcif;jzpfonf/
okdYrSomvnf; q&maumif; rnfygrnf/ rnfonfhpmoifcef;wGif oifMum;
aeonfjzpfap w&m;rQwrI&Sdaom twef;udk wnfaxmifEkdifygonf/
taoG;ta&mifpHk pmoifcef;rsm;xJwGifvnf; vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfovdk
vlrsKd; wpfrsKd;wnf;om&Sdaom pmoifcef;wGifvnf; vdktyfygonf/ ausmif;
tm;vHk;? pmoifcef;tm;vHk;ESihf oufqkdifaeygonf/ tqihfjrihf awG;ac:
BuHqEkdifpGrf;rsm; yg0ifaeonhf b0wpfoufwmvHk;twGuf ynma&;c&D;
vrf;ñTefvnf; jzpfonf/

ausmif;om;rsm;\ vlrIywf0ef;usif b0rsm;ESifU qufpyfay;yg/

oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;? oifcef;pm jyifqifrIrsm;
jyKvkyfonfhtcgwkdif;0,f twef;xJ&Sdonfh pmoifom;rsm;\ aemufcH
tajctaersm;? od&SdjyD;om; A[kokwrsm;tay:wGif oifcef;pm topfudk
xyfqihf wnfaqmufjcif;? wefzdk; qufpyfjcif;? xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;wdkY
jyKvkyf oihfygonf/ okdYjzpfav&m q&mtaejzihf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;\
aemufcHudk twefi,frQawmh od&Sdxm;oihfygonf/ olwdkYav;awG\ pdwfyg
0ifpm;rIrsm;? vlrIywf0ef;usif taetxm;ESihf tjcm; tcsuftvufrsm; yg
29
 zuf'&,fynma&;

0ifekdifygonf/ ausmif;0if;xJESihf pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;odkY olwdkYav;awG

udk,fpD ,laqmifvmMuonhf aumif;aom? rGefaomt&mrsm;tay: q&m
wdkYu todtrSwfjyK ay;jcif;ESihf xyfwl wefzdk;xm;ay;jcif;? cHpm;ay;jcif;rSm
- vlrIw&m;rQwrI - Social justice twGuf taumif;qHk;aom oifcef;pm
rsm;udk pwifvdkufjcif;vnf; rnfygonf/

rwlaom tjrifrsm;ESifU wu,fUjyóemrsm;udk

rdwfqufoifMum;awmUrnf pmoifcef;
raeYu twdwf pmoifcef;rsm;ESihf rwlawmhNyD/ zuf'&,f jynf
axmifpkEkdifiHawmftwGuf ,aeY pmoifausmif;rsm; twGif;wGif oifMum;?
aqG;aEG;rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm jyXmef;pmtkyfabmifudk(rsm;pGm) ausmf
vGef&ygvdrfhrnf/ oifMum;jyoaerIrsm;wGif jrefrmESihf urÇmBuD;\ vuf
awGY vlrIjyóemrsm;? ,aeY EkdifiHa&;udpö&yfrsm;? vufvkyfvufpm; vlrI
pD;yGm; b0rsm;eSihf qufpyfay;jcif;jzihf vufawGYusaom pmoifcef;rsm; jzpf
vmEkdifonf/ pmoifcef; eH&HwdkYudk azmufxGufMurnfholrsm;rSm q&mrsm;ESihf
ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwdkifyifjzpfonf/ eH&Hrsm;ESifh jyXmef;zwfpmtkyfrsm;u
jyifyvufawGY vlrIa&;? ekdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;avmuESihf qufoG,fay;&mwGif
twm;tqD;rsm; rjzpfoihfawmhyg/ tydwftqdkY? twm;tqD;wdkYudk ausmf
jzwfEkdifMuNyD/ tppftrSefwdkYESihf xdawGYcGihf&onfESihf wNydKifeuf ydkrdk
t"dyÜg,f&Sdaom ynma&;jzpfvmygrnf/
wkdif;&if;om;a'owdkYwGif ausmif;twk? pmoifcef;twk? zwfpm
tkyftwkwdkYrSm a&mifjcnfwpfaxmif tvif;aqmifaom ol&d,aerif;
xGef;vif; ay:xGufvmonfESihf wNydKifeufwnf;yif jrLESif;wdkY wpwp
uif;pifbdouJhodkY uG,faysmuf&ygvdrfhrnf/ þwGif a&mifjcnfwpfaxmif
tvif;a&mifrSm wkdif;&if;om;q&mESihf ausmif;om;wdkYyifwnf;/ ynm
ta&mif tppftrSefudk xdawGY&ygvdrfhrnf/ ynmrsufpd ukdk,fpD &Sdawmhrnf/
vif;yGifhpmoifcef;wdkY þjynfe,fwGif ay:xGef;vmaeNyD/ þonfyifvQif
zuf'&,f\ tpjzpfawmhonf/

30
 odef;Ekdif

rD'D,mrSm ygorQ pmoifcef;ESifU qufpyfay;yg

vGwfvyfyGihfvif;p jrefrmrD'D,m pmrsufESmrsm;? owif;pm?
*sme,frsm;ay:wGif wifqufaeaom vufawGY jyóemrsm;rSm ausmif;
pmoifcef;rsm;ESihf qufpyfay;&rnhf taMumif;t&mrsm; r[kwfygvm;/
oifcef;pmrsm;udk jyifqif&mwGifvnf; vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ekdifiHa&;t&
wu,fhjyóem BuD;? tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m tBuD;BuD;udk a&G;cs,fygav/ xdkxdk
aom jyóemrsm;rSm raeYuwnf;yif &SdaecJhygonf/ touf 30 ausmf
rsm;? 40 ausmfrsm;? 50 ausmfrsm;? 60 ausmfrsm;? 70 ausmfrsm;
wpfOD;wpfa,muf? wpfzGJYrQ rajz &Sif;ay;EkdifcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif uRefawmfwdkY
uav;i,frsm;ESihf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdif aumif;yg&JU/
olwdkYav;awG\ ypöKyÜefESihf tem*wfyif r[kwfygvm;/
ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwkdifvnf; a&G;cs,fygap/ rlvwef;? tv,f
wef;? txufwef;twGuf vlrIa&;bmomjzpfap? tjcm;bmomjzpfap ol
wdkYu qufpyfay;ekdifygonf/ q&muom ar;vdkufyg/ ar;&JzdkYawmh vdkyg
rnf/ ]]'DudpöeJYywfoufvdkY tjyifrSm bmawGjzpfaeovJ? rif;wdkY bm
Mum;xm;ovJ}} -/ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m jrefrmESihf urÇmjyóemwdkYudk ausmif;
om;rsm;u &Sif;jyygvdrfhrnf/ ausmif;q&m toifudk,fwkdif rodao;aom
q&mrsm;or*¾ zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifaeonfhowif;? ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jyyGJ?
wkdif;&if;om;a'o ppfyGJowif;? vufeufqef;rsm;taMumif;? owif;
axmufudk &uf&ufpuf owfjzwfvdkufonfh owif;? vmrnfh AIDS ekdifiH
wumaeYwGif uGef'HktcrJh a0rnfhowif;? w½kwfekdifiHvkyf uav;rkefYyJ
oa&pmrsm;udk ausmif;wGif ra&mif;&[lí wm;jrpfxm;onfhowif;?
trnfrod vufeufudkif tzGJYwpfzGJYu c&D;onfwifum;udk "g;jywkdufonfh
owif;? a&Shtywf aomMumaeYwGif wpfNrdKUvHk; oefY&Sif;a&; vkyfMurnfht-
wGuf ausmif;ydwfonfh owif;? rsKd;apmihfOya'\ aumif;usKd;-qdk;usKd;
owif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; vufrSwf rxdk;ekdifao;onhf owif;? tmqD,HwGif
jrefrmwdkY &moufyef Ouúvkyf rnfhowif;? tqdkawmf rihina r*Fvm aqmif
onfhowif;? aMuuGJrIrsm;pGmjzihf EkdifiHausmfrif;orD; oDv&Sif tNyD; 0wfoGm;
onfh owif;? tdkbm;rm; aemufwpfBudrf jrefrmjynf vmonfhtcg
31
 zuf'&,fynma&;

erf;rnfholrsm; pm&if;? vpmESihf ukefaps;EIef; owif;? ..owif; .../

q&mq&mrrsm;uom oufqkdif&m oifcef;pmtvdkuf jyify
avmutaMumif;udk ar;jref;vdkufygav/ ar;&J½HkrQaom owdÅawmh vkdyg
vdrfhrnf/
zwfpmtkyfukd ausmfvGefaom owif;? tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf ydkrdk
í w&m;rQwaom ajz&Sif;csufrsm; &&Sdekdifygvdrfhrnf/

zuf'&,fynma&;udk zwfpmtkyfrsm;csnf;ESSihf wnfaqmufí
r&yg/ jyifyvufawGY EkdifiHa&;b0? vlrIavmuESihf qufpyfxm;aom
ar;cGef;rsm;jzihfom wnfaqmufEkdifygvdrfhrnf/

oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f? (armfvNrdKifNrdKU? Jan. 2015)

32
 odef;Ekdif

zuf'&,fynma&;rl0g' vkyfief;pOf

1980 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u pwifum vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpf 3 ckt

wGif; urÇmay:wGif EkdifiH200 ausmfcefYrSm EkdifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESihf
wdk;wuf zGHYNzdK;a&;wdkYudk pwif vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ ,if;wdkYtxJrS wpf'gZif
rQaom EkdifiHrsm;onfomvQif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf a&&SnfwnfwHhaom zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wufrIudk &&SdcHpm;Mu&onf/ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm tvmtvm aumif;rsm;
udk arQmfvihfEkdifMuao;onf/ tcsKdUrSm aemufjyefqkwfvsuf &SdMuonf/ rwl
aom aemufcH tajctaersm;ESihftjcm; taMumif;tcsif;&mrsm; &Sdaomf
vnf; t"du taMumif;&if;rSm jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJ
csrSwfjcif; vkyfief;pOf\ 'Drdkua&pD&SdrIESihf taumiftxnf az:aqmif&m
wGif xda&mufrI wdkYyifjzpfonf/ wkdif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;ESihf jynfolvlxk
A[dkjyK jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;jzpfjcif;rSm a&&Snf atmifjrifrItwGuf tc&myif
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/

'Drdkua&pDenf;usus ynma&; rl0g' a&;qGJjcif; jyóemrsm;

rsm;rMumao;rD q,fpkESpfumvrsm;twGif; urÇmhynma&; tajc
taerSm jcm;em;ajymif;vJcJhygonf/ ynma&;rSm yHkoP²mef trsKd;rsKd;jzihf
ay:xGuf vmaejcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ ynma&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? ausmif;rsm;?
33
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wuúodkvfrsm;rSmvnf; toGifopf? yHkpHopf? rltopf? pHEIef;opfrsm;jzihfvkdufyg

ajymif;vJ&awmh\/ ynma&;e,fy,f tjyifzufu wGef;tm;rsm;aMumihfvnf;
jzpfavh&Sdonf/tcgrsm;pGmwGif ynma&;ESihf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; roufqkdifvS
aom tajctaersm;vnf; yg&Sdavonf/
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk EkdifiHom;rsm; taejzihfaomfvnf;aumif;?
vlrsKd;pk jynfe,fom;rsm;taejzihf aomfvnf;aumif;? ynma&; vkyfom;
rsm;? q&mq&mrrsm;ESihf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihfaomfvnf;
aumif; jrefrmjynf\ aemufcH tajctaersm;ESihf ,SOfwGJvsuf ynma&;
udkavhvm &Ijrifem;vnf wwf&ef vdktyfonf/ txifu& acgif;pOfBuD;
rsm;jzpfonfh jynfe,f? vlrsKd;? rsKd;EG,fpk? usm;-robm0? vdifuGJjym;rI?
vlrIpD;yGm; tqihftwef;? arG;&myg ADZpGrf;&nf? 0goem? tvkyftukdif
tvm;tvm wdkYtjyif tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;? yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;? bkef;awmf
BuD;oifpmoifausmif;rsm;? vlrsKd;pkausmif;rsm;? udk,fxlukd,fx ausmif;rsm;
udkvnf; qufpyf em;vnf&rnf[k qdkvdkygonf/ oufarG;odyÜHausmif;rsm;?
aumvdyfrsm;? wuúodkvfrsm;ESihf tjcm;aom oifwef; trsKd;rsKd;wdkYvnf;
yg0ifonf/
ynma&;rl0g' a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOfwdkYudkvnf; odjrifem;vnf
xm;tyfygonf/ tmPm&tpdk;&\ ynma&;rl0g'wdkYudk od½HkrQom? udk,fykdif
a&G;cs,fjcif;ESihf qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfEkdif½HkrQ omrubJ xdkxdkaomrl0g'wdkY
rnfodkY jzpfay:vmyHkESihf aemufcHwdkYudkvnf; odem;vnfoihf\/ ynma&;
rl0g'wdkY\ rlvZmpfjrpfESihf t&nftaoG; wdkYudkvnf; ½IjrifEkdifpGrf;jzpfonf/
odkYrSomvQif ynma&;rl0g'vkyfief;pOfwGif udk,fwkdifyg0ifEkdifcGihfjzpfonfh
'Drdk u&ufwpf zuf'&,f EkdifiHom;tcGihfta&; wpf&yfudk (vdktyfygu)
xdxd a&mufa&muf toHk;csEkdifrnf/ q&mq&mrrsm; taejzihfjzpfap? rdb
wpfOD; taejzihfjzpfap? ausmif;om;wpfOD; taejzihfjzpfap wcsdefr[kwf
wcsdefcsdefwGif ynma&;rl0g' a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOfrSm wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;
jzihf yg0if&rnfrSm rvGJay/ tenf;qHk;tm;jzihf &yf&GmwGif;&Sd ausmif;tqihfjzpf
ap yg0if&ef vdktyfvmrnf/ xdkYxuf ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom ynma&;or*¾
vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? wkdif;&if;om;ynma&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;?

34
 odef;Ekdif

tvkyform;or*¾ vkyfief;pOfrsm;? rl0g'a&;&mrsm;wGif vnf;aumif; yg0if

aqmif&Guf&efvnf; jzpfEkdifygao;onf/
,ckaqG;aEG;rnfh t,ltqESihf tusihftBuHwdkYrSm ynma&;
e,fy,fwGifomvQif usihfoHk;onfr[kwfyg/ jrefrmrdom;pkrsm;? &yf&Gm
vlrItodkuft0ef;rsm;? vlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm; tygt0if jynfe,fESihfzuf'&,f
jynfaxmifpkwdkYudk yHkaz: wnfaqmufjcif;ESihfvnf; oufqkdifygonf/
rMumcP qdkovdk Mum;odae&onfh ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI udpörSm
ekdifiHa&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIaMumihfjzpfap? pD;yGm;a&; e,fy,fopfaMumihfjzpfap
t&if;cH vmjcif;jzpf\/ EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;wkdY
aMumihf ynma&;vnf; vkdufyg ajymif;vJvmae&onf/ ynma&;aMumihf
ekdifiHa&; pepfopf ajymif;vJ&onfawmh r[kwfao;yg/ þwGif ynma&;
orm; trsm;pkBuD;rSm cHpm;&awmhonf/
rdrdwdkYESihf tvSrf;a0;aom e,fy,frsm;u vHIYaqmfrIwdkYaMumihf
ynma&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJMu&mwGif ynma&;orm; ppfppfrsm;? ausmif;
q&mq&mrrsm;rSm rwwfomonfhtqHk; vufrdIif csxm;&bdouJhodkY cHpm;
ae&avonf/ ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIudk rdrdwdkYtaejzihf xdef;csKyf&ef
vnf; rpGrf;om/ rdrdwdkY tvdkqE´ESihf ynma&; vkyfief;cGif tawGYtBuHK
t&vnf; jzpfapvdkaom ynma&; pepfopfudk rajymif;vJay;/ tmPmydkif
rsm;ESihf tjcm;olrsm;\ tvdkawmftwdkif;om ynma&;udk jyKjyif
ajymif;vJMuawmhonf/ ynma&; r[kwfaom e,fy,fpdrf;u olrsm;?
ynm(a&;)orm; r[kwfaom ynm(&yf) orm;rsm;? twkdifyifcHrsm;ESihf
tmPmykdifrsm; tvdkusyif/ vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;? ynma&;orm;rsm;? ynma&;
0efxrf;rsm;ESihf rdbjynfolrsm;rSm rdrdwdkY &ifwGif; qE´rsm;udk rsKdodyfxm;
Mu&qJ? ynma&;b0 tawGYtBuHKrsm;ESihf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm vkyfukdif&if;?
ynma&;wm0ef xrf;aqmif&if; ausmif;ESihf pmoifcef;wGif;rS &&Sdxm;aom
jyKjyifajymif;vJoihfonfh ynma&;pepf oifcef;pmrsm;udkrl wefzdk;xm;&ef
arhavsmhaeMuqJ/ toHk;rjyKvdkMubJ vspfvsL½I? acgufxm; cHae&qJ/
wkdif;&if;om; ynma&; vGwfvyfcGihfrSm rl0g'tqihfwGifyif tqifrajy
ao;yg/ twdwfumvrsm;ESihf bmrsm; uGmjcm;ygoenf;/

35
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ynma&;orm;wdkYu avhvm ½Ijrifxm;onfh jyKjyifajymif;vJ&rnfh

ynma&;pepfrSm tmPmykdifrsm;ESihf e,fy,fpdrf;rsm;rS olrsm;u OD;aqmif
ajymif;vJaeonfh yHkpHESihfawmhrwl uGJjym;jcm;em; aewwfygonf/ ynma&;
\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm txajrmuf&ef cufcJaewwfonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJae
onf[k qdkaomfjim;vnf; tydk tvkyfrsm;jzihf ½IyfaxG; aewwfNyD; ynma&;
tusKd;tjrwfvnf; enf;yg; aewwfygonf/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktwGuf
yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&efxuf twkduftcHwdkYudk rD;xdk;ay;aeonfhES,fyif/
odkYjzpfav&m 'Drdkua&pD? zuf'&,f vlrItodkuftNrHKtwGif; ynm
a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf ynma&; rl0g'vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk rvGJraoG avh
vmxm;&ef ydkrdk vdktyfvmonf/ þaqmif;yg;rS pwifNyD; ynma&;
rl0g'qkdif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;\ ynma&;pepfrsm;?
ausmif;ynma&; wnfaqmufyHkrsm;? ynma&;tmPm cGJa0rIrsm;taMumif;
udk aqG;aEG; wifjyyg&ap/

rl0g' vkyfief;pOf
pmwrf;\ a&SUtydkif;rsm;wGif rl0g'a&;&mrsm;udk wifjycJhygonf/
txl;ojzihf jrefrmekdifiH\ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIESihf qufEG,faeaom
tpdk;&\ ynma&; rl0g' topfrsm;? jyXmef;&ef jyifqifrIrsm;? ynma&;
or*¾rsm;u qefYusif uefYuGuf&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;? rl0g'rsm;\
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk wifjycJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ cHpm;csufrsm;? t&yf
zuf vlrI tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ rauseyfcsufrsm;udkvnf;
ynma&; rl0g'opfrsm;ESihf rl0g' vkyfief;pOfwdkYESihf ,SOfwGJvsuf oHk;oyfcJh
ygonf/ odkYjzpfygí rl0g' vkyfief;pOfudk od&Sdxm;oihfygonf/ 'Drdkua&pD
enf;us ynma&; rl0g'wdkYudk rnfodkU a&;qGJoihfygoenf;/ zuf'&,f jynf
axmifpk\ ynma&;rl0g'udk rnfodkY jyKpkMurnfenf;?

rl0g' policy qdkonfrSm vlYtzGJYtpnf;\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf ywf
oufNyD; “w&m;0if” a&;qGJ wifjyxm;csufrsm;jzpfNyD; avhvmoHk;oyf a0zef
aqG;aEG;ekdif&efvnf; jzpfonf/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk txajrmuf atmifjrif

36
 odef;Ekdif

ap&eftwGuf csOf;uyfrnfh AsL[mrsm;ESihf enf;vrf;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/

qdk&aomf ]]rl0g'}} rSm enf;vrf; wpf&yfjzpfouJhodkY aemufqHk;ydwf &v'f
vnf;jzpfonf/ arQmfrSef;&v'frsm; &&Sdap&ef csnf;uyfaqmif&GufrIenf;vrf;
rsm;[kvnf; qdkekdifygonf/
½dk;½dk;&Sif;&Sif; qdk&aomf ]rl0g'}- ay:vpDqdkonfrSm vkyfaqmif&rnfh
t&mrsm;yif jzpfonf/ ydkrdk wdk;wufaumif;rGef&ef rjzpfEkdifygu? wefzdk;rsm;
avsmhenf;rnf[k r,lqygu? &nfrSef;csufudk txajrmufap&ef jyóem
wpfckck &Sdraeygu rl0g'topf wpf&yf&yfudk csrSwf&ef rvdktyfEdkifyg/
rl0g'rSm jyKjyifajymif;vJrItay: wkefYjyefjcif;[lívnf; qdkEkdifygonf/ jyK
jyifajymif;vJrIudk a&SUaqmifvrf;ñTef&ef (odkYwnf;r[kwf) pDrHcefYcGJ&ef
tm;xkwfrIvnf; jzpfonf/ Ncdrf;ajcmufcHae&aom (odkYwnf;r[kwf -
aysmufqHk;oGm;NyDjzpfaom) pHEIef;? wefzdk;rsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef?
xdef;odrf; umuG,f&ef tm;xkwfjcif;yif/ vlrI todkuft0kdif;\ yuwd
t&Sdw&m;rsm;tay: (jyefvnf) wnfaqmuf&efESihf yHkpHopf az:aqmif&ef
twGuf vdkvm;aom enf;emrsm;jzihf tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;csufyifjzpfonf/

rl0g'udk rnfolwdkhu jyKpka&;qGJrnfenf;

&yf&GmxJu jcif;vHk;toif;? ynma&;Xmersm;ESihf urÇmhbPf-
ponfh rwlnDaom toif;tzGJYwkdif;onf rl0g' vkyfief;pOfudk csrSwf
aqmif&GufMuygonf/ wdusaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk atmifjrifap&eftwGuf
rl0g'rsm; a&;qGJcsrSwf xm;&SdNyD;vQif taumiftxnf az:aqmifMujcif;
jzpfonf/ tzGJYtpnf; tBuD;? ti,ftvdkuf rl0g'\ oufa&muf jyefYESHYrI
rSmvnf; rwlEkdifyg/ urÇmhbPfESihf ynma&;XmewdkYu jyXmef;vdkufaom
rl0g'rSm &yf&GmxJu jcif;vHk;toif;xuf vlrsm;pGmwdkYtay: ydkrdkaom
oufa&mufrIESihf jiif;ckHp&mrsm; &Sdaeygrnf/
tjcm;wzufrS qifjcif&efrSmvnf; &Sdaeygonf/ txl;ojzihf rnf
olwdkYu rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJMuygoenf;/ tajzrSm wpfckwnf; rjzpfEkdifyg/
rwlnDaom rl0g' aemufcH tajctaersm;aMumihf rwlnDaom oufqkdif
olrsm;u a&;qGJMuygonf/ qdk&aomf rl0g'a&;qGJjcif;rSm vlrItodkif;t0dkif;
37
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ESihftzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ aemufcH tajctaewdkYudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;jzihf

pwifoihfygonf/ txl;ojzihf ynma&; tmPmykdifrsm;ESihf wkduf½dkuf
oufqdkifolrsm;tjyif rdbjynfolrsm;ESihf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;\
tBuHÓPf? toHESihf arQmfrSef;csufwdkYudk xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;oihfygonf/
tus,ftjyefY wdkifyif aqG;aEG;jcif;? olwdkYudk,fwkdif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGihf
&&Sdapjcif;wdkYrSm 'Drdkua&pDqefaom rl0g'a&;qGJjcif; vkyfief;pOftwGuf
r&Sdrjzpf ta&;BuD;vSonf/

ynma&;rl0g'
ynma&;pepfudk pDrHcefYcGJ&efESihf tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pD
enf;vrf;jzihf a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufxm;aomtmPmydkif tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u
a&;qGJ jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'ESifh usihfxHk; tpkta0;[lívnf; t"dyÜg,f
zGihfqdkMuygonf/ ynma&;udk yHkpHrsKd;pHkESihf tzGJYtpnf;rsKd;pHku &nf&G,fcsuf
taxGaxGjzihf taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&GufaeMujcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzihf a&S;OD; uav;oli,f jyKpkapmihfa&Smufjcif;ESihf ynma&;? rlBudKESihf
oli,fwef;ynma&;? rlvwef; ynma&;? txufwef;qihf ynma&;? aum
vdyfESihf oufarG;ynma&;? wuúokdvfynma&;? bGJYvGefoifwef;rsm;? ouf
BuD; ynma&;? vkyfief;cGif ynma&; ponfjzihf &SdEkdifygonf/ odkYjzpfjcif;aMumihf
ynma&;rl0g'rSm touft&G,f trsKd;rsKd;ESihf wkduf&dkuf oufqkdifrI&Sdonf/
tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mjzpfaom ynma&;rl0g' e,fy,frsm;rSm pmoif
ausmif; t&G,ftpm;? twef;om;OD;a&? ausmif;yHkpHrsm;? yk*¾vduynma&;?
ynm&nf wdk;wufrIudk ppfaq;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;? q&mtwwfynm?
q&mhvpm? oifMum;rI enf;vrf;rsm;? oif½dk;jyXmef;csufrsm;? wkdif;&if;om;
bmompum;? bGJYowfrSwfcsuf? bGJYoifwef;? ausmif;t*FgpOf? ausmif; tkyf
csKyfrI? vlrIwefzdk;rsm;? ausmif;om;tcGihfta&;? ausmif;q&m tcGihfta&;?
or*¾ tcGihfta&;? wkdif;&if;om; ynma&;? wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;?
ynma&; vGwfvyfcGihf? A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsa&;ESihf zuf'&,fynma&;
rl0g'wkdY yg0ifEkdifygonf/ EkdifiHa&;pepfrsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHrsm;? 'Drdkua&pD
pHEIef;rsm;ESihf vlxkynma&;? ausmif;ynma&; tquftpyfwdkYudkvnf;

38
 odef;Ekdif

avhvm&onf/ tjrif rwljcif;rsm;jzihf tajymus,fjyefYvSonf/ odkYjzpf

av&m rl0g' a&;qGJjcif;udk pepfwus vkyfMu&onf/ tjiif;yGm;cGihfESihf rwl
aomtjrifrsm;udk wifjycGihfjyKMu&onf/ tawG;tjrif rwlrIudk BudKqdk&rnf/

ynma&;rl0g' avUvmoHk;oyfa&;
wnf&SdqJESihf a&;qGJaeqJ ynma&;rl0g'wdkYudk EdIufEdIufcRwfcRwf
pl;prf;avhvmoHk;oyf tuJjzwfjcif;rSm rl0g'a&;&mESihf ywfoufNyD; ynm&Sif
tqihf avhvmrIjzpfonf/ txufyg tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mjzpfaom e,fy,f
toD;oD;udk pepfwus okawoejyKNyD; wifjyjcif;jzpfonf/ u@wkdif;wGif
ynma&;\ &nf&G,fcsufudk ar;cGef;xkwfonf/ tajz&Sm&ef BudK;yrf;onf/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGufjzpfap? woD;yk*¾vtwGufjzpfap ausmif;ynma&;\
&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk pl;prf;wifjyonf/ vdkvm;tyfaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;
txajrmuf atmifjrifaprnfh enf;emrsm;udk tBuHjyKonf/ ynma&;
atmifjrifrI&v'fudk wkdif;wmEkdifonfh pHEIef;rsm;? owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk az:
xkwfonf/ wkdif;wmEkdifrnfh ud&d,mrsm;udk wnfaqmufonf/
wuúodkvfrsm;? jyifytzGJYtpnf;rsm;? t&yfzufvlrI tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
ESihf or*¾rsm;u ynma&; rl0g' toD;oD;udk axmihfaygif;pHkrS okawoe
jyKvsuf wifjyaqG;aEG;Muonf/ xkdYtjyif ynma&;rl0g'udk EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;
a&;? ynma&;pdwfynm? uav;oli,f zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI? vlrIa&;? vlom;
zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? zuf'&,fta&;? wkdif;&if;om;ta&;? vlrI
aA'qkdif&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihfvnf; qufpyfNyD; oHk;oyfMuonf/ avhvm
awGY&Sdcsufrsm;udk trsm;jynfolESihf tjcm;ynm&Sifrsm; od&Sd avhvmEkdif
ap&ef *sme,frsm;ESihf pmapmifrsm;wGif a&;om;wifjyvsuf xkwfa0jzefYcsd
Muonf/
zuf'&,fpepfudk atmifjrifap&ef ynma&;rl0g'u rnfokdYrnf yHk
tm;ay; ulnDEkdifrIrSm 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmEkdifiHawmfopftwGuf (r&Sdrjzpf)
ta&;BuD;aom okawoe e,fy,fwpf&yf jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
oHvGifwdkif;rf*sme,f (Zefe0g&Dv 2015? armfvNrdKifNrdKU)

39
 zuf'&,fynma&;

40
 odef;Ekdif

tmPmcGJa0xm;aom zuf'&,fynma&;
(tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ynma&;)

,cktywfrS pwifNyD; zuf'&,fpepf usihfoHk;aom jynfaxmifpk

EkdifiHrsm;wGif vlxkynma&;udk tpdk;&tqihftqihfwdkYu wm0ef cGJa0,lNyD;
pDrHcefYcGJyHkudk avhvm wifjyoGm;ygrnf/ txl;ojzihf zuf'&,f wkdif;jynfrsm;
jzpfaom tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? ,lau? MopaMw;vsm;? jyifopf? *smr
PD? tdE´d,? *syefEkdifiHwdkYwGif tpdk;&tqihfqihf\ ynma&; wm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;ESihf &ifqkdifBuHKawGY&aom ynma&;Oya' tusyftwnf;rsm;?
ynma&;tmPm cGJa0yHkrsm;? rl0g' tajymif;tvJrsm;ESihf ajz&Sif;yHkwdkYudk
aqG;aEG;ygrnf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif ynma&;udk tpdk;& 4 qihfwdkYjzihf
wm0ef,l tkyfcsKyfygonf/ a'oEÅ&tpdk;&? c½dkifynma&;Xme? jynfe,f
tpdk;&ESihf zuf'&,ftpdk;&wdkYjzpfonf/ tar&duef rdbrsm;taejzihf
ausmif;ynma&;udk w&m;0if pDrHcefYcGJyHkudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;jcif;jzihf rSef
41
 zuf'&,fynma&;

uefaom a&G;cs,frIrsm;? vufawGYusaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESihf vkdtyfygu

enf;rSef vrf;rSefjzihf EkdifiHa&;t& ta&;,lrIwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif A[dku csKyfudkifcs,fvS,faom ynm
a&;pepf r&Sdyg/ þonfrSm NAdwdef? jyifopfESihf *syefEkdifiHrsm;ESihf rwl
uGJjym;csufjzpfonf/ rwlaom jynfe,fig;q,fwGif ynma&;pepf 50
&Sdonf[k qdkEkdifygonf/ jynfe,fwpfckwnf;rSmyif a'oEÅ&ausmif;
ynma&;pepfrsm;rSm rwluGJjym;rI &Sdavonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif
vlxkynma&;ESihf ywfoufNyD; &nfñTef;csuf wdwdyy ryg&Sdyg/ odkYaomf 10
Budrfajrmuf jyifqifa&;qGJcJhpOfu zGJYpnf;yHkt& zuf'&,ftpdk;&u wkduf½dkuf
wm0efr,laom tcGihftmPm tm;vHk;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u usihfoHk;
ydkifcGihf&Sdonfh tcsufudk xnfhoGif;cJhonf/ þzGJYpnf;yHk jyifqifcsufrSm vlxk
ynma&;udk jynfe,frsm;u t"dutm;jzihf w&m;0if wm0ef,l
aqmif&GufydkifcGihf &Sdaeonfh tcsufyifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;
uvnf; edpö'l0 ynma&;pepf vnfywfrIudk a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;xH wm0ef
vTJajymif; ay;tyfxm;onf/ odkYjzpfav&m yxrOD;pGm a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;\
ynma&;wm0efESihf 0wÅ&m;rsm;udk avhvmMunfh½IMuygrnf/

a'oEÅ&tpdk;&\ ynma&;vkyfykdifcGifUESifU wm0efrsm; Local Government

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif;&Sd ausmif;wkdif;onf a'oEÅ&tpdk;&?
c½dkiftkyfcsKyfa&; pepfatmufwGif &Sdygonf/ c½dkifrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u
owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya't& jynfe,f
Oya' jyKpka&;qGJa&; r@dKifu a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfrIudk jyifqifjcif;? e,fedrdwf
tajymif;tvJudk owfrSwfjcif;ESihf vkyfykdifcGihf tmPmwkdYudk jyXmef;owf
rSwfay;onf/ vkdtyfygu ½kyfodrf;ydkifcGihfvnf; &Sdygonf/ a'oEÅ&tpdk;&u
wm0ef,lxm;onfrSm qufpyfaeonfh usOf;ajrmif;vSaom e,fajra'o
rsm;omjzpfonf/ ausmif;ynma&;udkvnf; wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufonf/
jynfe,f twGuf wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&onfjzpf&m a'oEÅ& rl0g'rsm;rSm
jynfe,f\ ynma&;pepfESihf ukdufnDaom rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwf aqmif&Guf
42
 odef;Ekdif

&onf/
jynfe,ftpdk;&u a'oEÅ&tpdk;&\ vkyfydkifcGihftmPmudk uefY
owf xm;&Sdaomfjim;vnf; a'oEÅ& ausmif;bkwftzGJYrsm; School boards
rSm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfydkifcGihf rsm;pGm &Sdaeonf/ taumuftcGefrsm;u
aeí b@maiGaMu; &,lydkifcGihfrSm ausmif;bkwftzGJYrsm;wGif &Sdae\/
ausmif;0efxrf; cefYtyfjcif;ESihf ausmif;ydkifqkdifrItay: MoZmoufa&muf\/
tcsKdUaom jynfe,frsm;u ausmif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESihf ausmif;om;a&;&m
rl0g'rsm;udk a'oEÅ&ausmif;bkwftzGJYuyif csrSwfcGihfjyKxm;ao;onf/
tcsKdU jynfe,frsm;url wjynfe,fvHk; twkdif;twmjzihf vdkufemvkyf
aqmif&ef ñTefMum;wwfonf/ odkYr[kwf uefYowfxm;Muonf/
a'oEÅ& ausmif;bkwftzGJY0ifrsm;udk pdppf a&G;cs,fcefYtyfjcif;udk
jynfe,fOya'jzihf jyXmef;xm;onf/ enf;vrf; 2 oG,frSm wkduf½dkuf cefY
tyfjcif; appointment eSihf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; election wdkYjzpfonf/
a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;rSm vlxktwGif; ydkrdk yGihfvif;jrifomonfhtcsufESihf
wm0efcHrIwdkY &Sdaomfjim;vnf; wdkuf½dkuf cefYtyfjcif;rSmrl t&nftaoG;&Sdaom
vkyfwwfudkifwwfolrsm;udk &&SdapEkdifNyD; EkdifiHa&;t&vnf; &IyfaxG;rI
enf;ygaMumif; axmufjyMuonf/ wEkdifiHvHk;wGifrl ausmif; 95 &mckdifeIef;rSm
a'oEÅ&ausmif; bkwftzGJY0ifrsm;udk a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; election
enf;vrf;jzihf a&G;cs,fcefYtyfMuygonf/
a'oEÅ& ynma&;tmPmykdifjzpfaom ausmif;bkwftzGJY0ifOD;a&udk
7 OD;rS 9 OD;txd xm;&SdNyD; tBuD;qHk;aom bkwftzGJYwGifrl 19 OD;txd &Sd
wwfonf/ 57 &mckdifEIef;aom bkwftzGJY0ifrsm;rSm rdbrsm;jzpfMuonf/
ausmif;wwfaeqJ om;orD;&Sdaom ausmif;om;rdbjzpfcsifrS jzpfrnf/
bkwftzGJY0ifrsm;\ touft&G,fESihf vlrIpD;yGm;aemufcH tcsuftvufrsm;
uvnf; olwdkY\ EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsufudk vTrf;rdk; aeavh&Sdonf/ ausmif;udpö
&yfrsm;ESihf rl0g' csrSwfrIrsm;wGif oufa&mufrI &Sdaewwfonf/ e,fajr
a'orsm; twGif;&Sd vlxkvlwef;pm tvTmtoD;oD;ESihf rwluGJjym;aom
vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: udk,fpm;jyKrItay:wGif ynma&;orm;rsm;u ar;cGef;
xkwfwwfMuygonf/

43
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ausmif;bkwftzGJY0ifrsm;onf tpnf;ta0; 3 rsKd;udk wufa&muf

Mu&onf/ yHkrSef? txl;ESihf tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;rsm;jzpfonf/
yxr 2 rsKd;wGif rdbjynfolrsm; wufa&mufcGihf &SdMuonf/ tvkyftrI
aqmif tpnf;ta0;rsm;udkrl wHcg;ydwf usif;yavh&SdNyD; 0efxrf;a&;&mrsm;?
ausmif;ydkifypönf;udpörsm;? ausmif;om;wpfOD;csif;ESihf oufqkdifaom udpö&yf
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;avh&Sdonf/ rdbjynfolwdkY wufa&mufcGihf&Sdaom tpnf;
ta0;rsm;rSm ausmif;ESihf &yf&Gm vlrItodkuft0ef; qufqHa&;udk ydkrdk
yGifhvif;jrifom apNyD; rdbjynfolrsm; taejzihf ynma&; jyóemrsm;udk
ydkí odjrif em;vnfapEkdifonf/ rdrdwdkY\ tjrifrsm;ESihf pdk;&drfrIrsm;udkvnf;
wifjy aqG;aEG;cGihf &&SdMuonf/ wHcg;ydwf tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;
ta0;rsm; tay:wGif a0zefaqG;aEG;rIrsm; &SdaeNyD; jynfe,ftcsKdUwGif
zsufodrf;vdkufMu NyDjzpfonf/ a'oEÅ& ynma&;Xmersm;taejzihf ydkrdk
yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sdap&ef tm;xkwfrI[k qdk&rnf/
&yf&GmvlrI0ef;usif\ *kPfodu©mrSm ausmif;\ t&nftaoG;ESihf
wdkuf&dkuf ywfoufaewwfonf/ ausmif;t*FgpOf jynfhrDrI? ausmif;wefzdk;ESihf
e,fajrtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tajccsrI ponfh tcsufrsm; yg0if
ygonf/
wpfekdifiHvHk;twkdif;twmjzihf a'oEÅ&ausmif;bkwftzGJY0ifrsm;rSm
0efxrf; OD;a& vGefpGm us,fjyefY rsm;jym;vSonf/ ,if;wdkY\ wm0ef0wå&m;
rsm;t& tenf;qHk; wpfywfvQif em&D 20 cefYrQ ausmif;bkwftzGJY vkyfief;
aqmifwmrsm;wGif wm0ef,l aqmif&GufMu&onf/ udk,fusihfw&m;ESihf
jynfhpHkaumif;rGefolrsm; jzpfoihfNyD;vQif rQrQww vkyfukdifaqmif&GufEkdifol
rsm;vnf; jzpf&ef vdktyfvSonf/ ausmif;Oya'? ausmif;om;Oya'? q&m
q&mrrsm; Oya'wdkYtygt0if tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY0ifrsm;? rdbrsm;ESihf &yf&Gmae
vlxkwdkYESihf oufqdkifaom Oya'wdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;&ef vdktyfonf/

a'oEÅ&ausmif;bkwftzGJY wm0efrsm;
rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;? 0efxrf;cefYtyfjcif;? or*¾rsm;ESihf qufqHjcif;?
ynma&;XmerSL; a&G;cs,fjcif;? ausmif;ppfaq;a&;rsm; a&G;cs,fjcif;?

44
 odef;Ekdif

taumuftcGef aiGaMu; &SmazGjcif;? oHk;pGJjcif;? b@maiGaMu;udpörsm;udk

ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;wdkYudkvnf; aqmif&GufMuonf/ a'oEÅ& tpdk;&tzGJYtwGif;
ausmif;bkwftzGJYrsm;rSm bwf*suf trsm;qHk;udkifwG,f&onfh tzGJYyifjzpf
onf/ ausmif;om;a&;&m? ausmif;om; tcGihfta&;ESihf wm0efrsm;?
oifwef;atmifvufrSwf ay;tyfjcif;rsm;? oif½dk;jyify avhvmrIrsm;ESihf
ausmif;ac:BudrfwdkYtwGufvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf/
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESihf ynm&nfwdk;wufrIudk ppfaq;jcif;qdkif&m
jyXmef;owfrSwfay;&onf/ oif½dk;udk a&;qGJonf/ zuf'&,fESihf jynfe,f
tpdk;&rsm;\ ynma&;Oya'ESihf vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;t& a'oEÅ&tpdk;&u
oif½dk;zGHYNzdK;a&;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ zwfpmtkyf a&G;cs,fjcif;udk
twnfjyKay;onf/ xdkenf;wlpGm jynfe,ftvkduf ynm&nfwdk;wufrIudk
ppfaq;tuJjzwfjcif;rlt&vnf; wm0ef&Sdonf/ rsm;rMumrDu tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ ]]uav;wpfOD;rQ aemufusef r&Sdap&}} ”
No Child Left Behind Law Oya'wdkYuJhokdYaom jyXmef;rIudkvnf; taumif
txnfaz: aqmif&Guf&onf/
&yf&Gmtodkif;t0ef;ESihf rdbjynfolwdkYESihf aumif;rGefaom pOfquf
rjywf qufqHa&;udkvnf; ausmif;bkwftzGJYu xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/
zuf'&,fESihf jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm; ausmif;rsm;twGuf vkdufemaqmif&Guf&ef
jyXmef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef ausmif;bkwftzGJYrsm;u
wm0efcHMu&onf/
a'oEÅ& ausmif;bkwftzGJYonf ausmif;ynma&;rSL;csKyf\ tcGifh
tmPmudk 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIrsKd; r[kwfbJ ausmif;pepfudk tkyfcsKyf&ef
vnf; wm0ef&Sdonf/ ausmif;pepf vnfywfrIwGif wm0eft&SdqHk;rSm
ausmif;ynma&;rSL; superintendent of schools jzpfonf/ ausmif;
ynma&;qkdif&m trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf CEO vnf;jzpfonf/ ausmif;bkwf
tzGJYu a&G;cs,f cefYtyfxm;oljzpfonf/ ausmif;bkwftzGJYudk a'oEÅ&
ynma&; Oya'jyK tzGJYtpnf;[k &IjrifEkdifonf/ bkwftzGJYtaejzihf
rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&mwGif vkdtyfaom ynma&;ESihf ausmif;qdkif&m tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk ynma&;rSL;u wifjy&onf/ ynma&;rSL;\ oufwrf;rSm

45
 zuf'&,fynma&;

oHk;ESpfrS av;ESpftxdjzpfonf/ t"du wm0efrsm;taejzihf ausmif;q&m

q&mrrsm;ESihf tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESihf
oifMum;rIudk OD;aqmifjcif;? ausmif;ynma&; tkyfcsKyfrIwdkY yg0ifonf/
ausmif;ynma&;\ edpö'l0 wm0efrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;tjyif ajyma&;qdkcGihf
&Sdolvnf;jzpfonf/ ausmif;ynma&;rSL;csKyf vufatmufwGif vufaxmuf
ynma&;rSL;rsm;? 'g&dkufwmrsm;? XmerSL;rsm;? wm0efcHrsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;
rsm;udk cefYtyfxm;NyD; Xmetvdkuf 0efxrf;rsm;pGm xm;&Sdonf/

ausmif;tkyfBuD; Principal
ausmif;tqihfwGif pDrHtkyfcsKyf&ef ausmif;tkyfBuD; principal &Sd
onf/ ausmif;i,frsm;wGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;vnf; tcsdefydkif; pmoifMum;avh
&Sdonf/ ausmif;BuD;rsm;wGifrl 'k-ausmif;tkyfrsm; xm;&Sdonf/ 87 &mckdifEIef;
aom ausmif;tkyfrsm;rSm trsKd;om;rsm; jzpfavonf/ ausmif;wGif;Xme
tvdkuf XmerSL;rsm; xm;&Sdonf/ pnf;urf; xdef;odrf;a&;rSL;rsm;?
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ynma&;ESihf vlrIa&;tBuHay;rsm; xm;&Sdonf/
&yf&GmESihf teD;uyf yl;wGJ vkyfaqmifMuonf/ rdb-q&mtoif;tzGJYrsm;?
ausmif;pDrH tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;wGif &yf&Gmu xJxJ0if0if
yg0ifMuonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udkvnf; OD;aqmifpDrH&
onf/ txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif bmom&yfe,fy,ftvdkuf oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf; acgif;aqmifrsm; oD;oefY xm;&Sdonf/
tpOftvmt& ausmif;ESiyfh wfoufaom tcGit fh mPmrSm txuf
rS atmufodkYyHkpH pD;qif;onf/ a'oEÅ& ausmif;bkwftzGJY? ausmif;ynma&;rSL;
csKyf? A[dkynma&;XmeESihf ausmif;tkyfBuD; tqihfqihfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
rsm;rMumrDu jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumihf vkyfykdifcGihftmPmudk ausmif;
tqihf pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif ydkrdk &&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESihf q&m
q&mrrsm;rSm oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;? 0efxrf;a&;&m? oifMum;rIESihf ausmif;
bwf*swfrsm;wGif vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdk&&SdMuonf/ ausmif;rl0g'rsm; a&;qGJ
csrSwf&mwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESihf ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm; twlwuG yl;
aygif; vkyfaqmifMujcif;jzihf udk,fwkdifyg0ifvkyfaqmif tkyfcsKyfaompepf

46
 odef;Ekdif

participatory governance udk usihfoHk;vmMuonf/

c½dkifynma&;Xme Intermediate units

jynfe,ftpdk;&ESihf a'oEÅ& tpdk;&wdkYtMum;wGif c½dkifynma&;Xme
intermediate units (regional educational service agency RESA) udk xm;&Sd
onf/ qufpyfaqmif&Guf&efESihf a'oEÅ&tpdk;&\ ynma&;XmewdkYudk ulnD
yHhydk;ay;&efjzpfNyD; a'oEÅtpdk;&ESihf jynfe,ftpdk;& ynma&;XmewdkYudk aygif;
ul; qufoG,fay;xm;onf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&\ ynma&;vufwHcGJ wpfck
[lí ½Ijrifekdifonf/ yQrf;rQtm;jzihf c½dkifynma&;Xme wpfckonf a'oEÅ&
ynma&;Xmersm; 20 rS 30 txdcefYudk wm0ef,lxm;onf/ twkdifyifcH
yHkpHrsKd;jzihf ynm&Sifrsm;udk yHhydk;ay;avh&Sdonf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;? oifMum;
enf;? ppfaq;tuJjzwfenf;? vkyfief;cGif q&mtwwfynm oifwef;wdkY
twGuf t"duxm;onf/ bmompum; 2 rsKd;oifMum;jcif;? rlBudKynma&;?
oufarG; 0rf;ausmif; ynma&;? xl;cRefxufjruf ausmif;om; (yg&rD&Sif)
ynma&;? roefpGrf;ynma&;? a'wmpDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf enf;ynm ynma&;
u@wdkY twGufvnf; 0efaqmifrIay;onf/ c½dkiftqihf wm0ef,ljcif;rSm
p&dwfenf; 0efyg yHkpHrsKd;jzihf a'oEÅ& ynma&;Xmersm;twGuf tusKd;&Sd
aMumif; ynma&;orm;rsm;u oHk;oyfMuonf/

jynfe,ftpdk;& ynma&;Xme State Government

jynfe,ftpdk;&\ ynma&;Xmersm; taejzihf vlxkynma&;twGuf
t"du wm0ef&Sdonf/ Oya'jyKjcif;? ausmif;ynma&; tcGefaumufcHjcif;?
a'oEÅ&ausmif;rsm;odkY b@ma&; yHhydk;ay;jcif;? oifwef;ESihf 0efxrf;pHEIef;rsm;
owfrSwfay;jcif;? oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;? (tcsKdU
jynfe,frsm;wGif zwfpmtkyfrsm;udk pdppfay;jcif;)? jynfe,f todtrSwfjyK
ausmif;rsm;wGuf yHhydk;ulnDjcif;? ausmif;BudKydkYESihf tcrJh zwfpmtkyfrsm;
½dkufESdyfxkwfa0jcif; ponfwdkYudk aqmif&Gufonf/
jynfe,fausmif;rludk jyXmef;xm;NyD; ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmif zGihf
vSpf&rnfh yHkpHrsm;? jynfe,fwGif ynma&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;qGJxm;onf/
47
 zuf'&,fynma&;

odkY&mwGif zuf'&,fzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESihf qefYusifEkdifaom

Oya'rsm;udkrl jyXmef;ydkifcGihf r&Sdyg/ jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;a&;ESihf
Oya'jyKa&;r@dKifatmufwGif jynfe,fynma&; bkwftzGJYudk xm;&Sdonf/
jynfe,fynma&;rSL; (jynfe,fynmrif;BuD;) udk cefYtyfonf/ xkdolrSm
tawGYtBuHK rsm;vSaom ynma&;orm; ppfppfjzpf\/ jynfe,f tkyfcsKyf
a&; rSL;ujzpfap? jynfe,fynma&; bkwftzGJYujzpfap a&G;cs,f cefYtyf
onf/ ,if;wdkYu jynfe,fynma&;Xme state department of education udk
zGJYpnf;Muonf/ xkdYaemuf c½dkifESihf a'oEÅynma&; bkwftzGJYtqihfqihf
yHkpHrsKd;jzihf jynfe,fynma&;udk zGJYpnf;onf/ ausmif;q&m wpfOD;taejzihf
trsm;qHk; qufoG,f&avh&SdonfrSm jynfe,fynma&;Xmeyifjzpfonf/

zuf'&,ftpdk;&ESihf ynma&;wm0ef Federal Government

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zuf'&,ftpdk;&onf ynma&;qkdif&m
tcef;u@ 4 &yfudk wm0ef,lygonf/ (1) ynma&;rl0g'rsm;ESihf tpDtpOf
rsm; csrSwfa&;qGJaom zuf'&,f at*sifpDrsm; federal education agencies?
(2) zuf'&,ftpdk;&rSwqihf jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;xHodkY ynma&; qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;tyfonfhu@? (3) zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ ynma&;
bwf*sufESihf (4) ynma&;ESihf pyfvsOf;í w&m;½Hk;csKyf\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
jzpfonf/

zuf'&,fynma&; at*sifpDrsm; federal education agencies

ouú&mZf 1787 ckESpfrS 1937 ckESpftxd tESpf 150 tar&duef
ynma&;ordkif;pOfwGif ynma&;Oya' 14 ckudkom uGef*&ufu jyXmef;
cJhonf/ vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpf 7 cktwGif;wGifrl ynma&;rlopf 170 udk
xyfrH xnfhoGif;cJh\/ ynma&; tzGJYtpnf;BuD;rsm;jzpfaom tar&duef
q&mrsm;tzGJYcsKyf American Federation of Teachersç trsKd;om; ynma&;
tpnf;t½Hk; National EducationAssociationç trsKd;om;ausmif;bkwftzGJYrsm;
tpnf;t½Hk; National School Boards Association wdkYu zuf'&,ftpdk;&
taejzihf b@maiGaMu; ulnDyHhydk;ay;ESihf ynma&; txl; tultnDrsm;
48
 odef;Ekdif

jznhfqnf;ay;&efwdkYudk vdkvm;Muaomfjim;vnf; ynma&;rl0g'rsm; csrSwf

jcif; vkyfief;pOfwGifrl uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeapcsifMuonf/ þonfrSm
tpOfwpdkuf awmif;qdkcJhjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcgwGifrl
ynma&;orm; trsm;pkBuD;u zuf'&,ftpdk;&taejzihf wdus &Sif;vif;aom
ynma&; arQmfrSef;csufESihf vrf;ñTefcsufwdkYudk xm;&Sdapvdkonf/ oif½dk;ñTef;
wrf; pHEIef;rsm;ESihf b@maiGaMu; udpö&yfrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ t"du
tm;jzihf BudK;pm; ½kef;uefaeMu&aom jynfe,ftqihfESihf a'oEÅ&tqihf
ynma&;Xmersm; taejzihf ausmif;rsm; zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufvmapa&;udk
taxmuftul jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fMuonf/

zuf'&,ftpdk;& (tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ynma&;0efBuD;Xme)

The U.S. Department of Education
ynma&; tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf zuf'&,ftpdk;&
tqihf at*sifpDrsm;pGm &SdaeNyDjzpfaomfjim;vnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ynma&;A[dkXme The US Department of Education rSm t"du tusqHk;
aom zuf'&,f ynma&; at*sifpDjzpfonf/ 1867 ckESpf pwif
zGJYpnf;cJhpOfurl Office of Education ynma&;&Hk;csKyf[lí ac:a0:cJhNyD;
ynmrif;BuD;wpfOD;ESihf 0efxrf; 3 OD;? b@maiGaMu; a':vm 18ç000 om
&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; ,cktcgwGif zuf'&,fynma&;XmewGif 0efxrf;tiftm;
4700 OD;ESihf ynma&;bwf*suf a':vm oef; axmifaygif; 150 ausmf
vGefcJhNyDjzpfonf/ zuf'&,f ynma&;Xmetaejzihf ynma&;tpDtpOf
120 ausmfudk OD;pD; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
tpOftvmt& ynma&;½Hk;csKyf Office of Education jzihf wm0ef
BuD; 3 &yfudk taumiftxnf az:cJhonf/ (1) jynfe,fynma&;Xme?
ausmif;e,fajrrsm;? aumvdyfESihf wuúodkvfrsm;odkY axmufyHhaiGrsm;udk
jznhfhqnf;ay;jcif;? (2) ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIESihf okawoe vkyfief;pOf
rsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;? (3) ynma&; OD;aqmifrIay;jcif;? twkdifyifcHtae
jzihf wm0ef,ljcif;ESihf ynma&;qkdif&m tkyfcsKyf pDrHcefYcGJjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
1979 ckESpfu uGefu&ufwGif tacstwif jiif;ckH aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;pGm
49
 zuf'&,fynma&;

jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf zuf'&,fynma&; A[dkXmetaejzihf ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh

onf/ ynma&;twGif;0efwpfOD;udk 0efBuD;tqihf taqmifta,mifrsm;ESihf
cefYtyfxm;&SdNyD; 1980 ckESpf vkyfief;rsm; pwifvnfywfcJhonf/
zuf'&,fynma&;0efBuD;taejzihf rD'D,m rsufESmpGmwGif &SdaeNyD;
MoZmoufa&mufrIvnf; &Sdonf/ ynma&; rl0g'rsm;udk pDrHcefYcJGjcif;? vkyf
ief; y&dk*&rfrsm;udk jr§ifhwifjcif;ESihf rl0g'udk taumiftxnfaz:jcif;wdkYtjyif
0efBuD;onf ekdifiHa&;ESihf ynma&; todkif;t0dkif;twGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
twGuf MoZm&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/
or®wa*smhbk&Sfvufxufu ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk jyK
vkyfcJhonf/ 2002 ckESpfwGif "rnfonfhuav;wpfOD; wpfa,mufrQ aemuf
csef r&Sdap& No Child Left Behind" tufOya'udk uGefu&ufu twnfjyK
ay;cJhonf/ tqihfrrDaom ausmif;rsm; wdk;wufvmapjcif;? wpfekdifiHvHk;
twkdif;twmjzihf ESpfpOf ppfaq; wkdif;wmaom pmzwfjcif; pGrf;&nfESihf
ocsFmwwfajrmufrIwdkYwGif jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;taejzihf
ausmif;om;rsm; tqihfrD wdk;wufap&ef t"du wm0ef,lapjcif;wdkYudk
aqmif&Gufonf/ vkyfief;cGif 0ifcgp q&mtopfrsm; twGufvnf; pdwf
tm; xufoefap&efESihf pGrf;aqmif&ef zGHYNzdK;ap&ef txl;tpDtpOfrsm;udk
jyKvkyf ay;onf/ t&nftaoG; edrfhusaom ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynm&nf
wdk;wufrIudk owfrSwfxm;&Sdaom tqihfrDatmif raqmif&Guf ekdifaom
jynfe,frsm;ESihf a'oEÅ&Xmersm;twGuf b@maiGaMu; yHhydk;rIudk avsmhcs
ypfonf/ 1980 ESihf 1990 jynfhvGefESpf umvrsm;wGif b@maiGaMu;
yHhydk;rIwdkYudk avsmhcs ypfvdkufNyD; a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;udk wm0ef ydk,lapcJhonf/
or®wbk&fS vufxufwiG rf l zuf'&,ftpd;k &u wm0ef ydrk , kd vl mcJjh yefonf/
wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ&tqihfrsm;? ynma&;rSL;csKyfrsm;?
ausmif;tkyfrsm;udkvnf; ynmzHGYNzdK;a&;twGuf (txl;ojzihf pmzwfjcif;
pGrf;&nfESihf ocsFmtqihfrDrItwGuf) zdtm;ay; apcdkif;cJhonf/ q&mopfrsm;
taejzihf bmom&yf pyg,f&S,fvpfrsm;? XmerSL;rsm;ESihf teD;uyf yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufapjcif;jzihf uav; wpfOD;csif;pDtwGuf pmzwfjcif;pGrf;&nf zGHYNzdK;
vmap&ef oifMum;enf; AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmaponf/

50
 odef;Ekdif

(tpdk;&ausmif; r[kwfaom) tjcm;ausmif;rsm; Nonpublic schools

wpfEkdifiH&Sd ausmif;om; 10 &mckdifEIef;rsm; tpdk;&ausmif;r[kwfaom
tjcm;ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYxJrS xuf0ufcefY
jzpfaom 46 &mckdifEIef;rSm Catholic schools c&pf,mef bmom0if uufo
vpf ausmif;rsm;jzpfNyD; 16 &mckdifEIef;rSm bmoma&;udk tajcrcHaom
oD;oefYausmif;rsm; independent schools jzpfMuonf/ jynfe,fynma&;
Oya'rsm;u yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;ESihf bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;
oufa&mufrI&Sdonf/ ausmif;t*FgpOf? ausmif;usef;rmoefY&Sif;rI? taqmuf
tODpHEIef;rsm;? uav;zGHYNzdK;a&;? ausmif;om;pnf;urf; tp&SdonfwdkYjzpfonf/
aiGaMu; ulnDyHhydk;rIvnf; &Sdwwfonf/ yk*¾vdausmif;rsm;rSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
rI aumfrDwD&Sdonf/ ausmif;om; &&SdrI? b@maiGaMu; yHhydk;rIESihf oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;rsm;twGuf yk*¾vduausmif;ESihf tpdk;& ausmif;rsm;tMum;wGif
,SOfNydKif&avh&Sdonf/

tdkbm;rm;tpdk;&twGuf zuf'&,fynma&;rl0g' pdefac:csufrsm; 2015

111 Budrfajrmuf uGefu&ufrS tdkbm;rm;tpdk;&twGuf ynma&;
pdefac:csufBuD; 5 ckudk wifoGif;cJhonf/ okawoetzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ avh
vmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;tay: pOf;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm (1) "No Child
Left Behind NCLB uav;wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ aemufcsef r&Sdap&"
ynma&;rl0g'\ toD;tyGihfESihf atmifjrifrIwdkYudk todtrSwfjyKaomfjim;
vnf; vlxkynma&;rSm a&&Snfatmifjrif&ef pdefac:csuf &Sdaeonf/
ausmif;om; tm;vHk;twGuf prf;&nfrsm; pHEIef;rD wwfajrmuf&efrSm
t"dujzpfonf/ (2) NCBL rl0g'udk qif;&JNyD; ynma&;tcuftcJ&Sdaom
olrsm;twGuf taumif txnfaz:aqmif&ef BudK;pm;&OD;rnf/ (3)
q&mq&mrrsm;\ pGrf;aqmif &nftvdkuf csD;jr§ihfjcif;rSm wefzdk;&Sd
aomfjim;vnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk taejzihf pdefac:csufrsm; &Sdae
onf/ þrl0g'twGuf ynma&;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI xm;&Sd&ayvdrhfrnf/ (4) rl
BudKynma&; tqihfrDonfESihftrQ a&SUquf ausmif;ynma&;c&D;wGif
omom,m,mjzihf xda&mufpGm ynm&SmrDS; Ekdifygonf/ zuf'&,ftpdk;&
51
 zuf'&,fynma&;

Oya'jyKolrsm;taejzihf jynfe,frsm;rS t&nftaoG; jynfhrDaom rlBudK

ynma&;twGuf jznfhqnf;ay;p&m rsm;pGm &Sdaeao;onf/ (5) tjiif;yGm;
zG,f&mrsm;pGm &Sdaeaomfvnf; 1997 ckESpfwGif pwifwnf axmifcJhonfh
csmwmausmif;rsm; Charter schools ta&twGufrSm wdk;yGm;vmaeqJjzpf\/
udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfonfh ynma&;pepfyifjzpfonf/ ausmif;vc ray;&/
wlnD0wfpHk 0wfMu&onf/ rdbrsm;\ yg0ifaqmif&GufrI vdktyfonf/
yHkrSefoif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk oifMum;onf/ oifjyrI t&nftaoG;t&
ausmif;q&mudk vpmay;onf/ qdk;usKd;um; rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sdyg/ csmwm
ausmif;rl0g'udk wdwdusus csrSwfay;&ef vdktyfaeonf//
aemufqHk;wpfcsuftaejzihf rsm;rMumrDu or®wbm;&uf tdkbm;
rm;\ wufa&mufcGihf &&Sdolrsm;twGuf tcrJh aumvdyfausmif;
wufa&mufcGihf Oya'udk BudKqdkMuaomfjim;vnf; jyóemudk ajz&Sif;ay;
Ekdif&ef tcuftcJ &Sdaeao;onf/

ed*Hk;
csKyfíqdk&aomf zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ ynma&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;
us,fjyefYrI &Sdaomfjim;vnf; jynfe,frsm;ESihf a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;udk wm0ef
ydkrdk ,lapygonf/ zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifrIudk tvGefyif
avsmhcsxm;NyD; jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;? ausmif;bkwftzGJYrsm;?
ausmif;rsm; taejzihf ydkrdkvGwfvyfaom ynma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGihf
jyKxm;aom zuf'&,fynma&;pepf[k qdkEkdifonf/

oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (rwfv 2015? armfvNrdKifNrdKU/)

52
 odef;Ekdif

zuf'&,fA[dktpdk;&\ ynma&;
csKyfudkifrIudk avQmhcsypf&rnfhcsdef

jynfe,frsm;eJY a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;&JU wm0ef0wå&m;awGudk 0g&Sif

wef'DpDNrdKUawmfu odrf;ydkuf,lvdkufcJhNyD/ oli,fwef;uae 12 wef; txd
ynma&; tvkyfawGudk ajymwmyg/ vGefcJhwJh 12 ESpfwm umvrSm tHhMozG,f
&m t&Sdeft[kefeJY zuf'&,frI jyKvdkufMuwmav/ uav;wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ
aemufcsef r&Sdap& - No Child Left Behind - qdkwJh ynma&;rl0g'udk
zuf'&,fA[kdu wkduf½dkufcsKyfudkifvdkY taumiftxnfaz:&r,fqdkwJh
Oya'jyXmef;csufudk uGefu&ufu twnfjyKawmhr,fh tcgor,ygyJ/
ratmifjrif? us½HI;aewJh 'Dzuf'&,f prf;oyfcsufudk b&dwftkyf &yfwefY
ypfvdkufzdkY twGuf tBuHjyKyg&ap/ twdkcsKyftaeeJY NCLB rludk arhypfvdkuf
NyD; ynma&;udk zuf'&,f A[dktpdk;&u wdkuf½dkuf csKyfudkifr,fhudpöudk
aemufcsefxm; ypfcJhzdkYygyJ/
b,fvdkawG jzpfcJhwmygvdrhf/ 36 a,mufajrmuf tar&duefor®w
vif'ef*Refqef[m 1960 q,fpkESpf0ufavmufrSm oli,fwef;uae 12

53
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wef;ynma&;udk zuf'&,fA[dktpdk;&&JU txdef;tuGyfatmufrSm qGJoGif;cJh

NyD; qif;&JrGJawrI wkdufzsufa&; ppfyGJqdkwJh olY&JU tpDtpOfatmufrSm qif;&J
EGrf; yg;olrsm;eJY tultnDvdktyfaewJh uav;i,frsm;twGuf zuf'&,f
ynma&; tultnD ay;cJhw,f/ or®wa*smh&Sf'AvsLbk&Sf vufxufrSm
awmh wu,fhudk t&SdefwufvmcJhNyD/ olY&JU ynma&;tpDtpOf wpfckjzpfwJh
]]wuúquf yOövuf}} udk 0g&SifwefNrdKUawmfqD ,lvmcJhwJhaemufrSmwmh
]]ynma&;or®w}} &,fvkYd cH,lcJhw,f/ (Taxas Miracle udk ouú&mZf 2000
ckESpf? tar&duef or®w a&G;aumufyGJumvrSm bk&Sfu oHk;EIef;cJhwmyg/
wuúqufjynfe,f? [lpwifNrdKUawmfrSm ausmif;xGufEIef;awG trsm;BuD;
usqif;cJhNyD; &rSwfawG t&rf; jrihfrm;apcJhwJh ynma&; tpDtpOfwpfckyg/
ol or®w jzpfvmNyD;wJh aemufykdif;rSm [lpwifNrdKU? ausmif;ynma&;rSL;jzpfcJhwJh
Rod Paige udk zuf'&,fynma&;0efBuD;tjzpf cefYtyfcJhw,f/) bk&SfeJY
txufvTwfawmftrwf Ted Kennedy wdkY[m yl;aygif;vdkY 2002 ckESpfrSm
NCLB Oya'udk jyXmef;cJhMuw,f/ 'DOya'[m ynma&;½Icif;udk zuf'&,f
uae ppfaq;rIawGeJY wm0efcHrIawG vkyfvmNyD; cs,fvS,f csKyfudkifzdkY&m
tkwfjrpfozG,fygyJ/
cPavmuf onf;nnf;cHay;ygOD;/ 'Dxufudk ydkqdk;wm&SdaeNyD/
2012 ckESpfta&mufrSmawmh tar&duef pmoifausmif; 80 &mckdifEIef;[m
NCLB &JU 2014 rSm uav;wkdif;twGuf jynfpHkwJh wwfyGefrIqdkwJh &nfrSef;
csufawGudk ra&mufEkdifbl;qdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vifvif; odjrifvmcJhw,f/ EkdifiH
a&;orm;awGtwGuf t&SufwuGJjzpfcJh&NyD; ausmif;awGtay:rSmawmh jyif;
xefvSwJh 'Pfcwf ta&;,lrIawG vkyfcJhw,f/ zuf'&,fynma&;0efBuD;
Arne Duncan u (jynfe,f 40ausmfrSm) NCLB &JU vdktyfcsufawGudk jyef
½kwfodrf;aMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmcJhw,f/ wu,fawmhvnf; ausmif;awG
[m zuf'&,fbm;wef;udk rrDEkdifbl;qdk&if tJ'Dwef;udk ESdrfhcsypf&r,f? 'grS
r[kwf&if bm;wef;udk zsufodrf;ypfvdkuf½HkaygY/ odkYaywJh 0efBuD; Duncan
[m jynfe,frsm;twGuf jyefvnf ½kwfodrf;aMumif;udkyJ vkyfcJhwmr[kwfbl;/
rlopf? tajctaeopfawGudk oabmwlMu&r,fqdkNyD; tusyfvnf; udkifcJh
wm/ tJ'DrlopfawG[m oli,fwef;uae 12 wef;txd ynma&; vrf;

54
 odef;Ekdif

aMumif;udk ydkvdkYom ajymif;vJapzdkY&m jzpfaewmyg/ trsKd;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;

(bHkpHEIef;rsm;)? q&mrsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;ESihf wm0efcHrIwdkYtwGuf zuf'&,f
u vkyfzdkY&m pdwfqE´ jyif;jycJhw,f/ 'Dacgif;pOfawGuawmh jynfe,frsm;rSm
taustvnf jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;&if; yHkaz: wnfaqmuf aecJhwmjzpfw,f/
tckawmh &kwfw&ufqdkovdk zuf'&,ftpdk;&? ynma&; 0efBuD;Xme[m
bufvdkufcJhNyD; zuf'&,ftajzudk twif;tusyf ay;vkdufawmhwm/
awmifydkif;um&dkvkdif;em;jynfe,fu Oya'ygarmu© Derek W.
BLack u Vanderbilt Law Review *sme,frSm axmufjyxm;w,f/ 0efBuD;&JU
Oya'udk cRif;csufeJY ½kwfodrf;rI[m zGJYpnf;yHkeJY rukdufnDbJ jyóem 2 ck
&SdaeaMumif;yg/ yxrjyóemuawmh NCLB Oya'udk zsufodrf;NyD;
jynfe,fawGtay: ynma&;rl0g' topfawGudk vdkufemapwm[m uGefu
&ufeJY tkyfcsKyfa&; r@dKifwdkYtMum; vkyfydkifcGihftmPm [efcsufnDrIudk
xdyg; apw,f/ uGefu&ufuomvQif qHk;jzwfay;&r,fh udpöjzpfvdkYygyJ/
'kwd, tcsufuawmh zuf'&,ftpdk;&&JU jynfe,frsm;tay: Ncdrf;ajcmuf
vkyfudkifapwJhudpöyg/ zuf'&,fbwf*swfaiGudk jynfe,frsm;udk vmbfaiG
ozG,f ay;urf;NyD; zuf'&,frludk vdkufem usihfoHk;apwJh jyóemygyJ/
jynfe,f 40 ausmf[m wif;rcHEkdif&Smbl;/ ygarmu© bvdwfcf[m tckvdk
ed*Hk;csKyf oHk;oyfcJhygw,f/ ]]ratmifjrifEkdifwJh NCLB Oya'udk jyefvnf ½kyf
odrf;zdkYxuf ydkwJh tcGihftmPm r&SdygbJ 0efBuD; Arne Duncan [m umv
&SnfMumpGm BudK;yrf;aeMuwJh ynma&; wef;wlnDrQa&; avmfbDrsm;&JU
&nfrSef;csufudkawmh &&SdcJhw,f/ odkYaywJh wdwdusus qkyfudkifEkdifcJh
wmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ vlxkynma&;udk zuf'&,frIjyKa&; acgif;pOfudk
ajymwmyg/}}
]]No Child Left Behind - uav;wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ aemufcsef
r&Sdap&}} qdkwJh ynma&;Oya'udk jyefvnftoufoGif;zdkY uGefu&ufrSm
'Dbdwfvkyfaewkef;yg/ wu,fwrf; vkyfoihfwmuawmh oli,fwef;uae
12 wef;txd ynma&;rSm zuf'&,ftpdk;&&JU tcef;u@udk jyefvnf ½kwf
odrf;ay;zdkYygyJ/ zuf'&,f bwf*swfaiG a':vmaiG x&DvD,H xuf0uf
avmuftxdudk 'Dprf;oyfrItwGuf oHk;pGJcJhNyD;NyD/ ynma&;rl0g' avhvma&;

55
 zuf'&,fynma&;

A[dkXmeeJY tjcm;aom vGwfvyfwJh ppfwrf;awGt& &v'faumif; enf;enf;

avmufawmif r&Sdao;bl;/ zuf'&,fynma&;0efBuD;Xmeudk qD;edwfvTwf
awmftrwf Lamar Alexander &JU tac:t& ]]trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; bkwf
tzGJY}} wJh/ ynma&;rl0g'rsm;eJY &v'fawGudk tao;pdwf nTefMum; pDrHae
awmhwmr[kwfvm;/ aemufqHk;rSmawmh jynfe,frsm;[m olwdkY vufavsmh
qHk;½HI; epfemcJhwmawGtay:rSm jrifwwfvmcJhNyD/ zuf'&,f oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;eJY
bHkpHEIef;awGudk vufrcHbJ qefYusif jiif;y,fwwfaeNyD/ NCBL udk jyefvnf
toufoGif;zdkY 'Dbdwfvkyfae&mrSm 'Dudpöudk wifjyaeMuNyD/
A[dktpdk;&&JU zuf'&,fynma&;ay:vpD us½IH;jcif;udk 0efcHzdkY&m
tcsdefwefaeygNyD/ vufawGYruswJh &nfrSef;csufawG xm;cJhMuw,f/
zuf'&,f t&m&Sdrif;rsm;[m ynma&;rl0g' ratmifjrifwmudk oufom&m
&vdk&jim;twGuf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'eJY rudkufnDwJh udpöawGudk
jyKvkyfvmcJhNyD/ a':vmaiG oef;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk oHk;pGJcJhMuNyD;NyD/ q&m
q&mrrsm;eJY ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;[m ra&rwGufEkdifwJh em&Daygif;
rsm;pGmudk zuf'&,fppfaq;rI topfawGtwGuf oifMum;a&;rSm tcsdefay;cJh
&NyD;NyD/ awmfavmufygNyD/
ynma&;rl0g'rsm;eJY tcGihftmPmudk tdrfem;? ausmif;em;?
jynfe,f tem;avmufrSmyJ jyefvnf xm;vdkufMu&atmifyg/ NCBL
ynma&;rludk jyefNyD; toufoGif;raeygeJYawmh/ tJ'Dtpm; bwf*swfaiGeJY
vkyfydkifcGihf tmPmawGudk tdrf? c½dkifeJY jynfe,fawGudk cufcJpGm? emusifpGm
eJYyJ vTJajymif; ay;tyfvdkufygawmh/

Ref: David Davenport, Forbes Magazine, February, 2015

oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f ({NyDv? 2015)

56
 odef;Ekdif

Nidrf;csrf;aom zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pDpepf
(tdE´d,EkdifiH\ ynma&;)

urÇmhtBuD;qHk; zuf'&,f 'Drdkua&pD? oef; wpfaxmihf ESpf&mausmf

jzihf vlOD;a& 'kwd, txlxyfqHk;EkdifiH? qif;&J-csrf;om uGm[csuf BuD;rm;
aeqJaom EkdifiH? ESpf wpfaomif;ausmf ,Ofaus;rIaemufcHESihf EkdifiH? vkyf
om;tiftm; trsm;qHk;EkdifiH? 'óew&m;wdkY\ A[dk tcsuftcsmEkdifiH?
urÇmhbmomw&m;BuD; 4 ckudk pwif aygufzGm;apcJhaom EdkifiH? urÇmausmf
vlom;rsm;pGmudk arG;zGm;ay;cJhaom EkdifiH? vlrsKd;pHk? ,Ofaus;rIrsKd;pHk? Zmwf
edrfh-ZmwfjrihfESihf bmomt,l0g' rsKd;pHk&Sdaom EkdifiH? rwluGJjym;aom vl
oef;aygif; tpkta0;BuD; rsm;pGmwdkY Nidrf;csrf;pGm aeekdifaomEkdifiH.../
tdE´d,EkdifiH\ trsKd;om;ynma&;pepf taMumif;udk avhvmMuyg
rnf/ zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pD EkdifiHrsm;teuf tBuD;qHk;aomEkdifiH wpfEkdifiH
vnf;jzpfonf/ zGHYNzdK;qJedkifiHtqihfrS ausmfvGefwdk;wuf&ef BudK;pm;rI?
'Drdkua&pD,Ofaus;rI? zuf'&,f ,Ofaus;rIpepfESihf rwl uGJjym;aom
bmomt,l0g'ESihf 'óew&m; trsKd;rsKd;wdkY o[Zmwjzpfvsuf?
Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ &Sifoef pnfyifapEkdif&eftwGuf ynma&;pepfudk
rnfodkY wnfaqmufxm;ygoenf;/ tdrfeD;csif; þekdifiHBuD;xJrS zuf'&,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD ynma&;twGuf twk,lp&m wyHkwyif
57
 zuf'&,fynma&;

&Sdaeygonf/
tdEd´,EdkifiH (Hindi: Bhārat Gaṇarājya) w&m;0if trnftm;jzifh
tdE´d,or®wEdkifiHonf awmiftm&SwGif wnf&dSaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfNyD;
urÇmay:wGif tus,ft0ef;tm;jzifh owÅrajrmuftBuD;qHk;? 'kwd,ajrmuf
vlOD;a& trsm;qHk;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDedkifiHrsm;wGif vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfonf/
awmifzufwGif tdEd´,ork'´&m? taemufzufwGif tm&yfyifv,fESifh ta&SU
zufwGif b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwdkYu 0ef;&Hxm;NyD; tdEd´,wGif urf;&dk;wef;
t&Snfrdkifaygif; 4671 rdkif (7517 uDvdkrDwm) rQ&dSonf/ tdrfeD;csif;edkifiH
rsm;taeESifh taemufzufwGif ygupöwefEdkifiH? ta&SUajrmufzufwGif w&kwf?
eDaygedkifiHESifh blwefedkifiH? ta&SUzufwGif b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHESifh jrefrmedkifiH
wdkY&dSMuonf/ tdEd´,ork'´&mxJ&dS edkifiHrsm;jzpfaom oD&dvuFmEdkifiH?
armfv'dkufedkifiHESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;edkifiHwdkYESifhvnf; eD;pyfonf/
tdE´KawmifMum; ,Ofaus;rIaygufzGm;&mESifh ordkif;0ifukefoG,fa&;
vrf;aMumif;ESifh BuD;rm;aom tifyg,mrsm; wnf&dScJh&m a'ojzpfojzifh
tdE´d,a'oonf ol\ &Snfvsm;vSaom ordkif;aMumif;twGif; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m <u,f0csrf;omaom a'otjzpf owfrSwfMuonf/
urÇmh bmomBuD; 4 ckjzpfaom [dE´Lbmom? Ak'¨bmom? *dsef;bmomESifh
qpfcfbm omwdkYonf tdEd´,ajrwGif ay:xGef;cJhNyD; Zoroastrianismç Juda-
ism? c&pf,mefbmomESifh tpövmrfbmomwdkYonf yxr axmifpkESpf
twGif; a&muf&dSvmcJhojzifh tdEd´,twGuf axGjym;í trsKd;pHkaom ½dk;&m
,Ofaus;rI wdkYudk yHkazmfay;cJhonf/ rwluGJjym;aom bmom? t,l0g'ESihf
,Ofaus;rIwdkY ,SOfwGJaexkdifcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif; wpfaxmifausmfcJhNyD/
18 &mpktpydkif;rS pí NAdwdoQ ta&SUtdEd´, ukrÜPD\ wpfp
wpfp xdk;azmuf 0ifa&mufvmcJhNyD; e,fcsJUNAdwdoQ tifyg,m\ udkvdkeD
tjzpf 19 &mpk tv,fydkif;wGif usa&mufcJhonf/ 19 &mpktukef 1885
ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvnf; NAdwdoQtifyg,mtwGif; udkvdkeDtjzpf usa&muf
cJhNyD; tdE´d,EkdifiHESihf yl;wGJ tkyfcsKyfcHcJh&onf/ xdkYaemuf 1947 wGif BuD;rm;
us,fjyefYvSaom tMurf;rzuf vIyf&Sm;rIjzifh t*Fvdyf vufatmufrS 1947
ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&; &cJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&; vIyf&Sm;rIumvtwGif;

58
 odef;Ekdif

r[wår*E¨D\ urÇmausmf ]tMurf;rzuf vIyf&Sm;rI} aMumihf[k qkdEkdifonf/

]]t[d Ho'óe}} ESihf Nidrf;csrf;aom wefjyefvIyf&Sm;rIrSm rsufarSmufacwf
vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESihf ynma&;pepfrsm;twGuf vufawGYtoHk;csw&m;rsm;
jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;ynma&;pepfESihf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;twGuf wpfEkdifiH
vHk;qkdif&m bHkpHEIef;vnf; jzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pDESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,Ofaus;rI
twGufvnf; tc&musonf/
tdE´d,onf ygvDref zuf'&,for®wedkifiHjzpfjyD; jynfe,f 28 ck
ESifh jynfaxmifpke,fajr 7 ckyg0ifonf/ urÇmay:wGif aps;uGufaiGaMu;
vJvS,fEIef;jzifh MunfhrnfqdkvQif pD;yGm;a&; t& 12 ckajrmuftBuD;qHk; Edkif
iH jzpfNyD; pwkwåajrmuf 0,ftm; taumif;qHk;aom EdkifiHjzpfonf/ ynm
a&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh tdEd´,onf pD;yGm;a&;
wdk;wufrI tjrefEIef;wGif 'kwd,ae&modkY a&muf&dScJhonf/ odkYaomf
tdE´d,wGif qif;&JrIrsm;? pmrwwfrIrsm;ESifh tm[m&csKdUwJhrIrsm; trsm;tjym;
&dSaeqJjzpf onf/ rwluGJjym;aom tawG;tac:rsm;? bmompum;rsm;?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;&dSaom tdE´d,EdkifiHonf obm00ef;usif xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf
&m ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif awm½dkif;wd&dpämef trsKd;rsKd;wdkYtwGuf aetdrfvnf;
jzpfonf/

ordkif;tusOf;csKyf
r'&my&m'pf (Madhya Pradesh) a'owGifaom&dSaom bifbuf
um (Bhimbetka) ausmuftrdk;tumrsm;&dS ausmufacwf yef;csDrsm;onf
tdE´d,wGif tapmqHk; urÇmOD;vlom;wdkY csefxm;cJhaom vufpvufersm;
jzpfonf/ avhvmod&dS&aom yxrqHk;vlom;wdkY\ tajccsaexdkifrIrSm
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 9000 ausmfrS píjzpfNyD; wjznf;jznf;ESifh tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;
,Ofaus;rI vlYtzJGYtpnf;tjzpf ajymif;vJ wdk;wufvmcJhonfrSm taemuf
tdE´d, a'owGif bDpD 3300 ausmftxd jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;rSm [dE´L
bmom\ tkwfjrpfESifh tjcm;tapmydkif; tdE´d, vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ tkwfjrpf
rsm;udk csay;cJhaom a0'acwfumv (Vedic period) jzpfNyD; bDpD 500 cefY
txdjzpfonf/ bDpD 550 cefYrSpí r[mZey' (Mahajanapadas) [k ac:
59
 zuf'&,fynma&;

aom NrdKUjywdkif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh wdkif;jynfrsm; EdkifiH tESHYtjym;wGif xlaxmifcJh

Muonf/ bDpD 638 wGif rsufarSmufacwf tdE´d,ESifh eDaygEdkifiHe,fpyfa'o
e,fajrwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf zGm;jrifhcJhNyD; Ak'¨bmompwif xGef;umcJhonf/
tmaomurif;BuD; vufxufwGif ta&SUawmiftm&SESifh tjcm;e,fajrrsm;odkY
omoemjyK&ef &[ef;awmfrsm; apvTwfcJhonf/
bDpD 3 &mpkESpfwGif tm&Sawmifydkif;a'o trsm;pkudk pE´&m*kywå
arm&d,rS arm&d, tifydkif,mtwGif;odkY pkpnf; odrf;oGif;cJhNyD; r[m
taomu\ vufxufta&mufwGif vGefpGmwdk;wufvmcJhonf/ at'D 3
&mpkrSpí *kywårif;qufonf a&S;a[mif; "tdE´d,a&Tacwf" [k &nfñTef;
Muaom ESpfumvrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ awmifydkif;tdE´d,wGifrl
csmvkusm (Chalukyas) rif;quf? csKdv (Cholas) rif;qufESifh 0d[m&
em*& (Vijayanagara) rif;qufwdkY yg0iftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ odyÜH? tif*sifeD,m
twwf? tEkynm? pmay? eu©wåaA'ESifh 'óeduaA'wdkYonf xdkrif;rsm;\
tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif pnfyif xGef;um;vmcJhonf/
10 &mpkESpfESifh 12 &mpkESpftwGif;wGif tm&Stv,fydkif;rS usL;
ausmf wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh ajrmuftdE´d,\ tpdwftydkif; tawmfrsm;rsm;onf
a'vDqlvwef\ tkyfcfkyfrIatmufodkY usa&mufcJhNyD; aemufydkif;wGif rl*,f
tifydkif,m vufatmufodkY usa&mufcJhonf/ rl*,fbk&ifrsm;onf olwdkY\
tifydkif,mudk wjznf;jznf; csJUxGifNyD; tdE´d,wdkuf tpdwftydkif;\ tawmf
rsm;rsm;udk tkyfpdk;EdkifcJhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ta&SUajrmuf tdE´d,wGifrl
tmoHrS tm[krfwdkif;jynfonf BuD;us,faom MoZm vTrf;rdk;rI&SdNyD; rl*,f
wdkY\ e,fcsJUrIudk ckcH wGef;vSefEdkifaom wdkif;EdkifiHtcsKdUwGif wpfck tygt0if
jzpfonf/
16 &mpkESpfrS pí ay:wl*D? e,fomvef? jyifopfESifh t*FvefwdkY
tygt0if Oa&my EdkifiHtcsKdUrS ukefonfrsm; taejzifh pwifa&muf&SdvmcJh
onf/ aemiftcgwGif wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;tMum; qufqHa&; rajyvnfrI tay:
wGif tcGifhaumif;,lí EdkifiHtwGif;ü udkvdkeDrsm;udk pwifwnfaxmifcJh
onf/ 1856 ckESpfodkY a&mufaomtcg tdE´d,\ tpdwftydkif; awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;rSm NAdwdoQ ta&SUtdE´d,ukrÜPD\ xdef;csKyfrI atmufodkY a&muf&SdcJh

60
 odef;Ekdif

onf/ wpfESpftMumwGif wpfEdkifiHvkH;&Sd ppfwyfrsm;ESifh wdkif;EdkifiH rsm;rS

x<u ykefuefcJhMuonf/ xdkykefuefrIudk tdE´d, yxrvGwfvyfa&;ppf
odkYr[kwf pDyGdKif;ykefuefrI (Sepoy Mutiny) [k &nfñTef; ac:qdkMuonf/ xdk
ykefuefrIrSm NAdwdoQukrÜPD\ xdef;csKyfrIudk pdefac:cJhaomfvnf; aemufqkH;
wGif us½IH;cJhonf/ tusdK;quftaejzifh tdE´d,onf NAdwdoQbk&if\
wdkuf½dkuf tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrS NAdwdoQtifydkif,m\ udkvdkeDwpfck jzpfvmcJh
onf/

vGwfvyfNyD; tdE´d,
20 &mpk\ yxrydkif; &mpkESpfw0ufwGif tdE´d, trsKd;om;
uGef*&ufESifh tjcm;EdkifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS wpfEdkifiHvkH; twdkif;twmjzifh
vGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIudk pwifcJhonf/ 1920 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1930wdkYwGif
r[wår*E´D\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh t[ðoac: tMurf;rzufa&; vIyf&Sm;rI
vrf;pOfatmufwGif oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom qE´jyjynfolwdkYonf wpkwa0;
wnf;aom tmPmzDqefa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/ aemufqkH;ü
1947 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 15 &ufwGif tdE´d,onf NAdwdoQwdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrI
atmufrS vGwfvyfa&; &cJhonf/ odkYaomf rlqvif tpktzGJUwdkY\ qE´t&
bmoma&;t& uGJjym;aom tdE´d,'dkrDeD,HESifh ygupöwef 'dkrDeD,HwdkYtwGuf
vGwfvyfaom tpdk;& tzGJUrsm;jzifh cGJjcm; zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 3 ESpfMumaomtcg
wGif tdE´d,onf or®wEdkifiH jzpfvmcJhNyD; zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'topf
pwif touf0ifvmcJhonf/
tdE´d,EdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&; &onfh tcsdefrSpí bmoma&;
tMurf;zufrI? ZmwfedrfhZmwfjrifh cGJjcm;jcif;rSjzpfaom tMurf;zufrIESifh
ykefuefx<urIwdkY\ 'ku©udk ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif cHcJh&onf/ odkYaomfvnf;
]]onf;nnf;cHjcif;w&m; (cEÅD)}} xGef;um; us,fjyefYvmrIESifh zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya' jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;wdkYrSwqifh xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhonf/ tMurf;zuform;
wdkY\ 0g'onfvnf; tdE´d,\ t"du vkHNcHKa&;qdkif&m jyoemyifjzpfcJh
onf/ ykefuefx<uolrsm;rSm *srfrl;ESifh uuf&SfrD;,m;? tdE´d, ta&SUajrmuf
ydkif;ESifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif eufq,fvdkufac: tdE´d,uGefjrLepfwdkY jzpf
61
 zuf'&,fynma&;

onf/ 1990 ESpfrsm;rSpí pepfwus pDpOfxm;aom tMurf;zuf

wdkufcdkufrIrsm;rSm tdE´d,\ NrdKUBuD; trsm;tjym;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
tdE´d,wGif w½kwfEdkifiHESifh ygupöwefEdkifiHwdkYESifh rajz&Sif;Edkifao;
aom e,fajrydkifqdkifrI jyoem&SdNyD; xdktaMumif;aMumifh 1962 ckESpfwGif
tdE´d,-w½kwf ppfyGJjzpfyGm;cJhNyD; ygupöwefESifhrl 1947? 1965? 1971 ESifh
1999 wdkYwGif ppfjzpfcJhonf/ tdE´d,onf bufrvdkufvIyf&Sm;rIESifh
ukvor*¾ (NAdwdoQtdE´d,udkvdkeDuwnf;u) udk pwif wnfaxmifolrsm;wGif
yg0if onf/ 1974 wGif tdE´d,onf ajratmuf EsL;uvD;,m; prf;orfrIudk
jyKvkyfcJhNyD; 1998 ckESpfwGif aemufxyfprf;oyfrI 5 BudrfjyKvkyfcJhNyD; tdE´d,udk
EsL;uvD;,m;vufeuf ydkifqdkifaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfvmapcJhonf/ 1991
ckESpfrS pwifí tBuD;tus,f pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJh
ojzifh tdE´d,EdkifiHudk urÇmay:wGif pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrI tjrefqkH;
EdkifiHrsm;wGif tygt0ifjzpfatmif wGef;ydkYcJhNyD; urÇmvkH;qdkif&mESifh a'o
qdkif&m MoZmtmPm&Sdaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfvmapcJhonf/

tpdk;& - tBuD;qkH;aom 'Drdkua&pD

urÇmay:wGif t&SnfqkH;ESifh tao;pdwf tusqkH;aom tdE´d,EdkifiH
\ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'onf 1950 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufwGif pwif
touf0ifcJhonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'\ tzGifhwGif tdE´d,EdkifiH tm;
tcsKyftjcm tmPm&Sdaom vufawGUqefaom qdk&S,fvpf 'Drdkua&pD
or®wEdkifiHtjzpf t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkxm;onf/ tdE´d,wGif NAdwdoQ0ufrifp
wmpwdkif ygvDrefpepf usifhokH;NyD; Oya'jyKvTwfawmf 2 ck&Sdonf/ tpdk;&
tzGJUtpnf;rSm zuf'&,fqefqef zGJUpnf;xm;NyD; A[dktpdk;&rS csKyfudkifrI
tm;aumif;í jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;\ tmPmrSm avsmh&Jonf/ odkYaomf
1990 ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; ajymif;vJrI
rsm;aMumifh zuf'&,f 'Drdkua&pDepftjzpf wdk;wufajymif;vJvmcJhonf/
or®wonf EdkifiHawmf\ tBuD;tuJjzpfí rJqE´e,frsm;rS
oG,f0dkufaom enf;jzifh a½G;cs,fwifajrmufNyD; oufwrf;rSm 5 ESpf jzpf
onf/ 0efBuD;csKyfrSm tpdk;&tzGJY\ tBuD;tuJjzpfNyD; tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m

62
 odef;Ekdif

tmPm trsm;pkudk usifhokH;onf/ 0efBuD;csKyfonf or®wESifh nDvmcHrS

a½G;cs,fcefYtyfol jzpfNyD; atmufvTwfawmfwGif ae&mtrsm;pk &,lxm;aom
ygwD (odkYr[kwf) EdkifiHa&;r[mrdwf tpktzGJUrsm;rS axmufcHoljzpfonf/
tdE´d,\ Oya'jyK tzGJYtpnf;rSm ygvDrefESpfck yg0ifNyD; txuf
vTwfawmfrSm &m*smqmb (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD) jzpfNyD; atmufvTwfawmfrSm
avmhqmb (jynfolUvTwfawmf) jzpfonf/ &m*smqmbonf trwf 245
a,muf&Sdonfh tNrJwrf; tpktzGJUjzpfNyD; 6 ESpfwpfBudrf ajymif;vJonf/
trsm;pkrSm jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m Oya'jyK tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS vlOD;a&
tcsKd;ESifhtnD a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ avmhqmb\
trwf 545 a,muftwGif;rS 543 a,mufrSm oD;oefY e,fajra'o wpf
ck pDtwGuf vlBudKufrsm;rIay: rlwnfonfh rJqE´jzifh wdkuf½dkufa½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufxm;jcif; jzpfNyD; 5 ESpf oufwrf;&Sdonf/ tjcm;trwf 2
a,mufudk tif*vdk tif'D;,ef; todkif;t0dkif;wGif;rS or®wu wdkuf½dkuf
a&G;cs,fjcif; jzpfonf/ or®wtaeESifh xdktodkif;t0dkif;udk vkHavmufaom
udk,fpm;jyKrI r&Sdqdkonfh ,lqonfh tcsdefwGif jzpfonf/
trIaqmif tzGJUwGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm or®w? 'kwd,or®wESifh
0efBuD;csKyf OD;aqmifaom0efBuD;rsm; aumifpD (uufbdeufonf xdktzGJY
twGif;rS trIaqmifaumfrwD jzpfonf/) jzpfonf/ 0efBuD;Xmewpfckudk
tkyfcsKyfaom rnfonfh0efBuD;rqdk ygvDref 2 cktwGif; wpfckckrS trwf
jzpf&rnf jzpfonf/ tdE´d,ygvDrefpepfwGif trIaqmifonf Oya'jyKtzGJY\
vufatmufcHjzpfNyD; 0efBuD;csKyfESifh ol\ aumifpDonf atmufvTwfawmf
twGuf wdkuf½dkuf wm0ef&Sdonf/
tdE´d,wGif tvTm 3 vTm &Sdaom w&m;pD&ifa&; pepf&SdNyD; tdE´d,
EdkifiH w&m;olBuD;csKyf OD;aqmifaom A[dkw&m;½kH;csKyf? tqifhjrifhw&m;½kH;
21 ½kH;ESifh omref w&m;½kH; tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifonf/ A[dkw&m;½kH;csKyfonf
tajccH tcGifhta&;ESifhqdkifaom trIrsm;? jynfe,ftcsif;csif;ESifh jynfe,f
ESifh A[dktpdk;&wdkY tjiif;yGm;rI ponfwdkYudk yxrtBudrf Mum;emydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf rSDcdkrIuif;rJhonfh vGwfvyfaom pepfjzpfNyD; Oya'
xkwfjyef&efESifh zGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'udk csKd;azmufonfh jynfaxmifpkESifh

63
 zuf'&,fynma&;

jynfe,fOya'rsm;udk y,fzsuf&ef tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf/ zGJYpnf;ykH tajccH

Oya'udk aemufqkH; tjiif;yGm;Edkifonfh ae&mudk ,lxm;jcif;onf A[dkw&m;
½kH;csKyf\ ta&;tygqkH; vkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

EdkifiHa&;
tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif jynfe,f 28 ckESifh jynfaxmifpk e,fajr 7 ck
&Sdonf/ jynfe,ftm;vkH;ESifh jynfaxmifpke,fajr 2 ck jzpfMuaom yl'k
cs,f&DESifh a'vDtrsdK;om;NrdKUawmfe,fajrwdkYwGif a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufxm;
aom vTwfawmf&SdNyD; tpdk;&rSm NAdwdoQ0ufrifpwm ykHpHjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onf/
tjcm;aom jynfaxmifpk e,fajr 5 ckrSm A[dkrS tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm; cefY
tyfí wdkuf½dkuf tkyfcsKyfonf/ 1956 ckESpf jynfe,frsm; jyefvnfpDrHa&;
Oya't& jynfe,frsm;udk ajymqdkonfh bmompum;ay:wGif rlwnfí
wnfaxmifcJhonf/
tdE´d,onf zuf'&,ftpdk;& wpfcktaejzifh Munfhrnfqdkygu
urÇmay:wGif vlOD;a& trsm;qkH;aom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHjzpfonf/ tdE´d,
EdkifiH\ 'Drdkua&pD ordkif;aMumif; wpfavQmufwGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&udk
tdE´d,trsdK; om; uGef*&ufrS OD;aqmifcJhonf/ jynfe,fwGif; EdkifiHa&;rsm;udk
tdkiftifefpD (INC)? bm&mwD&m *semwm ygwD (Bharatiya Janata
Party(BJP))? tdE´d, rmcfpf uGefjrLepfygwD (CPI(M)) ESifh tjcm;a'ocHygwDrsm;
tygt0if tcsKdU aom trsdK;om;ygwDrsm;rS vTrf;rdk;xm;onf/ 1950 ckESpf
rS 1990 ckESpftwGif; wdkawmif;aom tcsdefumv 2 ck rSvGJí tdkiftife-f
pDonf ygvDrefwGif ae&mtrsm;pkudk &&SdcJhonf/ tdkiftifefpD tmPm vuf
vTwfvdkuf&aom tcsdefumvrSm 1977 rS 1980 twGif;jzpfNyD; 0efBuD;csKyf
tif'&D,m*E´D\ ta&;ay: aMujimcsufudk jynfolwdkYu rauseyfí *sem
wmygwDrS a½G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&SdcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ 1989 ckESpf
wGif *semwm',fygwDrSOD;aqmifaom trsKd;om;ñGefYaygif;wyfOD;ESifh vuf0J
ñGefYaygif;wyfOD;wdkY r[mrdwfjyKxm;aom tzGJYrS a½G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&
cJhaomfvnf; tmPmudk 2 ESpfrQom csKyfudkifEdkifcJhonf/
1996-1998 ckESpfrsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&tzGJYtwGif;wGif raus

64
 odef;Ekdif

vnfrIrsm; &SdcJhNyD; oufwrf;wdkawmif;aom r[mrdwftzGJUtcsdKU tmPmudk

xdef;csKyfcJhonf/ bDa*syDonf 1996 ckESpftwGif; tpdk;&tzGJUudk cPwmrQ
zGJUpnf;cJhNyD; xdkYaemufwGif nDñGwfaom ñGefYaygif;wyfOD;rsm; (United Front
coalition) rS qufcHcJhonf/ 1998 ckESpfwGif bDa*syDonf a'ocHygwDtcsdKUESifh
aygif;pnf;í trsdK;om; 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwfrsm;tzGJU (National Demo-
cratic Alliance (NDA)) udkzGJUpnf;cJhNyD; yxrqkH; 5 ESpftjynfh tkyfcsKyf onfh
uGef*&ufpf r[kwfaom tpdk;&tzGJU jzpfvmcJhonf/ 2004 ckESpf tdE´d,
a&G;aumufyGJwGif tdkiftifefpDrS avmhqmb\ trwfae&m trsm;pkudk
a&G;aumufjcif; cH&NyD; nDñGwfaom wdk;wufa&; r[mrdwfrsm; (United
Progressive Alliance (UPA) [k trnf&onfh ñGefYaygif;tzGJUjzifh tpdk;&
wpf&yfudk zGJUpnf;EdkifcJhNyD; vuf0J0g'odkY ,drf;aom ygwDrsm;ESifh bDa*syDudk
qefYusifolrsm;u axmufcH tm;ay;cJhonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf twk,lp&m wpfckwnf;aom ykHpHvm;

owif;pmq&mESifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; okawoDwpfOD;jzpfol bmaw;
vifhwemrS arv? 2014 ckESpfxkwf {&m0wDr*¾Zif;yg "oifhavsmfrnfh
zuf'&,f ykHpHudk &SmazGjcif;" aqmif;yg;wGif tdE´d,EdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;pepfrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf t"du twk,lp&m taejzifh wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/

]]... þodkYqdkygvQif jrefrmEdkifiH twk,l vdkufemEdkifrnfh atmif

jrifaom ykHpH wck &SdEdkifygrnfvm;/ tdE´d,wckxJom &Sdrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/
tdE´d,EdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk?
zuf'&,f0g' ponfjzifh &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; jynfe,f
28 ckESifh jynf axmifpke,fajr 7 ck&Sdaom tdE´d,EdkifiH\ tajccH zGJUpnf;
wnfaqmufykHonf zuf'&,fpepf jzpfonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHwGif
trsdK;rsdK;aom taMumif;t&mrsm; twGuf Oya'jyK&ef jynfaxmifpkESifh
jynfe,frsm;odkY tcGifhtmPm ay;aom pm&if; 3 ck yg0ifonf/ Oyrmjy
&vQif jynfe,fwdkif;ü a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufxm;onfh Oya'jyK tzGJY
tpnf;&SdNyD; udk,fydkif ½kH;okH;bmompum;ESifh udk,fydkif&JwyfzGJY &Sdonf/ odkY
65
 zuf'&,fynma&;

aomfvnf; umuG,fa&;onf A[dktpdk;&\ wm0efjzpfonf/ tdE´d, ppf

wyfwGif wdkif;&if;om; wyfzGJYrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; zuf'&,fppfwyf r[kwfyg/
tm;vkH;u A[dk\ xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif &Sdaeonf/ tjcm;ykHpHrsm;u tvkyf
jzpfrnf r[kwfyg/ wwd, pm&if;wGif jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,f 2 ckvkH;u
Oya'jyKEdkifonfh taMumif; udpörsm; yg0ifonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif jynfwGif;
vlrsdK;a&; y#dyu©rsm; &Sdae aomfvnf; tawmfav; [efcsufrQwí tvkyf
jzpfygonf/ qdkAD,ufESifh ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;wdkYuJhodkY NydKuGJoGm;cJhjcif; r&Sdovdk
b,fvf*sD,H EdkifiHuJhodkY tvkyfrwGifjcif;rsdK;vnf; r&Sdyg/
odkYaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHu tdE´d,ykHpHudk vdkufrnfqdkvQif BuHKvm
rnfh jyóemrsm;twGuf BudKwif jyifqif&rnf jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk wpfckwnf;om aexdkifonfh jynfe,f odkYr[kwf wdkif;
a'o r&Sdyg/ ucsifjynfe,frS &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh ucsifwdkif;&if;om;
rsm;Mum; tkyfpkuGJjym;rIrsm; &Sdaeonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fwGifvnf; 1950 ESpf
rsm; twGif;wGif ytdkY0fwdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ awmfvSefykefuefrI ay:aygufcJh
onf/ ytdkY0f wdkif;&if;om;wdkYu A[dktpdk;&udk awmfvSefMujcif; r[kwfaomf
vnf; ,if;wdkYudk vTrf;rdk;xm;onfh &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;udk tmcH zDqefcJhMujcif;
jzpfonf/ &Srf;jynfe,f\ ta&SUajrmufydkif;ESifh ta&SUydkif;wGif vIyf&Sm;ae
aom "0" jynf aoG;pnf; nDñGwfa&; wyfrawmfuvnf; olwdkYvlrsdK;rsm;
twGuf oD;jcm; jynfe,f vdkcsifaeonf/ rGefjynfe,f wckvnf; &Sdao;onf/
rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk trsm;tjym;
ESifh a&maESm aexdkifrI trsm;qkH;&Sdonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf/ ...}}-
(...oifhavsmfrnfh zuf'&,fykHpH&SmazGjcif;…
bmaw;vifhwem? {&m0wDr*¾Zif;? May 2014)

EdkifiHa&; zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktjyif 'Drdkua&pD ynma&;pHEIef;rsm;?

oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rlabmifrsm; twGufvnf; uRefawmfwdkY\ tdrfeD;em;csif;
tdE´d,EdkifiH\ trsdK;om;ynma&;pepfrS twk,lp&mrsm;pGm &Sdaeygonf/

66
 odef;Ekdif

a&S;,ciftdE´d,ynma&;
a&S;,cifumvrsm;wGif Gurukula pepf[lí ac:qdkonfh ynma&;
udk usifhokH;cHMuonf/ twwfynm&yfrsm;udk oif,lqnf;yl;vdkolwdkYonf
*k½k Guru [kac:onfh q&mBuD;xHyg;wGif csnf;uyfí awmif;yef&onf/
vufcHcJhygu *k½kxHyg;wGif cdkvIHaexdkifNyD; tdrfrIudpö? ausmif;udpörsm;udk
ulnD vkyfaqmifay;&onf/ q&m-wynfhqufqHa&; cdkifNrJaponf[k qdk
Edkifrnf/ uav;i,ftaejzifh wwfajrmufoifhaom tdrfrIudpörsm;tygt0if
ouú½dkuf bmompum;ESifh a0'usrf;pmrsm;udk qnf;yl;Mu&onf/ *Pmef;
ocsFmESifh obm0wåynmwdkYudkvnf; avhvmMuonf/ aexdkifoifMum;vdkorßS
tcsdeftxdjzpfap? *k½kBuD;u ynmjynfhpkHukHvkHNyD[lí qkH;jzwfay;onfhtcsdef
umvtxdjzpfap twlwuG aexdkif&if; ynmoifMum;jcif;jzpfonf/
vlYb0ESifh obm0w&m;wdkYESifh eD;uyfpGm aexdkif&if; b0ESifh obm0w&m;
xJrS tcsif;t&mwdkYrSm oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;jzpfonf/ zwfpmtkyfyg tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk tvGwfusufrSwfjcif;wdkY oufoufomvQif r[kwfcJhyg/

acwfopftdE´d, ynma&; (NAdwdoQudkvdkeDacwf)

udkvdkeDe,fcsJUvufatmuf usa&mufcJhonfh 1830 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif
NAdwdoQ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifhtwl acwfopftdE´d, ynma&;udk bk&ifcH
avmh'f aomrwfpfbmbifwef rufaumav;u pwifrdwfqufcJhonf/
t*Fvdyfpm tygt0if “]]acwfrD}} bmom&yfrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;aom
odyÜH? ocsFmwdkYudkom OD;pm;ay;cJhonf/ 'óeynmESifh obm0wåwdkYudk
rvdktyf[k owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ pmoifcef;twGif;om oifMum;jcif;jzpfNyD;
obm0 w&m;ESifh uif;a0;cJhMu&awmhonf/ ]]q&m-wynfh qufqHa&;}}
a&S;tpOftvmvnf; uG,faysmufcJhonf/
1921 ckESpfwGif Owåmy&ma'h&Sfjynfe,f txufwef;ausmif;
bkwftzGJU Th Uttar Pradesh Board and Intermediate Education ESifh
tifwm rD'D,dwf ynma&;Xmeudk pwifwnfaxmifjcif;rSm tdE´d,EdkifiH\
tpdk;& ynma&; tOD;tp[k qdk&rnf/ &mZykwåem? A[dka'o? *GmvD,dk
e,fajrrsm;udkvnf; ynma&;qdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJcJhonf/ wjznf;jznf;jzifh
67
 zuf'&,fynma&;

tjcm; jynfe,frsm;wGifvnf; qufvufzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;

aemuf ydkif; 1952 ckESpfwGif ynma&;bkwftzGJU zGJUpnf;ykHudk jyifqifa&;qGJcJhNyD;
txufwef;ynma&; A[dkbkwftzGJU Central Board of Secondary Educa-
tion (CBSE) [k trnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:cJhonf/ NrdKUawmf e,l;a'vD&Sd
pmoifausmif;rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh tcsKdUaom jynfe,frsm;&Sd ausmif;rsm;udk þ
bkwftzGJYtopfu pwiftkyfcsKyfonf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;? zwfpmtkyfrsm;?
pmar;yGJpepf ponfh ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk CBSE bkwftzGJUu wm0ef
,lonf/ ,aeY rsufarSmufacwfwGifvnf; ausmif; axmifaygif; rsm;pGmudk
A[dk CBSE bkwftzGJUESifh wGJzuf wnfaxmifxm;onf/ tmz*efrSonf
ZifbmabGEdkifiHrsm;txdvnf; pmoifausmif;rsm;udk wGJzufxm;onf/
vGwfvyfp tdE´d,EdkifiHopf\ ynma&;wGif touf 6 ESpfrS 14
ESpftxd uav;i,fwdkif; roifrae& tcrJhynma&;pepf (Universial and
compulsory education) udk tdyfruftjzpf arQmfrSef;xm;&SdcJhonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH\
tcef; 45 wGif xnfhoGif;xm;&SdcJhonf/ vGwfvyfNyD; ESpfaygif; 60 ausmf
MumjrifhvmcJhonfh 21 &mpk ,aeYtcsdeftxd þarQmfrSef;csufrSm tvSrf;a0;
aeqJyifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf vuf&Sd tdE´d,tpdk;&u tajccH rlvwef;
ynma&;udk ta&;BuD; vkyfief;pOftjzpf owfrSwfxm;&SdNyD; “tajccHtcGifh
ta&;” wpf&yftaejzifh EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;twGuf jyXmef; vkyfaqmifvsuf
&Sdonf/ pD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmaejcif;ESifh 21 &mpk enf;ynmurÇmBuD;u
awmif;qdkaeonfh ynmwwf uRrf;usifvkyfom;xk vdktyfcsuf uGufvyfudk
jznfhqnf; ay;Edkif&efuvnf; tpdk;&twGuf wGef;tm;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ Edkif
iH 0ifaiG *sD'DyD\ 3 &mcdkifEIef;rQom ynma&;bwf*suftjzpf xnfhoGif;
tokH;jyKjcif;tay:rSmvnf; a0zefrIrsm;pGm &Sdaeonf/

jynfe,ftajcjyK ausmif;ynma&;pepf
jynfe,f 28 jynfe,fESifh jynfaxmifpktxl;e,fajr 7 ckjzifh
ydkif;jcm; zGJYpnf;xm;onf/ jynfe,frsm;udk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufxm;aom
jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u tkyfcsKyfNyD; jynfaxmifpk txl;e,fajrrsm;udk A[dk
tpdk;&u wdkuf½dkuf tkyfcsKyfonf/ or®w a½G;cs,fcefYtyfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;

68
 odef;Ekdif

rSL; rsm;xm;&Sdonf/ vGwfvyfpOfu zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't&

ausmif; ynma&;pepfrSm jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;wGifom vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;
wm0ef&Sdonf/ jynfe,frsm;u ynma&;rl0g'rsm;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
csrSwf usifhokH;ydkifcGifh tjynfht0 &Sdonf/ tdE´d,tpdk;&\ ynma&;wm0efudk
tqifhjrifhynma&; rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;ESifh nd§EIdif;aqmif½Gufjcif;wdkY
twGufom uefYowfxm; &SdcJhonf/ 1976 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykH jyifqif
a&;qGJonfhtcgwGif jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&\ tjcm;tmPmrsm; concurrent
list twGif; ynma&;u@udkvnf; xnfhoGif;cJhygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
ynma&;rl0g'rsm;ESifh tpDtpOfrsm;udk trsdK;om;tqifhtwGuf A[dk
tpdk;&u csrSwfa&;qGJNyD; jynfe,frsm;u vGwfvGwfvyfvyf taumuf
txnf az:aqmifMujcif;jzpfonf/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm trsdK;om;tqifh
rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwfay;onf/ A[dktpdk;& ynma&; tBuHay;bkwftzGJY The
Central Advisory Board of Education CABE udk 1935 ckESpfwGif wnf
axmifcJhNyD; ,aeYtcsdeftxd ynma&;rl0g'rsm;ESifh tpDtpOfrsm;udk
csrSwfjcif;? BuD;Muyfjcif;wdkY aqmif½Gufvsuf &Sdonf/
trsKd;om;tqifh ynma&;rl0g'rsm;ESifh tpDtpOfrsm;udk csrSwf
a&; qGJ&eftwGuf ynma&;okawoeESifh avhusifha&;trsdK;om;aumifpD
National Council for Education Research and Training NCERT udk wnf
axmif xm;&Sdonf/ trsdK;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm; rlabmif National
Curriculum Framework udk jyKpka&;qGJonf/ jynfe,frsm;wGifvnf; NCERT
\ rl0g'rsm;? vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ESifh wGJzufvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef State Council
for Education Research and Training SCERT jynfe,fynma&;aumifpDudk
zGJYpnf; xm;&Sdonf/ þtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ynma&;enf;AsL[mrsm;? oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;? oifMum;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh ynm&nfwdk;wufrIudk wdkif;wm
ppfaq;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udk jynfe,fynma&;Xmersm;twGuf a&;qGJ
csrSwf ay;&onf/ jynfe,f SCERT aumifpDrsm;u A[dk NCERT u csrSwf
a&;qGJjyXmef;ay;aom pHEIef;rsm;ESifh vrf;ñTefcsufwdkYudk tajccHvsuf vkyf
aqmifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;u rdrdwdkY ynma&;pepfudk taumif
txnfaz:aqmif&mwGif vGwfvyfrI tjynft0 &Sdaeygonf/

69
 zuf'&,fynma&;

1986 ckESpfu jyXmef;cJhaom trsdK;om;ynma&;rl0g' The Na-

tional Policy of Education ESifh 1992 ckESpfwGif csrSwfa&;qGJcJhonfh vuf
awGY taumiftxnfaz:aqmifjcif; tpDtpOfñTefMum;csufrsm; Program-
me of Action POA wdkYu 14 ESpf atmuf uav;i,fwdkif; t&nftaoG;
jynfhrDaom roifrae& ynma&;pepfudk 21 &mpk r0ifrD pwifusifhokH;&ef
arQmfrSef;xm;&SdcJhonf/ trsdK;om;0ifaiG\ 6 &mcdkifEIef;udk tpdk;&u ynma&;
bwf*suftjzpf wdk;jr§ifhay;cJhNyD; xuf0ufcefYudk tajccH rlvwef; ynma&;
twGuf okH;pGJ&ef vsmxm;cJhonf/

ynma&;twef;owfrSwfcsuf
ausmif;ynma&;pepfwGif tqifh 4 qifh owfrSwfxm;onf/
touf 6 ESpfrS 10 ESpftxdudk rlvwef;atmufqifh lower primary, touf
11 ESpfESifh 12 ESpfudk rlvwef; txufqifh upper primary, touf 13
ESpfrS 15 ESpftxdudk txufwef;atmufqifh secondary ESifh touf 17
ESpfESifh 18 ESpfudk tajccHynm txufwef; txufqifh higher secondary
wdkYtaejzifh cGJjcm; owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ rlvwef;atmufqifhwGif
twef; 5 wef; cGJjcm;xm;NyD; rlvwef;txufqifhwGif twef; 2 wef;
&Sdonf/ txufwef;tqifhwGif 3 wef;&Sdonf/ txufwef;txufqifh
senior secondary wGif 2 wef; jzpfonf/ a'otvdkuf rdcifbmompum;?
wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;wdkYrSvGJí wlnDaom oif½dk;ñGef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm;
udk avhvm oifMum;Muonf/ txufwef;tqifh 10 wef;txd jzpfonf/
txufwef; txufqifh 11 wef;ESifh 12 wef;wdkYwGifrl vrf;oG,fvrf;ajymif;
ESifh wuúodkvf? tqifhjrifh ynma&;twGuf tajccH oif½dk;wGJrsm;rSm
bmomwGJrsm;pGm xm;&Sdonf/

3 bmom ynma&;pepf Three languages policy

wpfEdkifiHvkH;wGif uav;wdkif; bmompum; okH;rsKd;udk roifrae&
avhvmcGifh &Muonf/ t*Fvdyfpm? [if'DbmomESifh rdcifbmompum;wdkY
jzpfonf/ [if'Dbmompum;u rdcifbmompum;jzpfygrl tjcm;aom
70
 odef;Ekdif

bmompum; wpfckckudk avhvmcGifh&Sdonf/ þonfrSm 3 bmomoifMum;

a&;pHEIef;ESif rl0g't&ESifh uav;zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf rsm;pGm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m
jzpfonf/ t"du oifMum;rI r@dKifbmompum; medium of instruction rSm
t*Fvdyfpmjzpfonf/ vlrIa&;bmom (ordkif;? yx0D0if? jynfolUeDwd) udk
[if'Dbmompum;jzifh oifMum;onf/
ausmif;ynma&;wGif ausmif;trsdK;tpm; vrf;oG,f 3 rsKd; xm;&Sd
onf/ 2 rsKd;udk trsdK;om;tqifhwGif pDrHcefYcGJonf/ jynfe,frsm;odkY tNrJ
wrf; a½TUajymif;aexdkifMu&aom A[dktpdk;&\ 0efxrf;om;orD;rsm;twGuf
wpf rsdK;jzpfonf/ A[dktpdk;& pmoifausmif;rsm; Kendriya Vidyalayas udk
NrdKUBuD;wdkif;wGif wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfxm;&Sdonf/ oifMum;a&;tpDtpOfESifh
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; wlnDonfhtwGuf 0efxrf;om;orD;rsm;\ ausmif;ajymif;
a½TUa&;udpö tqifajyvSonf/ ae&musef&Sdygu jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd tjcm;
uav;rsm;udkvnf; wufa&mufcGifhjyKxm;onf/ A[dkynma&;aumifpD
NCERT u xkwfa0jyXmef;xm;aom zwfpmtkyfESifh oif½dk;udk tokH;jyKMu
onf/ þtpdk;&ausmif;rsm;tjyif jynfe,fwdkif;wGif yk*¾vdu ausmif;
rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ jynfe,foif½dk;ñTef;wrf; CBSE zwfpmtkyfrsm;ESifh
tjcm;oifMum;a&; vrf;ñTeftrsdK;rsKd;udk rdrdwdkY ausmif;tvdkuf a½G;cs,f
okH;pGJcGifh &SdMuonf/ rlvwef;tqifhrsm;twGuf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
a&G;cs,fcGifh&Sdonf/ tjcm;EdkifiH 21 EdkifiHwGifvnf; CBSE zwfpmtkyf
tokH;jyKaom pmoifausmif; 141 ausmif;&Sdonf/ ,if;EdkifiHrsm;&Sd tdE´d,
vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf t"dujzpfonf/
'kwd, ausmif;trsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm tdE´d,txufwef;ynma&;
atmifvufrSwf Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ICSE ausmif;
rsm; jzpfonf/ uif;b&pf txufwef;ausmif; atmifvufrSwf Cambridge
School Cerfificate udk tpm;xdk;&ef[k qdkEdkifygonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif
ynma&;0efBuD;jzpfol Maulana Abul Kalam Azad rS OD;aqmif usif;ycJhonfh
nDvmcHwGif tpysKd;cJhonf/ uif;b&pftxufwef;ausmif; atmifvuf
rSwfudk tdE´d,pepf All Indian Examination jzifh tpm;xdk;&ef nDvmcHu
&nf&G,fcJhonf/

71
 zuf'&,fynma&;

1956 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;ycJhaom Inter-State

Board for Anglo-Indian Education tif*vdk-tdE´d, ynma&;twGuf
jynfe,fpkH bkwftzGJUrsm; tpnf;ta0;BuD;u tdE´d,trsdK;om;aumifpD
Indian Council udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&eftwGuf rlMurf;a&;qGJcJhMuonf/
1958 ckESpf? Edk 0ifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif w&m;0ifzGJUpnf; EdkifcJhonf/ 1973
ckESpfwGif a'vDausmif;ynma&;Oya't& tpdk;&pmar;yGJ tm;vkH;udk
wm0ef,l aqmif½Guf&ef aumifpDtm; wm0efay;tyfcJhonf/ ,cktcgwGif
tdE´d, wpfEdkifiHvkH;&Sd pmoifausmif;trsm;pkBuD;rSm þaumifpDESifh qufpyf
vsuf &Sdaeonf/ yk*¾vduausmif; trsm;tjym;vnf; yg0ifonf/
txufwef;ynma&; A[dkbkwftzGJU CBSE ESifh tdE´d, txuf
wef;ynma&; atmifvufrSwf ICSE aumifpDrsm;u olwdkY udk,fydkif
pmar;yGJrsm;udk usif;yavh&Sdonf/ 'orwef;ESifh wuúodkvf0ifwef;jzpfaom
12 wef; pmar;yGJrsm; jzpfonf/ 11 wef;0ifcGifhtwGufrSm þtdE´d,
wpfEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m pmar;yGJrsm;\ &v'frsm;t& qkH;jzpfavh&Sdonf/ &v'f
aumif;aumif;ESifh atmifjrif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm zdtm;ay;jcif;
rsm;pGm cHpm;Mu&onfhtwGuf 10 wef;NyD;qkH;onfhtcgtwGif þpmar;yGJ
rsm;udk ½kyfodrf;&ef tBuHjyKxm;Muonf/

oD;oefhausmif;rsm;
txufyg ausmif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;tjyif pDeD,muif;b&pfcfsuJhodkY
aom EdkifiHjcm;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk oifMum;onfh ausmif;tcsdKUvnf; &Sdae
ao;onf/ odkYaomf ICSE pmar;yGJrsm;u tpm;xdk;ay;vsuf&Sdonf/
tvGeftrif; aps;BuD;jrifhvSonf/ abmf'gaqmifwGifaexdkifNyD; ynmoif,l
EdkifMuonf/ jynfya&muftdE´d,vlrsdK;rsm;u olwdkYom;orD;rsm; ynma&;
twGuf tm;xm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;t*FgpOfESifh oifaxmuful
tqifh jrifhrm;onf/ q&m-wynfhtcsdK; enf;vSonf/ ausmif;om;vnf;
tenf;i,frQom &Sdwwfonf/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS q&mrsm;vnf; oifMum;
ay;onf/ Dehradun e,fzufwGif Doon ausmif;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/
ausmif;om;OD;a& tenf;i,fom vufcHNyD; ausmif;0ifcGifhESifh ausmif;vcrSm
72
 odef;Ekdif

tvGef aps;BuD;vSonf/
tpOftvm ynma&;pepftwGif;rS cGJxGufNyD; oifMum;ay;aeonfh
ausmif;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ Andhra Pradesh jynfe,fwGif Rishi Valley
School uJhodkYaom ausmif;rsm;rSm tvGwf usufrSwfae&ao;onfh yifr
ynma&;pepfESifh rwlbJ rGefwufqdk&D enf;vrf;rsm;uJhodkYaom qef;opfrI
rsm;jzifh oifMum;vsuf&Sdonf/ þuJhodkY ausmif;rsm;rSm aps;tvGefBuD;vSonf/
ausmif;om;wdkif; rdrdwdkY udk,fydkifEIef;xm;jzifh oif,lavhvmcGifhudk zefwD;
ay;xm;onf/ þuJhodkYaom ausmif;rS xGufoGm;olrsm;\ tem*wf
b0rsm;ESifh tvkyftudkifrsm; rnfodkY&Sdaernfudk okawoejyKvkyf&ef ynm
&Sifrsm;u pdwfyg0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonf/

tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;
jynfe,fwdkif;wGif ynma&;0efBuD;Xme xm;&SdNyD; pmoifausmif;
ynma&;pepfudk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;? zwfpmtkyfrsm; ykHESdyfxkwf
a0jcif;? pmar;yGJ ppfaq;jcif;wdkYudk aqmif½Gufonf/ txufwGif aqG;aEG;cJh
onfhtwdkif; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;? oif,ljcif;-oifMum;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;?
ppfaq; tuJjzwfjcif;wdkYudk SCERT jynfe,fynma&; okawoeESifh
avhusifha&;aumifpDu rl0g'rsm; csrSwfay;jcif;jzpfonf/ SCERT uvnf;
trsdK;om;tqifh ynma&; aumifpDjzpfaom NCERT A[dkzuf'&,f
ynma&;Xmeu wpfEdkifiHvkH;twGuf csrSwfxm;aom pHEIef;rsm;ESifh rlabmif
twGif; tajccHvsuf jynfe,ftwGuf oifhwifhaom rlrsm;udk xyfqifh
a&;qGJjcif;yifjzpfonf/

jynfe,foif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk oifMum;onfh ausmif;trsdK;tpm; 3

rsdK;&Sdonf/ tpdk;&ydkif ajrae&mESifh ausmif;taqmuftODrsm;wGif tpdk;&
ausmif;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfxm;&Sdonf/ tpdk;&0efxrf; ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;udk
vpmay;onf/ tpdk;&ausmif;rsm; government schools [lí ac:qdkMuonf/
ausmif;vcrSm aps;oufomonf/ yk*¾vduydkifajrae&mwGif? ausmif;
taqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfNyD; zGifhvSpfxm;&Sdaom ausmif;rsm;rSm aps;
73
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ydkBuD;onf/ ausmif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;aumfrDwDu q&mq&mrvpmudk wm0ef,l

ay;&onf/ NrdKUjyae vlvwfwef;pm; rdom;pkrsm;twGuf t"du[k qdkEdkif
onf/ wwd,trsdK;tpm;rSm rdrdudk,fydkifajrae&mwGif taqmuftOD
aqmufvkyfNyD; tpdk;&tultnDjzifh zGifhvSpfxm;&Sdaom ausmif;rsm;jzpfonf/
tpdk;&tultnDrSm ausmif;vc oufoma&;twGuf jzpfNyD; qif;&JEGrf;yg;
aom rdom;pkrsm;u olwdkY om;orD;rsm;\ ynma&;twGuf ausmif;xm;Edkif
a&;udk &nf½G,fygonf/ KERALA uJhodkYaom jynfe,ftcsdKUwGif tpdk;&
ausmif;rsm;ESifh xyfwleD;ygjzpfonf/ q&mq&mrvpmESifh ausmif;
0ifaMu;rsm; wlnDavh&Sdonf/

Kerala jynfe,favhvmcsuf - A[dktpdk;&udk jyefavUusihfay;jcif;

taemufawmifydkif; jynfe,fi,f wpfckjzpfaom um&mvm
jynfe,frSm tjcm;aom jynfe,frsm;ESifh rwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;onf[k
qdk&rnf/ q,fpkESpftcsdKUyif &SdcJhNyD/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pmwwfajrmufrIEIef;
tjrifhqkH; jynfe,f jzpfonf/ jynfe,fvkH;uRwf pmwwfajrmufcJhonfrSm
q,fpkESpfyif &SdNyD/ vlYoufwrf; (trsdK;orD;? trsdK;om;) rSmvnf;
jrifhrm;vSonf/ zGHYNzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm; ESifhyif ,SOfEdkifonf/ uav;arG;EIef;rSmvnf;
owfrSwfpH 2 'or 1 xuf avsmhenf;onfrSm q,fpkESpf 2 ckyif&Sdawmhrnf/
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufvmcJhjcif;wdkY\ ab;xGuf qdk;usdK;
aMumifhvnf; (rdrdudk,fudk owfaojcif;) qlqdkufEIef;ESifh t&ufpGJ
a&m*gonfOD;a& wdk;yGm;cJh\/ tpdk;& rl0g'rsm;rSm tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ESifh
rwl uGJjym;onf/ ynma&;ESif vlrI zlvkHa&;wdkYtwGuf bwf*swfaiGudk
tjrifhqkH;xm;&Sdonf/ Kerala model um&mvmykHpH[líyif pD;yGm;a&;
ynm&Sifrsm;u okH;EIef;vmMuonf/
Kerala jynfe,frSm ausmif;ynma&;pepfudk wdk;wufvmap&ef
tpOfwpdkufyif tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdonf/ zuf'&,fA[dk NCERT ynma&;
aumifpDu rltopf? pHEIef;topfwdkY xkwfjyefonfESifh tOD;tptaejzifh
usifhokH;onfh jynfe,frSm um&mvme,fyifjzpfaeonf/ c½dkifrlvwef;
ynma&;tpDtpOf DPEP udkvnf; jynfe,fu prf;oyfcJhonf/ ½dk;&m
74
 odef;Ekdif

tpOftvmt& tjyKtrltajcjyK? tvGwfusufrSwfaom ynma&;pepf

vrf;tdka[mif;rS cGJxGufvsuf 21 &mpk ynma&;enf;vrf;jzpfaom “tod
ynmudk udk,fwdkif wnfaqmufjcif;” social constructivist paradigm
enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tpm;xdk; usifhokH;aeonf/ ouú&mZf 2000 jynfhESpfwGif
NCERT - National Curriculum Framework trsdK;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
tñTef;abmifwGif xnfhoGif; jyXmef;cJhonfESifh wNydKifeuf um&mvm
jynfe,fu aemifpmoifESpfwGif tOD;qkH; usifhokH;vdkufjcif;[k qdkEdkifonf/
pmoifcef;twGif; oif,ljcif;-oifMum;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh
wwfajrmufrIudk ppfaq;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;rSmvnf; ajymif;vJcJhNyD/ tvGwf
usufrSwfxm;olwdkY tvG,fwul ajzqdkEdkifaom wdkuf½dkuf ar;cGef; ar;jref;
jcif;tpm; tjcm;ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh tzGifhoabmaqmifaom arG;cGef;rsm;jzifh
avhusifhMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u tajzray;rD ydkrdk pOf;pm; awG;ac:
vmaponf/ tajzrSmvnf; wpfrsdK;wnf; jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
wyGJxdk; tvGwfusufrSwfjcif;xuf oif,l&rnfh taMumif;t&mudk tao
tcsm em;vnfoabmayguf&ef vdktyfvmonf/ todopfudk rdrdudk,fwdkif
em;vnf,lwwfvmNyD; ar;cGef;udk rdrdtjrif &yfwnfcsufwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf
okH;oyfajzqdkEdkifpGrf; &Sdvmap&ef avhusifhysdK;axmifrIyifjzpfonf/ wpfcsdef
wnf;rSmyif þenf;vrf;topfrSm ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ynma&;aMumihf
pdwfzdpD;rI avsmhyg;apNyD; ppfaq;rIudk aysmfaysmfyg;yg;yif ajzqdkEdkifjcif;?
ausmif;aeaysmfjcif;wdkYpaom ynma&; &v'faumif;rsm; &Sdvmonf/
pmoifausmif;'Pf? ynma&;'PfESifh oif½dk;0ef zdpD;rI'PfwdkYrS uif;a0;NyD;
pdwfcsrf;ompGm ynmoifMum;cGifh &Sdvmonf/ ydkrdkí ynma&; tESpfom&ESifh
o½kyfouef ay:vGif yDjyifvmonf/ pOfqufrjywf bufpkHppfaq;jcif;
comprehensive and continuous assessment CCE pepfudkvnf; tpm;xdk;
xm;onf/ ausmif;om;\ yk*¾vzGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;aom
ppfaq;jcif; jzpfNyD; wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh ]]pmar;yGJBuD;
ab;'Pf}} \ qdk;usdK;udk avsmhyg;aponf/ jynfe,f CBSE ynma&; bkwf
tzGJYu ydkrdk nifom odrfarGYaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh CCE udk taumiftxnf
az:vsuf&Sdonf/

75
 zuf'&,fynma&;

owif;tcsuftvuf enf;ynm Information technology IT udk

pwifrdwfqufonfh jynfe,fyifjzpfonf/ txufwef;tqifhwGif oif½dk;0if
bmomwpfcktaejzifh xnfhoGif;oifMum;onf/ tXrwef;wGif pwifoif
Mum;onf/ Microsoft widows ESifh Microsoft office wdkYudk rdwfqufoif
ay;onf/ ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh q&mor*¾wdkYu uefYuGufqE´jyonfhtwGuf
tjcm;aom free softwares rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; oifMum;ay;&onf/
2007 ckESpfwGif GNU/Linux wdkYudkom oifMum;ay;onf/ IT ESifh ausmif;
ynma&;udk rsm;pGm csdwfqufay;vsuf&Sdonf/ bmom&yftm;vkH;udk IT
enf;ynmtultnDjzifh oifMum;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ IT udk bmom&yf
wpfcktaejzif oifMum;jcif;tjyif tjcm;bmomrsm;wGifvnf; taxmuf
tul jzpfap&ef &nf½G,fonf/ tifwmeufqdkufrsm; (Wikipedia, ½kyfykHrsm;?
AGD'D,dkrsm;) udk pmoifcef;twGif tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ q&mrsm;uvnf;
aqmhzf0Jrsm;ESifh tifwmeufqdkufrsm; jzpfonfh Dr.Geo, GeoGebra,
Ktechlab wdkYudk *sDatmfarBwDESifh tDvufxa&mepfbmom&yfwdkYudk
oifMum;ay;&mwGif tokH;jyKvsuf&Sdonf/ Sunclock, Kalzium ESifh Ghemi-
cal wdkYrSmvnf; q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tMum; a&yef;pm;aom
applications rsm; jzpfMuonf/
Kerela jynfe,frS tOD;tp usifhokH;aeonfh ynma&;rlESifh pHEIef;
rsm;udk tjcm;jynfe,frsm;u twk,lvmMuonf/ A[dkzuf'&,f tpdk;&
udk,fwdkifyif jynfe,fxHrS jyefavhvmae&onf/

tcsKyftm;jzif qdk&aomf tdE´d,EdkifiHrSm urÇmhtBuD;qkH; 'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHjzpfonfhESifh tnD ynma&;wGif A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifrIudk avsmhcsxm;NyD;
jynfe,frsm;u rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif vGwfvGwfvyf pDrHcefYcGJEdkifaom zuf'&,f
ynma&;pepfudk usifhokH;onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/

oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f? rwfv 2015

76
 odef;Ekdif

rsm;rsm; oifwkdif;vnf; rwdk;wufEkdifyg

(tdEd´,\ oif½dk;tusyftwnf;wpf&yf)

arQmfrSef;csuf tvGeftrif; jyif;xefvSaom tdE´d, oif½dk;

ñTef;wrf;rSm uav;i,frsm;\ pGrf;aqmifEkdif&nfESihf rrQrw jzpfaeaMumif;
ukvor*¾ tpD&ifcHpm wpfapmifu qdkygonf/ odkY&mwGif rdcifbmom
pum;jzihf rlvwef; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;url tqdkyg tusyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;
ay;Ekdifrnf[k ,HkMunf&onf/
arQmfrSef;csufjyif;xefvSonfh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rSm uav;i,fwdkY\
oif,lEkdifrI pGrf;&nfxuf ausmfvGefaeay&m tdE´d,ausmif;rsm;\ &v'frsm;
nHhzsif;ae&onfh t"du taMumif;&if; wpf&yfjzpfvmaMumif; ,cktywf
xkwf UN tpD&ifcHpmuqdkonf/
"Education for All - Global monitoring report 2013-2014" ]]tm;vHk;
twGuf ynma&; 2013-2014 urÇmvHk;qkdif&mapmihfMunhfa&; tpD&ifcHpm}}
wGif 2015 ckESpfta&mufwGif 95 &mckdifEIef;aom uav;i,frsm; rlv
wef; ausmif;aecGihf atmifjrifEkdifpGrf;&Sdaom xdyfwef;pm&if;wGif tdE´d,udk
xnhfoGif;xm;&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ynma&; t&nftaoG;rSmrl ar;cGef;
xkwfp&m jzpfaeonf/ oif,lrI tusyftwnf;jzihf qdk;0g;pGm &ifqkdifae
&onfh EkdifiH 21 EkdifiHpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;&Sdonf/
77
 zuf'&,fynma&;

tpD&ifcHpmwGif EkdifiH 85 EkdifiHxJrS 21 EkdifiHrSm tajccH pmwwf

ajrmufrIpGrf;&nfwGif uav; xuf0ufcefYatmuf avsmhenf;pGm &Sdae
aMumif; az:jyxm;onf/ tmz&du ajrmufydkif;EkdifiH 17 EkdifiH? armf&pfwef
ae,m;? armf½dkudk? ygupöwefEkdifiHwdkYESihf ,SOfwGJvsuf tdE´d,udk xnfhoGif;xm;
&Sdonf/
oif,lrI tusyftwnf; jzpf&jcif; taMumif;wpfckrSm uav;rsm;
twGuf arQmfrSef;csuf tvGeftrif; jyif;xeffvSonfh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;aMumihf
jzpfonfudk avhvmawGY&Sd&onf/ ynma&; txl;tul tnDvdktyfonfh
uav;i,fvnf; &Sdaeygonf/ oif&dk;taMumif;t&mESihf ay;xm;onhf
tcsdefumv twGif; uav;i,frsm; trSefwu,f avhvmwwfajrmufEdkif&ef
rudkufnD aMumif;yifjzpfonf/
]]AD,uferfrSm ausmif;om;awG[m twef;wkdif;rSm? bmomwkdif;udk
yQrf;rQtm;jzihf aumif;rGefpGm oif,l wwfajrmufMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
tdE´d,rSmawmh twef;BuD;vmwJhtcg uav;rsm;&JU oif,lrI wkd;wufEIef;[m
usqif;vdkYvmaew,f/}} tpD&ifcHpmu qdkygonf/
AD,uferf\ trsKd;om; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;wGif oif,lavhvm&r,fh
bmom&yfe,fy,f 9 ck xm;&SdNyD; twef;i,frsm;wGif 6 ckudk avhvmMu
&onf/ tcsdeftrsm;pkudk AD,uferfbmomESihf ocsFmwdkYtwGuf xm;&Sdonf/
tdE´d,EkdifiH\ trsKd;om; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm; tnTef;abmifwGifrl
us,fjyefYaom oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;0if bmom&yfrsm;udk rlvwef;wGif 10
bmomtxd jyXmef;xm;onf/
tdEd´, tnTef;abmif\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm twef;BuD;vmonhftcg
- txufwef;tqihfrsm;wGif- avhvm wwfajrmufxm;&Sd&rnfh pGrf;&nfrsm;
twGuf jyifqif xm;&Sdjcif;jzpfNyD; AD,uferfEkdifiHwGifrl tajccHpGrf;&nfrsm;udk
ckdifNrJap&ef ydkí tav;xm; oifMum;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif rlvwef;vGefumv
rsm;twGuf uav;i,f\ a&SUqufynma&;c&D;twGuf ydkrdk jyifqifay;Ekdif
onfrSm AD,uferfEkdifiHjzpfaMumif; tao;pdwf avhvmrIrsm;t& od&onf/
tpD&ifcHpmwGif oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; 2 ckpvHk;udk t&nftwGuft&
ykdif;jcm; avhvmMunhfonf/ ]]AD,uferfrSm 86 &mckdifEIef;aom touf 8

78
 odef;Ekdif

ESpft&G,f uav;i,frsm;[m twef;ESihf oifhavsmf&m ppfaq;jcif;rsm;udk

rSefrSefuefuef ajzqdkEkdifMuygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ tdEd´, uav;i,f 90
&mckdifEIef;[mvnf; ajzqkdEkdifMuw,f/ 'gayr,fh touf 14-15 ESpf t&G,f
uav;i,frsm;udk tqihf 2 qihf &SdwJh tajr§mufESihf taygif; tu©&m
pum;vHk;ykpämawGudk wGufcsufckdif;wJh tcgrSmawmh 71 &mckdkifEIefaom
AD,uferf uav;i,frsm;[m rSefuefpGm ajzqdkEkdifMuayr,fh tdEd´,
uav;i,f 33 &mckdifEIef;rQom ajzqdkEkdifMuygw,f/}}
]]2015 ckESpfvGef &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a&;qGJwJhtcgrSm ynma&;
txl;tultnD vdktyfol uav;i,f trsm;pkBuD;[m &nfrSef;csuf pHEIef;
awGudk a&muf&Sd atmifjrifEkdifatmifvdkY xdxda&mufa&muf vkyfMu&r,f/
'DvdkrS rvkyfEkdifcJhbl;qdk&ifawmh ynm&nfwkd;wufrIudk wkdif;wmjcif;[m
ynma&;rSm tcGihfta&; ydkrdk &&SdMuwJh uav;i,frsm;twGufomvQif jzpf
aeygvdrfhr,f/}} tpD&ifcHpmu xyfavmif;wifjyxm;onf/
r[m&csyfx&mESif wrD;em'l; jynfe,frsm;uJhokdY ydkrdkcsrf;omaom
jynfe,frsm;wGif 2012 ckESpfwGif aus;vufae uav;i,ftrsm;pkBuD;udk 5
wef;odkY ay;wufcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif þuav;tkyfpkBuD;rS r[m&csyfx&m
e,fwGif 44 &mckdifEIef;ESihf wrD;em'l;e,fwGif 53 &mckdifEIef;cefYomvQif
*Pmef; 2 vHk;yg tEIwfykpämwdkYudk wGufcsufEkdifMuonf/
ynma&;orm; okawoD wpfOD;jzpfol ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD;
zm&d'gvrfbJu þodkY axmufjyxm;onf/ ]]uRefawmfwdkY&JU oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;eJY
oif½dk;rmwdumrsm;[m uav;A[dkjyK oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; jzpf&r,fhtpm;
bmom&yf A[dkjyKxm;w,fqdkwmudk oHo, jzpfp&m rvdkygbl;/ 'gaMumifh
pGrf;&nf rwlnDMuwJh uav;i,frsm;twGuf 'Doif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;[m xd
a&mufjcif; r&Sdbl;/ 'gYtjyif uRefawmfwdkY&JU oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;[m uav;i,f
rsm;&JU cGJjcrf; pdwfjzm awG;qpOf;pm;EkdifpGrf; analytical skills ESihf vGwfvyfwJh
udk,fhbmom oif,lavhvmEkdifpGrf; independent learning rsm;twGuf
vnf; taxmuftul rjzpfygbl;/}}
rlvwef;tqihfrsm;wGif bmompum; 2 rsKd; oif,ljcif; bilingual
education ESihfywfoufNyD;vnf; tpD&ifcHpmu tBuHjyKxm;onf/

79
 zuf'&,fynma&;

]]rdcifbmompum;ESihf oif,l avhvmjcif;[m oif,lrI &v'f

aumif;udk &&Sdapw,f/ 'Dtcsufudk tdEd´,rSm jiif;ckH aqG;aEG;aewkef;ygyJ/
q,fpk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmrSm ynma&;wufMuG vIyf&Sm;olrsm;ESihf ynma&;
pdwåaA' ynm&SifawGu rdcifbmompum; ynma&;twGuf vHIUaqmfae
cJhMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wduswJh rl0g'awG ra&;qGJcJhMuygbl;/ Oya'jyK
orm;rsm;eJY EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;uawmh rMumcPqdkovdk tJ'Dudpöudk
&nfñTef; ajymqdkavh &SdMuw,f/ rdcifbmpum; oifMum;a&;udpörSm tjrif
oabm xm;awG uGJvGJaeMuw,f/}}
]]r[m&csyfx&mjynfe,f ynma&;0efBuD; axmf'Du rlvwef;rSm
rdcifbmompum;eJY oifMum;a&;udk axmufcHxm;w,f/ orkdif;? yx0DeJY
vlrIa&;bmom&yfawGudk rdcifbmompum;eJYomvQif oifMum;&r,fvdkY
olu wkdufwGef; ajymqdkygw,f/ 'gayr,fh rGefbdkif; (bHkabNrdKU) u
tpdk;&ausmif;tkyf q&mBuD;wpfOD;uawmh tckvdkajymjyw,f/ rGefbdkif;vdk
NrdKUjy a'oawGrSm rdcifbmompum;eJY oifMum;a&;[m tcuftcJ &Sdae
w,f/ vlOD;a& 70 &mckdifEIef;[m rm&oDbmompum;udk rajymMuygbl;/}}
i,f&G,faom twef;rsm;? rlBudKwef;rsm;wGif rdcifbmompum;rSm
taxmuftul jzpfEkdifygonf/ odkY&mwGif uDvdkrDwm 100 cefY tuGmwkdif;
wGif bmompum;rsm;? a'od,pum;rsm; ajymif;vJaeaom tdEd´,vdk
EkdifiHrsKd;wGif rdcifbmompum; az:jrLvmu xda&mufEkdifygYrvm;[k
ausmif;tkyf q&mrBuD; vrfbJuvnf; oHo, &Sdaeonf/ ]]eef'gbme,fu
uav;i,fawG[m uRefawmfwdkY zwfpmtkyfu rm&oDbmompum;udk em;
rvnfEkdifMuygbl;/ tjcm;bmompum;awGrSmvnf; xkdenf;vnf;aumif;
ygyJ/}}

Ref: "India among 21 countries facing 'extensive' learning crisis",

by Kanchan Srivastava DNA, Mumbi, 1 Feb. 2015
oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (rwfv? 2015)

80
 odef;Ekdif

0efBuD;csKyf em&ef'&mrdk'DtwGuf tdrfpm

(tdEd´,\ ynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifjcif;)
tESpfom& uif;rJhNyD; qGJaqmifrI r&SdvSwJh ynma&;Oya'rsm;udk
jyXmef;? 0ifaiG&zdkY t"du cyfnHhnHh tif*sifeD,maumvdyfawGudk rdIvdkayguf
atmif wnfaxmifxm;? okawoe? tpdk;&-t&yfzuf ygwem qufpyf
vkyfief;rsm;eJY jyKjyifajymif;vJ qef;opfa&;awGrSmvnf; t&Sdeft0geJY t&Sdef
t[kefuif;rJh.../ tdE´d,EkdifiHtwGuf ynma&;pepfudk pdefac:csufawG
uawmhjzihf xif&Sm;ay:vGifvSygw,f/ arQmfvifhcsufawG woDwoef;BuD;eJY
rsKd;qufopf vli,fxkuawmh ydkrdk aumif;rGefwJh ynma&;udk tvdk&SdaeMuNyD;
b,favmufyJ aiGukefukef r&ruudk vdkcsifaeMuNyD/
'DvlxkqE´[m 0efBuD;csKyf em&ef'&mrdk'DeJY olY&JU nTefYaygif; trsKd;
om; 'Drkdu&ufwpf r[mrdwf NDA tpdk;&&JU vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; tay:rSm
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; rlwnfaeygw,f/ ordkif;0if jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;twGuf
vlxk&JU tmPmeJY vkyfykdifcGifhudkvnf; &&Sdxm;Muw,f/ uRrf;uRrf;usifusif
ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif wdwdusus pDpOfxm;&SdwJh urfydef;rsm;eJY 0efBuD;csKyfrdk'D[m
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wkdif;jynfu iHhvihfwrf;waewJh arQmfvihfcsufudk
&SifoefEkd;x apcJhNyD/ jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk tmrcHay;r,fh rkd'D&JU rl0g'
a&;&mudpörsm;xJrSm tdE´d,EdkifiH&JU ynma&;pepf[m xdyfqHk;rSm &Sdaew,f/
ig;ESpfoufwrf;[m pepfudk ukpm;jcif;iSg rpGrf;omayr,fhvnf; rdk'D&JU
81
 zuf'&,fynma&;

nTefaygif;tpdk;&tzGJY[mjzifh vrf;aMumif;rSeftwGuf ajcvSrf; tenf;i,f

awmh vSrf;Ekdifygw,f/
'DajcvSrf; ig;vSrf;udk aqG;aEG;yg&ap.../

(1) ynma&;tcGifUta&;Oya'udk jyefvnf rGrf;rHqef;opf

Revamp the Right to Education (RTE) Act
2009 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvrSm jyXmef;cJhwJh orkdif;0ifOya'jzpfwJh
uav;i,frsm;\ tcrJh roifrae& ynma&; tcGihfta&;Oya' the Right
of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE) [m wkdif;jynf&JU
ynma&;pepf wdk;wufaumif;rGefapzdkYtwGuf ajcvSrf;rSef wpfvSrf;jzpfw,f/
odkYaywJh tJ'DOya'udk jyefvSef qef;ppfopfvGifzdkY vdkaeNyD/ zGJYpnf;xm;yHkudk
vnf; jyKjyifwnfaqmuf&r,f/ tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif;rSm pmoifausmif;
ta&twGuf[m wdk;jrihfvmcJhayr,fh tifrwefrSudk vdktyfaewJh ynma&;
t&nftaoG;tay: txl;jyK aqmif&Gufcsufuawmh vpf[maeqJyg/
ESpfpOf ynma&;tqihftwef; tpD&ifcHpmt& wwd,wef;uae
yOörwef;t&G,f uav;i,f 50 &mckdifEIef;[m tajccHocsFmudk wwf
ajrmufrI r&SdMubl;/ wwd,wef;t&G,f uav;i,fawGxJrSm 40 'or 2
&mckdifEIef;rQom yxrwef; zwfpmudk zwf&IEkdifMuw,f/ omrefumvQHum
rQjzpfwJh q&mjzpfoifwef;awG[m 'Djyóem&JU taMumif;&if; wpfckjzpf
w,f/ rsufarSmufacwf ynma&;pdefac:csufawGudk odjrif em;vnfapjcif;iSg
rpGrf;ombJ a[mif;EGrf;aqG;ajrhaeNyD; nHhzsif;vSwJh B.Ed ynma&;bJGYoifwef;
udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;eJY pwifvkyfaqmifEkdifw,f/ 'gYtjyif tdE´d,EdkifiHrSm
ynma&;rnDrQrIudk csKyfNidrf;apzdkYeJY RTE &nfrSef;csufawGudk taumiftxnf
az:apEkdifzdkY&mtwGuf wpfEkdifiHvHk; vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfwJh Teach for India vdkrsKd;
yk*¾vdu tzGJYtpnf;rsm;eJY ydkrdk yl;aygif; vkyfaqmif&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvdk tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;[m RTE udk t&Sdeft[kef &apayr,fh ynmwwf wpfoD;yk*¾v
rsm;taeeJYvnf; 'D jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &xm;ay:rSm vdkufygvkyfaqmifEkdif
cGihf zefwD;xm;ay;&r,f/ Oyrmtm;jzihf tqihfjrihfynma&; wuúodkvfrsm;
rSm tvkyfoif ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf 0ifa&mufcGihfay;jcif;jzihf xl;cRef

82
 odef;Ekdif

xufjrufwJh ausmif;om;awGudk ynma&;avmuxJ qGJac:Ekdifygw,f/

tpdk;&[m yk*¾vdutzGJYtpnf;rsm;&JU corporate social responsi-
bility aumfydk&dwfvlrI0wå&m;rsm;udk wm0ef,lEkdifapzdkY&m olwdkY&JU 0efxrf;rsm;
taeeJY RTE Oya'rSm yg0ifaxmufcHvmatmif tpDtpOfqGJ vkyfaqmif
Ekdifw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfaqmifEkdifr,fqdk&if vlxk? pD;yGm;vkyfief;rsm;eJY ynma&;
pepfwdkYudk xdxda&mufa&muf ckdifckdifrmrm csdwfqufay;Ekdifjcif; &v'f
aumif; &Sdvmr,f/ rdk'DtwGuf uHaumif; axmufrcsufuawmh 'Dvdk vkyf
aqmifcsufrsm;twGuf EkdifiHa&;trSwfvnf; &&SdaprSmyg/ 'DvdkjyKjyif
ajymif;vJrItwGuf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;&JU axmufcHcsufeJY yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrI
awGvnf; vdktyfw,fav/ 'Dvdk Oya'jyK jyXmef;csufawG[mvnf;
0efBuD;csKyf&JU wkdif;usKd; jynfjyKvkyf&yfeJY EkdifiHa&;orm;aumif;jzpfrIudk
jyo&m a&mufygw,f/

(2) tdE´d,pufrIwuúodkvf IIT &JY taumif;qHk; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk

jr§ihfwifyg? yHkpHwlul;cs rdwåL ryGm;ygESifU/
Leverage IIT's best practices, but don't franchise them.
tdEd´,EkdifiH&JU pufrIwuúodkvf IIT udk yHkpHwl yGm;rsm;jcif;uawmh
enf;vrf; rrSefwJh csnf;uyfrIvdkY qdk&r,f/ tJ'Dtjcm;wuúodkvf topfrsm;
rSmvnf; IIT &JU taumif;qHk;aom ajc&mvuf&mrsm; &SdaeoihfaywJh IIT
yHkpHwlrsm; yGm;rsm;jcif;uawmh IIT trSwftom;o&kyfudk ysufpD;apygvdrhfr,f/
vlxkwuúodkvfrsm;udk &JU pGrf;aqmif&nfvdkrsKd; &&SdvmapzdkY&m jr§ihfwif vkyf
aqmifoihfygw,f/ IIT &JU urÇmausmf tif*sifeD,mpGrf;&nfeJY rwlwJh
udk,fykdif trSwftom;o&kyfeJY atmifjrifvmapzdkYyg/ IIT udk tar&duefu
Ivy League schools awGvdkrsKd; tjcm;wuúodkvfrsm;eJY rwl? oD;oefY
xm;&Sdoihfygw,f/ wuúodkvftopfrsm; &ifhusuf t&G,fa&mufvmzdkY&mu
tcsdefvdktyfygw,f/ 'Dwuúodkvftopfrsm;[m IIT txl;jyKbmom&yfeJY
rwlbJ ydk us,fjyefYvSwJh twkdif;twmeJY ynma&; 0efaqmifrI jyKEkdifMur,f/
tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;u ynma&; yHkpHrdk',fawGudkvnf; enf;rSD,l&if; tdE´d,&JU
ynma&; vdktyfcsufudk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifr,f/
83
 zuf'&,fynma&;

(3) yk*¾vdu aumvdyfausmif;rsm;taeeJh ydkrdk wm0efcHrI &Sdygap/

tdEd´,&JU yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;taeeJY ydkrdk wm0efcHrI&SdapzdkY&mu
rvkyfrjzpfygyJ/ enf;Oya'rsm; aumif;rGefapjcif;[m tJ'Daumvdyfausmif;
rsm;&JU tedrfhqHk;pHowfrSwfcsufeJY t&nftaoG;udk &&Sdapygvdrfhr,f/
enf;vrf;wpfckuawmh wuúodkvf0ifcGihf aumfrpf&SifvdkrsKd; Oya'jyKtzGJY
tpnf;rsm;udk ckdifrmatmif wnfaqmufjcif;yg/ ynma&;tcGihftvrf;rsm;eJY
tdEd´,&JU tqihfjrihf ynma&;pHEIef;rsm;udk jr§ihfwifjcif;qdkwJh rpf&Spf 2 &yfudk
wm0ef,lxm;Muw,f/ aemufxyfenf;vrf; wpfckuawmh yk*¾vduaumvdyf
rsm;[m ausmif;vcudk tqrwef aumufcHjcif; rjyKMuzdkYtwGufyg/
aumvdyfausmif;rsm;pGm[m ausmif;vcudk rwefr&m? tvGeftuRH
awmif;cHMuw,f/ tcGeftwkwfudk a&SmifusOfEkdifwJh vlrIa&;vkyfief;qdkwJh
acgif;pOf wyfvdkY pD;yGm;jzpf (tBuD;tus,fudk) vkyfpm;aeMuwm/ tJ'D
aumvdyf ausmif;rsm;&JU 0ifaiG 5 &mckdifEIef;udk yHkrSeftcGeftaeeJY aumuf
cH oihfygw,f/ 0ifaiGt& xdef;csKyfEkdifjcif;[m ydkrdk yGihfvif;jrifomrI&Sdaom?
,HkMunfudk;pm;xkdufaom? wm0efcH,lrI&Sdaom ynma&;pepfjzpfvm apzdkY
taxmuftul &Ekdifygw,f/ wGJzuf aumif;usKd;wpfckuawmh vuf&Sd
aumvdyfausmif;rsm;pGmu tav;xm;wJh b@maiGaMu; 0ifaiGxuf
ynma&; t&nftaoG;tay: tm&HkpdkufvmMuzdkYtwGufjzpfw,f/

(4) okawoeESifU zGHhNzdK;wdk;rItwGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHyg/

Invest in Research and Development (R&D)
ynma&; t&nftaoG;twGuf axmufwkdif wpf&yfuawmh
okawoeygyJ/ tdEd´,[m pyg&S,ftDvpf wuúodkvf tenf;tusOf;udk
axmufyHh ay;aeayr,fh 'Dhxufudk ydkvkyfzdkY vdkaeygao;w,f/ pwifoihf
wmuawmh wpfEkdifiHvHk;rSm okawoe vkyfaeMuwJh okawoDrsm;udk tusKd;
&Sdapr,fh Oya'jyXmef;ay;zdkYyg/ OyrmtaeeJY vlxk&efyHkaiGtaxmuftyHhcH
todynm ypönf;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufjcif;ESihf toHk;cscGifh enf;Oya'
the Protection and Utilization of Public-funded Intellectural Property
(PUPFIP) eJY tqihfjrihfynma&;ESihf okawoeqkdif&m enf;Oya' the High-
84
 odef;Ekdif

er Education and Research Bill wdkYjzpfygw,f/ PUPFIP Oya'[m

tar&duefrSm&SdwJh Bayh-Dole Act (rlykdifcGihf) vdkrsKd; tifrwefrSudk ta&;BuD;
vSygw,f/ rlydkifcGihf Oya'aMumihf tar&duef okawoee,fy,fudk jyKjyif
ajymif;vJEkdifcJhNyD; &&SdvmwJh aiGaMu; tusKd;tjrwfudk okawoD rsm;twGuf
cHpm;cGihf ay;EkdifcJhygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf urÇmausmf okawoeawG vkyfEkdif
Muygw,f/
tdEd´,[mvnf; okawoe tjrwftpGef;udk wDxGifaz:xkwfol
cHpm;cGihf A[kdjyKwJh 'DvdkrsKd; Oya'awG vdktyfaeygw,f/ tpdk;&eJYvnf;
wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzihf oD;jcm; uif;vGwfwJh okawoetzGJYtpnf;
vdktyfw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJrSm pHjyNrdKU 100 wnfaqmufr,fh urfydef;eJY
qufpyfvdkYvnf; 0efBuD;csKyfrdk'DOD;aqmifwJh tpdk;&[m EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm
okawoepifwm 100 udk wnfaqmufoihfygw,f/ 'DNrdKUopfawGudk
wnfaqmufwJhtcgr,f 'D okawoepifwmawGudkvnf; vdkufyg wnf
axmifEkdif&ygvdrhfr,f/ bwf*sufuawmh tdEd´, ½lyD;aiG oef; 5000
(a':vm oef; 80) vdktyfygvdrhfr,f/ tcsdefumv MumjrihfpGmuwnf;u
jynfya&muf tdEd´,ynm&SifawG arQmfvihfawmifhwaeMuwJh OD;aESmuf,dkpD;rI
ajymif;jyefvSefypfEkdifzdkYtwGGuf 'Dvdkvkyf&yfrsm;u pGrf;aqmifEkdifygw,f/
EdIif;,SOfavhvmEkdifzdkYtwGuf tdEd´,rSm vl wpfaxmifrSm odyÜH
ynm&SifOD;a&u 7 'or 8 OD;? uae'grSm 180 'or 7 OD;? awmifudk&D;
,m;rSm 53 'or 1 OD;? tar&duefrSm 21 'or 2 OD;wdkY &SdMuw,f/
tar&d uef&JU emrnfausmf [m;Awfwuúokdvfu 2008 ckESpfrSm a':vm
oef; axmifaygif; 250 udk oHk;pGJcJhw,f/ tdEd´,&JU wuúodkvfrsm;udk jyify
okawoe vkyfief;rsm;twGuf csay;aiG[m ½lyD;aiG oef;axmifaygif; 12
rQom oHk;pGJcJhw,f/ EkdifiHwumeJY &ifabmifwef; vkdufygEkdifzdkYeJY tem*wfrSm
okawoe tusKd;tjrwf &&SdzdkY&mtwGuf tdE´d,[m tckxufudk tq
rsm;pGm ydkvdkY BudK;pm;&OD;r,fqdkwm xif&Sm;vSygw,f/

85
 zuf'&,fynma&;

(5) tpdk;& - yk*¾vdu ygwemvkyfief;rsm;udk wkd;wufatmif aqmif&Gufyg/

Improve public-private partnerships.
tpdk;&-yk*¾vdu ygwem zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;[m tdEd´,EkdifiHtwGuf
ynma&;pepfudk &Sifoefwdk;wufapzdkY aemufxyfenf;vrf;wpfckyg/ b@m
aiGaMu; ydkrdk &&Sdekdifr,f/ oifwef;awG vkyfEkdifw,f/ R&D okawoeeJY
zGHYNzdK;rI vkyfEkdifr,f/ zufpyfvkyfaqmifjcif;jzihf &&Sdvmr,fh tcGihftvrf;
uawmh tawmfBuD;udk odomjrifomvSygw,f/ tOD;tptaeeJY tpdk;&
topf[m tpdk;& - yk*¾vdu zufpyfynma&;vkyfief; 50 udk zefwD;oihf yg
w,f/ ynma&;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? wuúodkvfrsm;&JU t&G,ftpm;udk xdef;csKyf
EkdifzdkY &nf&G,foifhfw,f/ urÇmvHk;qkdif&m pHcsdef? pHEIef;rsm;eJY udkufnDzdkY
jzpfw,f/ 'Dvdk zufpyfvkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;[m yk*¾vduvkyfief;rsm;u
ya&mfzuf&Sife,f pGrf;&nfeJY todynmrsm;udk EkdifiH&JU xdyfwef;wuúodkvfBuD;
rsm;u &&SdoGm;EkdifzdkY&mtwGufvnf; jzpfw,f/ ynma&; t&nftaoG;
twGuf tusKd;jzpfr,f/ 2 OD; 2 zuf tusKd;&SdapwJh yHkpHyg/ okawoeeJY
zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI vkyfief;pOf R&D aMumihfvnf; ukrÜPDrsm;[m qef;opf
ajymif;vJEkdifr,f/ wuúodkvfrsm;[mvnf; pGrf;aqmif&nf jrihfvmMur,f/

'Dvdk bufpHkcsnf;uyfaqmif&GufrI[m tdEd´,ynma&;udk jyKjyif

ajymif;vJrItwGuf toufwrQ ta&;BuD;vSovdk rdk'Dtpdk;& tzGJY[mvnf;
'DajcvSrf; 5 vSrf;ESihftnD vkdufyg vkyfaqmifEkdifr,fh vm;&mtjrif?
OD;wnfcsuf BuD;BuD;rm;rm; xm;&SdzdkY&m vkdtyfygw,f/ jyKjyifajymif;vJ
qef;opfaom,Ofaus;rI tjrifopfyg/ &mpkESpf wpfckavmuf tar&duef
ynma&;pepf[m atmifjrifaeEkdifwJh t"du taMumif;&if;wpfckuawmh
tar&duefwdkY&JU ajymif;vJqef;opfwDxGifrI tajcjyK ynma&;pepftay:rSm
*kPf,l 0ifhMuGm;MuvdkYygyJ/ tdEd´,[mvnf;yJ okdYuvdkrsKd; vdktyfaew,f/
udk,fydkif trSwftom;o&kyfeJY jzpfxGef;zdkY&,f ajymif;vJqef;opf
wDxGifjcif;udk tm;vHk; vkdufyg vkyfaqmifcGihf &&SdaezdkY&,fyg/ a'owGif;
wuúodkvfrsm;eJY aps;uGufwdkY&JU vdktyfudk nd§ay;Ekdif&r,f/ urÇmvHk;qkdif&m
pD;yGm;a&; ta&GUudkvnf; rsufajcrjywfyJaygY/ Am&mPoDe,frSm rdk'Du
86
 odef;Ekdif

trsKd;om;tqihf &yf&GmvHk; oefY&Sif;pifMu,fapa&; vIyf&Sm;rI National

Cleanliness Drive udk yHkaz:cJhwmvdkrsKd; wpfEkdifiHvHk;rSm National Innovation
Campaign trsKd;om; tqihf jyKjyifajymif;vJ qef;opfjcif;urfydef;udkvnf;
pwif vkyfaqmif oihfygw,f/ tdEd´,wpfEkdifiHvHk; qef;opfoGm;atmifvdkYygyJ/
jyefvSefawG;awmMunhfr,fqdk&if tpdk;&topfrSm rl0g'rsm;pGm
twGuf jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkY&mtwGuf vkyfaqmifp&m trsm;BuD; &Sdaew,f/
tJ'D rl0g' rsm;pGmteufu t"du tusqHk;uawmhjzifh wkdif;jynf&JU
ynma&; pepfudk ajymif;vJqef;opfjcif;yg/ q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmrSm pepf
wuseJY jcpm; ysufpD; aecJh&wmav/ wkdif;jynftem*wftwGufeJY
*kPfodu©mtwGuf tajccHtusqHk;vnf;jzpfwJh 'Dudpöudk udkifwG,fzdkY&m
Ekd;Mum;wufMuGaeNyD; wm0ef,l vIyf&Sm;Ekdifaom tpdk;&wpf&yfjzpfzdkY
vdktyfaew,f/ RTE udk jyefvnfrGrf;rHqef;opfzdkY? tqihfjrihfynma&;&JU
t&nftaoG;eJY wm0efcHrIudk wdk;wufapzdkY? tpdk;&-yk*¾vdu ygwem
vkyfief;awGudk ydkrdkaumif;rGefapzkdY ? okawoeeJY zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHYzdkYeJY
aemufqHk;tcsuftaeeJY jynfwGif;ynma&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ qef;opfvdkY
EkdifiHwumtqihf wufvSrf;EdkifzdkY wdkYtwGufjzpfygw,f/ 'DtcsufawG[m
wkdif;jynf&JU tem*wf tusKd;pD;yGm; twGufwif r[kwfygbl;/ rsufarSmuf
acwf oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vli,frsm;&JU rGwfodyf qmavmifaeqJ ydkrdk
aumif;rGefwJh ynma&;eJY awmufywJh reufjzeftwGufvnf;jzpfygw,f/

Ref: Modi’s Got Homework: Fixing India’s Education System

BY SRIRAM BALASUBRAMANIANJUNE 16, 2014 Foreign Policy
oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (rwfv? 2015)

87
 zuf'&,fynma&;

88
 odef;Ekdif

zuf'&,ftodynm vlhtzGJhtpnf;udk wnfaxmifjcif;

(MopaMw;vsm;EkdifiH ynma&;pepf)
urÇmhynmEdkifiHrsm; pm&if;0if MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ ynma&;
pepfrSm taumif;qkH;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfonf/ EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHEIef; jynfhrD
NyD; todynmvlUtzGJUtpnf; knowledge society tjzpf wnfaqmufEdkif&ef
ynma&;pepfudk pOfqufrjywfqef;opf? jyKjyifvsuf&Sdaeonf/ urÇmay:
wGif trSwfpOf 12 ckajrmuf tBuD;qkH;aom pD;yGm;a&;udk ydkifqdkifxm;NyD;
wpfOD;csif;0ifaiG trsm;qkH; eHygwf 5 ckajrmuf EdkifiHjzpfonf/ vlom;zGHUNzdK;rI
tñGef;udef;rsm;t& 'kwd,ajrmuf EdkifiHjzpfonf/ b0t&nftaoG;?
usef;rma&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfrI? vlrIvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ESifh EdkifiH
a&; tcGifhta&;rsm;t& urÇmhtqifhtwef;wGif xdyfwef;tqifh&Sd
zuf'&,f 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHBuD;jzpfonf/ OECD zGHYNzdK;NyD;EdkifiH 30 rS EdkifiH
wumausmif;om;rsm;tm; ppfaq;jcif; PISA wGifvnf;xdyfqkH; 5 ae&m
twGif; &&Sdwwfonf/ ynmxdyfwef;EdkifiH[kvnf; qdkEdkifonf/ ynma&;
or*¾ tm;aumif;onfhtwGuf rl0g'a&;&mwGif q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh rdb
jynfolwdkY\ cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh toHwdkYudk tpOfyif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Muonf/

89
 zuf'&,fynma&;

touf 5 ESpfrS 15 ESpft½G,ftxd roifrae& ynma&;pepf

compulsory education jzpfNyD; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya't& jynfe,ftvdkuf ynma&;0efBuD;Xmersm;u t"du
tm;jzifh wm0ef,l&onf/ urÇmhxdyfoD; taumif;qkH;wuúodkvf 100
pm&if;wGif MopaMw;vsm;wuúodkvf 7 ck yg0ifygonf/ zuf'&,ftpdk;&xHrS
jynfe,frsm;taejzifh b@maiGaMu;ESifh enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m tultnD
&,lEdkifNyD; oif½dk;pHEIef;rsm;udk xdef;nd§&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufMuonf/ odkY&m
wGif jynfe,fwGif; pmoifausmif;rsm;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;ESifhausmif;rsm;
u vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJ tkyfcsKyfMuonf/ þonfrSm zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pD
pepfESifh zuf'&,fynma&;udk tjynfht0 usifhokH;jcif;[k qdk&rnf/

zuf'&,fpepf ed'gef;
vGefcJhaom ESpf wpf&mausmf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf? 1901 ckESpf wGif
MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHudk zuf'&,fpepf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'jzifh
w&m;0if wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ 18 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umv? 1788 ckESpf
wGif NAdwdoßStifyg,m\ vufatmufcH udkvdkeDe,fajrtjzpf tvGefBuD;rm;
us,fjyefYvSonfh MopaMw;vsm; wpfwdkufvkH;udk odrf;oGif;cJhNyD; udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& udkvdkeDe,f 6 ckjzifh tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkY r0ifa&mufrD
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; av;aomif;cefY umvrS pwifum Xmae aborigines
tabmf&D;*sif;eD;pf wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;u aexdkifcJhMuonf/ 19 &mpk
aESmif;ydkif; 1890 q,fpkESpfumvrsm;twGif; þudkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;rS
tpdk;&rsm;u pkpnf;nDñGwfaom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& "eó[m&EdkifiH
tjzpf NAdwdoQtifyg,mtwGif; wnfaxmif&ef qE´cH,lyGJrsm;udk usif;ycJhMu
onf/ udkvdkeDe,f 6 ckpvkH;rS trsm;pkBuD;u zuf'&,fpepfudk wnDwñGwf
wnf; qE´rJ ay;cJhMuNyD;aemuf MopaMw;vsm; zuf'&,fEdkifiH Federation of
Australia udk ueOD; wnfaqmufcJhMuNyD; 1901 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;
"eó[m&EdkifiH Commonwealth of Australia tjzpf zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifEdkif
cJhonf/ pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepfESifh zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom
EdkifiHwpfck jzpfvmcJhonf/ MopaMw;vsm; zuf'&,fpepfzGJYpnf;ykHrSm

90
 odef;Ekdif

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ rlvzGJYpnf;ykHESifh qifwlNyD; NAdwdoQwdkY\ 0ufrif

pwmtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf westminister system (ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf) udk
vnf; xnfhoGif;xm;&Sdonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHrSm urÇmay:wGif 5 ckajrmuf zuf'&,fpepf

EdkifiHtjzpf wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif;jzpf\/ zuf'&,fEdkifiHrsm; wnfaxmifcJhMu
aom ouú&mZfrsm;rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk(1789)? qGpfZmvefEdkifiH
(1848)? uae'gEdkifiH (1867)? *smrPDtifyg,m (1871) ESifh MopaMw;vsm;
"eó[m&EdkifiH (1901) ckESpfwdkYjzpfMuonf/ MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHrSm
zuf'&,fpepfjzifh pwifzGJUpnf;pOfu tajccHrlrsm;twdkif; rsm;pGm tajymif;
tvJ r&Sd? wnfNidrfonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pD pepfudk
vufawGU taumiftxnf az:aqmifrIrsm;wGifrI tBuD;tus,f ajymif;vJ
cJhNyD[k qdk&ygrnf/ t"dutm;jzifh tajymif;tvJrSm zuf'&,f tpdk;&ESifh
jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm; tMum;vkyfydkifcGifh tmPmcGJa0rI u@yifjzpfonf/

zuf'&,fpepfudk qef;opf jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;

zuf'&,fA[dk tpdk;&xHrS jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u b@maiGaMu;t&

tvGeftrif; trSDo[J jyKae&jcif;rSm zuf'&,fpepfudk qef;opfrGrf;rH&ef
t"dutusqkH; tcsufyifjzpf\/2009 ckESpfwGif 0efBuD;csKyf uDAif½k'f\
avbmtpdk;&rS zuf'&,fpepfudk rGrf;rH qef;opfjcif; reform of federation
tpDtpOfrsm;udk pwifjyKvkyfcJhonf/ vuf&Sd zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH
Oya'udk vGefcJhaom ESpfwpf&mausmfu a&;qGJ jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfonfhtwGuf
rl0g'a&;&mrsm;wGif zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,ftqifhqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;pGm
&Sdaeavonf/ rnfonfhtqifhu rnfonfhrl0g'rsm;udk csrSwfusifhokH;cGifh
&Sdoenf;[laom ar;cGef;rSm t"duyifjzpf\/ usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrI
u@tygt0if rl0g'rsm;pGmwGif jynfe,fESifh zuf'&,ftqifhrSm ½IyfaxG;pGm
jzifh a0a00g;0g; &SdaeqJ/ jynfe,fESifh a'oEÅ&tqifhrsm;udk b@m
aiGaMu;ESifh vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdk ay;tyf&ef jyifqifrIrsm;yifjzpfonf/
91
 zuf'&,fynma&;

*GefpuDynma&;&Dydkh Gonski Education Report

2010 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;zuf'&,ftpdk;&rS wm0efay;csuf
t&xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom pD;yGm;a&;orm; a';Apf*GefpuD David Gonski
u ausmif;rsm;\ b@maiGaMu;&efykHaiGudpöudk aumfrpf&Sif zGJYpnf;NyD; pkHprf;
ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ pmrsufESm 319 rsufESm&Sdaom *GefpuD&DydkYudk
a&;om; jyKpkcJh&mwGif vlxkxHrS owif;tcsuftvuf ckESpfaxmifausmf
&&SdcJhNyD; aumfrpf&Sifu ausmif;aygif; 39 ausmif;udk uGif;qif;avhvmjcif;?
ynma&;tpktzGJU 71 zGJUESifh awGYqkHar;jref; pkHprf;cJhjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&GufEdkif
cJhonf/ 2011 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&xH tpD&ifcHpm
wifoGif;cJhNyD; 2012 ckESpf? azaz:0g&DvwGif 0efBuD;csKyf *sLvD,m*Dvm'f
Julia Gillard tpdk;&u w&m;0if xkwfjyefay;cJhonf/

*GefpuD\ ynma&;&efykHaiG tpD&ifcHpmwGif t"du tcsuf

3 csuf yg0ifygonf/ (1) urÇmay:wGif t&nftaoG; tjrifhrm;qkH;aom?
w&m;rßSwrI t&SdqkH;aom ynma&;pepfjzpfap&ef MopaMw;vsm;tpdk;&
taejzifh arQmfrSef;csuf xm;&SdNyD; aqmif&Guf&efESifh pmwwfajrmufrI
tedrfhyg;qkH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;wGuf ynma&; tultnDudk OD;pm;ay;
oGm;&ef/ (2) MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHtwGif; rnfonfhae&mwGif aexdkifonf
jzpfap? rdom;pk 0ifaiGrnfrßS &Sdonfjzpfap? rnfonfhausmif;wGifwufa&m
ufaeonfjzpfap uav;i,frsm;taejzifh taumif;qkH;aom ynma&;udk
vufvSrf;rD&&Sdqnf;yl;cGifh? (3) vkyfief;cGifESifh tem*wfb0 &SifoefrIwGif
wefzdk;&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh yg0ifaqmif&Guf Edkifap&ef tajccH
pGrf;&nfrsm;ESifh wwfyGefrI ukHvkHjynfh0pGmjzifh ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;rsm;rS
xGufcGgvmEdkifa&;wdkYjzpfonf/ ausmif;wdkif;taejzifh "eó[m& tpdk;&ESifh
jynfe,ftpdk;&xHrS tajccHb@m taxmuftul &&SdrnfjzpfNyD; vdktyfaiG
udk ausmif;t½G,ftpm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ wpfOD;csif; vdktyfcsuft&
xyfrH awmif;cHEdkifonf/ ynma&; w&m;rQwrIudk az:aqmifvdk&if;[k
qdk&ygrnf/ tpD&ifcHpmu pmoifausmif;rsm;udk b@maiGaMu; &efykHaiG
axmufyHhay;jcif;rSm b@ma&;udpö oufoufomvQif r[kwfrlbJ EdkifiH\
92
 odef;Ekdif

tem*wfudk zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf? vkHNcHK cdkifNrJapjcif;vnf; jzpfaMumif; wifjyxm;

onf/ ausmif;rsm;u uav;wdkif;twGuf axmufulay;oifhNyD; q&mwdkif;
uvnf; uav;wdkif;xHrS taumif;qkH;rsm;udk arQmfvifhoifh aMumif;
wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd ausmif;rsm;wGif pwif taumif
txnfaz:Edkif&ef,cif avbmtpdk;&u pDpOfay;cJhonf/ xda&mufrIrsm;
&SdaMumif;vnf; aemufqufwGJ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;u qdkygonf/ odkYaomf
2014 ckESpfwGif vuf&SdtmPm& 0efBuD;csKyf wdkeDtufabmhtpdk;& Abbot
government url *GefpuD&DydkYudk aemufxyf 4 ESpfwm umvtxdomvQif
quf vuf taumiftxnfaz:rnfjzpfNyD;2017 ckESpfwGif tqkH;owfrnf[k
aMunmcJhrItay: jyif;xefpGm jiif;ckH a0zef cH&vsuf&Sdaeonf/

ynma&;pepf zGJhpnf;wnfaqmufykH
tqifh 3 qifhpepfjzifh ynma&;udk wnfaqmufxm;onf/
rlvwef;ynma&; primary education? txufwef;ynma&; secondary
education ESifh tertiary education wuúodkvftqifhjrifhynma&; (wuúodkvf
rsm;? aumvdyfrsm;? oufarG;odyÜHrsm;? oifwef;rsm; yg0ifygonf/) wdkYjzpf
onf/ txuftwef; txufqifh 12 wef; atmifjrifNyD;csdefwGif
ausmif;om; trsm;pkrSm touf 18 ESpfjynfhNyDjzpfonf/

ausmif;tvdkuf axmufyHhonfh b@maiGaMu; tultnDESifh

tkyfcsKyfykHpepftay: rlwnfNyD; 3 rsdK; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ (1) tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;
Public schools, state schools (2) uufovpfausmif;rsm; catholic schools
(3) yk*¾vduausmif;rsm; independent schools, private schools wdkYjzpf
onf/ tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;? jynfe,fausmif;rsm;rSm bmoma&;udk tajccH
xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ odkYaomf religious education bmomw&m;rsm; avhvma&;
tpDtpOfudkrl ausmif;tvdkuf xnfhoGif;Edkifygonf/ yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;rSmrl
bmomw&m; wpfckcktay:wGif tajccHavh &Sdwwfonf/ 2010
ppfwrf;rsm;t& uav;oli,f vlOD;a&\ 66 &mcdkifEIef;u tpdk;&
ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufvsuf&SdMuNyD; 14 &mcdkifEIef;rSm yk*¾vdu
93
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ausmif;ESifh 20 &mcdkifEIef;rSmuufovpfausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufMu\/

rnfonfhausmif;wGif wufa&mufonfjzpfap t&nftaoG;jrifh ynma&;
ESifh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm;udk vdkufem oifMum;Muonf/ ausmif;trsm;pk
BuD;rSm ausmif;qifwl0wfpkH xm;&Sdonf/ pmoifESpfrSm azaz:0g&DvrS Edk0if
bmvtxdjzpfonf/ pmoifESpftwGif; umvtydkif; 4 ydkif; four school
terms owfrSwfxm;onf/ c&pfprwfyGJawmf (MopDaEG&moD) rSm &uftMum
&SnfqkH; ausmif;ydwf&ufjzpfonf/ 6 ywftxd ausmif;ydwfxm;avh&Sdonf/
pmoifESpftwGif; 2 ywfMumausmif;ydwfjcif;udk 3 Budrf (tDpwmyGJawmf?
aqmif;&moD - ZlvdkifESifh aEGOD;&moD-atmufwdkbm) xm;&Sdonf/

tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;
tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;udk jynfenftpdk;& (odkYr[kwf) txl;a'o
tpdk;&wdkYu zGifhvSpfMujcif;jzpfonf/ tcrJhynma&;pepf[k qdkEdkifaomf
vnf; ausmif;rsm;u 0ifaMu;? ausmif;jyify pcef;oGif; vnfywfjcif;
school camp ESifh oif½dk;0ifvkyfief;pOfrsm;? avhvmrIrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;
awmif;cHavh&Sdonf/ tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif ykHpH2 rsdK; &Sdae
onf/ owfrSwfNrdKUe,fa'otwGif;&Sd rnfolrqdk wufa&mufcGifh &Sdaom
open government schools ausmif;rsm;ESifh rnfonfhNrdKUe,frSjzpfap vm
a&mufwufa&mufEdkifaom selective government schools ausmif;rsm;
jzpfonf/ 'kwd,trsdK;tpm; ausmif;rsm;rSm ausmif;*kPfodu©mESifh
t&nftaoG; ydkrdk jrifhrm;avh&Sdonf/ rlvwef; aemufqkH;ESpfjzpfonfh
qXrwef;wGif ppfaq;aom &rSwfrsm;t& tawmfqkH; ausmif;om;rsm;udkom
vufcHavh&Sdonf/ þausmif;rsm;wGif ynma&; t&nftaoG;ESifh
taxmuftyHhaumif;rsm; ydkrdk &&Sdwwfonf/ tm;upm;? tEkynm?
bmompum;wdkYwGifvnf; ydkrdk pkHvifpGm yHhydk;ay;xm;onf/ wpfESpfwm
ausmif;vcrSm rlvwef; a':vm 100 rS 300? txufwef; a':vm 300
rS a':vm wpfaxmiftxd jzpfNyD; rdom;pk0ifaiGt& vGwfNidrf;cGifhavQmuf
xm;Edkifao;onf/

94
 odef;Ekdif

uufovpfbmomESifU yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;
uufovpfausmif;rsm;ESifh yk*¾vdu ausmif;rsm;rSmvnf; tpdk;&\
b@maiGaMu; tultnDudk &&SdEdkifonf/ uufovpfausmif;rsm;rSm
yk*¾vdu ausmif;rsm;xuf ausmif;vcydkrdk oufomwwfonf/ yk*¾vdu
ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;vcESifh 0ifaMu;rSm tvGef aps;BuD;jrifhvSonf/
*syef? ,lau? tar&duef? wdkif0rf? puFmylESifh a[mifaumifwdkYESifh
tNydKifynma&;pepf[kqdk&rnf/ qpf'eDNrdKU&Sd yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;rSm vef'ef
ESifh wdkusdK&Sd ausmif;rsm;xuf okH;ykHwpfykHcefY aps;oufomonf[k ppfwrf;
rsm;t& od&Sd&onf/ e,l;a,muf ausmif;rsm;xufvnf; 60 &mcdkifEIef;
aps;oufomonf/ uufovpfausmif;rsm;\ wpfESpfwm ausmif;vcrSm
rlvwef;a':vm 2000 rS a':vm 3000? txufwef; a':vm 3000 rS
a':vm 6000 cefYtxdjzpfonf/ yk*¾vdausmif;rsm;\ wpfESpfwm ausmif;
vcrSmrl rlvwef; a':vm 3000 cefYESifh txufwef; MopDa':vm
wpfaomif;ESpfaxmifrS ESpfaomif;cefYtxd &Sdaewwfonf/ yk*¾vdu
ausmif;rsm;\ &v'frsm;rSm ydkrdkomvGef aeavh&SdNyD; ausmif;wGif; vIyf&Sm;
rIrsm;ESifh tm;upm;? tEkynmu@wdkYtwGufvnf; trsKd;pkHpGmESifh t&nf
taoG;jrifh 0efaqmifrIwdkYudk xm;&Sdonf/

oufarG;aumvdyfrsm;ESifU wuúodkvfrsm;
txufwef;txufqifh senior secondary aemufqkH;ESpf 12 wef;
(odkYr[kwf) 'Dyvdkrm TAFE aumvdyf &rSwftay: rlwnfNyD; tqifhjrifh
ynmwuúodkvf qufvufwufa&mufMuonf/ wuúodkvf 40 ausmfcefYudk
tpdk;&u b@maiGaMu; &efykHaiGaxmufyHh ay;xm;NyD; yk*¾vduwuúodkvf2
ck&Sdaeonf/ zGHYNzdK;NyD; OECD EdkifiHrsm;xJwGif wuúodkvfp&dwf tBuD;jrifhqkH;
EdkifiHwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ 1850 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom qpf'eD
wuúodkvfrSm a&S;tusqkH; wuúodkvfwpfckjzpfonf/ jynfe,ftqifh
wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfxm;aom oufarG;oifwef;ausmif; TAFE – technical
and further education rsm;wGif tvkyfoifESifh oufarG;oifwef; trsdK;rsdK;udk
avhvmEdkifMuonf/ touf 25 ESpfrS 64 ESpftwGif; vlOD;a&\ 58
95
 zuf'&,fynma&;

&mcdkifEIef;rSm wuúodkvf (odkYr[kwf) oufarG; TAFE aumvdyfausmif;rsm;rS

bGJYvufrSwf &&Sdxm;Muolrsm;jzpfonf/ TAFE oufarG;aumvdyfrsm;wGif
wufa&mufEdkifaom oifwef;rsm;pGm &Sdavonf/ oifwef;umvrSm
ajcmufvrS 2 ESpfcefY txdjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;bdZeufynm? b@ma&;
pDrHcefYcGJrIoifwef;? [dkw,fESifh c&D;oGm; 0efaqmifrIoifwef;? aqmufvkyf
a&;ynm? ykHaz:rItEkynm? owif;tcsuftvuf enf;ynm? tif*sifeD,m
'Dyvdkrm? rD'D,moifwef;rsm;? vlrI&yf&Gm pDrHcefYcGJa&;ynm? aq;buftul
ynm tp&Sdojzifh oufarG;tajccHoifwef;rsm;pGm xm;&Sdonf/ þoifwef;
rsm;rS atmifvufrSwf tqifh (1) rS tqifh 4? 'DyvdkrmbGJYESifh bGJYBudK as-
sociate degree tqifhtxd ay;tyfonf/ oufarG;oifwef;tvdkuf bGJY
vufrSwfESifh bGJYvGef vufrSwfrsm;vnf; ay;tyfvmMuonf/ vkyfief;cGifodkY
0ifa&mufEdkifaom oufarG;ynmoifwef;rsm;wGif wufa&mufol rsm;jym;
onf/ tqifhjrifh wuúodkvfodkYvnf; oufqdkif&m ynm&yftvdkuf aygif;ul;
pepfjzifh qufvuf wufa&mufEdkifMuonf/ jynfe,ftvdkuf aumvdyf
(odkYr[kwf) tifpwDusLU[k ac:qdkMuaom TAFE oifwef;ausmif;rsm;udk
jynfenftpdk;&rsm;u t"dutm;jzifh wnfaxmif zGifhvSpfay;jcif;jzpfonf/
EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;trsm;qkH; EdkifiHvnf;jzpfonf/

zuf'&,fynma&;ESifU avUusifUa&;0efBuD;XmeESifh jynfe,fynma&;Xmewdkh\ wm0ef

0wå&m;rsm; Federal Department of Education and Tranining

zuf'&,fynma&; 0efBuD;Xmeonf atmufygwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk

xrf;aqmif&onf/ zuf'&,f ynma&;rl0g'ESifh trsKd;om;tqifh tpDt
pOfrsm; - pmoifausmif;rlrsm;? oufarG;ynmausmif;rsm;? tqifhjrifhynm
a&;? Xmaewdkif;&if;om;ynma&; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ a&TUajymif;ESifh
oufBuD;ynma&;rl0g'wdkYudk a&;qGJay;onf/ ynma&;ESifh avhusifha&;
toGif;ajymif;rl0g'ESifh tpDtpOfrsm;?ausmif;rsm;wGif odyÜHynm pdwfyg
0ifpm;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;? tvkyfoifESifh oufarG; avhusifha&;tpDtpOfrsm;?
EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ynma&;rl0g'? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
96
 odef;Ekdif

tvkyfoifrsm;twGuf 0ifaiG&&Sdaprnfh rl0g'rsm;jzpfonf/ ynma&; oka-

woe &efykHaiGESifh okawoDavhusifh ysdK;axmifjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf;
yHhydk;ay;onf/ 2013 a½G;aumufyGJwGif c&pfpwdkzgydkif;rSm zuf'&,f
ynma&;0efBuD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&onf/ "eo[m,MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH
bk&ifcHcsKyfu 0efBuD;csKyf\ axmufcHcsufjzifh zuf'&,f0efBuD;rsm;udk cefY
tyfonf/
MopaMw;vsm; "eó[m&EdkifiH zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya't&
ausmif;aet&G,f uav;rsm;\ ynma&;udk jynfe,fESifhtxl;a'o tpdk;&
rsm;u t"dutm;jzifh wm0ef,laqmif½Guf&onf/ tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;
twGuf b@maiGaMu; wm0ef,l&onf/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tjcm;
ausmif;rsm;twGuf b@maiGaMu; yHhydk;ulnD&onf/ ausmif;rl0g'ESifh
vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk csrSwfay;&onf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESifh pHEIef;rsm;udk
oufqdkif&mjynfe,fu udk,fwkdif jypka&;qGJjyXmef;onf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&\
ynma&;pHEIef;rsm;ESifh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; rlrsm;tay: tajccHvsuf zwfpm
tkyfrsm;udk jyify uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? ukrÜPDrsm;u
jyKpka&;om; xkwfa0Muonf/

(oHvGifwdkif;rf*sme,f? pufwifbmv? 2015)

97
 zuf'&,fynma&;

98
 odef;Ekdif

todynmrsKd;qufudk ysKd;axmif?
todynmpD;yGm;a&;udk vufqifUurf;jcif;
aumif;rGefaom vlYtzGJUtpnf; qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/ bm
aMumifh ynmoifMum; ay;aeygoenf;/ aumif;rGefaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk
wnfaxmifEdkif&ef rnfonfht&mrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfykH oifMum;&ygrnf
enf;/ (rJvbkef;NrdKU (2015 ckESpf urÇmhaecsifpzG,f taumif;qkH;NrdKU yxr
qk&)? aumfzDqdkif wpfqdkifwGiftcrJh jzefYa0aom ydkYpu'fyg pmom;rsm;…)

ynma&;udk vlwdkif;vdkvdkyif pdwfyg0ifpm; wwfMuygonf/ nae

cif;0fdkif;qkHyGJrsm;wGifjzpfap? zdk&rfrsm;ESifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifjzpfap rwl
aom tjrifrsm;jzifh tBuD;tus,f tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m acgif;pOfwpfckvnf;
jzpf\/ þodkY jzpf&onfh taMumif;rSm ½dk;&Sif;vSygonf/ vlyk*¾dKvf\
ynma&; tqifhtwef;? ol\ tvkyftudkifESifh 0ifaiGvpm EIef;xm;wdkYrSm
qufpyfaewwfonfh twGufyifjzpfonf/ þrQom ruao;yg/ ½dk;&m
"avhrsm;? vlrIpHwefzdk;rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItjrifrsm;udk vufqifhurf;
ay;onfh t"du ae&mrSmvnf; ynma&;e,fy,fyif r[kwfygvm;/ cur-
riculum yifr oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;ESifh aemufcHvTm oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm; hid-
den curriculum rsm;u þwm0efudk ,lxm;&onf/ vdkvm;tyfaom
vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk ysKd;axmifay;Edkifjcif;jzpf\/ EdkifiHom; trSwftom; o½kyf
99
 zuf'&,fynma&;

indentity udk t"du ykHaz: wnfaqmuf ay;aeonfrSmvnf; pmoif

ausmif;rsm;yif jzpfjyefonf/ uav;i,f\ vlrIqufqHa&; zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf
t"du yifrXmersm;vnf;jzpfonf/
MopaMw;vsm; ynma&;pepfrSm vGefpGm BuD;rsm; us,fjyefYvSonf/
EdkYpdkYt½G,fuyif wpfoufwm (w&m;0if) ynma&;c&D; pwifonfjzpf\/ zGHY
NzdK;NyD;EdkifiH jzpfonfESifhtnD uav;i,fOD;a&\ 86 &mcdkifEIef;txd rlBudK
ynma&;udk touf 3 ESpfcefYrS pwif wufa&mufMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm
touf 3 ESpf rwdkifrD uwnf;uyif aeYuav;xdef; Xmersm;wGif aecJhMu
zl;olrsm;jzpfonf/ rlvwef;ynma&;udk pwifEdkif&ef vdktyfaom pGrf;&nf
tcsKdUudk jyifqif avhusifhjcif;[k qdk&rnf/ touf 5 ESpfausmf? 6 ESpf
t&G,fcefYwGif rlvwef;ynma&; pwifygonf/ (jynfe,ftvdkuf uGJjym;
ao;onf/) q&mrsm;\ avhusifhoifMum;rIESifh ,Ofyg;ap&ef? em;axmif
wwfap&ef? pmoifcef;wGif; ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk vdkufem vkyfaqmifwwf
ap&ef? oif,lavhvmrIwGif pdwfygvufyg udk,fwdkif yg0ifwwfap&ef
tp&SdonfwdkYudk rlBudKwGif avhvmMu&jcif;jzpfonf/

w&m;0if roifrae& ynma&; Compulsory education rSm

ajrmufydkif;a'oBuD; Northern Territory, e,l;aqmhofa0;vf;pf New South
Wales jynfe,fESifh MopaMw;vsm; NrdKUawmfa'oBuD; Australian Capital Ter-
ritory wdkYwGif touf 15 ESpftxd jzpfonf/ Apfwdk;&D;,m; jynfe,f Victo-
ria, awmifMopaMw;vsm;jynfe,f South Australia, wdkYwGif touf 16
ESpftxdjzpfNyD; uGif;pvefjynfe,f Queensland, wufpar;eD;,m;jynfe,f
Tasmania, ESifh taemufydkif; MopaMw;vsm;jynfe,f Western Australian
wdkYwGif touf 17 ESpf txd roifrae& ynma&;tjzpf owfrSwf
xm;&Sdonf/ (tajccHynmausmif;wGifjzpfap? oufarG;oifwef;wGif jzpfap
(rjzpfrae) Oya't& wufa&mufae&rnfh touf owfrSwfcsufjzpf\/)
ynma&;twef;rsm; wufa&mufcJhjcif;ESifh vkyftm;vpm0ifaiG wdkuf½dkuf
tcsKd;usrI &SdaeaMumif;okawoeu axmufjyxm;ygonf/ tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk? uae'g? ,lauESifh MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiHwdkYwGif avhvmcJhjcif;

100
 odef;Ekdif

jzpfonf/ txufwef;tqifhwGif wpfESpfcefY ydkí wufa&mufcGifh &&SdcJhol

wdkYrSm ESpfpOf 0ifaiGvpm 10 &mcdkifEIef;rS 14 &mcdkifEIef;txd ydkrdk
&&SdMujcif;jzpfonf/ bGJY'D*&D &&SdolwdkYrSm vpm0ifaiG ydkrdk cHpm;cGifh
&Sdaejcif;udkrl zGHYNzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf tHtm;oifhzG,f&m r&Sdyg/ rsKd;quf
rsm;ESifh qufpyfaewwfygonf/ ynmwwfbGJY& rdbrsm;\ om;orD;wdkYrSm
bGJY& ynmwwf jzpfEdkifacs ydkrdk &Sdaewwfonf/ 0ifaiG ydkaumif;wwfonf/
2010 ckESpfwGif avhvmrI ppfwrf;t& touf 25 ESpfrS 54 ESpft½G,f
&Sdolrsm;wGif txufwef;txufqifh 12 wef; ynma&;atmifvufrSwf
r& &SdcJholrsm;rSm bGJY&rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfaomf tvkyfvufrJh jzpfEdkifacsESifh
tvkyfvufrJh jzpfaejcif;rSm 2 q cefYtxd jrifhrm;aewwfonf/

MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH\ tem*wf pD;yGm;zGYHNzdK;rIrSm prwfusaom

vlOD;a&tay: rSDwnfaeygonf/ tjcm;aomzGHYNzdK;NyD; urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;ESifh
,SOfNydKif Edkifap&efjzpfonf/ ausmufacwf pdkufysKd;arG;jrLa&; tajccHpD;yGm;a&;
pepfrQESifhawmh 21 &mpkurÇmwGif ,SOfNydKifEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ vGefcJh
aom q,fpkESpf 2 ckwGif MopaMw;vsm; EdkifiHom; trsm;pkBuD;rSm tqifh
jrifhynm wuúodkvfrsm;wGifjzpfap? oufarG;odyÜHaumvdyfausmif;rsm; tech-
nical and furthereducation (TAFE) wGifjzpfap wufa&mufoifMum;ol
OD;a& ydkrdk wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ csrf;omolrsm;twGufom oD;oefY r[kwf
awmhyg/ ausmif;jyify ynma&;? vkyfief;cGif pGrf;&nfjr§ifhynma&; oifwef;
rsm;vnf; wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf/ tGefvdkif; bGJYoifwef;rsm;vnf; tDvuf
xa&mepf? tifwmeufacwf xdyfwef; EdkifiHjzpfonfESifhtnD wdk;yGm;aeqJ
jzpfonf/ aeYausmif; wufp&mrvdkbJ tvkyfvkyf&if;yif wuúodkvfrsm;\
ykHrSef bGJUoifwef; t&nftaoG;twdkif; 100 &mcdkifEIef; jynfhrDaom ynm
udk tGefvdkif;pepfjzifh rdrd&Gm (odkYr[kwf) vkyfief;cGif ae&mrsm;rS wdkuf½dkuf
avhvmEdkifMujcif;jzpfonf/ q,fausmfoufrsm;rSonf touf 50 ausmf?
60 wef;rsm;vnf; tGefvdkif;bGJY oifwef;rsm;wGif wufa&mufEdkifMuonfrSm
ynmacwf\ o½kyfouef[k qdk&rnf/

101
 zuf'&,fynma&;

todynmrsdK;quf? todynmpD;yGm;a&;
Knowledge generations and Knowledge economy
21 &mpkwGif todynmrSm (vlokH;ukefypönf; wpfcktaejzifh) ydkrdk
ta&;ygvSaom acwfqDodkY a&GUvsm;vmcJhNyD/ vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpf 50
umvtwGif; vlwdkY tvkyfvkyfudkifykH? tvkyftudkif trsdK;tpm;rsm;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&; tajccHtaqmufttkHwdkYrSm rsm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJh\/ tod
ynm tajcjyKpD;yGm;a&;acwf knowledge based economy [kqdkMuonf/
pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrIESifh zGHYNzdK;a&;tzGJUtpnf;BuD; (OECD) u
1996 ckESpfwGif tajccHvlokH;ukef ypönf;topf wpfrsdK;taejzifh “tod
ynm” qdkaom ypönf;topf wpfrsdK; a&muf&Sdvmonfh acwfudk a&GUvsm;
vmaeNyDjzpfaMumif; xkwfaz: aMunmcJhonf/

]]todynmtajcjyK pD;yGm;a&;}} knowledge based econ-

omy qdkaom a0g[m&udk zGifhqdk&m0,f - A[kokw? todynmESifh
enf;ynmrSm pD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIwGif ydkrdk ta&;ygvSaMumif;udk
tjynfht0 todtrSwf jyKvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ vlom;\ &SifoefrI
(vlom;t&if;tESD;) xJwGif tc&m usvSaom A[kokw? todynm
ESifh enf;ynmwdkYrSm pD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufrIwGifvnf; tpOftNrJ
yif tcsuftcsm uscJhonf/ odkY&mwGif vGefcJhaom ESpf tenf;i,furS
t"du usaeaMumif;udk ydkrdk odjrifvmMuonf/ todtrSwfjyKvm
Muonf/ todynmt"du 0efaqmifrIu@rsm;wGif ynma&;?
qufoG,fa&;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufwdkYrSm ydkrdk wGifus,f ta&;yg
vmawmhonf/ OECD EdkifiHrsm;\ trsdK;om;pkpkaygif; xGufukef
Gross Domestic Product GDP 50 &mcdkifEIef;rSm todynm t"du
pD;yGm;a&;u@jzpfaMumif; okH;oyfygonf/
(OECD tpD&ifcHpm? 1996 ckESpf)

todynmudk zefwD;? xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh jzefYjzL;jcif;udk tajcjyKxm;

onfh pD;yGm;a&;rSm (a&eH? trJom;? tmvl;? &mbm? pyg; ponfwdkYuJhodkY)
102
 odef;Ekdif

xGufukefypönf;udk tajcjyKaom pD;yGm;a&;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;vSonfawmh

r[kwfyg/ vlom;t&if;tESD;tay: wnfrSDaeMujcif;rSm twlwlyif r[kwf
ygvm;/ owif;tcsuftvufudk ukefpnfuJhodkY zvS,faeonfh pD;yGm;a&;
u@wGif-

• odol-vkyfwwfol/ vkyfom;wpfOD;\ vlrIqufqHa&;? tquftoG,f

rsm;ESifh ywfoufaeonfh t&nftaoG;ESifh ta&twGufrSm qufoG,f
aqmif½Gufjcif;ESifh ewf0ghufrsm;udk trSDo[J jyKxm;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;
twGufta&;ygvSygonf/

• todynm? A[kokw &SdNyD; enf;ynm pGrf;&nfjynfh0jcif; (rdkufc½dk tD

vufxa&mepfenf;ynm? uGefysLwm? puf½kyfrsm;? w,fvDuGefjrLeD
au;&Sif; pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;)? ypönf;opf xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;? ZD0enf;
ynmESifh oGm;vmqufoG,fa&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&; ykHpHopfrsm;/

• ajymif;vJvmaeonfhrdom;pk ykHpHopfrsm;? tdrf - tvkyfrQajc? ewf0ghuf

ESifhom csdwfqufxm;Edkifygu rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk
0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkifMujcif;? tcsdefESifh ae&mt&
vkyfom;0efxrf; ykHpHtopfrsm; xGufay:vmjcif;? tcsdefjynfh0efxrf;?
tcsdefydkif;0efxrf;? pDrHcsuft& u@tvdkuf? pyg,f&S,fvpf0efxrf;?

• pGrf;aqmif&nfr&Sdaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf rjynfh0aomolrsm; taejzifh

tqifhjrifh pGrf;aqmif&nf vdktyfaom vkyfief;cGif ae&mwGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/ rdrdtvkyfydkif;wGif pOfqufrjywf
pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifjcif;rSm rjzpfrae vdktyfvmonf/ qufwdkuf
avhvmrIESifh oifwef;rsm;rSm0efxrf;tm;vkH; (rl0g'? pDrH? enf;ynm?
atmufajcqdkif&mtm;vkH;) twGuf vdktyfonf/ rdrd\ t&nftaoG;udk
tpOfojzifh wdk;jr§ifhae&rnf/ pGrf;&nfedrfhygu vpmedrfhrnf/

103
 zuf'&,fynma&;

þae&mwGif ynma&; t&nftaoG; jrifhjcif;udk aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/

txl;ojzifh urÇm&GmtrI jyKxm;NyDjzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;topfwGif MopaMw;
vsm;EdkifiHom;rsm; tvkyfvkyf&mwGif vdktyfaom pGrf;&nfopfrsm; new
skills rsm;&Sdaeonf/ pOfqufrjywf topf jyifqif wnfaqmufae&onfh
pD;yGm;a&;pepf\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk vdkufyg jznfhqnf; ay;Edkif&eftwGuf
ynma&;pepfudkvnf; vdkufygajymif;vJ jyifqifay;&ef vdktyfcsufudk
oHo,&Sdp&m rvdkyg/ t&SdefEIef;xm;jzifh ajymif;vJaeaom vkyftm;aps;uGuf?
rBuHKpzl; wdk;wufvmaeonfh enf;ynmESifh todynm aygufuGJrIwdkYESifh
tnD ynma&;udk jyifqif&jcif;jzpfonf/

ynmacwfwGif pD;yGm; zGHhNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf pmoifMum;jcif;

urÇmrIjyKxm;jcif;cH&aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;udk tvkyf &SmazG

vsuf&Sdonfh a&TUvsm;aeaom vlxkrsm;? vlaerI ykHpHrsm;ESifh &yf½Gmrsm;u
ykHaz:ay;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ jynfe,frsm; twGif;? tjyif a&TUvsm;aeaom
vlxkBuD;? EdkifiHtwGif;tjyif a&TUvsm;aeaom olrsm;/ a&S;tcgu tpOft
vmt& vkyfudkifaecJhaom vkyfief;udkifief;rsm;rSm aysmufuG,fvdkY vmae
onf/ pufrI vkyfief;opfrsm;? pD;yGm;a&; ykHpHopfrsm; ay:xGufvmonf/
urÇmol? urÇmom;rsm;taejzifh uav;i,frsm;u rdrdwdkYudk,fudk,f
o½kyfykHaz: wnfaqmufaeMuNyD/ urÇmhae&m tESHYtjym;udk tGefvdkif;rsm;?
rD'D,mrsm;rSwqifh uav;i,frsm;vnf; 0ifa&muf vnfywfwwfNyD/
pGrf;&nfopfrsm;? todopfrsm;udk aeYpOfESifh trQ &&Sdaeaom uav;i,f
rsm;ESifh rdbrsm;? ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;u &ifqdkif&vsuf/ udk,fydkif
tdkif'ef'wD? rdom;pk wnfaqmufykH? qif;&JrGJawrIESifh vlrIa&; A[dkcsuf
z½dkz&J jzpfjcif;rsm;jzifh BuHKawGYaeMu&NyD/

ESpf 200 ausmfu pufrIv,f,macwf vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGufrQom

wnfxGif tokH;jyKcJhonfh pmoifausmif;ESifh ynma&;pepfudk jyifqif&
awmhrnf/ vkH;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;aom pGrf;&nfopfrsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfudkifykH

104
 odef;Ekdif

enf;vrf;topfwdkYjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk avhusifh ysKd;axmifay;&awmhrnf/

txl;ojzifh A[kokwrsm;? pGrf;&nfrsm;udk pmawGY? o½kyfjy? aqG;aEG;jcif;?
rmvwDrD'D,m qufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh jyifqifay;&awmhrnf/

jyóem? tcuftcJrsm;udk az:xkwfwwfjcif;? odrfarGYnifompGm?

y&d,m,f<u,f0pGmjzifh ajz&Sif;wwfjcif;? tkyfpkwGif; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufwwf
jcif;? vlrIqufqHa&;ESifh wifjy aqG;aEG;wwfjcif; pGrf;&nfjynfh0jcif; ponf
wdkYrSm r&Sdrjzpf pGrf;&nfrsm;jzpfvmonf/ owif;tcsuftvuf &if;jrpfudk
odem;vnf&efvnf; vdktyfvmonf/ (tGefvdkif; t&if;tjrpfrsm;? vufpGJ
pmapmif? tultnD awmif;cHwwfjcif;?)/ þpGrf;&nfrsm;udk &&Sdvmap&ef
MopaMw;vsm; pmoifausmif;rsm;u oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; topfrsm;udk
oifMum;ay;½kHrQom ruao;bJ oifMum;enf;vrf; topfrsm;? rmvwD
rD'D,mrsm;udkvnf; tokH;jyK&onf/ xdkYtjyif vli,frsm;taejzifh þ
pHEIef;opf? pGrf;&nfopfrsm;udk avhvmMu&jcif;ESifhtwl ydkrdk us,fjyefY
vmaeonfh vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI tajymif;tvJrsm;wGifvnf; rdrd
udk,fudk,f ,kHMunfcsufjzifh yg0if aqmif½GufEdkifap&ef avhusifhMu&awmhrnf/
vlrlqufqHa&; ykHpHopfrsm;? ,Ofaus;rIpHwefzdk;opfrsm;? todopfrsm;?
pGrf;&nfopfrsm; &&Sdap&ef BudK;yrf;wwfjcif;? rdrdufdk,fwdkif oif,l avhvm
wwfjcif;ESifh tokH;r0ifawmhaom t,ltqa[mif;rsm;udk pGefYvTwfwwf
jcif;? rwluGJjym;aom olrsm;ESifh nd§EIdif; aexdkifwwfjcif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/

ausmif;ynma&;udk vufvSrf;rDjcif;ESifh oifMum;cGifh &&Sdjcif;wdkYrSm

vlrIpD;yGm;aemufcH tajctaersm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sdonf/ þonfrSm
tpOftNrJyif[k qdkEdkifonf/ rdrdwufa&mufaom ausmif;ESifh rdom;pk
aemufcHwdkYrSm ausmif;om;\ ynm&nf wdk;wufrItay:wGif rsm;pGm
oufa&mufEdkifygonf/ tqkH;pGeftm;jzifh tvkyftudkifrsm;ESifh 0ifaiG&&SdrI
txdvnf; qufpyfaewwfonf/ tpOfojzifhyif jrefjrefqefqefESifh tBuD;
tus,f ajymif;vJvsuf&Sdaeaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif tvkyftudkifrsm;pGm
wdkYudk qkH;½IH;&vsuf&Sdonf/ twdwfumvwGif pGrf;&nf odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm;

105
 zuf'&,fynma&;

rvdktyfonfh vkyfom;tiftm;rsm;pGmwdkY ae&mwGif bufpkHaxmifhpkHwGif

xl;cRefxufjrufaom vlenf;enf;om vdktyfvdkY vmaeonf/ tajccH
vkyfom;rsm;\ todynmESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;vnf; wdk;wuf&ef vdktyf
aecJhNyD/

vGefcJhaom ESpf 100 umvrsm;wGif EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;zGHYNzdK; wdk;wuf

&efrSm ynma&;om t"dujzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdcJhonf/ aemifESpf
100 wGifvnf; ynma&;uomvQif pD;yGm;a&;udk qufvuf armif;ESif
aeygOD;rnf/

(oHvGifwdkif;rf*sme,f? 12 pufwifbm? 2015 armfvNrdKifNrdKU)

106
 odef;Ekdif

vpfb&,fynma&;a&SYaqmif
(,lauEdkifiHynma&;pepf)

ynma&;udk wdkif;jynf\ xdyfwef;EdkifiHa&; tm*sif'gtjzpf xm;&Sd

aom EdkifiH/ urÇmhxdyfwef; ynmEdkifiHawmf pm&if;0if/ Oa&mywdkuf\'kwd,
taumif;qkH;ynma&;pepf/ vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDynma&; bdk;atEdkifiH/
&efukefwuúodkvfudk udkvdkeDacwfumvESifh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; q,fpkESpf
wpfcktMum urÇmhtqifhrD wuúodkvftjzpf *kPfwifhapcJhaom EdkifiH/ EdkifiH
twGif; rnfonfhwuúodkvfrSyif bGJY&onfjzpfap wpfurÇmvkH;wGif tqifh
twef;&Sd&Sd tvkyf vkyfudkifEdkifaom urÇmausmf wuúodkvfrsm; pka0;xm;&Sd&m
ynm&yf0ef;EdkifiH/ todynmpD;yGm;a&;ESifh todynmA[dkjyK EdkifiH/ ,ck
tywf wGif ynmausmfEdkifiHjzpfonfh NAdwdoQynma&;pepfESifh ynma&;\
tkwfjrpf EdkifiHa&;'óewdkYudk aqG;aEG;ygrnf/
paumhwvef? t*FvefESifh a0vjynfe,fwdkY qufpyfwnf&Sdaeaom
uRef;BuD;rSm *&dwfNAdwdef[k vlodrsm;onf/ United Kingdom ,lauEdkifiHudk
Britain NAdwdefESifh roJruGJ jzpfavh&SdMuonf/ ,lauwGif ajrmuftdkif,mvef?
a0vf;pf? t*FvefESifh paumhwvefwdkY pkaygif;xm;aom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
jzpfonf/ tdkif,mvefuRef;wGif ,laujynfaxmifpktzGJY0if ao;i,fvSaom
ajrmuftdkif,mvefe,fESifh ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom tdkif,mvefor®wEdkifiHwdkY &SdMu
107
 zuf'&,fynma&;

onf/
uav;oli,fOD;a& 90 &mcdkifEIef;ausmfrSm tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif
wufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf/ tjcm; 10 &mcdkifEIef;rSm yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;wGif
wufa&mufMuonf/ emrnfausmf tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;? c&pf,mefausmif;rsm;?
tpövmrfausmif;rsm;ESifh enf;vrf;opfynma&;ausmif; alternative
schools [kac:qdkEdkifonfh pwdefem (odkYr[kwf) rGefwufqdk&Dausmif;rsm;wGif
jzpf onf/ home-school [k vlodrsm;vmonfh aetdrfrSmyif tpdk;&
ynma&;ESifh csdwfqufum 0dkif;zGJY oifMum;rIrsm;vnf; acwfpm;vmaeonf/
touf 5 ESpft½G,frSpwifum roifrae& ynma&;jzpfaomfvnf; rlBudK
ausmif;rsm; wGif wufa&mufolOD;a& wdk;yGm;vdkYvmonf/ trsm;pktwGufrl
touf 3 ESpft½G,f rlBudKynma&; pwifonfrS touf 11 ESpft½G,fwGif
rlvwef; ynma&; primary education NyD;qkH;onf/ txufwef;ausmif;rsm;odkY
qufvufwufa&mufMuonfrSm w&m;0if roifrae& ynma&;Oya't&
touf 16 ESpftxd jzpfonf/
touf 16 ausmf ynma&;udk a&SUqufynma&; Further eduac-
tion (FE) [lí ac:qdkMuonf/ ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm touf 18 ESpf
jynfhonftxd txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufMuonf/ ausmif;
om;tcsdKUtwGuf tpdk;& axmufyHhaMu; cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf/ txufwef;
txufqifh ynma&;udk pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif omrubJ tjcm;aom
oufarG;oifwef;rsm;ESifh aumvdyfausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; wufa&muf avh
vmEdkifMuonf/ FE ausmif;rsm;wGif txufwef;ynma&; atmifvufrSwf
General Certificate of Secondary Eduation (GCSE) oif½dk;ñGef;wrf;tjyif
tjcm;aom oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfrsm;? tvkyftudkiftajcjyK avh
vmrIrsm; work-based learning ESifh &yf½Gm vlrItodkuft0dkif; tajcjyK avh
vmrIrsm; community based activities rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; oifMum;
Muonf/ bGJYoifwef;rsm;udk wufa&mufEdkifonfh wuúodkvfrsm;ESifh aum
vdyfausmif;rsm;udk tqifhjrifhynma&; higher education [lí ac:a0:Mu
onf/ touf 14 ESpfrS 19 ESpft½G,ftxd ynma&;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;opfudk
t*FvefESifh a0;vfpfjynfe,fwdkYwGif xm;&SdNyDjzpfav&m txufwef;ynm

108
 odef;Ekdif

a&;ESifh oufarG;ynma&;tMum; e,fedrdwfrSm usOf;ajrmif;vdkY vmaeonf/

,lauynma&;pepfwGif wpfrsKd;pm;wnf;? wpfykHpHwnf;[lí
r&Sdyg/ 1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u EdkifiHa&; tcGifhtmPmudk ydkrdk cGJa0ay;cJh
onfhaemufydkif;wGif t*FvefwGif usifhokH;aeaom ykHpHrsm;udk a0vjynfe,f
u usifhokH;csifrS usifhokH;Mu\/ paumhwvefESifh ajrmuftdkif,mvefjynfe,f
wdkYrSmvnf; olYwdkYjynfe,f udk,fydkifpepfESifh usifhokH;Muonf/ t*Fvefe,f
twGif;rSmyif rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;rsm;jzifh ynma&;pepfudk awGUjrif&onf/
uav;trsm;pkrSm primary rlvwef; (11 ESpft½G,f) NyD;qkH;onfhtcg
txufwef;ynma&; secondary schools odkY qufvuf wufa&mufMu
aomfvnf; e,fzufrsm;wGif a&S;OD;oifynma&; First, tv,fwef;ynma&;
middle, ESifh txufwef;txufqifh ynma&;ausmif;rsm;[lí pepfuGJjym;
aewwfonf/

tpdk;&ausmif;rsm; State schools

,lauausmif;trsm;pkrSm tpdk;&u aiGaMu; axmufyHhay;xm;jcif;
jzpfNyD; rdbrsm;taejzifh ausmif;pm;&dwf ay;&ef rvdktyfyg/ ausmif;rsm;udk
axmufyHhonfhaiGrSm tcGefrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;trsm;pkBuD;rSm
a'ocH tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS b@maiGaMu; tultnDudk &&SdMujcif;jzpfonf/
a'oEÅ&tydkiftwGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;xHrS tcGefawmfaiGrsm;ESifh tpdk;&
axmufyHhaiGrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmif;rsm;odkY rnfrQyHhydk;&rnfudk a'oEÅ&
tmPmydkifrsm;u qkH;jzwfMuonf/ odkYaomf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;ESifh ausmif;tkyf
BuD;rsm;wGifvnf; þqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI&Sdonf/
ausmif;taqmuftODrsm; xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh uav;rsm;tm;vkH;twGuf
vkHavmufaom pmoifcef;rsm; &&Sda&;wdkYudk a'oEÅ&tmPmydkifrsm;u
wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/
a0vjynfe,fESifh paumhwvefjynfe,fwdkYwGif ausmif;wdkif;vdkvdk
rSm a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;\ b@maiGaMu; axmufyHhrIjzifh &yfwnfMuaomf
vnf; t*Fvefe,fwGifrl ausmif;rsm;u t*Fvefe,f ynma&;0efBuD;?
odkYr[kwf aiGaMu;axmufyHhonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh tvSL&Sifrsm;xHodkY
109
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wdkuf½dkuftpD&ifcH wifjyjcif;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmaeonf/ tu,f'rD[lí vlod

rsm;vmonfh tpdk;&ausmif;tcsKdUrSm jynfe,fynma&;0efBuD;xHrS tultnD
wdkuf½dkuf&&SdMuonf/ ausmif;rsm;udk b@maiGaMu; &efykHaiG axmufyHhay;
jcif;rSm ausmif;u &&Sdaom aiGaMu;yrmPtjyif tjcm;aom oufa&mufrI
vnf; &Sdaeonf/ rnfolu axmufyHhNyD; xdef;csKyfxm;ygoenf;? tb,f
aMumifhqdkaomf olwdkYwGif ausmif;vnfywfrI ykHpHrsm;ESifh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;
tay:wGifvnf; MoZmoufa&mufrI &SdaeonfhtwGufjzpfonf/

yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;
a&S;,cifumvrsm;uwnf;u csrf;om<u,f0aom olrsm;\
om;orD;rsm;rSm yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufonfh tpOftvm
&Sdonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh [m½dk; Harrow ausmif;rsm;wGif 16 &mpkuwnf;uyif
wynfhrsm;udk vufcHcJhonf/ 19 &mpkwGif tv,ftvwfwef;pm; vlOD;a&
wdk;yGm;vmcJhjcif;aMumifh a,mufsm;av;rsm;twGuf oD;oefY yk*¾vdu
ausmif;rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf/ rsufarSmufacwf t*Fvef\ txifu&
emrnfBuD; tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;ESifh ausmif;vcay;&onfh oD;oefYausmif; in-
dependent schools rsm;rSm xdkumvwGif pwifxlaxmifcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
20 &mpkodkY 0ifa&mufvmonfh tcgwGifrSomvQif rdef;uav;rsm; ausmif;
aecGifh &&SdvmcJhonf/ t*FvefwGif ausmif;tenf;pkrSm bmoma&;tay:wGif
tajcjyK wnfaxmifxm;Muonf/ rlqvifausmif; 126 ausmif; &SdNyD;vßSif
yk*¾vdtvSL&Sifrsm;jzifh &yfwnfMuonf/ uufovpfbmomESifh tif*vduef
bmomtajcjyK pmoifausmif;rsm;rSmrl tpdk;&taxmufyHhjzifh &yfwnfMu
onf/ yk*¾vduausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;OD;a&\ 7 &mcdkifEIef;rQ&Sdonf/

ausmif;ordkif;
ausmif;[k qdkvdkufonfESifh taqmuftODrsm;udkom ajy;jrifMu
avh&Sdonf/ topfjzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ a[mif;EGrf;aernf/ *dwfwHcg;rsm;ESifh
NcHpnf;½dk;rsm;? ausmif;em; ,mOful;rsOf;usm;ESifh tcsufjyrD;? vrf;ultul
trsKd;orD;BuD; lollipop lady? reufcif;rsm;ESifh ausmif;qif;csdefwdkYwGif
110
 odef;Ekdif

ausmif;ab;vrf;rsm; um;jynfhusyfcif;/ rnfonfh&yfuGufwGifrqdk ausmif;

wpfausmif;awmh &SdaewwfNyD; &yf&Gm vlrItodkuft0dkif;rSm ,if;udk A[dk
xm;onfh ozG,fyif/ ta&;ygaom ae&mrsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; xl;rjcm;
em;vnf; jzpfaewwfonf/ tJ'Dae&mrSm tJ'DvdkrsdK; &SdaewmygyJ.. tjrif
rsKd; &SdwwfMuonf/ trSefwu,fhawmh ausmif;qdkonfrSm vlYordkif;
rsOf;ay:wGif odyfawmh rMumao;yg/ ESpfaygif; 140 eD;yg; oufwrf;rQom
&Sdao;onf/ ausmif;rwdkifrDuvnf; vlom;rsKd;EG,fwdkY tpOftquf
aysmf&TifrItwdjzifh wdk;wufcJhMuonfom/ ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm r[kwf
vm;/ ,ckrS bmaMumifh ausmif;axmif&ygrnfenf;/ þonfudk odem;vnf
&eftwGuf t*Fvef\ aemufcHausmif;ordkif;ESifh vuf&Sd vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
pepfwdkYudk oabmaygufxm;&ef vdktyfyg\/
20 &mpktwGif; t*FvefESifh a0vjynfe,fwdkYwGif ynma&;
jzpfxGef;vmcJhrI ordkif;aMumif;rSm jynfe,fausmif; ordkif;yifjzpfonf/ rlv
wef;? txufwef;ESifh a&SUqufynma&;? wuúodkvfynma&;wdkYudk zefwD;
wnfaqmufcJhjcif;[lívnf; qdkEdkifygonf/ tmPm&tpdk;& tqufquf
wdkYu ausmif;udk wufa&mufcGifh &&SdolwdkYudk a&G;cs,f qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/
ausmif;zGJYpnf;ykHudkvnf; cs,fvS,fcJhMuonf/ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESifh oifMum;ykH
wdkYwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/ paumhwvefjynfe,f ynma&;rSmrl tOD;tp
uyif t*FvefESifh a0vjynfe,fwdkYESifh rwl? oD;jcm;jzpfwnfcJhonf/ odkY
aomf tqifwl? taoG;wlcJhonf/ ESpf 140 ausmif;ordkif;udk tusOf;csKyf
wifjy&efrSmrl rvG,fulvSyg/ odkYaomf oufwrf; 4 ck ydkif;jcm;wifjyEdkifygonf/
jzpfpOfrsm;rSm ½dk;pif;vSNyD; wqufwnf;vnf; jzpfonf/ uav;
trsm;pkBuD; ausmif;aecGifh &&SdvmcJhonf/ ausmif;aeESpfvnf; ydkrdk Mum&Snf
vmcJhonf/ ynma&;&efykHaiGudk ydkrdk okH;pGJvmcJhonf/ tpdk;&wdkYuvnf;
tcGefay;aqmifol jynfolYb@maiGudk ynma&;wGif xda&mufpGm okH;pGJMu
ap&ef 0ifa&mufpDrHonf/ tm;vkH; tpDtpOfwus[lí ½IjrifzG,f&m jzpf
onf/ xifomjrifomjzpfonf/ 21 &mpkwGifvnf; jyóem r&Sd[lí
xifjrif,lqzG,f&mvnf;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tenf;i,frQavmuf xJxJ
0if0if avhvmMunfhrnfqdkygu ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI tqifhwdkif;wGif

111
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&onfcsnf;yif/ ynma&;tay: rwluGJjym;aom tjrifrsm;jzifh

&SdaecJhonf/ þjcm;em;aom tjrifrsm;udk odem;vnf&eftwGuf EfdkifiHawmf
u ynma&;wGif wm0ef,lrItydkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;'óersm;\ vTrf;rdk;
oufa&mufrIrsm;udk avhvm&ef vdktyfygrnf/ ausmif;zGJYpnf;ykHrSonf
pwifum oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;yg tcsuftvufrsm;txd jzpfonf/

ynma&;? EdkifiHawmfESifU 'óew&m;rsm;

,laujynfaxmifpkEdkifiH\ vGefcJhaom tESpf 100 ynma&;zGHYNzdK;
ajymif;vJvmcJhykHwGif t"duusaom tcsufrSm EdkifiHawmf\ tcef;u@yif
jzpfonf/ þwGif ar;cGef;tcsKdU &SdEdkifygonf/ ]]EdkifiHawmf}}” qdkonfrSm
tb,fenf;/ arG;zGm;onfrS aoqkH;onftxd vlxk\b0udk tb,faMumifh
vTrf;rdk;rI &Sd&ygoenf;/ t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdk&efrSmawmh vG,fulvGef;vSonf
r[kwfyg/ odkYaomf ]]EdkifiHawmf}}” \ MoZmoufa&muf vTrf;rdk;rIudkawmh
edpö"l0 cHpm;odjrifEdkifygonf/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;\ tpkta0;[lí ½Ijrif
EdkifNyD; wdkif;jynfwGif tmPmydkifpdk;rIudk &&Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oya'jyKaom
tpdk;&tzGJYvnf; yg&Sdrnf/ tpdk;&tzGJUudk tBuHjyKaom 0efxrf; tzGJYtpnf;
rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;udkvnf; taumiftxnfazmfay;onfh jynfolY0efxrf;tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;vnf; ygrnf/ w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifu w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
wm0ef,lonf/ þtifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;\ uGef,ufoabm qufpyf?
,SufEG,frIudk em;vnf&efrSm odyfawmh rvG,fulvSyg/ t*FvefrSmrl vuf&Sd
tpdk;&rSm tmPmt&SdqkH;jzpfonfudkawmh jiif;qdkp&mr&Sdyg/ odkYjzpfjcif;
aMumifh ]]EdkifiHawmf}}” [kqdkaomfjim;vnf; Mum;aevdrfhrnf r[kwf/
tmPm&ygwD\ EdkifiHa&; cH,lcsufudk udk,fpm;jyK ouf0if vIyf&Sm;jcif;yif
r[kwfygavm/
,lauwGif trsKd;om;tpdk;&rsm;rSm ynma&;tay:wGif rsm;pGm
vTrf;rdk;rI &Sdaeonf/ olwdkY\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif aemufcHEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\
cH,lcsufwdkYudk a&mifjyef[yfwwfonf/ rsufarSmufacwf\ wdkif;a&;jynf&m
rsm;ESifhvnf; qufpyfaeonfh ygwD\ ,kHMunfrIwdkYvnf; &Sdaewwfonf/
tvG,fulqkH; avhvmMunfhrnfqdkygu t"duEdkifiHa&;tawG;tjrif 'óe

112
 odef;Ekdif

2 &yfudk awGYjrif&rnf/ þonfrSmvnf; vGefavNyD;aom tESpf okH;&m

EdkifiHa&;ordkif;\ aemufcH[kyifqdkEdkifygonf/ yxr'óerSm vpfb&,f0g'
liberalism jzpfNyD;vQif rsm;rMumao;rDu acwfopfvpfb&,f0g' neo-lib-
eralism tjzpf toGifajymif;vmcJhonf/ 'kwd,'óerSm qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD
Social democracy jzpfonf/ þ tawG;tjrif 2 &yftay:wGif odjrif
em;vnfxm;&Sdjcif;jzifh 20 &mpk ynma&;jzpfpOfudk avhvm&mwGif
taxmuftul jzpfygvdrfhrnf/

vpfb&,f0g' Liberalism
,lauESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwdkYwGif oufa&mufrI trsm;qkH;
&Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;'óejzpfonf/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;udk vpfb&,f 'Drdk
ua&pD[lí a,bk,s ac:qdkavh&Sdonf/ 14 &mpkuyif pwif okH;pGJvmcJh
aomfvnf; 19 &mpk tv,favmufrS wGifus,fvmcJhonf/ ,if;tcsdef
avmufu topfay:xGef;vmaom vlvwfwef;pm;wdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh
ajr&Sifya'o&mZfwdkY\ t<uif;rJhtmPmwdkYtMum; y#dyu©rsm;udk xif[yf
onf/ vpfb&,f0g'Drsm;onf tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI uif;aom puf
rIESifh aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk axmufcHwifjycJhMuonf/ t"dyÜg,f
trsKd;rsKd; zGifhqdkMuaomfvnf; ]]tawG;tac: yGifhvif;jcif;}} ESifh ]]vGwfvyf
pGm a&G;cs,fjcif;}} - [lí rsufarSmufacwfwGif zGifhqdkMuavh&Sdonf/
wpfcsdefr[kwf wpfcsdefcsdefwGif NAdwdef\ EdkifiHa&;ygwD tm;vkH;wdkYu
xJxJ0if0if avhvmvdkufpm;Muaom 'óe[k qdkEdkifygonf/ NAdwdefudk
,SOfwGJ½Ijrifonfh tawG;tac:pH [líyif qdk&avmufatmifjzpfonf/ þ
vpfb&,f0g'\ A[dkcsufrwGifawmh ]]wpfoD;yk*¾v tcGifhta&;” individu-
alism tay: umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;}} t,ltqyifjzpfonf/ aiGaMu;
Opöm csrf;om <u,f0vmap&ef rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifcGifh
&Sdonf/ EdkifiHawmfrS Mum;0if[efYwm; aESmuf,SufrI vkH;0 r&SdapbJ
tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;ydkifcGifh &Sdaeonf/ þ'óe\ ,SOfwGJykHazmfcsufrSm rnf
olrqdk rdrdvkyf&yfudk rdrduyif ]]wm0ef,l? wm0efcH}}” &rnf[líjzpfonf/
þtpOftvm 'óet& EdkifiHawmfxuf wpfOD;csif;pD\ vGwfvyfrIudk ydkrdk
113
 zuf'&,fynma&;

OD;pm;ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmftzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;udk

(r&Sdrjzpf) vdktyfaom rdpämqdk; necessary evil taejzifh ½IjrifNyD;
tMuifolwpfOD;pD\ b0&yfwnf &SifoefrIwGif tenf;qkH;? tedrfhqkH;omvQif
yg0ifcGifh jyKoifhonf[k vpfb&,f0g'DwdkYu ,lqavh&Sdonf/
vpfb&,f0g'\ wpfoD;yk*¾voabmudk &SifawmfjrwfAk'¨\
w&m;a'oemrsm;wGifyg&Sdaom ]]twåm[d? twåmaem emaxm ” rdrdonf
omvQif rdrd\ tm;xm;&mjzpfay\}} - 'óeESifh,SOfwGJ avhvmEdkifyg
vdrfhrnf/ tMuifolwpfOD;\ todÓPfynm? vkHYv? 0D&d,udk t"du
tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKNyD; b0c&D;? oHo&mc&D;udk avQmufvSrf;&rnf[k qdkqkH;r
xm;csufrSm Oa&my liberal 0g'vm “]]rdrdonfom rdrd\ t&Sifocifjzpfonf}}
- [laom tqdktrdefYESifh oabmnDaMumif; avhvmEdkifygonf/ jrefrm
pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; usifhBuHrIrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;ynma&;ay:vpDrsm;
csrSwf&mwGif &mpkaxmifcsDaeonfh jrefrmrIxJrS þtawG;tjrifrSm 21
&mpk EdkifiHwumynma&; pHEIef;rsm;ESifhvnf; udkufnDvSonf/
wpfoD;yk*¾v0g' individualism tay: ,kHMunfrIonf jA[®pdk&f
w&m;xJrS onf;cHjcif;w&m; ]]cEÅD}} tolerance udkvnf; xGef;um;aponf[k
qdk&rnf/ wpfoD;yk*¾v&Sifoefjcif;? wpfOD;csif;\ yk*¾voabmudk tav;
xm;? A[dkjyK vufcHusifhokH;onfh vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif;wGif vkyfcvpmESifh
csrf;om<u,f0rIwdkY rnDrQjcif;udk BuHKawGY&avh&Sdonf/ usKd;aMumif;jycsuf
awmh &Sdaeygonf/ rdrdb0ESifh uHMur®mtay: rdrduomvQif wm0ef,l
jcif;[líyif/ b0qdkonfrSm tm;vkH;u tqifhqifh wufvSrf;&rnfh
avSum;xpf[lí ½Ijrifjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ tjcm;olrsm;xuf tcsKdUrSm
arG;&myg ADZoabmt& pGrf;aqmif&nfwJvefY talent yg&Sdrnf/ tcsKdUum;
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI effort wGif tav;omEdkifonf/ þonfrSmvnf;
avmu"r®wmyif/ ynma&;rl0g'ESifh pyfvsOf;onfrSmawmh vlYtxufwef;
vTm tDvpfrsm; ysKd;axmifjcif;ESifh pGrf;aqmif&nf rwluGJjym;onfh uav;
rsm;udk ausmif;oD;oefY xm;&Sdjcif;wdkYjzpfEdkifonf/ wef;wlnDrQjcif; jzpfap&ef
wnfaqmufrIudkawmh OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ þonfyifvQif
t*Fvefynma&;udk wnfaqmufxm;&Sdjcif;\ tajccHtkwfjrpf[lí qdkEdkif

114
 odef;Ekdif

ygonf/ ynma&;rl0g'wGif yg&Sdaom tm;vkH;twGuf ynma&;pHwefzdk;rsm;jzifh

jyefvnf xdef;nd§xm;&onf/
acwfopfvpfb&,f0g'Drsm; neo-liberalism u vlYobm0udk ydkrdk
í tjyKoabmaqmifaom tjrifjzifh ½IjrifvmMuonf/ olwdkYu vl
wpfOD;csif;pDonf wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh vlrIa&; wm0ef&Sd
Muonf/ txl;ojzifh rdrdudk,fudk,f rdrd wm0ef,lEdkifpGrf; r&Sdaom olrsm;udk
Munfh½Iapmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k vufcH ,kHMunfMu\/ vlY obm0
onf ]]twå}}” udk,fusKd;udkom Munfhwwfonf - [laom tjrifonf
vnf;aumif;? trsm;udk Munfh½I&efvdkonf [laom ]]y&[dw}} ” tjrif
onf vnf;aumif;? rnfodkYyif uGJjym;aomfjim;vnf; vlwpfOD;csif;pDtaejzifh
rdrd\ udk,fpGrf;? ÓPfpGrf;udk tjrifhrm;qkH;? taumif;qkH; zGHYNzdK;apoifhonf
[laom liberal ynma&;tjrifwGif a&S;a[mif;ESifh acwfopf liberal 0g'Drsm;
u woabmwnf; &SdMu\/ þtcsufudk tajccHí ynma&;rl0g'ESifh
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;udk wnfaqmufvmMuonf/

jrefrmUynma&;ESifU vpfb&,ftawG;tac:
ESpf ig;q,fcefY jcpm;? ysufpD;,dk,Gif;ae&onfh jrefrmhynma&;udk
vpfb&,fwefzdk;pHrsm; tjynfht0jzifh wnfaqmufEdkifygrnfvm;/ tyfcs
avmif; vkyfcsíawmh r&Edkifyg/ trdefYemcHwwfrI tajcjyK wif;usyfvSonfh
oifMum;a&;ykHpHrsm;? rjyKrjyifcJhonfh oif½dk;ta[mif;rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf; pnf;
urf;ykHpHcGuf trsdK;rsdK;xJwGif tom;usaeonfh ynma&;pepftwGif;&Sd rvdk
vm;tyfaom trIdufo½dkufrsm;? pHvGJaerIrsm;? reufjzef &SifoefrItwGuf
rvdktyfawmhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk &J&J0Hh0Hh &Sif;vif; z,f&Sm; jcif;jzifh
pwifoifhygonf/ jrefrmrIESifh wdkif;&if;om; 'óersm;xJrS vufqifh
urf;&rnfh ynma&;tawG;tac:rsm;udk qef;opfjcif;ESifh wNydKifeufwnf;
rSmyif vpfb&,fynma&; 'óerS aumif;aom? rGefaom pHwefzdk;rsm;udk
aygif;pyfjcif;wdkY vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k ,lqygonf/ zuf'&,fpepfESifh
'Drdkua&pDynma&;udk wnfaqmufjcif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD ynma&;'óe
tay: tajccH&ygvdrfhrnf/ tajccHrSefrSefjzihf wjznf;jznf;&,lEkdifygonf/
115
 zuf'&,fynma&;

liberal vpfb&,f0g'ESifh tNydKifxGef;um;aeonfh aemufxyf

ta&;BuD;aom 'óewpf&yfjzpfonfh “qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g' Socialism
and Social Democracy” qufvufaqG;aEG;ygrnf/

qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g' Socialism and Social Democracy

vpfb&,ftawG;tjrifrsm;udk pdefac:jcif;ESifhtwl qdk&S,fvpf0g'
socialism rSm 19 &mpk tukefydkif;wGif ay:xGef;vmcJhonf/ ykHoP²mefrsKd;pkHESifh
ay:xGef;vmaomfjim;vnf; vpfb&,f0g'\ ]]wpfoD;yk*¾v t,ltqwGif
w&m;rQwrI r&Sd}}” [laom &yfcHcsufrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepf\ t"du ,kHMunf
csuf[kqdkEdkifonf/ tcsKdUaom qdk&S,fvpfrsm;u vlwpfOD;csif; aumif;pm;
a&;0g' (odkYr[kwf) wpfoD;yk*¾vdu0g' individualism \ ta&;ygrIudk
todtrSwfjyK vufcHaomfjim;vnf; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk
txdtcdkuf rcHoifh[laom tjrifawmh udkifpGJxm;Muao;onf/ tjcm;ol
rsm;udk xdcdkufepfemapvQif (odkYwnf;r[kwf) vlrI todkif;t0ef;\ epfem
qkH;½IH;rIrsm;udk jzpfapvQif wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm;\ vkyf&yfrsm;udk cGifhrjyKoifh
[kqdk\/ 19 &mpkwGif t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepf\ tqkH;rJh tcGifhtmPm
aMumifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;pGmESifh "eOpömcsrf;om <u,f0rI rsm;pGmudk vltcsKdU
u &&SdcHpm; EdkifcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif usef&Sdol vltrsm;pkBuD; twGufrlum;
rcHr&yfEdkifavmufaom qif;&J'ku©ab;ESifh aus;uRefjyKjcif;udkom cHpm;cJh&
onf/ tm;enf;olrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf tiftm;&Sdaom
EdkifiHawmf\ Mum;0if yHhydk;rIrSm vdktyfonf[k qdk&S,fvpf0g'DwdkYu ½IjrifMu
onf/
taemufOa&myEdkifiHrsm;wGif qdk&S,fvpf tawG;tac:rsm;udk so-
cial democracy qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDpepftjzpf ykHaz:cJhMu\/ t&if;&Sifpepf\
ukefxkwfvkyfrIudkawmh vufcHcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;\
jyif;jyaom cH,lcsufrSm t&if;&Sifpepfudk ]]udk,fusifhw&m; tajcjyK
pD;yGm;a&;}}” tjzpf jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efjzpfonf/ vltenf;pk tusKd;pD;yGm;
twGufxuf trsm;pkBuD;\ vdktyfcsuftay:rSm t"du vkyfaqmifMujcif;udk
vdkvm;onf/ þodkYjyKjyifajymif;vJrI vkyfaqmifEdkif&efrSm EdkifiHawmfu
116
 odef;Ekdif

pGufzuf yg0ifulnDrSomvQif jzpfEdkifrnf/ odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh ]]EdkifiHawmf

tpdk;&}} ” qdkonfrSmvnf; (vdktyfaom) ]]&efol? rdpämqdk;}} r[kwfawmhbJ
vlxktusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf ]]umuG,fulnDol}} jzpfvmonf/ EdkifiHawmf
wpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;udk,fpDonf rdrdwdkY\ vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
tusKd; jzpfxGef;ap&ef tjynfht0 yg0ifaqmif½GufcGifh&Sdap&efrSm EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&\ wm0efjzpfonf/ tcGifhtmPmydkifolrsm;u tjcm;olrsm;twGuf
wm0efrsm;? 0wå&m;rsm;&SdaMumif;udk vufcH&rnfjzpfonf/
puef'Dae;AD;,ef; EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh aemfa0? qGD'if? zifvefESifh
'def;rwfEdkifiHrsm;wGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qkH;cJhonfhaemufydkif;wGif þ
tawG;tac:rsm;udk vltzGJUtpnf;twGif; pGJpGJNrJNrJ ,kHMunfouf0ifapcJh
onf/ rnfonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDuyif tmPm &&Sdvmapumrl þ ,kHMunf
csufrsm; twdkif;yif usifhokH;vsuf&Sdonf/ tm;vkH;twGuf wef;wl
tcGifhta&;tay: cdkifcdkifrmrm qkyfudkifNyD; tajccH wnfaqmufxm;onfh
ynma&;pepfrsm;udk usifhokH;Muonf/ ,lauEdkifiHwGifrl 1945 ckESpf ppf
yGJBuD; NyD;qkH;onfhaemufydkif; tcsdefwdk? cPwmrQawmh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'udk
usifhokH;cJhMuNyD; ynma&;rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&mwGifvnf; vdkufemusifhokH;cJhonf/
odkY&mwGif ,aeYacwfwGifrl NAdwdefrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYudk,fudk,f qdk&S,f
'Drdku&uf[lí cH,lusifhokH;olrSm avsmhenf;cJh&NyD/ rsufarSmufacwfwGif NAd
wdefu vpfb&,ftpOftvmudkom vufcH usifhokH;onf[k ,lqEdkif\/
tusKd;quftaejzifh þtpOftvmu ynma&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;
ESifh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;\ aemufcHozG,fwnf&Sd aeygonf/ þaemufcH
t,l0g'rsm;udk jc,foNyD;aomf qufvufNyD; ,lauEdkifiH\ ausmif;ordkif;udk
acwfumv tydkif;tjcm; 4 ydkif;xm;í cGJjcm;aqG;aEG;wifjyvdkygonf/

,lauynma&;ordkif; tusOf;csKyf
tif*vdkqufqGef rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; yxrOD;qkH; tajccs 0ifa&muf ae
xdkifcJhcsdefrS t*Fvefynma&; pwifcJhNyD[k qdkEdkifygonf/ Medieval period
(AD 500-1500) tv,facwfwGif ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifvmMu NyD;
vufwif*&rfrmudk oifMum;ay;onf/ tvkyfcGiftBudK tvkyfoifykHpH
117
 zuf'&,fynma&;

rsKd;vnf;xm;&Sdonf/ vGefcJhaom ESpfwpfaxmifcefYuyif urÇmausmf

a&S;tusqkH; atmufpzdkY'fwuúodkvfESifh uif;b&pfcfswuúodkvfBuD;rsm;udk
wnfaxmifcJhMuNyD[k cefYrSef;&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yk*HacwfaESmif;ydkif; 11
&mpkavmufuwnf;yif jzpfrnf[k ordkif;rSwfwrf;u qdkygonf/
19 &mpkwGif t*Fvefbk&m;ausmif; Church of England u
ynma&;udk t"du wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1870 ckESpfwGif ynma&;Oya'udk
pwifjyXmef;cJhNyD; trsdK;om; rlvwef;ynma&;pepfudk pwifonf/ jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif ukef;abmifacwfaESmif;jzpfonf/ touf 5 ESpfrS 13 ESpftxd
roifrae& ynma&;Oya'udk jyXmef;\/ uav;trsm;pku rlvwef;
ynma&;qkH; cef;wdkifonftxd ausmif;aevmMuNyD; txufwef;
ynma&;rSmrl ol<u,fwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;twGufom jzpfaeao;onf/
1944 ckESpf ynma&;Oya'wGif tm;vkH;twGuf txufwef;ynma&;udk
touf 15 ESpftxd xnfhoGif; jyXmef;cJhonf/ tripartite system ausmif;
okH;yGifhqdkif ynma&;pepfudk pwifcJhonf/ ausmif; 3 rsdK;pepf[kqdkonf/
*&rfrmausmif;? txufwef; oufarG;ausmif;? acwfay:txufwef;
ausmif;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ *&rfrm ausmif;rsm;wGif tpOftvm oif½dk;
ñGef;wrf; udk OD;pm;ay;onf/ oufarG;ausmif;rsm;u tvkyftudkifrsm;ESifh
pufrIvufrI tajccHudk oifMum;ay;NyD; acwfay:txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif
uav;trsm;pk wufa&mufMuonf/ touf 11 ESpft½G,f rlvwef;
aemufqkH;ESpf pmar;yGJ &v'frsm;t& ausmif;om;rsm;udk oifhavsmf&m
txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif qufvufí ynmqnf;yl;apjcif;yif/
1970 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif ausmif;okH;yGifhqdkif ynma&;pepfudk
zsufodrf;cJhNyD;aemuf compreshensive education pepfopft& uav;rsm;
onf &yf&GmtwGif;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif qufvufí ynm
qnf;yl;vmMuonf/ 1979 ckESpf a½G;aumufyGJwGif uGefqmaA;wpfygwDrS
0efBuD;csKyfrm*&ufoufcsm tmPm &&SdvmNyD;aemufydkif; t"duajymif;vJrI
2 &yfudk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ qE´jyyGJrsm;udk jzpfaponfh tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&udk
avQmhcsypf&ef oufarG;ynma&;opf new vocationalsim udk wdk;csJU
oifMum;cJhonf/ 'kwd,ajymif;vJrIrSm pmayESifh ausmif;ynma&;wGif

118
 odef;Ekdif

xl;cRef xufjrufaom arG;&myg yg&rD&Sifrsm;onf qif;&J EGrf;yg;olrsm;

jzpfygu ausmif;vcESifh ynma&; tultnD yHhydk;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/
1988 ckESpf Education Act ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI Oya'jzifh
ynma&;pepfudk qef;opfEdkifcJhonf/ ynma&;aps;uGufudk ykHaz:cJh\/
pm;okH;olrsm; (wynfhrsm;) u rdrdwdkYpdwfBudKuf aps;uGuf (pmoifausmif;)
udk a&G;cs,fcGifh &Sdjcif;jzifh ausmif;tcsif;csif; ,SOfNydKifapaom pepf[kqdkonf/
ausmif;qdk;rsm;rS wynfhrsm;udk ausmif;aumif;rsm;odkY vufvTwfcJh&awmh
onf/ ,if;aemuf ydkrdk wdk;wufatmifjzpfap? ta&twGuf avsmhcsjcif;jzifh
jzpfap? ausmif;vkH;0ydwfvdkuf&jcif;udkjzpfap vkyfMu&awmhonf/
a'oEÅ&ausmif;rsm; BuD;Muyfa&;pepf local management of
schools LMS pepfudk rdwfqufcJh\/ a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;u ausmif;tvdkuf
bwf*sufudk cGJa0ay;NyD; ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm;u
wm0ef,lMu&onf/ ausmif;vGwfvyfcGifh ydkrdk &&Sdap&ef tm;xkwfrI qdkEdkif
onf/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ydkrdkxda&mufpGm tokH;jyKap&efvnf; &nf&G,fyg
onf/ ausmif;vGwfvyfcGifh ay;jcif;ESifhtwl a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;xHrS ynm
a&;ESifh ausmif;pDrHrIwGif tcsKdUaom wm0efrsm;udk A[dktpdk;&u jyefvnf
wm0ef,lcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; National Curricu-
lum udk jyKpkjyXmef;NyD; bmom&yftcsKdUESifh rmwdumrsm;udk roifrae& pepf
jzifh oifMum;aponf/ ,cifumvrsm;wGif ausmif;rsm;u bmom&yf
rsm;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&G;cs,fcGifh &SdcJhonf/ ynma&;tqifh 1 rS 4
qifh (touf 7 ESpf? 11 ESpf? 16 ESpf t½G,frsm;) wGif trsKd;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
ppfaq;rI national curriculum assessment pepfudk rdwfqufcJhonf/
ausmif;tqifh cGJjcm;&mwGif t"du tokH;jyKNyD; uav;rsm;udk twef;cs&ef-
wuf&ef ajzqdk&onfh pmar;yGJawmh r[kwfyg/ aemufqkH; tqifh 4 (touf
16 ESpf) wGif txufwef;atmifvufrSwf GCSE udk ajzqdkMu&onf/
League Tables ausmif;rsm;udk tqifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfonfhpepf? ausmif;rsm;
udk EIdif;,SOfaompepf? wuúodkvfrsm;udk t&nftaoG;t& EIdif;,SOfaom
pepfudk pwifcJhonf/ owif;pmrsm;ESifh rD'D,mrsm;wGif ESpfpOfaz:jyonf/
aps;uGufESifh ynma&; t&nftaoG;twGuf tokH;0ifaomfvnf; a0zefrI

119
 zuf'&,fynma&;

rsm;pGm cH&NyD; rdbrsm;u a&Smif&Sm;vdkonfh ausmif;qdk;rsm; pm&if;vnf;

ay:xGufvmwwfonfhtwGuf pdk;&drfzG,f&mrsm;vnf; yg&Sdaeonf/
1997 ckESpf a½G;aumufyGJwGif tvkyform;ygwD (avbmygwD la-
bour party) u a<u;aMumfoHtaejzifh ]]ynma&;? ynma&;? ynma&;}}”
[laom *gxmudk wzGzG &GwfqdkNyD; tmPm &&SdcJhaomfvnf; ,cif a&S;½dk;pGJ
Conservative Party \ ynma&;rl0g'rsm;twdkif;om qufvufusifhokH;cJh
onf/ odkYaomf oif½dk;? ausmif;zGJYpnf;ykHESifh tqifhjrifhynma&; pepfwdkYudk
qef;opf jyKjyifajymif;vJvmcJh\/

A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avQmUcsjcif; Devolution/ Decentralisation

1999 ckESpfrS pwifum ,lauEdkifiHonf A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIudk
rsm;pGm avQmYcs ypfvmcJhonf/ ,lautpdk;&\ tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;odkY cGJa0ay;jcif; Devolution - Decentralisation jzpfpOfudkqdkvdk
ygonf/ ,lauudk zGJUpnf;xm;onfh jynfaxmifpk0if 4 jynfe,fteuf
jynfe,f 3 ckodkY ynma&;ESifh tjcm;tmPmtcsdKUudk vTJajymif; ay;tyfjcif;
jzpf\/ vef'ef&Sd ,lauygvDrefrS tmPmrsm;udk um'pf? bJvfzwfpfESifh
tD'ifbm&mNrdKUrsm;&Sd jynfe,fygvDrefrsm;odkY vTJajymif;ay;jcif;yif qdkEdkif
onf/
1997 ckESpfwGif paumhwvef? a0vjynfe,f? 1998 ckESpfwGif
tdkif,mvefe,fwdkYwGif vlxk qE´cH,lyGJrsm;udk usif;ycJhonf/ &v'ftaejzifh
paumhwvefygvDref? a0vjynfe,f trsKd;om;vTwfawmf the National As-
sembly ESifh ajrmuftdkif,mvef Assembly vTwfawmf udk,fpD zGJYpnf;cGifh
&&Sdvmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,lauygvDrefu t*Fvefe,fudk wm0efqufvuf
,lxm;onf/ jynfe,frsm;odkY vTJajymif;ay;tyfaom tcGifhtmPmrsm;wGif
pdkufysdK;a&;? opfawm? arG;jrLa&;? ynma&;? obm0ywf0ef;usif?
usef;rma&;? tdk;tdrf? w&m;a&;? a'oEÅ&tpdk;&? rD;owfqdkif&m u@rsm;
yg0ifonf/ jynfe,frsm;odkY rvTJajymif;bJ ,lauygvDrefu wdkuf½dkuf
udkifwG,faom Xmersm;rSm zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'? umuG,fa&;ESifh
vkHNcHKa&;? EdkifiHjcm;a&;? pGrf;tif? vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;? ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufrI

120
 odef;Ekdif

u@rsm;jzpfonf/ NAdwdef\ 0ufrifpwm ygvDrefESifhtwl wGJzufí

jynfe,frsm;u “udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;” Self-rule &&Sdjcif;[kqdk&rnf/
zuf'&,f wdkif;jynfrsm; jzpfonfh tar&duef? *smrPD? MopaMw;vsm;ESifh
uae'gwdkYESifh qifqifwl onf/ ynma&;rSm t"dutm;jzifh jynfe,f
tpdk;&rsm;\ wm0efjzpfonf/ ausmif;a&;&m? oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESifh ynma&;
rl0g'rsm;udk jynfe,ftvdkuf vGwfvyfpGm csrSwf usifhokH;Edkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/

EdkifiHom;ynma&; Citizenship Education

,lauynma&;wGif ]]EdkifiHom;ynma&;}} udk oD;oefY bmom&yf
wpfcktaejzifh pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif; oifMum;&ygonf/ roif
rae& bmom&yftaejzifh National Curriculum trsKd;om; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
wGif 2002 ckESpfu xnfhoGif;cJhonf/ touf 11 ESpfrS 16 ESpf
uav;rsm;tm;vkH; ausmif;oifbmom&yfwpfck taejzifh avhvmMu&jcif;
jzpfonf/ trsKd;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;\ &nfrSef;csufrsm; txajrmuf
atmifjrifap&ef EdkifiHom;ynma&;bmomu yHhydk;Edkif\/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;
xJwGif udk,fpD atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfxGef;vma&;? rdrd
udk,fudk,f ,kHMunfrI &Sdolrsm;taejzifh ysKd;axmifa&;ESifh wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom
EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf avhusifhay;a&;wdkY yg&Sdonf/
pDwDZif&Spfbmom&yf (Citizenship curriculum) udk tajccH
t,ltq 4 &yfjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;yif/ Democracy 'Drdkua&pD? Justice
w&m;rQwrI? rights and responsibilities tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;?
identity and diversity rdrd\ yifudk,fo½kyfESifh rwluGJjym; tjcm;olrsm; -
[laom acgif;pOfBuD; 4 ckjzpfonf/ þtajccH A[kokwrsm;? usifhpOfrsm;?
pGrf;&nfrsm;udk &&Sdap&ef oif,lMu&onf/ pGrf;&nfrsm;xJwGif critical think-
ing ydkif;jcm;a0befpOf;pm;jcif;ESifh enquiry pl;prf;avhvmwwfrI? adovcacy
and representation pnf;½kH;vIHYaqmfrI twwfynmESifh udk,fpm;jyK vkyf
aqmifjcif;? taking informed and responsible action todtjrif<u,f<u,f
jzifh wm0ef,l vkyfaqmifwwfjcif;wdkYudk pmoifcef;rsm;xJwGif avhusifhoif
Mum;ay;onf/
121
 zuf'&,fynma&;

EdkifiHa&;ynm? ygvDrefvTwfawmfESifh tpdk;&taMumif;? Oya'

ynm&yfESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf? rD'D,m\ tcef;u@? vlYtcGifhta&;? EdkifiH
wumqufqHa&;ynm ponfh tajccHrsm;udkvnf; q|rwef;ESifh txuf
wef;tqifhrsm;wGif xJxJ0if0if avhvmcGifh &&SdMuonf/ rsufarSmufacwf
vufwavmjzpfaeaom EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&; jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh qufpyf
avhvmEdkif&ef q&mq&mrrsm;u oifcef;pmrsm;udk jyifqifMu&onf/
þonfrSm ausmif;pmoifcef;udk jyify vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh csdwfqufay;jcif;
jzpfNyD; wdkif;jynf\ yuwdw&m;rsm;udk ydkrdk od&Sd em;vnfapygonf/
]]Edk;Mum;wuf<uaeaom EdkifiHom;}} Active citizenship tjzpf ysdK;axmif
ay;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ odkYrSom rdrdudk,fudk,fESifh rdrd\ rdom;pk? &yf&GmvlY
tzGJYtpnf;ESifh EdkifiHawmfudk wm0ef,lwwfolrsm; jzpfvmEdkifygonf/
txufwef;tqifh oifMum;a&; erlemwpfckudk ay;ygrnf/ ]]vlY
tcGifhta&;? rwluGJjym;jcif;rsm;ESifh wef;wlnDrQrI r&Sdjcif;}} acgif;pOfwdkYudk
oifMum;NyD;aemuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; taejzifh tkyfpki,frsm; zGJYNyD;
rdrdwdkYausmif;? &yf&Gma'owGif;&Sd “vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;rIrsm;” racism udk okaw
oejyK? pl;prf;avhvmMuNyD; jyefvnfwifjy aqG;aEG;Mujcif;yif/ ]]Edk;Mum;
wuf<uaom EdkifiHom;}} acgif;pOfBuD;\ tjcm;aom oifcef;pm erlem
rsm;taejzifh - ]]&yf&GmwGif; pGefYypfypönf;rsm;udk jyefvnftokH;jyKjcif;? &efvdk
&efpjcif;udk ajz&Sif;&ef ausmif;om;tkyfpki,frsm;zGJYpnf; wm0ef,ljcif;?
obm0ywf0ef;usif rxdcdkufapaom aps;uGufpD;yGma&; pepfykHpHrsm;?
touf 16 ESpfwGif pwifNyD; qE´rJ ay;ydkifcGifhtwGuf advocacy pnf;½kH;
vIHYaqmfjcif;}} - wdkYjzpfEdkifygonf/

txufwef;atmifvufrSwf GCSE twef;ESifh A Level 11 wef;

ESifh 12 wef;tqifhrsm;wGifvnf; bmomwGJ a&G;cs,f&mwGif citizenship
education ]]EdkifiHom;ynma&;bmom&yf}} udk t"dubmom&yfBuD; wpfck
taejzifh 0goemygolrsm; avhvmEkdif&ef xnfhoGif; avhvmEdkifMuonf/
EkdifiHa&;ynmudk euf&dIif;us,fjyefYpGm avhvmvdkufpm;EkdifMu&ef &nf&G,fcsuf
jzpfonf/

122
 odef;Ekdif

ed*kH;
urÇmh'Drdkua&pD bdk;atEdkifiH jzpfonfESifhtnD ynma&;udk uav;
rsm;tm;vkH; vufvSrf;rDEdkifrI? xdyfwef; ynma&; t&nftaoG;udk
qufvufxdef;xm;EdkifrIESifh ausmif;pepf tm;aumif;a&;wdkYtwGuf rl0g'
rsm;udk tpOftquf jyKjyifajymif;vJ usifhokH;vsuf&Sdonf/ jynfe,frsm;udk
ynma&;tmPm cGJa0vTJajymif; ay;xm;onfhtwGuf ausmif; ynma&;?
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrIrSm jynfe,fynma&;Xmersm;\ t"duwm0ef
jzpfonf/ vpfb&,f tawG;tac:rsm;tay: tajcjyKxm;onfh EdkifiHom;
ynma&;bmom&yf? bufpkH oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESifh pOfqufrjywf qef;opf
vsuf&Sdonfh ynma&;rl0g'wdkYu vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDpepfudk cdkifNrJwnf
wHhaponf[k qdk&ygrnf/

(oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f? Ekd0ifbmv? 2015)

123
 zuf'&,fynma&;

124
 odef;Ekdif

tm&Sxdyfwef; ynma&;udk cHpm;Munhfjcif;

(puFmyl)
1967 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;toifBuD;
(tmqD,H) udk xkdif;EkdifiH? befaumufNrdKUawmfwGif pwif zGJYpnf;wnfaxmif
cJhpOfu &nfrSef;csufwpfckudk xnhfoGif;xm;cJhonf/ ASEAN EkdifiHtcsif;csif;
udk ynma&;qkdif&m oifwef;rsm;ESihf okawoetaxmuftyHhrsm; ulnD
jznhfqnf;ay;&efjzpfonf/ ya&mfzuf&Sife,fvkyfief;rsm;? oufarG;odyÜH
oifwef;rsm;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJtkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; yHhydk;ay;&ef
&nf&G,fcJhMuonf/
ASEAN a'owGif; ,SOfNydKifrI jzpfxGef;&ef t"dutcsufrSm ynm
a&;pepfrsm;\ xda&mufrIESihf uHkvHkjynhf0rIyifjzpf\/ rdrdEkdifiHwGif; ynma&;
pepfudkomvQif odjrifem;vnf½HkrQom r[kwfbJ ASEAN EkdifiHrsm;\
ynma&; pepfrsm;udkvnf; od&Sdxm;oihfygonf/ rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;yHkrsm;?
ynma&;jzihf qufpyfaqmif&GufEkdifrIrsm;udk odjrifvmygrnf/
rwluGJjym;aom tdrfeD;csif; a'owGif;EkdifiHrsm;\ ynma&;pepfrsm;
xJrS oifcef;pm,lp&mrsm;? tawGYtBuHKrsm;udk avhvmxm;rnfqdkygu
ASEAN ynma&;rl0g'rsm; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmEkdifzG,f&mjzpfonf/ tmqD,H
a'owGif;EkdifiHrsm;\ trsKd;om;ynma&;pepfrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmcsufrSm
125
 zuf'&,fynma&;

r&Sdoavmufyif/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ tdrfeD;em;csif; tmqD,HEkdifiHrsm;\ trsKd;

om;ynma&;pepfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;ygrnf/ ynma&;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;? t"du
jyórsm;? OD;aqmifoabmw&m;rsm;? pdefac:csufrsm;? rlabmifrsm;?
csnf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;rsm;ESihf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk t"duxm;ygonf/
jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef &ufvGefaeNyDjzpfaom jrefrmhynma&;twGuf taxmuf
tuljyK&ef &nf&G,f&if;yg&Sdonf/
trsKd;om;ynma&;pepfqdk&m0,f wpfEkdifiHvHk; aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhrIudk
azmfaqmifay;Ekdifrnfh trsKd;om;rpf&Sif jzpfoihfonfr[kwfygvm;/
yxrOD;pGm jrefrmwdkY tm;usaeonfh puFmyl\ ynma&;pepfudk
avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/ puFmyltpdk;&u olwdkY\ trsKd;om;ynma&;udk ]]buf
pHkvTrf;NcHKaomynma&;taejzihf trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIudkwnfaqmuf
&ef &nf&G,fcsuf xm;&Sdjcif;? EdkifiH &Sifoef&yfwnfrItwGuf trsKd;om;a&;
vu©Pmrsm; ysKd;axmifay;jcif;ESihf uav;rsm;\ EdkifihH tem*wfwGif rdrd
ukd,fudk,f ,HkMunfrI udk,fpD&Sdaom olrsm;taejzihf ysKd;axmifjcif;}} wdkY
yg&Sdonf/ 1997 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifNyD; puFmyl ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeu
ausmif;om;rsm;\ &ifbwfxJwGif trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pmrsm;udk xnfhoGif;
ay;Ekdif&ef enf;vrf; 2 oG,fjzihf pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ trsKd;om;
ynma&;0bfqdkufwGif wifjyxm;onfrsm;rS aumufEIwfcsuf tcsKdUudk
aqG;aEG;ygrnf/
1. puFmyltaejzihf rsufarSmufjyK &ifqkdifae&aom aemufcHtcsuf
tvufrsm;? tajctaersm;? tcGihftvrf;rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;
owdjyKrdap&efESihf olwdkY\ tem*wfb0 qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif
cH,lcsufESihf trSefw&m;wdkYtay: tajcjyKwwfap&ef/
2. pdwfvIyf&Sm; cHpm;odrIjzihf wkdif;jynfESihf &yf&Gmudk cspfjrwfEkd;pdwfESihf
tvkyftauR; jyKvdkpdwf &SifoefapNyD; udk,fa&mpdwfyg xJxJ0if0if
yg0ifaqmif&Gufwwfap&ef/ trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI? &SifoefrIt
wGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk odem;vnfaprIESihf udk,fpD,HkMunfrIwdkYudk
&&Sdap&ef xm;&Sdaom &nf&G,fcsuf[kqdk&rnf/ puFmylEkdifiHom;rsm;
taejzihf trSwftom;o½kyf? rdrd udk,fudk,fESihf EkdifiHudk *kPf,lwwf

126
 odef;Ekdif

jcif;? udk,fhudk,fudk,fav;pm;rI&Sdjcif;wdkYudk avhusihfysKd;axmif ay;onf/

puFmyl\ orkdif;yHk&dyfrsm;udk odem;vnfjcif;? puFmylEkdifiHudk pdefac:ae
aom tuefYtowfrsm;? tuJqufrIrsm;ESihf tajctaersm;udk o
abmaygufjcif;? b0aexkdifrIwGif aysmf&Tifatmifjrifaprnfh yifrpH
wefzdk;rsm;udk &ifbwfxJa&mufatmif avhusihfay;jcif;wdkYyifjzpfonf/

2007 ckESpfwGif puFmyl\ ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeu trsKd;om;

arQmfrSef;csufudk ]]ausmif;om;rsm;\ touft&G,f? &ifhusufrIESihf pdwfyg
0ifpm;rIrsm;ESihf avsmfnDpGm q&mrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;\ vufxJodkY
wkdif;jynfudk tyfESif;jcif;jzihf EkdifiHom;todpdwfudk ckdifNrJap&ef}} [kjyifqifcJh
onf/ t"du ynma&;rlabmifrSm ausmif;om;rsm;udk ]]OD;acgif;? ESvHk;om;
ESihf vufrsm;}} jzihf yg0ifvkyfaqmifapNyD; trsKd;om;ynma&; aumfrDwDu
tBuHjyKxm;onhfatmufyg t,ltqrsm;twkdif;jzpfonf/
1. ]]OD;acgif;}} - rdrdwkdY oif,lrIwGif udk,fwdkifwufMuGpGm yg0ifrI&Sdjcif;?
od½HkrQom r[kwfbJ taMumif;csif;&mrsm; tay:wGif pOf;pm;awG;ac:
wwfNyD; puFmyl &ifqkdifae&aom pdefac:csufrsm;udk eufeufeJeJ odem;
vnfap&efESihf puFmylEkdifiHom;jzpfjcif;udk tjrifeuf½dIif;apjcif;/
2. ]]ESvHk;om;}} - puFmylaemufaMumif; &mZ0ifudk pdwfcHpm;odrIjzihf
em;vnfapjcif;? wkdif;jynfcspfpdwfwGif puFmylEkdifiHudk wefzdk;xm;wwfNyD;
rdrdwdkYu ydkifqkdifonfhoabmudk eufeufeJeJ cHpm;Ekdifjcif;/
3. ]]vufrsm;}} - &yf&GmvltzGJYtpnf;udk jyefvnfay;qyfcGihf &&Sdapjcif;?
vlwkdif;wGif ay;qyfp&m &Sdaeonfudk em;vnf oabmaygufapNyD;
puFmyltem*wfudk zefwD;jcif;? jzpfEkdifygu oufqkdif&me,fy,ftvdkuf
OD;aqmifOD;&GufrIjyKjcif;/
]]trsKd;om;ynma&;rufaqh}} ESifh ]]trsKd;om;arQmfrSef;csuf}} wdkYudk
nd§EdIif;&ygonf/

1. puFmylrSm tzwkdif;jynf - wkdYydkifwJhajr/ uREkfyfwdkY\ bdk;bGm;tarGtESpfudk

wefzdk;xm;NyD; udk,fykdifb0&SifoefrIudk yHkaz:&mwGif *kPf,lonf/

127
 zuf'&,fynma&;

2. vlrsKd;a&;ESihf bmoma&; tnDtnGwf rQwap&ef xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf

Mu&rnf/ rwluGJjym;rIudk wefzdk;xm;Murnf/ pnf;vHk;nDnGwfaom
vlxktjzpf twlwuGaexdkif&ef oHEdéXmefjyKonf/
3. t&nftcsif;t& todtrSwfjyKrIESihf t*wdw&m;uif;&Sif;rI pHrsm;udk
vdkufemusihfoHk;onf/ pGrf;aqmif&nfESihf tm;xkwfrI twkdif;twmt&
tm;vHk;twGuf tcGihfta&;&Sd&rnf/
4. puFmylu vkyfauR;&rnfhol wpfOD;rQr&Sd/ uREfkfyfwdkYudk,fwdkif &Sifoef
Ekdif&ef? pnfyifwkd;wuf&ef enf;vrf;&SmMuonf/ pdefac:csufrsm;udk
tcGihftvrf;tjzpf ajymif;vJrnf/
5. puFmyludk rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdif umuG,f apmihfa&Smuf&rnf/ þodkYvkyf
aqmif&jcif;udk *kPf,lonf/ rdrdwdkY trsKd;om;vHkjcHKa&;ESihf pdwåokc?
um,okc jynfhpHka&;wGif tjcm;olrsm;wGif wm0efr&Sd/
6. tem*wftay: ,HkMunfonf/ pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI? qHk;jzwfcsuf ckdif
MunfrIESihf taotcsmjyif qifrIwdkYjzihf rdrdwdkY\ awmufyaom
tem*wfESihf wpfrsKd;om;vHk;taejzihf wdk;wufap&ef wnfaqmufEkdif
pGrf;&Sdonf/

ed*Hk;csKyfqdk&aomf þrl0g'rSm ynma&;zGHYNzdK;rIESif puFmylEkdifiHom;

rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;udk,fpD &&Sdap&ef&nf&G,fonf/ puFmyltpdk;&u
þ rl0g' tcsuftvufrsm;udk ]]q&mtwwfynma&;ESihf trsKd;om;oif½dk;
nGef;wrf;}} wdkYwGif xnfhoGif;jr§KyfESHxm;&Sdonf/
odkYaomf 2015 ASEAN Community tmpD,H todkuftNrHKESihf vlrI
todkuft0ef; wnfaqmufa&;vrf;aMumif;wdkYudkawmh ynma&;wGif xnfh
oGif; rxm;ao;ygacs/
oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (Zefe0g&Dv? 2016)

128
 odef;Ekdif

rdcifbmompum;oifMum;a&; tifwmAsL;
(oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,ft,f'DwmtzGJY)

ar;cGef; (1)
q&mOD;odef;EkdifcifAsm;.. - vuf&Sd trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'u rdcifbmompum;
oifMum;cGifUtwGuf b,favmuf tmrcHcsufay;xm;vJ odcsifygw,f/

rwl uGJjym;wJh vlrsdK;EG,fpkrsm;pGmeJY zGJUpnf;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpkEdkif
iHtwGuf rdcifbmompum;? wdkif;&if;om; bmompum; oifMum;a&;[m
tifrwefrSudk ta&;BuD;vSygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;uwnf;u ausmif;
wGif; oifMum;cGifheJY ynma&;rSm wdkif;&if;om;uav;i,frsm;&JU rdcifbm
ompum; oifMum;cGifhawGtwGuf wduswJh rl0g'eJY oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
pHEIef;awG r&SdcJhbl;/ jynfwGif;ppfeJY EdkifiHa&; tusyftwnf;umvrsm;rSm 'D
arG;&myg tcGifh ta&;[m aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; arS;rSdefaecJh&w,f/ 1962
ckESpfeJY 1988 ck ESpf tmPmodrf;NyD;wJh aemufydkif;umvrsm;rSm &ufpufvS
wJh zdESdyfjcif;eJY rsufESmcsif;qdkif BuHKawGY &ifqdkifcJh&wJh q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmrSm
bmompum; o,HZmwtwGuf wefzdk;awG rsm;pGm avsmhuscJh&ygw,f/
taMumufw&m;eJY tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh ppfya'o&mZfacwfrSm wdkif;&if;om;
bmompum;rsm;udk a&Ta&mifypfrSwfozG,f oabmxm;cJhMuwm/ 'g[m
tifrwefrSudk bmompum;eJY ,Ofaus;rI o,HZmwtwGuf 0rf;enf;
aMuuGJzG,f&m uEÅm&ESpf umvrsm;ygyJ/ wdkif;&if;om; ynma&;Xmersm;eJY

129
 zuf'&,fynma&;

bkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;awG? bmoma&; toif;awmfawGeJY t&yfzuf

vlrItzGJYtpnf;awGu udk,fusdK; pGefYvTwf? toufeJY&if;? usm;uef &yfwnf
ay;cJhvdkYom raysmufuG,f½kHwr,f usef&pfaeqJjzpfw,f/
2014 trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'rSmawmh vGwfvyfa&;tBudK
1947 ckESpfeJY wpfygwD rqvacwf 1974 ckESpfawGwkef;u jyXmef;cJhzl;wJh
wdkif;&if;om;bmompum; oifMum;a&;udk jyefvnf toufoGif;zdkY BudK;yrf;
vmwm awGY&w,f/ rwlwJh tjrifrsm; &Sdaeaomfjim;vnf; uefYowfcH
ae&qJ yxrtqifh vGwfvyfrI tenf;tusOf;twGufawmh BudKqdk&if;
qufvuf awmif;qdk&rSmawGu trsm;BuD; &Sdaeao;ygw,f/ tjiif;yGm;
ae&qJ trsdK;om; ynma&;Oya'rSm… ]]wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ bmom? pmay
xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;twGuf wdkif;a'oBuD; (odkYr[kwf) jynfe,frsm;wGif
rlvwef;tqifhü wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;oif,lrIudk oufqdkif&m
wdkif;a'oBuD; (odkYr[kwf) jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJY\ tpDtpOfjzifh aqmif
&GufEdkifonf/}} vdkY azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ 'DtcsufavmufeJY wdkif;&if;om;
bmompum; tcGifhta&;[m NyD;jynfpkHNyDvdkY (vkH;0udk) rajymEdkifygbl;/
txl;ojzifh rlvwef; atmuftqifhavmufyJ wGJzuf oif½dk;ykHpH cGifhjyKxm;
wm[m ppfrSefwJh tcGifhta&; r[kwfao;bl;/ bmompum;rsm; &SifoefrI
twGuf? pnfyifrItwGuf? zGHYNzdK;rItwGuf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;&JU arG;&myg
tcGifhta&;twGuf 'Dxufudk ydk us,fjyefY euf½Idif;wJh Oya't& tmrcH
csuf vdktyfae ygao;w,f/ txl;ojzifh ynma&;c&D; wpfavQmufvkH;rSm?
rlv,fxufwef;rsm;? wuúodkvfwef;rsm;rSmyg wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;
oifMum;cGifh &&Sda&;[m jynfaxmifpk Oya't& tcdkiftrm yg&Sdae&yg
vdrfhr,f/

ar;cGef; (2)
vuf&SdtajctaerSm rdcifbmompum;eJh wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;qdkNyD; uGJjym;
jcm;em;pGm ajymqdkaewmawG&Sdaeygw,f/ tJ'geJh ywfoufNyD; q&mh&JY wkdif;&if;om;
ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;eJh EdkifiHwumtawGhtBuHKeJh ywfoufNyD; ajymjyay;yg/
uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jynfrSmu wdkif;&if;om;qdkwJh pum;vkH;udk
130
 odef;Ekdif

t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkrI[m ½IwfaxG;aeqJyg/ vltrsm;pk? vlenf;pk? vlrsdK;pkawG

tay:rSm tajccHxm;NyD; EdkifiHa&;t& okH;EIef;Muw,f/ tm;vkH;[m wef;wl
tcGifhta&; &&SdoifhwJh? az;rulnDrIawG xm;&SdoifhwJh wdkif;&if;om;awG
r[kwfbl;vm;/ qdkawmhum wdkif;&if;om bmompum;? rdcifbmompum;udk
- tajctaewpfckrSmawmh - xyfwljyKEdkifygw,f/ odkYaomfvnf;yJ jynfe,f
vTwfawmfu qkH;jzwfwJh 'Dwdkif;&if;om; bmompum;oifMum;a&;[m [dk
zuf&GmtwGuf tqifajycsifrS ajyr,f/ tJ'DvdktcgrsdK;rSm tJ'D&Gmh tcGifh
ta&;twGuf? tJ'D&Gmu tjcm;vlrsdK; uav;i,frsm;twGuf pmoif
ausmif;u oifhavsmf&mudk a½G;cs,f oifMum;cGifhvnf; &Sdaejyefygw,f/
jynfe,fvTwfawmf qkH;jzwfcsufrSm cRif;csuf xm;&Sday;&r,f/ jynf
axmifpkwGif; tm;vkH;eJY qufqHa&;? EdkifiHwum qufqHa&; Mum;cH
bmompum;rsm; taeeJYawmh Armpm? t*Fvdyfpmudk wwfajrmufatmif
oifMum;ay;&ygr,f/
wdkif;&if;om; ta&twGufrSmwifudk oabmxm;awG trsm;BuD;
jcm;em; uGJjym;aew,f/ ordkif;aemufcHeJY ,Ofaus;rI&JU euf½Idif;wJh
t"dyÜg,fawG[m ray:vGifao;bl;/
tJ'Dawmh ynma&;Oya'Murf;rSm rdcifbmompum;yJjzpfjzpf?
wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;yJ okH;okH; t"dyÜg,f tppftrSef rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/
EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhtay:rSm trsm;BuD; rlwnfygw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;
tcGifhta&;vdkY ajym&r,f/ EdkifiHom;vGwfvyfcGifheJYvnf; wdkuf½dkufoufqdkif
aeygw,f/ wdkif;&if;om; tcGifhta&;vdkY ajymwJhtcgrSm vlenf;pk rsKd;EG,f
pktwGufvdkY oD;oefY xifjrif,lqrI[m rSm;,Gif;ygw,f/ 'g[m EdkifiHom;
wdkif;twGuf jzpfw,f/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf jzpfw,fqdkwJh tjrifrsdK;jzpf
vmatmif oabmxm;awGudkvnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJ ay;&ygOD;r,f/
zuf'&,f 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhokH;vmwJh wpfaeYrSmawmh uGJjym;wJh tjrif
awG wpwp avsmhenf;oGm;rSmyg/
3 bmom oifMum;a&;udk jyXmef;xm;wJh tdE´d,&JU zuf'&,f
ynma&;pepfudk twk,l tm;usoifhygw,f/ tar&duef? t*FvefeJY
MopaMw;vsm;vdk taemufEdkifiHrsm;rSmvnf; bmompum; <u,f0rIudk

131
 zuf'&,fynma&;

tzdk;wef t&if;tESD; wpfcktaeeJY oabmxm;NyD; Xmaewdkif;&if;om;

bmompum;rsm;eJY ,Ofaus;rIawGwifrubJ tm&Swdkuf bmompum;rsm;udk
ausmif;ynma&;rSm wckwfw& todtrSwfjyK xnfhoGif;vmMuw,f/
w½kwf? rav;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? AD,uferf? xdkif; pwJh bmompum;rsm;udk
taemufwdkif; uav;i,fawG[m rlvwef; twef;awGrSm avhvmcGifh
&&SdMuygw,f/ 0goemygwJh uav;i,fawGu woufwmvkH;twGuf
qufvuf qnf;yl;&if; vufawGYb0rSm tokH;cs EdkifMur,f/
tenf;qkH;tm;jzifhawmh rwlnDwJh urÇmh,Ofaus;rIawG? wdkif;&if;
om; "avhxkH;pHawGudk avhvmcGifh &&SdwJhtwGuf - ]]igeJYrwlwm[m igh
&efol r[kwfyg}} - qdkwJh tzdk;wef ynmtarGtESpfudk &&Sdvmw,f/ cifrif
&if;ESD;rIeJY tpjyKvdkY tem*wfurÇmajr vSyatmif pkaygif;vkyfaqmifMu&r,f/
vlom;udk wefzdk;xm;&r,fqdkwJh tawG;rsKd;vnf; uav;i,fawG &&Sdvm
Muw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh tapmydkif;rSm usaemfajymcJhwmyg/ wdkif; &if;om;pmay
oifMum;a&;[m vlenf;pk rsdK;EG,fpktwGufrQom r[kwfbl; qdkwm.../
,Ofaus;rI &if;jrpf pnfyif wdk;wufapwJhtjyif tem*wfumv
EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwf tjrifrsm;eJY *vdkb,f vlrItzGJUtpnf;
o[Zmw jzpfapa&;udkyg a&S;½Ixm;wmvdkY ajym&r,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHvdk
rsKd;EG,fpk axGjym;vSwJh tdE´d,rSm rdcifbmompum;? [if'Dbmompum;eJY
t*Fvdyfbmom pum;awGudk roifrae& jyXmef;xm;w,f/ twef;BuD;
vmwJh tcgrSm? wuúodkvfwef;awGrSm txl;jyKbmom&yf wpfcktaeeJY
vnf; wdkif;&if;om; bmompmay? ordkif;eJY ,Ofaus;rI avhvma&;?
Nidrf;csrf;a&; avhvma&; pwJh[mawGudk wdkif;&if;om; tcGifhta&;? EdkifiH
a&; jzpfxGef;rIeJY ,SOfwGJNyD; avhvmcGifh jyKxm;ygw,f/ wdkif;&if;om; okaw
oeudkvnf; bGJYBudKwef;rsm;? r[mbGJYoifwef;rsm;eJY yg&*lbGJY oifwef;awG
txd jyXmef;xm; ay;ygw,f/
rdcifbmompum;[m vlrsm;pk (Oyrm [if'D? t*Fvdyfpm? Arm)
jzpfcJh&if tjcm;wdkif;&if;om; bmompum; wpfckckudkvnf; tJ'D vlrsm;pk0if
jzpfwJh uav;i,f[m Oya't& roifrae& oif,l&r,f/ 'g[m wdkif;&if;

132
 odef;Ekdif

om; bmompum;eJY ywfoufvdkY EdkifiHwumynma&; usifhpOfyg/

ar;cGef; (3)
wu,fvdkh jrefrmjynfrSm rdcifbmompum; oifMum;cJUr,fqdk&if b,fvdk tajccH
awGuaepNyD; jyifqifBudK;yrf;oifhygovJ/

rdcifbmompum; oifMum;a&;twGuf t"du vkyfief;BuD; 3 ck-
udk jynfe,frsm;eJY wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmfu wm0ef,lEdkifzdkY&m vdktyfae
ygw,f/ eHygwf (1) uawmh wdkif;&if;om; bmompum; oifMum;a&;qdkif&m
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;pHEIef;rsm; jyKpka&;qGJ ay;zdkYyg/ pHEIef;rsm;eJY rlabmifudk
yxrqkH; jyKpk jyXmef;ay;oifhw,f/ 'Dvkyfief;pOf[m okawoeudk
tajccH&r,f/ bmompum;? ,Ofaus;rI? ordkif;eJY vlrIaA'tjyif
uav;zGHYNzdK;rI? oifMum;enf;AsL[m? oif½dk;rQwrI? oif½dk; us,fjyefYrI… pwJh
u@awGudkvnf; wdkif;&if;om; bmompum; oifMum;a&;eJY ywfoufNyD;
okawoepmwrf;rsm;? pDrHcsufrsm; jyKvkyfoifhygw,f/
oif½dk;0if acgif;pOfBuD;rsm;? taMumif;t&mrsm;? vlrIwefzdk;rsm;udk
vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;NyD; jynfolvlxkudk csjy&J&r,f/ tqifhwdkif;rSm jynfol
vlxkeJY ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaqG;aEG; a0zef tBuHay;cGifh &Sdae&r,f/
touft&G,feJY tqifhwdkif;rSm uav;i,frsm; uRrf;usif wwfajrmufoifh
wJh pHEIef;rsm;eJY ynm&nfwdk;wufrIudk wdkif;wmr,fh enf;vrf;rsm;? uav;
A[dkjyK oifMum;a&; pepfrsm;udkvnf; azmfxkwfay;&r,f/ 'g[m wdkif;&if;
om;bmompum; oifMum;ay; ay:vpDvrf;ñTef wenf;tm;jzifh rlabmif
jzpfvmr,f/ jynfe,f Oya'jyKr@dKifu jyXmef; owfrSwfay;&r,f/
tJ'D jynfe,frlabmifudk tajccHNyD; uRrf;usifwJh wdkif;&if;om;ynm
&Sifrsm;u academic freedom t& vGwfvyfpGmeJY oifMum;a&; vrf;ñTefrsm;?
zwfpmtkyfrsm;? oifaxmufulrsm;udk jyKpk zefwD;EdkifMur,f/ vGwfvyfwJh
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepft& ausmif;awGeJY ynma&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u
BudKufESpfouf&m zwfpmtkyfeJY oifMum;a&; tpDtpOfawGudk 0,f,l
okH;pGJEdkifr,f/ wpfjynfe,fvkH;rSm zwfpmtkyf wpfrsdK;xJqdk&ifawmhvnf;
133
 zuf'&,fynma&;

jynfe,ftmPm&Sif qefaeygOD;r,f/ jynfe,ftpdk;&eJY jynfe,f

ynma&;Xmeuvnf; zwfpmtkyfudk jyKpkNyD; a&mif;pm;Edkifygw,f/ BudKuf&if
okH;rSmaygh/ tjcm;ynm&SifawGeJY wdkif;&if;om; ynma&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
rSmvnf; zuf'&,frlabmifudk tajccHNyD; a&;qGJcGifh &Sd&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;/
ausmif;awGu 'Dacgif;pOfudk 'DzwfpmtkyfxJu ykHpHrsdK;eJY oifr,f/
[dkacgif;pOfudkawmh 'Dynm&Sifa&;xm;wJh zwfpmtkyfxJu ,lr,f/ 'D
oifcef;pmudkawmh q&mq&mrudk,fwdkif zefwD; wDxGifNyD;awmh oifvdkuf
w,f/ tJ'DvdkrsdK; jzpfae&r,f/ zwfpmtkyfudk 'gyJoifqdkNyD; twif;tusyf
a&mif;pm; ydkifcGifh? jyXmef;cGifh tajccHOya'rSm rygbl;/ 'grSomvQif
ynma&;rSm jynfe,ftmPm&Sifab;u uif;vGwfr,f/
eHygwf (2) tcsufuawmh uRrf;usifydkifEdkifwJh oifMum;a&;0efxrf;
ysdK;axmifay;zdkYyg/ &Sm;yg;aeqJ wdkif;&if;om;q&mawGudk a&&Snf tjrifeJY
ysKd;axmifEdkifzdkYyg/ wpfv? ESpfv oifwef;awGeJY Mum;umvrSm tpm;xdk;
xm;Edkifayr,fh aq;rD;wdkyJjzpfr,f/ Oyrm rGefpmay? ,Ofaus;rIeJY ordkif;udk
wpfveJY b,fol wwfajrmufEdkifrvJ/ oifMum;enf;udkvnf; oifay;&OD;
r,f/ uav;pdwfynmudkvnf; wdkif;&if;om;½Iaxmifhu avhvmzdkY&m
vdktyfjyefw,f/ wdkif;&if;om; 'óetjrifeJY b0aeenf;awG udkvnf;
ynma&;eJY qufpyf avhvm&rSm r[kwfvm;/ bDtD;'D-ynma&;bGJU
(wdkif;&if;om;bmompum; oifMum;a&; ar*sm) qdkNyD;awmh 4 ESpfoifwef;
xm;&Sdoifhw,f/
wwd,tcsuf eHygwf (3) uawmh b@ma&;tultnDeJY wdkif;&if;
om;bmompum; oifMum;a&;udk pDrHcefYcGJrItydkif;jzpfw,f/ jynfe,fynm
a&;0efBuD;XmetwGif;rSm t"duOD;pD;XmeBuD; wpfcktaeeJY xm;&SdNyD;awmh
rl0g'ydkif;? b@maiGaMu;ydkif;eJY enf;ynmydkif;t& taxmuftul ay;EdkifzdkY
jzpfw,f/ t&yfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;? wuúodkvf? aumvdyfrsm;eJY pmoif
ausmif;rsm;udk wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;eJY okawoe us,fjyefYapa&;
twGuf tm;ay;ulnDzdkY t"du &nf&G,fcsufjzpfygw,f/

(oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,fESihf pma&;oltifwmAsL;? arv? 2015)

134
 odef;Ekdif

rwljcif;rsm;\ wefzdk;

]]OD;acgif;ESpfvkH;jzifhpOf;pm;jcif;onf acgif;wpfvkH;xufydkíaumif;
rGefonf}}- [laom qdk½dk;pum;ESifh uRefawmfwdkYtm;vkH; &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrI&SdMuNyD;
þpum;ykHtay:wGifvnf; ,kHMunfrI wpfpkHwpf&mawmh &SdMuygonf/ odkY
aomfvnf; vufawGUwGifrlum; þodkYrvkyfaqmifMuyg/ xda&mufrI?
uRrf;usif wwfajrmufrIwdkYESifh ywfoufonfh umv&Snfvsm;pGm t½dk;pGJ ,kH
MunfrI wpfckrSm ]]pdwfwl? udk,fwl jzpfjcif;omvQif tcsdef? pGrf;tm;ESifh
ukefusp&dwf oufomayonf/}} [líjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí uRefawmfwdkYonf
taMumif;csif;&m wpf&yf&yfwGif 'kwd,tjrifoabmxm;? odkYr[kwf rwl
uGJjym;onfh tjcm;bufrS tjrifoabmxm;wdkYudk &,lwwfjcif; r&SdMuyg/
ynma&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh vufawGU vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf;
uefYowfxm;aom? bufvdkufaom? tvsifpvdk NyD;pvG,fvkyfwwfaom?
jrefqefpGm qkH;jzwfwwfaom? ausmif;tzGJYtpnf;udk tjynfht0 udk,fpm;
rjyKaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; jzpfonfudk awGUjrifae&ayonf/
pdefac:csuf? jyóemwpfckckESifh &ifqdkif&ygu tzGJY0if enf;enf;
om yg&Sdaom ausmif;rS a&G;cs,fcefYtyfxm;onfh tzGJYi,fjzifh ajz&Sif;ap
ygonf/ þpdefac:csuf? jyóemudk udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;&mwGif wdkuf½dkufjzpfap?
oG,f0dkufíjzpfap yg&Sdaeaomolrsm;ESifh oufa&mufrnfholrsm;udk tvG,f

135
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wulyif csefvSyfxm;avh&Sdonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;rsm; yg0ifEdkif&ef zdwfac:

aqG;aEG; apjcif;jzifh trludpö ydkBuD;rnf? ydkcufcJEdkifonf[lí uRefawmfwdkY
cHpm;wwfMuonf/ rSm;,Gif;pGm odjrifem;vnfxm;NyD; wvGJpdk;&drfaeonfh
tcsufrSm jyóem? taMumif;csif;&mwpf&yfudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif
OD;acgif;rsm;rsm;udk twlwuG yg0ifapjcif;onf (ausmif;\ tpdwftydkif;
tm;vkH;udk udk,fpm;jyKyg0ifapjcif;) taygif;vu©Pm aqmifonfh &v'f
wpfpkHwpf&m r&&SdEdkifbJ ydkrdk ½IyfaxG;apEdkifonf[líjzpfonf/

rwl? uGJjym;jcif;rsm;\ tiftm;

rD&Sd*efwuúodkvfrS pepfrsm;? EdkifiHa&;odyHÜESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm
ygarmu©ESifh vlYtzGJYtpnf; wpf&yfvkH;tay: ½IjrifokH;oyfwwfonfh olrsm;
ay:xGef;a&;udk vIHYaqmfaqG;aEG;oljzpfonfh a'gufwm paumhtD;ayh*fsrS
rwl jcm;em;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tawG;opf? tjrifopfwdkYudk wifjycJh\/
rMumao;rDu xkwfa0aom ol\ pmtkyfjzpfonfh “rwl jcm;em;
rIawG- rwljcif;awG&JU pGrf;yum;aMumifh ydkaumif;wJh tpktzGJYawG? pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;awG? ukrÜPDawG? vlYtzGJYtpnf;awGudk zefwD;EdkifykH” pmtkyfwGif
ocsFmynmjzifh ykHpHcsjyjcif;? jzpfpOfavhvmjcif;wdkYjzifh 0efxrf;rsm; trsdK;tpm;
pkHvifrIonf y&rf;ywmjzpfjcif;ESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfr&Sdjcif;xuf xdktzGJY
tpnf;\ tiftm;rsm; wdk;wufjcif;udk jzpfay:apaMumif; axmufjyxm;
onf/ “tawG;wl? tjrifwl” jzpfjcif;onf pOf;pm;rIwpfrsKd;wnf;? vkyf[ef
wpfrsKd;wnf;om &&SdEdkifojzifh wDxGifzefwD; qef;opfrIjzifh jyóem
ajz&Sif;jcif;udk t[efYtwm; jzpfapNyD; opfvGifaom awG;ac:rIESifh tpDt
pOf topfrsm;twGuf tcGifhta&; qkH;½IH;Edkifonf[lí olu aqG;aEG;xm;\/
a'gufwmayhcfsrS tBuHjyKxm;onfrSm tjrifoabmxm; trsdK;rsdK;
&SdMuonfh aemufcHrwl? uGJjym;í b0tawGYtBuHK trsKd;rsKd; &Sdaeaom
vlrsm;udk ae&m csxm;ay;Edkifonfh ½IyfaxG;aewwfNyD; qef;opf wDxGif
zefwD;rIudk tm;ay;aom tzGJYtpnf; 0ef;usifonf pGrf;aqmif&nf
tjrifhrm;qkH;udk &&SdapEdkifonfqdkaom tcsufjzpf\/ ,cifuESifh rwl
awmhonfh acwfumvwGif uRefawmfwdkY aexdkif jzwfoef;aeMu&NyD/
136
 odef;Ekdif

ynma&; 0efxrf;rsm;? ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? rdbrsm;taejzifh &if

qdkifBuHKawGY ae&onfh pdefac:csufrsm;rSm vGefpGm ½IyfaxG;aewwfonfh
oabm&Sdygonf/ tcsdefumvrS oufaojyxm;onfhtwdkif; ausmif;ESifh
ywfoufonfh jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&mwGif ausmif;rS a&G;cs,fxm;onfh
vltenf;pkESifhom qufvuf ajz&Sif;rnfqdkygu xda&mufrI &Sdawmhrnf
r[kwfyg/ þvlrsm;rSm oifwef; wpfykHpHwnf; &&Sdxm;jcif;? ykHpH wpfckwnf;
atmufrS xGufvmMujcif;? wpfykHpHwnf; pOf;pm; awG;awmwwfjcif;
wdkYaMumifh tzGJY0if wpfOD;OD;rS vrf;ayguf ydwfrdvQif tjcm;olrsm;yg
vrf;ayguf ydwfrdaeNyD; jzpf&um; tqkH;wGifrl jyóemrSm rajz&Sif;EdkifbJ
wef;vef;om usefaeNrJjzpf\/

vufawGY oufaojy&aomf
a'gufwmayhcfsESifh tzGJYom;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonfh prf;oyfcsuf wpf&yf
wGif rwljcm;em;aom olrsm; yg0ifonfh jyóemajz&Sif;onfh tpktzGJYrsm;
onf tawmfqkH; yk*¾dKvfrsm;om yg0ifonfh tpktzGJYrsm;xuf omvGef
aumif;rGefpGm jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ tBudrfrsm;pGm
prf;oyfcsufrsm;u þtajzudkom xkwfay;cJh\/ þodkYjzpf&onfrSm rwl
jcm;em;aom olrsm;yg0ifonfh tkyfpkrsm;rSm wpfykHpHwnf; pOf;pm; awG;awm
wwfMuonfh awmfaom? xufjrufxl;cRefaom vlrsm;yg0ifonfh tkyfpkrsm;
avmuf vrf;ayguf ydwfrd raejcif;yifwnf;/ þprf;oyfawGY&Sdcsuft&
a'gufwmpaumhwdkY ed*kH;csKyf aumufcsufcsonfrSm ]]tkyfpkwpfck\ trSm;
rsm;rSm tkyfpk0ifrsm;rS &v'frsm;udk BudKwif cefYrSef;EdkifpGrf;ESifh olwdkY\rwl?
jcm;em;csufrsm;tay:wGif tnDtrQ wnfrSDaeonf}} [líjzpfavonf/

rwl? jcm;em;rIudk t&if;tESD; jyKjcif;

rwl? uGJjym;? jcm;em;rIonf 21 &mpkacwfumv\ trSwftom;
o½kyfyifjzpfonf/ vlrIjzpfpOfrsm;? tcsif;t&mrsm;? vlrI yuwd trSefw&m;
rsm;wGif rwl? jcm;em;rIrsm;uom axmifhwdkif;axmifhwdkif;wGif ae&m,lxm;
onf/ rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;ESifh oyGwftlozG,f ykHpHpepf trsdK;rsdK;tm;
137
 zuf'&,fynma&;

vufawGY avhvmcJhonf okawoe avhvmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;t& ta&mif

taoG; pkHvifaom NrdKUBuD;rsm;onf ydkrdk ukefxkwfvkyfEdkifonf? 'g½dkufwm
tzGJY0if vltrsKd;rsKd;ygonfh bkwftzGJYrsm;onf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom qkH;jzwf
csufrsm;udk csrSwfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf? ajymif;vJqef;opfvsuf&Sdaom ukrÜPDrsm;
rSm vltrsdK;rsKd;&SdaeMuonf? [laom oufao taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
&&SdcJhavNyD/ odyHÜqdkif&m tHhbeef; awGY&Sd xkwfazmfcsufrsm;rSm xufjrwfNyD;
trsdK;pkHvifaom vlrsm; yg0ifonfh tvkyftzGJYrsm;\ toD;tyGifhyifwnf;/
þtcsufrS rD;armif;xdk;jyaeonfrSm rwljcm;em;aom ynm&yf e,fy,f?
uRrf;usifrIrsm;ESif vlrsm; ,SufEG,fvkyfaqmifcsufonf odyÜHokawoe
twGuf vrf;aMumif;jzpfonf[lí/ (“Armageddon” ½kyf&Sifum;BuD;wGif
azmfusL;xm;onfhtwdkif; rwl? jcm;em;aom ynm&SiftrsdK;rsdK;rS pkzGJYonfh
tvkyftzGJYonf urÇmBuD;udk tvkH;pkHysufokef;? uHqdk; rdk;arSmifusrnfh
tEÅ&m,fqdk;rS u,fq,fEdkifcJhavNyD? þum; om"u xkwfjyjcif;wnf;/)

ynma&;twGuf oifcef;pm
ausmif;wpfausmif;\ wefzdk;rSm ,if;ausmif;wGif;&Sd rwl jcm;em;rI
tpkHtvifudk txda&mufqkH; tokH;csEdkifpGrf;tm; &Sdjcif;jzifh ydkrdk*kPfwuf
ayrnf/ wdk;wufvsuf&Sdaom pmoifausmif;rsm;onfum; þtcsufudk
aumif;pGm oabmaygufvsuf&SdNyD; jzpf&um; ynma&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh
vufawGYvkyfief;rsm;udk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? rdbrsm;? &yf&GmwGif;rS
uRrf;usifolrsm;? q&mq&mrrsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&; yk*¾dKvfrsm; tpkHtvif\
OD;acgif;toD;oD; nDnmzszs yg0ifvsuf a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;? vrf;aMumif;
azmfxkwfjcif;? taumif;qkH;jzpfrnfh qkH;jzwfcsufESifh vkyf[efwdkYtwGuf
tBuHÓPf&,ljcif;? em;axmifjcif;? tjrifrwlrIudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;
ay;jcif;wdkY jyKvkyfoifhygaMumif;/
odkYrSom zuf'&,fynma&;udk pmoifcef;tqihf? ausmif;tqihf
rsm;u usihfoHk;Ekdifojzihf zuf'&,f o½kyfouefydkrdk ay:vGifvmygrnf/

138
 odef;Ekdif

,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;rsm;
Culture and ethnicity

,Ofaus;rI
q&m? q&mrtaejzifh 0wfxm;onfh t0wftpm;? em;qifaom
aw;*Dw? aeYvnfu okH;aqmifcJhaom tpm;tpm? oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh twl
wuG vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif tyef;ajz tem;,lrI ykHpHESifh
vlrIqufqHa&; ykHpHrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;Munfhyg/ þt&mtm;vkH;ESifh
tjcm;aom udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI bmomw&m;? rdom;pk zGJYpnf;ykHESifh vlrI
wefzdk;rsm;? ponfh t&mrsm;onf q&mq&mr\ ,Ofaus;rI tpdwftydkif;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/
,Ofaus;rIudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk&m0,f – ]]vlrItkyfpk wpfck\ oabm
xm;tjrifrsm;? pHEIef;wefzdk;rsm;? "avhxkH;wrf;rsm;ESifh tjytrlykHpHrsm;}} udk
&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/

,Ofaus;rI qdkonfrSm
rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh vlrIodyÜHynm&Sifrsm;rS enf;trsdK;pkH?
t"dyÜg,f trsKd;rsKd; zGifhqdkMuonfh ,Ofaus;rI qdkonfrSm &IyfaxG;eufeJonfh

139
 zuf'&,fynma&;

oabmw&m;wpfckjzpfonf/ 1950 0ef;usifumvrsm; rwdkifrDu aexdkif

jyKrlrIykHpHrsm;ESifh "avhxkH;wrf; tpOftvmrsm;[lí t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJh Mu
onf/
1871 ckESpfwGif ynm&Sifawvm (Taylor) rS ],Ofaus;rI} udk
t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdk&m0,f “]]A[kokw? ,kHMunfudk;uG,frI? tEkynm? pm&dwå?
Oya'? "avhxkH;wrf;ESifh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;\ tzGJY0ifwpfOD;taejzifh
vlom;\ tjcm;aom pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;? tavhtxrsm; a&m>yrf;xm;aom
tpkta0;}} [lízGifhqdkcJhavonf/ odkYaomf rsm;rMumao;rDu 20
&mpkaESmif;ydkif; ynm&Sifrsm;rS t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkMu&m0,f tavhtxESifh
tjyKtrlxuf bkH wefzdk;? pHEIef;rsm;? todynm? udk;uG,f ,kHMunfrIrsm;?
oauFwrsm;ESifh t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkrIrsm;udk aZmif;ay;xm;Muonf/
ynm&Sif *D;tmwf (1973 ckESpfxkwf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;\ t"dyÜg,f
zGifhqdkjcif; pmtkyf) rS “]]edrdwfykH oauFwrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;í ordkif;pOf
wpfavsmuf vufqifhurf;vmonfh t"dyÜg,frsm;\ ykHoP²mef? b0
t"dyÜg,fESifh tawG;tac:qdkif&m todynm? A[kokwrsm;twGuf
vlom;rsm;\ tjyeftvSefqufqHjcif;? pOfqufrjywf vufqifhurf;jcif;ESifh
zGHYNzdK; wdk;wuf jcif;rsm; tvdkYiSg edrdwfykHrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;az:jyxm;onfh
rsdK;½dk; pOfquf tawG;tjrifrsm; pkpnf;xm;&SdrI}}” [lí ,Ofaus;rIudk
t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkcJhonf/ py&uf'favESifh rufum'D (Spradley and Mc-
Curdy) wdkYrS ]]vlrIa&; tjyKtrlrsm; jzpfxGef;ap&efESifh tawGYtBuHKrsm;udk
t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdk&eftwGuf vlom;taejzifh vufcH&&Sdxm;aom A[kokw}}”
[lí zGifhqdkcJhonf/ olwdkYrSyif qufNyD; þodkY aqG;aEG;cJhygonf/ ]],Ofaus;rI
qdkif&m todynmrSm tjyKtrlESifh tEkynmypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfEdkif&ef
tajccH vdktyfcsufyif jzpfonf/}} bmomaA'ynm&Sif *GwftDemYzf (Good-
enough) rS atmufyg twdkif; csJUxGif&Sif;jycJhygonf/
]]vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wpfck\ ,Ofaus;rIqdkonfrSm tzGJY0ifrsm;rS
vufcHEdkifaom tjyKtrltwdkif; jyKrlvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef odem;vnfí ,kH
MunfvufcHrIjzpfNyD; rdrdrS vufcHxm;onfh tcef;u@twdkif; jyrl
aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/ rsdK;½dk;ZD0zGJYpnf;rIESifh jzpfwnfaerIESifh roufqdkifbJ

140
 odef;Ekdif

rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvm qnf;yl;&onfh t&mjzpfonfh ],Ofaus;rI} \

usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfNyD; a,bk,s t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm avhvmoif,lrI\
aemufqkH; xGufukefyifjzpf&ygrnf/}} þzGifhqdkcsuft& ,Ofaus;rI qdkonf
rSm ½kyfoabmaqmifonfh oabmw&m;wpfckr[kwfaMumif; odapvdkyg
onf/ t&m0wåKypönf;rsm;? vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;? tjyKtrlrsm;? pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;
oD;jcm;taejzifhr[kwfyg/ þt&mtm;vkH;\ pkpnf;zGJYpnf;rIyif jzpfygonf/
vlrsm; pdwfxJ&SdwGif t&mrsm;\ ykHoP²mefrsm;? vufcHodjrifrI ykHpHrsm;ESifh
þt&mrsm;udk qufEG,fíodem;vnfrIESifh t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm; jzpfyg
onf/ odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh vlrsm; ajymqdkvkyfudkifaom t&mrsm;? vlrIa&;
t& pDpOfxm;&SdrIrsm;ESifh jzpf&yfrsm;rSm &Sifoefae&onfh ywf0ef;usifESifh
xdawGYqufqHrrsm;ESifh odjrifem;vnfrIrsm;rS vufawGY tokH;csojzifh jzpf
ay:vmonfh ,Ofaus;rI\ xGufukef (odkYr[kwf) wGJzuf xGufukefrsm;yif
jzpfavonf/ Multicultural eduation ”taoG;ta&mifpkH,Ofaus;rI ynma&;
ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol *sdrf;pfbPf James Bank rS “]]vlrItodkif;t0dkif;
twGif;&Sd tkyfpkwpfckudk ykHaz:xm;aom oabmxm;tjrifrsm;? wefzdk;
pHEIef;rsm;? "avhxkH;wrf;tpOftvmrsm;ESifh tjytrlykHpHrsm; jzpfonf}}”
[lí aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ tpm;taomuf pm;aomufjcif; tavhtxuJhodkY
aom tajccHusonfh jyKrlvkyfaqmifjcif;wGifyif ,Ofaus;rI\ BuD;rm;aom
oufa&mufrIrsm;udk avhvmawGY&SdEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh – ,Ofaus;rIrSm
rnfonfh tpm;tpmrsdK;udk pm;okH;Muonf[lí qkH;jzwfcsuf ay;onfom
rubJ pm;aomufonfh tcsdefumv? wpfaeY 1 eyf? 2 eyf? (odkYr[kwf)
3-4-5 Budrf pm;aomufjcif;? rnfolESifh pm;aomufonf (rdef;uav;
tcsif;csif;? a,musfm;av;tcsif;csif;)? (uav;rsm;ESifhtwl? (odkYr[kwf)
oD;oefY? (odkYr[kwf) bdk;bGm;tygt0if aqGrsdK;rdom;pktm;vkH;)? pm;aomufykH
(ZGef;? cuf&if; (odk hr[kwf) wl? vufjzifh – b,fzuf? nmzuf)? vlBuD;
olrrsm;udk OD;csjcif;? pm;OD;pm;zsm;udk qGrf;wifjcif;? rpm;rD qkawmif;jcif;?
ewfwifjcif;? wdwfqdwfpGm pm;aomuf&jcif; (odkYr[kwf) qlnHpGm
aqG;aEG;pum;ajymjcif;? ponfjzifh uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;pGm &Sdaeygonf/
rnfonfh vlrItodkif;t0ef;wGifrqdk þuJhodkY rwlnD uGJjym;

141
 zuf'&,fynma&;

jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rIwdkY yg&Sdaeygonf/ rdrd\ ,Ofaus;rIaemufcHordkif;

ESifh tarGtESpfrsm;udk tvkH;pkH odem;vnfEdkif&efESifh xdawGY qufqHEdkifcGifh
wdkYrSm vltrsm;twGuf rvG,fulygacs/ tcsKdUrSm ,Ofaus;rIrsm;pGmESifh
xdawGY qufqHcGifh &&SdMuNyD; toGiftjyif trsdK;tpm; pkHvifpGm odjrif
em;vnfrI? vufcH,kHMunfrI? jyKrlvkyfaqmifrIESifh wefzdk;jzwfrI pHEIef;rsm;
wdk;wufodjrifcGifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;vm&onfh ae&ma'oESifh
tcsdefumvrSm wpfOD;csif;\ vufcHem;vnfxm;&Sdonfh ,Ofaus;rI? (odkYr
[kwf) ,Ofaus;rIrsm;tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;&Sdonf/ rdom;pk? ywf0ef;usif?
e,fajra'o? wdkif;jynfESifh acwfumvrsm; tm;vkH;rSm jcm;em;rI&Sdygonf/
b0\ tpOD;ydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif avhusifh ajymqdk&rnfh bmompum;?
t,ltqrsm;ESifh wpfykHpHwnf; owfrSwfxm;&Sdcsufrsm;? udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI
bmomw&m;rsm;? udk,fEIwf trlt&mESifh tjyKtrlrsm;twGuf rdrd\
a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhrSm rsm;pGm r&Sdygacs/ xdkYtjyif tu,fíom ,Ofaus;rI wpf
ckwnf;jzifhom &if;ESD;usifvnf&ygrl rdrd\ ,Ofaus;rIonfom
taumif;qkH; enf;vrf; jzpfonf[k ,lqwwfNyD; ,Ofaus;rI[líyif rod
jrifEdkifyg/ rdrd\ ,Ofaus;rI wpfckwnf;om &SdonfhtwGufaMumifhjzpf
onf/ ,Ofaus;rIydkif;qdkif&m wdk;wuf odjrif&eftwGuf tjcm;rwlaom
,Ofaus;rIykHpHrsm;rS olrsm; taejzifh rdrdwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rItay: odjrifrI?
(odkYr[kwf) wvGJ em;vnfrIwdkYudk avhvm&ef vdktyfonf/
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;ESifh wpfrsKd;vufcH xm;&Sdonfh pHEIef;rsm;? tjyKtrlrsm;?
p½dkuf vu©Pmrsm;ESifh tawG;tac:? t,ltqrsm;rSm rwlnDMuyg/ wpf
OD; csif;yifvQif tEkpdwf uGJjym;jcm;em;wwfMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vuf
rxyf &ao;rD twlaexdkifMujcif;? q&m? q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm; &G,fwl oli,fcsif;rsm;uJhodkY qufqHa&; xm;&Sdjcif;?
pmoifcef;wGif; ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jref;apjcif;? rdbrsm;rS om;orD;rsm;tay:
vGwfvyfpGm qkH;jzwfapjcif;? vdifwlqufqHjcif;? oufBuD; &G,ftdkrsm;udk
oD;jcm; aexdkifapjcif; ponfh taemufwdkif; EdkifiHrsm;wGif tom;us
vufcH usifhokH;aeonfh pepf (,Ofaus;rI) rsm;udk jrefrmvlrItodkif;t0dkif;wGif
vufcH em;vnf&ef rsm;pGm tcuftcJ&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ þenf;ESifESifyif

142
 odef;Ekdif

xkdolrsm;rSvnf; jrefrmwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk odem;vnf&efrSm tcuftcJ

&Sdrnfom/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;pkrsm;tMum;wGifvnf; ,Ofaus;rI tpOf
tvmrsm;? vlaerIykHpHrsm;ESifh vufcHusifhokH;onfh ½dk;&m "avhrsm; rwlnD
Muyg/ þuGJjym; jcm;em;rIrsm;onf wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK; xdawGYqufqHMu&m0,f
tjyeftvSef avhvm owdxm;oifhonfh t&mrsm;yifjzpfygonf/
tb,faMumifh rdrdwdkY þodkYjyKrl usifhaqmifMuonf? trSefw&m;udk
odjrifem;vnfykH? tppftrSef[k ,kHMunfvufcHonfht&m? zefwD; wnf
aqmufxm;&SdrIrsm;? aumif;jrwfNyD;? vdkvm;tyfonfht&m[lí rdrdwdkYrS
,lqxm;csufrsm;? tp&SdonfwdkYudk EIdif;,SOf avhvmEdkif&eftwGuf rdrd\
,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnf&efrSm
vGefpGm ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY rwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh wdkif;&if;om; ,Ofaus;
rIrsm;pGm&Sdonfh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wGif vlrsm;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh
vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; ,SOfwGJvsuf wnf&SdaeMu
ygonf/ vlrsdK; wpfrsdK;ESifh wpfrsdK; tjyeftvSef av;pm;pGm qufqHEdkifjcif;
jzpfxGef;ap &efESifh rvdkrkef;wD;rIESifh bufvdkufqufqHjcif;rsm;? cGJjcm;
qufqHjcif;rsm;udk wGef;vSef&efrSm wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk
od&Sdem;vnfxm;&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ ]]rdrd\ wpfrsdK;wnf;udkom
tvGeftrif; A[dkjyK awG;ac:pOf;pm;jcif;}} (ethnocentricism) udk a&SmifMuOf
&efrSm r&Sdrjzpf vdtyfygonf/ txl;ojzifh ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;wGif;ü
vlrsdK;a&;tjrif rSefuef av;eufap&eftwGuf q&m? q&mrrsm;rS
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk rdrdESifh tjcm;olrsm;\ rwlaom ,Ofaus;rI
rsm;udk em;vnf avhvmwwfap&efESifh av;pm;Edkif&ef rSefuefaom
vrf;ñTefrIrsm;? bufvdkufrI uif;onfh &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk pHerlemjy
jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfavonf/

vlrsKd;pk
,Ofaus;rI\ xif&Sm;NyD; ta&;BuD;aom tpdwftydkif; wpfckrSm
vlrsKd;a&; aemufcHyifjzpfonf/ vlrsdK;pkudk ]]ZmwdrsdK;½dk;? rdrd\ bdk;bGm;rdbrsm;
143
 zuf'&,fynma&;

qif;oufvmcJhonfh a'o? wdkif;EdkifiHESifh,SOfí rdrdudk,fudk vufcH owf

rSwfxm;csuf}} – [lí zGifhqdkMuonf/ vlrsdK;pkwpfck twGif;&Sdolrsm;onf
wlnDaom ordkif;aMumif;? bmompum;? "avhxkH;wrf;? ½dk;&m
tpOftvmrsm;ESifh wefzdk;pHEIef;rsm; xm;&SdMuonf/ vlrsdK;EG,fpk? udk;uG,f
,kHMunfrI bmomw&m;? ESifh e,fajra'orsm;jzifhvnf; cGJjcm;xm;avh&Sdonf/
vlrItodkif;t0ef;wGif;ü tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh rwlnDbJ oD;oefY jzpfwnf
rIrsm; &Sdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf/ odomxif&Sm;rIrsm;rSm ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m
oGifjyifvu©Pm? odkYr[kwf ,Ofaus;rI rwlnDjcif;wdkY jzpfEdkifygonf/
vlenf;pktaejzifh a,bk,s owfrSwfEdkifaomfvnf; vltrsm;pkvnf;
tygt0ifjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a& okH;ykHwpfykHausmfrSm vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm; jzpfMuonf/ t"du vlrsdK;pkBuD; 8 pkESifh vlrsdK;pki,frsm; 80
cefY&Sdaom EdkifiHjzpfygonf/ (vlrsKd;pk ta&twGufudk vGwfvyfaom ynm
&Sifrsm; yg0ifonfh okawoetzGJYjzihf jyKpk&ef vkdtyfaeqJ?) bmompum;
uGJjym;rIrsm;ESifh ½dk;&mtpOftvmrsm; rwlnDMuyg/ vlOD;a&\ 60
&mcdkifEIef;cefYrSm Armwdkif;&if;om;rsm; jzpfjcif;onf ArmvlrsdK;udk EdkifiH\
vltrsm;pk vlrsdK;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? Arm r[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;
rsm;rSm vlenf;pk vlrsdK;pkrsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif; owfrSwfxm;avh&SdMuonf/
awmifay:? ajrjyefY? jrpf0 uRef;ay:? tnm? taMu? yifv,furf;pyf? NrdKUjy?
aus;vufawm½Gm tp&Sdojzifh a'otpkHtvifwGif &Sifoef aexdkifrI b0
ykHpHrsm;vnf; rwlnDMuyg/ vlOD;a& tcsdK;tpm;rSmvnf; uGm[csuf BuD;rm;
ygonf/
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm zdESdyftkyfcsKyfrIESifh vlYtcGifhta&;wdkY qkH;½IH;aecJhrI
rsm;aMumifhvnf; wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfrsm;rSm qkH;½IH;
aysmufuG,fvsuf &Sdygonf/ rdrd\ rd½dk;zvm ,Ofaus;rIpHEIef;rsm;?
wefzdk;rsm;udk xkwfaz:cGifh r&&Sdjcif;ESifh vlrsdK;BuD;rsm;twGif; twif;oGwf
oGif; cH&jcif;rsm;aMumifhvnf; ½dk;&m"avhrsm;pGmrSm wdrfaumaysmufuG,f
vkeD;yg; tajctaeqdk;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&ygonf/ ausmif;ynma&;rS
vlrsdK;pkrsm;\ ordkif;? ,Ofaus;rI? vlaerIpepfrsm;ESifh ½dk;&m"avhrsm;udk

144
 odef;Ekdif

todtrSwfjyK oifMum;jcif;r&Sdonfh tusdK;quftaejzifh rdrdESifh tjcm;ol

rsm;\ ordkif;aMumif;udk rod em;rvnfjcif;? ,Ofaus;rIrsm;tay: wefzdk;
rxm;wwfjcif;rsm;jzifhvnf; &ifqdkifBuHK awGYaeMu&onf/
xdkYtjyif EdkifiHawmf\ ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif vlrsdK;rsm; a&m,SufpGm
aexdkifvsuf &SdaeMuonfrSm 21 &mpk tpydkif; jrefrmEdkifiH\ xif&Sm;aom
vu©Pm wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh Zmwd&yf½GmwdkYudk
pGefYcGgí we,fwaus;wGif tajccs aexdkifvmrIrsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vsufvnf;
&Sdonfudk avhvmawGY&SdEdkifonf/ þwGif EdkifiHawmf wpf0Srf;&Sd ausmif;
pmoifcef;rsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrsdK;a&; aemufcH rwlnDaom ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;pGmwdkY &Sdaeavonf/ pmoifcef;rsm;rSm ,Ofaus;rI tarG
tESpfrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfap&efESifh rdrdESifh rwlnDbJ uGJjym;jcm;em;olrsm;
tay: em;vnfrI &Sdap&ef? onf;cHwwfap&efESifh tusdK;wl yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufwwfap&efwdkYudk avhvmoif,lcGifh &&Sdap&eftwGuf zefwD;
wnfaqmuf&rnf jzpfonf/
EdkifiHwumwGif A[kynma&;pepf (odkYr[kwf) taoG;ta&mifpkH
,Ofaus;rI ynma&; (Multicultural education) udk rdwfqufcJhMuolrsm;onf
þrwlnD uGJjym; jcm;em;aom vlrsdK;a&; tajccH tcsuftay:wGif cGJjcm;
qufqHrIrsm;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;? vlYtcGifhta&; qkH;½IH;ae&jcif;rsm;ESifh
vlrsdK;pk tcGifhta&;rsm; r&&Sdjcif;rsm;udk raMueyfrIrsm;rS pwif vIyf&Sm;
cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS vlrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGm urÇmhppfBuD;rsm;
tNyD;wGif EdkifiHajymif;a&T haexdkifvmcJhMu&mrS vlY,Ofaus;rI A[k0g' (Cul-
tural Pluralism) udk taumiftxnfaz: usihfoHk;&eftwGuf vHIYaqmfrI
rsm;rSvnf; taoG;ta&mifpkH ,Ofaus;rI ynma&;udk pwif usifhokH;vm cJh
Muygonf/
rwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rI aemufcHtrsdK;rsdK;wdkY &SdMu
onfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoifcef;rsm;wGif;odkY olwdkY\
,Ofaus;rIrsm;? wefzdk;pHEIef;rsm;ESifh ½dk;&m"avhrsm;udk ,lvmMuygonf/ odkY
jzpfjcif;aMumifh olwdkYonf pmoifcef;rsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rIrsm;pGmwdkY qufpyf
,SufEG,frIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ þwGif pmoif,lavhvmjcif;rsm;ü

145
 zuf'&,fynma&;

rwlnDaom ,Ofaus;rI ykHpHrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfvmygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ ynma&; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;wGif 1948 ckESpf vGwf
vyfa&; &onftcsdefrS pwifí acwftqufquf rnfonfh tpdk;&urS
vlrsdK;pkrsm;\ ordkif;tpOftvmrsm;? ½dk;&m"avhrsm;? ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif; r&SdaMumif;awG h&Sd&onf/ txl;ojzifh ArmvlrsdK;rsm;\
ArmpmayESifh wefzdk;pHEIef; wpfckwnf;udkom tvGeftrif; OD;pm;ay; oif
Mum;jcif;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ pmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;rSm todtrSwfjyK
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfcJhMuyg/ vlrsdK;pk wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ a'o
rsm;üvnf; rdcifbmompmayudk avhvmcGifh r&&Sdjcif;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk
az:xkwfcGifh r&&Sdjcif;rsm;tjyif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;jzifh 21 &mpktpydkif;
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;rSm &ifqdkif aeMu&qJjzpfonf/ ynma&;qdkif&m
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rsm;ESifh pmoifMum;jcif;ESifh oif,lavhvmrI vkyfief;pOf
rsm;rSm vuf&Sdb0rsm;ESifh a'otoD;oD;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh vdkufavsm
nDaxGrI r&Sdjcif;wdkYonf ynma&;qdkif&m qkwf,kwfrIESifh pHEIef;wefzdk;rsm;
usqif;vm&jcif;\ tajccHusaom taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygonf/

,Ofaus;rIt& vdkufavsmnDaxG&SdonfU pmoifMum;jcif; enf;AsL[mrsm;

,Ofaus;rIt& vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdonfh pmoifMum;jcif;onf
pmoifcef;wGif;ü rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm; wnf&SdaerIudk
todtrSwfjyKNyD; þrwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;ESifh vdkufavsm nDaxGjzpf
rnfh oifMum;enf;pepfrsm;udk zefwD;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ atmufyg tcsuf
rsm;onf q&m? q&mrrsm;udk pmoifMum;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapyg
onf/
• rdrd\ tcsdefay;NyD; tm;vkH;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sd
aMumif; vufawG h jyoNyD; u½kPmw&m;jzifh rQwpGm qufqHyg/
• ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; tm;vkH;tay: wef;wlnDrQpGm jyKrlqufqHNyD;
oif,l avhvmrIrsm;wGif tm;vkH; yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh ay;yg/
• rwlnDaom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;twGuf oifMum;enf; trsdK;rsdK;udk
tokH;jyKyg/

146
 odef;Ekdif

• pmoifausmif;ESifh vlrItodkif;t0ef;odkY ,Ofaus;rI toD;oD;wdkYrS

tm;jznfhay;rIrsm;udk q&m? q&mrrsm;rS wefzdk;xm;aMumif; jyoyg/
• ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh vlrsdK; tajccH rwlnDaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
rsm; twlwuG yl;aygif; avhvm oif,lEdkifcGifhrsm;udk zefwD;ay;yg/

,Ofaus;rIt& vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdonfh pmoifMum;jcif;onf

cHpm;csufrsm;? oabmxm;tjrifrsm;ESifh wefzdk;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGm oufqdkifyg
onf/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tm;vkH;rS rdrdwdkYudk wefzdk;xm;jcif;rsm;?
todtrSwf jyKjcif;rsm;? *½kpdkufjcif;rsm;? pmoifcef;ESifh ausmif;wGif
aEG;axG;pGmjyKrl qufqHjcif;rsm;ESifh twef;xJwGif olrsm;enf;wl tcGifh
ta&;rsm; &&Sdjcif;wdkYudk vdkvm;Muygonf/ txl;ojzifh ,Ofaus;rIESifh
vlrsdK;a&;t& vlenf;pkjzpfonfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;rSm
tcgrsm;pGmwGif txD;usefqef aewwfjcif;ESifh ta&mw0if qufqHrI
rcH&jcif;rsm;aMumifh olwdkYtwGufrSm þtcsufonf ydkí ta&;BuD;ygonf/

pmoifcef;rsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rIESifU vlrIpD;yGm; aemufcH tajctaersm;udk xnfUoGif;

pOf;pm;jcif;
(1) q&m? q&mrwdkYoifMum;aeonfh ausmif;ESifh ywf0ef;usif vlrI
todkif;t0dkif;&Sd ,Ofaus;rIrsm; taMumif;udk odem;vnf&ef avhvmxm;yg/
• rlvwef;tqifh – wwd,wef; q&m? q&mrrsm;rS ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;\ vlrsdK;pk yGJawmfrsm;taMumif;ESifh tm;vyf&uf
wGif rdrdwdkYvlrsdK;pkrsm;\ jyKvkyfonfh tavhtxrsm; taMumif;udk
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; yl;aygif; avhvmapNyD; &Sif;vif;
aqG;aEG;onf/ rwlnD? uGJjym;aom vlrsdK;pkrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk
xif[yfaponfh pmoifcef;wGif; ]]vlrsKd;pkyGJawmfrsm;}} udk zefwD;NyD;
rdbrsm;ESifh &yf½GmwGif; uRrf;usifolrsm;udk zdwfac:í &Sif;vif;
aqG;aEG;jcif;? ykHpHjyoifMum;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfonf/
• tv,fwef;tqifh – ausmif;pwufonfh yxrqkH;aeYwGif rdcif
bmompum; (odkYr[kwf) jrefrmpmoifcef;pmwGif ausmif;ol?
147
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ausmif;om;rsm; ]]uREfkyf\taMumif;}}” acgif;pOfjzifh pmpDpmukH;

a&;om;Mu&efjzpfonf/ tBudKufqkH; tpm;tpmESifh tESpfoufqkH;
0goem? pdwf0ifpm;&m aw;*Dw? rdbrsm;\ aemufcHrsdK;½dk;? p
onfh tcsuftvufrsm; yg0if&rnfjzpfonf/ ausmif;ESifh ywf
oufí pdk;&drfylyefaerIrsm;? rdrdESpfoufonfh t&mrsm;? rBudKuf
onfh t&mrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ q&m?
q&mrrsm; udk,fwdkifvnf; þtaMumif;t&mrsm;yg0ifonfh “rdrd-
wdkY\ taMumif;” acgif;pOfjzifhyif pmpDpmukH; wpfyk'fa&;om;NyD;
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh twlwuG aqG;aEG;oifhygonf/
• txufwef;tqifh - urÇmh bmomw&m;BuD;rsm;taMumif;udk
vlrI odyÜHbmom&yfwGif xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;oifhonf/ rwl uGJjym;
jcm;em;aom bmomw&m;BuD;rsm;\ wlnDaom oGefoifqkH;rrrsm;
(Oyrm – ]]cspfcsif;arwÅmw&m;? ½dk;om;rI? onf;cHwwfjcif;? az;r
ulnDrI}}) wdkYudk xkwfEIwfí aqG;aEG;Murnf/ urÇmhbmom
w&m;BuD;rsm;\ aemufcHordkif;rsm;ESifh vuf&Sd udk;uG,f ,kHMunfrI
rsm;udk rnfonfh bmomw&m;udkrS rxdcdkufapbJ twlwuG
avhvm okawoe jyKvkyfMuNyD; aqG;aEG;wifjyEdkifonf/ &yf½Gm?
a'owGif;&Sd bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwfac:NyD; wpfckcsif;
pDtvdkuf aqG;aEG;aponf/ bmomw&m;rsm;rS vlY ,Ofaus;rIESifh
avmuudk tusdK;jyKykHrsm;ESifh tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef av;pm;pGm
qufqHwwfap&efwdkYudk t"dfutm;jzifh xif&Sm;apygonf/
(2) a'owGif;&Sd vlrsdK;pkrsm;? vlenf;pkrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rtoD;oD;ESifh
qufEG,faeaom vlrIqufqHa&; wefzdk; pHEIef;rsm;? tEkynmrsm;? ordkif;
tpOftvmrsm;udk avhvmxm;oifhonf/
• rlvwef;tqifh – 'kwd,wef; q&m? q&mrrsm;taejzifh
,Ofaus;rI tm;vkH;&Sd ,Ofaus; odrfarGUjcif;? av;pm;pGmqufqHjcif;
ponfh pHEIef;wefzdk;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;oifMum;onf/ rwlaom
vlrsdK;rsm;\ þ pHEIef;wefzdk;rsm;\ ykHpHrsm;udk rnfonfh vlrsdK;udkrS
rxdcdkufapbJ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;

148
 odef;Ekdif

aprnf/
• tv,fwef;tqifh – yef;csDbmom&yf oifMum;ol q&m? q&mr
taejzifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ yef;csD tEkynmqdkif&m ½kyfykH um;csyfrsm;udk
pmoifcef;wGif; csdwfqGJxm;jcif;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk
zefwD;apjcif;ESifh þtEkynm\ wefzdk;? t&nftaoG;ESifh jrefrm
EdkifiH\ ,Ofaus;rI zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmrIudk yHhydk; ulnDaerIrsm;udk
aqG;aEG;Muonf/
• txufwef;tqifh – xif&Sm;aom vlrsdK;pk acgif;aqmifrsm;\
½kyfykHrsm;udk pmoifcef;wGif;ü csdwfqGJxm;jcif;? vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifh jref
rmEdkifiH\ tusdK;pD;yGm; (vlrIa&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? EdkifiHa&;
ponf) udk rnfodkY xGef;um;ap&ef tusKd;jyK aqmif&GufcJhonfrsm;udk
aqG;aEG;Muonf/ b0twåKyÜwådrsm;udk okawoejyK avhvmap
jcif;? pmoifcef;wGif; wifjy aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfMurnf/
vlrsKd;pktwGif;&Sd e,fy,ftvdkuf xif&Sm;aom trsdK;orD;acgif;
aqmifrsm;ESihf &yfusKd;&GmusKd;udk pGefYOD;wDxGif xrf;ydk;cJholrsm;\
taMumif;udkvnf; avhvmMuoifhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orD;xk
\ jrefrmESifh urÇmhvlrI todkif;t0ef;rsm;twGuf tusKd;jyKcJhrIrsm;rSm
ausmif;ynma&;wGif xnfhoGif; aqG;aEG;jcif;? xif&Sm;ay:vGifap
jcif; r&Sdao;yg/

oHvGifwdkrf;*sme,f? Zlvdkifv? 2015

149
 zuf'&,fynma&;

150
 odef;Ekdif

rdcifbmompum;tajcjyK oif,ljcif;jzihf
bmompum;ynma&; ydkrdk wdk;wufEkdif

]]rdcifbmompum;tajcjyK bmompum;rsKd;pHkynma&; mother

tongue-based multilingual education onf tb,faMumihf ta&;BuD;
ygoenf;/}} þar;cGef;rSm tm&Sbmompum;rsKd;pHkynma&; tvkyftzGJY\
udkatm'Dedwfwmtaejzihf uRefawmf wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJhpOf ig;ESpfwm
umvwGif rMumcPyif ar;jref;jcif; cHcJh&aom ar;cGef;jzpfyg\/ ta&SU
awmiftm&S a'owGif;&Sd vlrsKd;pkESihf bmompum; vlenf;pkwdkY\ ynma&;
t&nftaoG;wdk;wufap&ef twm;tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdif&ef tvkyf
tzGJYu pnf;½Hk; vHIYaqmfaqmif&Gufygonf/
uRefawmfh&JU Zmwfvrf;udk pwif ajymjyyg&ap/ awmifudk&D;,m;
EkdifiHuae uae'gEkdifiHudk uRefawmfh&JU rdom;pk a&TUajymif;tajccs aexkdif
vmcJhpOfwkef;uyg/ b0wpfoufwmrSm tifrwefrSudkyJ pdwfysuftm;avsmh
p&m? txD;usefqefjzpfrI? olpdrf;ozG,f usOfz,fcH&rIawGudk &ifqkdifcJh&w,f/
rwluGJjym;wJh bmompum;ajymMuwJh tjcm;N*dK[fwpfckckay:rSm uRefawmf
vrf;aysmufaewmrsm;vm;vdkY cHpm;rdygw,f/ q&mreJY twef;az:awG&JU
ajymqdkaeoHawGudkawmh Mum;rdyg&JU/ 'gayod olwdkYeJYqufoG,fajymqdkzdkY qdk
151
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wmudkawmh rvkyfEkdifcJhygbl;/ wcgwkef;u wufwufMuGMuGeJY pum;awG

tifrwefajymwJh ausmif;om;wpfOD; jzpfcJhzl;wJh uRefawmf[m wdwfqdwf
Nidrf oufvdkY &Suf&GHU tm;i,faeygawmhw,f/ ausmif;[m t&ifwkef;uvdkrsKd;
aysmf&Tifp&m ae&m r[kwfawmhbl;/ tcsdefwkdif;vdkvdkrSm ab;z,fxm;jcif;
cHpm;ae&w,f/
v tenf;i,ftMumrSmawmh uRefawmf enf;enf; wkd;wufvm
cJhw,f/ udk&D;,m; rdcifbmompum;eJY ta&;tzwfbmom? ocsFmpGrf;&nf
awGrSm uRefawmf xl;cRefxufjrufwmudk toHk;csNyD; t,ltqawGudk
bmomjyefvdkufygw,f/ t*Fvdyfpm avhvm&mrSm vdkufvmEkdifw,f/
q&mq&mrrsm;? twef;az: oli,fcsif;rsm;eJY rdbrsm;&JU ulnDyhHydk;ay;rIawGeJY
wjznf;jznf;csif; pum;pajymvmEkdifNyD/ twef;xJrSm vufaxmifwwf
vmNyD/ aemufqHk;rSmawmh twef;om;tjzpf yg0ifrIeJY uae'g vlY
tzGJYtpnf;0if tjzpfudk cHpm;rdygawmhw,f/
]]ynma&;rSwqihf yg0ifavhvmcGihf -bmompum;onf ta&;BuD;
onf}} inclusion in and through education: Language counts qdkNyD; 2015
ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 21 &ufaeY EkdifiHwumrdcifbmompum;aeYrSm
aqmifyk'f xm;cJhw,f/ uRefawmfh&JU b0tawGYtBuHKudk a&mifjyef[yfwmyg/
urÇmay:rSm&SdwJh rdcifbmompum;eJY ynmoifMum;cGihf r&&SdMuwJh vlom;
oef;axmifaygif; 2 'or 3 OD;&JU BuHKawGYae&wJh pdefac:rItwGufvnf;
wifjyvdkufwmjzpfw,f/ ab;z,fxm;jcif; cHpm;ae&olawG/ olwdkY trsm;pk
BuD; twGufuawmh uRefawmf &ifqkdifBuHKawGY cJh&wmawGxufudk ydkNyD;
qkd;&Gm;vGef;vSw,f/ qif;&JiwfjywfrIeJY tjcm;aom twm;tqD;rsm;udkvnf;
cHpm;Mu& olawGyg/
bmompum;[m tm;vHk;tusKH;0if yg0ifavhvmcGihf inclusion
twGuf tc&mjzpfw,f/ uav;awG[m em;rvnfEkdifbl;qkd&if avhvm
EkdifMurSm r[kwfygbl;/ uHqdk;wm wpfckuawmh bmompum; wpfrsKd;wnf;yJ
&SdaewJh ynma&;pepfrsm;rSm bmompum; udk,fwkdifonfyifvQif vlrsKd;pk
uav;i,frsm;twGuf t&nftaoG; jynfhrDwJhynma&;udk &&Sd cHpm;EkdifzdkYrSm
twm;tqD; rsm;pGmudk jzpfapwmyg/ 'Duav;i,frsm;[m ausmif;aecGihf

152
 odef;Ekdif

&&SdcJh&ifawmifrS twef;wGif; nTefMum;csufawGrSm vdkufyg vkyfaqmifEkdif

jcif; r&Sdbl;? ynma&;pepf&JU tjyifzufudk wGef;ydkYjcif; cHvdkuf&awmhw,f/
tusKd;qufuawmh ydkNyD;awmhudk ab;z,fxm;jcif; cHpm;&NyD; vlYtzGJYtpnf;
uae xkwfy,f cHvdkuf&jcif;ygyJ/
bmompum; twm;tqD;tay:rSm tjcm;aom ab;z,fxm;jcif;
jzpfapwJh tcsuftvufawG (Oyrm - vdifuGJjym;rI? vlrsKd;? roefpGrf;jzpfjcif;eJY
a'o tvSrf;uGma0;jcif;) udk xyfaygif;xnfhvdkufwJh tcgrSmawmh uav;
i,frsm;&JU rlvwef;tqihf wufa&mufNyD; twef;NyD;atmif oifMum;
cGihf[m tifrwefrSudk avsmhusoGm;&NyD/ rMumao;cifu ,leufpudk&JU
pm&if;Z,m;t& tdEd´,EkdifiHeJY vmtdkEkdifiHrsm;u vlenf;pk uav;i,frsm;&JU
ausmif;xGufEIef;[m 2 q? 3 qtxdukd jrifhrm;aeygw,f/
uRefawmfh&JU udk,fydkiftawGYtBuHKawGudk jyefvSef oHk;oyfMunfhvdkuf
wJhtcgr,f bmompum;wpfrsKd; - ynma&;pepfwpfckuae - tjcm;bmom
pum;wpfrsKd;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif ul;ajymif;EkdifzdkY vdktyfwJh tcsuft
vufawGudk uRefawmf odjrif oabmaygufvmawmhw,f/ uRefawmfh&JU
rdcifbmompum;tay:rSm ckdifckdifrmrm ajcajcjrpfjrpf wwfuRrf;xm;jcif;
ygyJ/ uRefawmfh&JU rlvwef; ajcmufESpfwm umvrSm tcsuftvufrsm;eJY
pdwåZqefwJh tawG;tac:? t,ltqawGudkyg qkyfqkyfudkifudkif odjrif
em;vnfEkdifcJhw,f/ 'kwd,bmompum;qDudk ul;ajymif;EkdifwJh a0g[m&
rsm;eJY t,ltqrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;cGihf &&SdcJhw,f/
'DtajccH rdcifbmompum; tkwfjrpf r&SdcJhbl; qdk&ifawmh uRef
awmfhtwGuf tifrwefrSudk tcuftcJ jzpfcJhrSm/ a&SUqufynma&;c&D;eJY
bmom pum; 2 rsKd;udk uRrf;uRrf;usifusif ½Hk;oHk;tqihf toHk;jyKEkdifzdkY&m
vG,fulrSm r[kwfygbl;/
rlvwef;tqihfrsm;rSm rdcifbmompum;eJY oifMum;jcif;[m
ausmif;xGufEIef; avsmhusapNyD; ab;z,fcHxm;&wJh vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf ydkrdk
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f qGJaqmifzG,f&m ynma&;jzpfwmudk okawoersm;uvnf;
ydkNyD;awmh axmufjyxm;Muygw,f/ rdcifbmompum; tajcjyK bmom
pum;rsKd;pHk oifMum;jcif; mother tongue-based multilingual educatgion

153
 zuf'&,fynma&;

(MTB MLE) aMumihf uav;rsm;[m 'kwd,bmompum;rSm ydkrdk xl;cRef

xufjrufMuygw,f/ uHraumif; taMumif;rvSao;wmuawmhjzihf vlrsKd;pk
uav;i,frsm;pGmtwGuf 'DtcGihfta&;[m vspfvsL&I cHxm;ae&qJygyJ/
uRefawmfh&JU tarhbmompum;eJY oif,lavhvmaecJhpOfrSm rdb
rsm;uvnf; om;&JU ynma&;rSm wufwufMuGMuGeJY yg0ifaqmif&GufMuw,f/
EkdifiHa&TUajymif; rvmciftxdaygY/ 'Dvdk rdbrsm;&JU ynma&;rSm yg0if
aqmif&GufrI[m uav;i,f&JU todÓPfeJY vlrIqufqHa&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;
twGuf tifrwefrSudk ta&;ygvSw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JU a&SUquf
ynma&;eJY ausmif;ynma&; qHk;cef;wkdifatmif aeEkdifjcif;twGufvnf;
tusKd;rsm;w,f/ a&TUajymif;vmwJh vlrsKd;pk rdbrsm;rSmawmh 'Dvdk taxmuf
tyHhawGudk ray;Ekdif&Smygbl;/
MTB-MLE tpDtpOfawG[m tdrf? ausmif;eJY yifr vlYtzGJYtpnf;
tMum;u rwlnDwJh ,Ofaus;rI tuGmta0; acsmufurÇm;udkvnf; quf
oG,f aygif;ul;ay;xm;ygw,f/ oif,lavhvmrIrSmwif wdk;wufapwm
r[kwfygbl;/ tjrifoabmxm;awG us,fjyefYvmapw,f/ onf;cHjcif; cEåD
w&m; xGef;um;apw,f/ rwluGJjym;wJh A[k ,Ofaus;rIpHkjzpfjcif; tay:rSm
tjyeftvSef av;pm;rIeJY qufqHvmEkdifw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,Ofaus;rIudk
jr§ihfwifay;EkdifpGrf;vnf; &Sdaew,f/ w&m;rQwrI &SdNyD; tm;vHk;yg0if aqmif
&GufcGihf&SdaewJh vlYtzGJYtpnf;udkvnf; wnfaxmifjcif;vdkY ajymEkdifygw,f/
tOD;tprSmawmh bmompum;pHk ynma&;[m bmompum;
wpfrsKd;wnf; ynma&;xufawmh aiGukefaMu;us rsm;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
a&&Snf tusKd;tjrwfawGuawmh rlvt&if;tESD;xufudk rsm;pGm omvGef
aew,f/ bmompum;rsKd;pHk oifMum;a&; oifaxmufulawGudkvnf;
yHhydk;ay;oihfygw,f/ bmompum;rsm; aygrsm;MuG,f0wJh wkdif;jynfrsm;rSm
bmompum;wpfrsKd;wnf; oifMum;jcif;[m a&&SnftwGuf tvm;tvm
raumif;ygbl;/ 'ghaMumihf MTB-MLE tpDtpOfawG[m a&&SnfrSm
ododomomBuD;udk tusKd;rsm;vSw,f/ twdwfumvrsm;wkef;u rdrd&JU
ukd,fykdif yifudk,f t&nftcsif;awGudk xkwfaz:jyocGihf r&SdcJhwJh vlrsKd;pk
ausmif;om; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&JU pGrf;&nfawG[m wkdif;jynftwGuf jzpfvm

154
 odef;Ekdif

r,f/ ta&SUawmiftm&S&JU bmompum;rsKd;pHkynma&; MLE rSm uRefawmf

yg0ifaqmif&GufcGihf &&SdcJhwm[m wu,fh tcGihfta&; wpfckyg/ urÇmay:rSm
bmompum;rsm; aygMuG,f0vSwJh a'oBuD; r[kwfvm;/ vGefcJhwJh q,fpkESpf
rSm jyefvnf &SifoefEkdifzdkY wufwufMuGMuG vIyf&Sm;cJhMuwmyg/ uarÇm'D;,m;eJY
zdvpfydkifEkdifiHrsm;rSm tpdk;&rsm;&JU tultnDawG ydkrdk &&SdvmcJhNyD; bmom
pum; rl0g' zGHYNzdK;atmif aqmif&GufaeMuw,f/ uav;rsm;&JU oif,la&;eJY
q&mrsm;&JU oifMum;a&;rSm Mum;cHr@dKifbmompum;[m wlnDzdkY&mtwGuf
BudK;pm;aeMuw,f/
'Dvdk atmifjrifrIrsm;[m wcsdefwcgwkef;qDu jyifyN*dK[furÇmwpfck
rSm &Sifoefxkdif&wmrsKd; cHpm;cJhMuwJh uav;rsm;[m ydkrdkBudKqdkrI&SdwJh ajr
urÇmrSm &Sifoef ouf0ifvIyf&Sm; BuD;jyif;vmaeMuNyD/ i,f&G,fwJh pmoif
om;rsm;eJY olwdkY&JU vlYtzGJYtpnf; rsm;pGmudkvnf; tusKd;rsm;pGm jzpfxGef;vdkY
aeygawmhw,f/
Ref: Mother tongue-based learning key to linguistic success
BKK post 2014

oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (azaz:0g&Dv? 2016)

155
 zuf'&,fynma&;

,Ofaus;rI A[k0g' (Cultural Pluralism) -

rwl? uGJjym;? jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rI tkyfpkrsm;pGmwdkY
jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onfh vlrI todkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGif; usifhokH;oifh
onfh pepfudk &nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ wdkif;&if;om; toD;oD;
rdrdwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh trSwftom;o½kyf (identity) udk
xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifhtwl EdkifiHawmfESifh vlrI todkif;t0dkif;wpfckvkH;
\ ,Ofaus;rI pnfyif wdk;wufap&ef yg0ifaqmif&GufMujcif;
jzpfonf/
ynma&;pG,fpkHusrf; tbd"gef

156
 odef;Ekdif

,Ofaus;rI A[k0g'
Cultural Pluralism

ed'gef;
þtcef;wGif vlY,Ofaus;rI A[k0g'ESifh ywfoufí wifjyaqG;aEG;
ygrnf/ txufygtcef;wGif ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkrsm; taMumif;udk
aqG;aEG;cJhygonf/ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; qkHqnf;Muaom tcg0,f jzpfEdkifajc
rsm;ESifh ywfoufí OD;pGm od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfonf/ ordkif;tpOfwavQmufwGif
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;ü rwlnDonfh ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrsdK;a&; tajccHrsm;udk
taMumif;jyKNyD; ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJh&mrS ,aeYumvxdwdkifatmif a'o
toD;oD;wGif awGYjrifEdkifygonf/ zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufonfh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;
wGifvnf; rwluGJjym;onfh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; o[Zmjzpfapa&;twGuf tpdk;&
tqifhqifhrS rl0g'rsm; csrSwfí pOfqufrjywf taumiftxnfaz:
aqmif½Guf&onf/ pmoifausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;a&;
oabmxm;tjrif rSefuef av;eufap&eftwGuf enf;emrsm;pGmudk csrSwf
usifhokH;Muonf/ txl;ojzifh rdrdESifh rwlbJ uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh olrsm;ESifh
qufqH&mwGif wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; tjyeftvSef em;vnfa&;ESifh av;pm;
Edkifa&;wdkYudk t"duxm;onfh vlrI qufqHa&;rsm;udk jzpfxGef;ap&eftwGuf
taoG;ta&mifpkH ,Ofaus;rI ynma&;pepfudk usifhokH;Mu&onf/
157
 zuf'&,fynma&;

twif;oGwfoGif;jcif;
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ,Ofaus;rIBuD; wpfcktwGif;odkY ,Ofaus;rIi,frsm;
tm; twif;oGwfoGif;jcif; (Cultural Asimilation) udk yifr,Ofaus;rIBuD;rsm;?
vlrsKd;BuD;rsm;rS usifhokH; vmcJhMuonfudk avhvmawGY &Sd&onf/ rwlnD?
uGJjym; jcm;em;onfh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; qkHqnf;Muaomtcg0,f ydkrdktiftm;
rsm;jym;NyD; BuD;rm;onfh ,Ofaus;rIBuD;u vTrf;rdk;jcif;jzpfpOfyifjzpfonf/
þonfrSm wpfvrf;oGm;,Ofaus;rI ul;ajymif;jcif; jzpfpOfjzpfNyD; vlrsdK;pk
i,frsm;? ,Ofaus;rIi,frsm;rS rdrdwdkY\ tpOftvm? ½dk;&m ,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk
pGefYvTwfNyD; vlrItodkif;t0dkif;twGif; t"du vTrf;rdk;vsuf&Sdonfh yifr ,Of
aus;rIBuD; wpfckxJodkY a&maESm0ifa&muf oGm;Mu&jcif;jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh
vlrsdK;pki,frsm;? ,Ofaus;rIi,frsm;rSm wpfppD aysmufuG,fí oGm;&av
onf/ þuJhodkY ,Ofaus;rIBuD;wpfck twGif;odkY twif;oGwfoGif;jcif;udk
urÇmhEdkifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &mpkESpfjzifhcsDí usifhokH;cJhMuavonf/
txl;ojzifh ,Ofaus;rIpkH EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh tar&duef? MopaMw;
vsESifh tcsdK haom Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;wGif þ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m 0g;rsdKjcif; jzpf
pOfudk ya'o&mZfordkif;ESihf rsufarSmufacwf orkdif;rsm;xJwGif txift&Sm;
avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
1948 ckESpf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; &&SdNyD;onfhaemufydkif; tpOf
tquf tmPm&tpdk;&rsm;onf vlrsdK;pki,frsm;udk vlrsdK;BuD;jzpfonfh
Armh,Ofaus;rI twGif;odkY twif; oGwfoGif;jcif;rsm;? ynma&;? bmoma&;
ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk wmqD;ydwfyifjcif;jzifh ,Ofaus;rI
i,frsm;\ &Sifoef &yfwnfcGifhudk rsm;pGm epfemxdcdkufapcJhygonf/ txl;
ojzifh wpfEdkifvkH; vlOD;a&\ okH;ykH wpfykHcefY&Sdaom ArmvlrsdK;rsm;\ pmay?
,Ofaus;rIrSm vGefpGm BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonfudk awGY&SdEdkifygonf/
vlrsdK;pk rsm;pGm &Sdaomfjim;vnf; vlOD;a&ESifh e,fajrt& rsm;pGm
ydkif;jcm; uefYowfjcif;rsm;&SdNyD; rwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrSm tus,ftjyefY ysHUESHU
vsuf&Sdonf/ zGHYNzdK;rIESifh wdk;wufrIrsm;udk jynfrESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; rvkyf
EdkifcJhjcif;? jynfwGif;ppfab;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m tpdk;&\ rl0g'qdk;
rsm;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ ,Ofaus;rIi,frsm;rSm pdk;&drfzG,f&m wdrfaum
158
 odef;Ekdif

yaysmufvkeD;yg; tajctaeqdk;ESifh &ifqfdkifae&onf/ EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;ESifh

pD;yGm;a&;t&rsm;pGm aemufus usefaecJh&onfhtwGuf ,Ofaus;rIi,frsm;rSm
Armh,Ofaus;rIESifh tdrfeD;jcif;EdkifiHrsm;&Sd ,Ofaus;rIrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rI'Pfudk
tBuD;tus,f cHaeMuonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD; ESpf 60 MumjrifhcJhNyDjzpfonfh ,aeYumvwGif
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm; &ifqdkifae&onfh EdkifiHa&; jyóemrsm;rSm vGefpGm
euf½Idif; us,fjyefYvSygonf/ ordkif;ESifhcsDNyD; wnf&SdaecJhonfh jzpfpOfrsm;\
vTrf;rdkjcif;rsm;udkvnf; &ifqdkifaeMu&onf/ 'Drdkua&pD? vlrI vGwfvyfcGifh
rsm;ESifh wfdkif;&if;om; tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf awmfvSefvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSm NzdK
cGif; cH&jcif;? tEdkiftxuf jyKusifhcH&jcif;rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifaeMuqJjzpfyg
onf/ ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;í vmaeonfh vlrIpD;yGm; tusyftwnf;rsm;? obm0
ab;'PfESifh iwfrGwf acgif;yg;jcif; ab;'PfwdkYaMumifh edrfhyg;aeMu&onfh
,Ofaus;rIi,frsm;rSm tb,fodkY &SifoefEdkifygrnfudk pOf;pm;MunfhEdkifygonf/

vlh,Ofaus;rI A[k0g' Cultural Pluralism

,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk ,Ofaus;rIBuD;wpfcktwGif; twif; oGwfoGif;
jcif;jzpf&yfESifh qefYusifpGm ay:xGufvmonfrSm vlY,Ofaus;rI A[k0g'
(Cultural pluralism) yifjzpfygonf/ vlY,Ofaus;rI A[k0g'udk t"dyÜg,f zGifh
qdk&m0,f “ ]]tjyeftvSef em;vnfrIESifh av;pm;vufcHrIwdkYjzifh ,Ofaus;rI
ESpfck (odkYr[kwf) ESpfckxuf ydkrsm;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm; n§dEdIif;í Nidrf;csrf;pGm
twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifjcif;jzpfpOf}}” [lí zGifhqdkMuonf/ ,Ofaus;rI rsm;pGm&Sd
onfh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;wGif vlrItodkif;t0dkif; wpfckvkH;\ &Sifoef&yfwnf
EdkifrIudk rxdcdkufapbJ? vdkufavsmnDaxG jzpfaprnfh tjyKtrlrsm; jzpfygu
vlrsKd;pkBuD;? vlrsKd;pki,frsm; toD;oD;\ bmompmay? ½dk;&m"avh? xkH;wrf;
tpOftvm? udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIESifh tpm;tpm ponfwdkYudk xdef;odrf;jcif;?
pnfyif wdk;wufapjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcGifhay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
rdrdwdkY\ oD;oefYjzpfwnfaeonfh ZmwdtpOftvmudk xdef;odrf;
jcif;ESifhtwl vlrItodkif;t0dkif; wpfckvkH;udkvnf; ydkrdkpdkajyaponf? yef;
aygif;pkH zl;yGifha0qmaeonfh O,smOfBuD; wpfckuJhodkY[k vufcHjcif;jzpfonf/
159
 zuf'&,fynma&;

þonfrSm zuf'&,fpepf? 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh xyfwljyKrljcif;

yifjzpfonf/ vlenf;pkwdkY\tcGifh ta&;ESifhtwl vltrsm;pkrS tkyfcsKyfjcif;
pepfudk a&mifjyef[yfjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ ESpfq,f&mpk tpydkif; ydkvefEdkifiH
rS tar&duefEdkifiHodkY EdkifiH ajymif;a&T haexdkifvmol 'Drdkua&pD tawG;tac:
ynm&Sif u,fvef (Kellen) rS vlrsKd;pki,frsm;rS ,if;wdkY\ ½dk;&m tarGtESpf
rsm;udk xdef;odrf;cGifhrSm 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;jzpfonf[k rdefYqdkcJhjcif;ESifh
pwif vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ vlY,Ofaus;rI A[k0g'rSm wnf&Sdaeonfh rwl?
uGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;tMum;wGif w&m;rQwrIESifh tjyeftvSef
av;pm;rIwdkYjzifh o½kyfaz:xm;onfh zuf'&,fvlrItodkif;t0dkif; wnf
aqmufjcif;qdkif&m pHEIef;wpfckjzpfygonf/

,Ofaus;rIrsm; qkHpnf;Muaom tcg0,f

rwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm; aygif;qkHMuonfhtcg0,f
vlY,Ofaus;rI A[k0g'udk usifhokH;oifhonfhrSm xif&Sm;vSygonf/ rwlaom
vlrsKd;toD;oD;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;ap&eftwGuf A[k0g' &Sifoef&
ygrnf/ þonfrSm 'Drdkua&pD\ tajccH tESpfom&vnf; jzpfygonf/
wpfckvkH;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh ,SOfí pOf;pm; awG;ac:wwfap&efrSm wpfck
jcif;pD\ wefzdk;rsm; jrifhwwfNyD; rdrdudk,fydkif ,Ofaus;rIrsm; wdk;wuf&Sifoef
Edkifa&;onf t"duusaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ rdrd\,Ofaus;rIrsm; &Sifoef
cGifh r&&Sdjcif;onf tjcm;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;pGmESifh o[Zmjzpfap&ef
rsm;pGm tcuftcJ &SdrnfjzpfNyD; zuf'&,fpepftwGif; rvdkvm;tyfonfh
vlrI tedXm½kHrsm;pGmudk jzpfyGm;apygonf/ odkYygí ,Ofaus;rI pHEIef;rsm;udk
xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifhtwl tjyeftvSef av;pm;a&;? todtrSwfjyKa&;wdkYudk
pOfqufrjywf BudK;pm;oifhygonf/
ausmif;ynma&;onf ,Ofaus;rI rsm;pGmwdkY pkaygif; wnf&Sdaeonfh
vlrItodkif;t0dkif; wpfckjzpfaMumif; em;vnfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ tjcm;aom
rwlnDrI rsm;pGmESifhtwl vlrsKd;a&;? bmomw&m;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;vnf;
a&m,Sufvsuf&Sdaeonf/ i,f&G,fEkysKdonfh pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;wGif rSefuef
av;eufonfh vlrsKd;a&;? bmoma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI todw&m; tygt0if

160
 odef;Ekdif

vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifU vlrsKd;BuD;rsm; qkHpnf;Muaom tcg0,f

oGwfoGif;jcif; A[k0g'
(Assimilation) (Pluralism)
vlrsKd;pki,frsm; vlrsKd;pki,frsm;
- rdrdwdkY\,Ofaus;rIudkpGefYvGwf - bmompmayESifh udk;uG,f ,kHMunf
- yifr,Ofaus;rIBuD;twGif; rI? ,Ofaus;rI? tEkynm? vlrI"avh
odrf;oGif; pnf;½kH;cH&? rsm;udkxdef;odrf;/
- umv Mumjrifhvmonfhtcg - zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf
rdrd,Ofaus;rI aysmufuG,fNyD; twGif;&Sd tjcm; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk
yifr ,Ofaus;rIESifh wpfom; vufcH? av;pm;? tcgtm;avsmfpGm
wnf; jzpfoGm;/ (wpfckwnf; vdkufemusifhokH;/ Oya'udk av;
jzpfoGm;) pm; vdkufem? EdkifiHom; tcGifht
a&; tjynfht0&&Sd/
- rdrd\ vlrsdK;pk trSwftom;
o½kyfESifhtwl jynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHawmf\ trSwftom;
o½kyfudk vufcHusifhokH;/
- rdrd vdkufem usifhokH;onfjzpfap
rusifhokH;onfjzpfap rdrdESifh rwl-
bJ uGJjym; jcm;em;aom olrsm;\
,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk av;pm;jcif;&Sd/
zdESdyfjcif;
(Suppression)
vlrsKd;pki,frsm;
- yifr,Ofaus;rIBuD;rS (ausmif;?
bmoma&;? tvkyftudkif?
ae&m) ponfwdkYudk oD;oefY
z,f&Sm;? z,fxkwf/
- oD;oefYrdrdwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIudk
vQKdU0SufpGm xdef;odrf;&? yifr ESifh
rdrd\ ,Ofaus;rI 2 ckudk
aygif;pyfusifhokH;?/
- &Sifoef&yfwnfEdkif&ef
,Ofaus;rI 2 rsdK; todjzifh
usifhokH; &yfwnfMu&onf/
- zdESdyftkyfcsKyfjcif; cHMu&onf/

yifr,Ofaus;rIBuD; yifr,Ofaus;rIBuD; yifr,Ofaus;rIBuD;

- yif&if; Zmwd,Ofaus;rIESifh
trSwftom;o½kyfwdkYudk pGefY
vTwfNyD;rSom vlrsdK;pki,fwdkYudk
vufcH/
- tjcm;,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk vufrcH?
edrfhusonf[k ,lq? trsdK;om;
pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;udk xdcdkuf
onf? jynfaxmifpk NydKuGJEdkif
onf[k ,kHMunfcdkif;/
-􀂃 wdkif;&if;om;½dk;&m? ,Ofaus;rI
rsm;? pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;udk
zdESdyf csKyfcs,fjcif;&Sd/
- vlrsdK;pk rsm;jym;pGm wnf&SdaerI
udk wefzdk;xm;? av;pm;?
vufcH/
􀂃- rdrdwdkY\ vlrsdK;pkwdkY ½dk;&m
tpOftvmrsm;udk vufcH
usifhokH;&ef? xdrf;odrf;&ef
tm;ay; ulnD/
- wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ tcsKdUaom
½dk;&mudk vufcH usifhokH;rI
&SdEdkifonf/ (odkY) r&SdEdkifyg/
- wef;wla&;? w&m;rQwa&;ESifh
Nidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYtwGuf
tpOfojzihf BudK;pm;onf/
- wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;udk
edrfhusolrsm;tjzpf ½Ijrif?
􀂃- EdkifiHawmf\ tpdk;&? owif;
rD'D,m? ausmif;? bmoma&;?
pD;yGm;a&; tm;vkH;udk xdef;csKyf
- rdrdvlrsdK;BuD;om jrifhjrwfonf
[kcH,lNyD; rdrdwpfrsdK;om;wnf;
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufom rl0g'
rsm; csrSwf?
􀂃- wdkif;&if;om;½dk;&m? ,Ofaus;rI
rsm;? pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;udk
zdESdyf csKyfcs,fjcif;&Sd/

161
 zuf'&,fynma&;

,Ofaus;rIrsm; qHkpnf;Muaom tcg0,f jzpfEkdifacsrsm;

Cultural Cultural Cultural

Assimilation Pluralism Suppression
twif;oGwfoGif;jcif; ,Ofaus;rI A[k0g' zdESdyfjcif;

rwljcif;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif; (arwåmpdwf) wdkYudk avhusifh oifMum;ay;&ef

vdktyfonf/ odkYrSomvQif arQmfrSef;xm;&Sdaom zuf'&,fpepfudk ysKd;axmif
&ma&mufrnfjzpfNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,Ofaus;rIvnf; &Sifoef xGef;um; Ekdifyg
rnf/

pmoifom; A[dkjyK pmoifMum;jcif; ynma&; pdwåaA' oabmw&m;/

Learner-centered Psychological Principle
rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;ESifh pmoif,l avhvmrI
(Learning and Diversity)

ausmif;wGif pmoif,lavhvmrIESifh ywf0ef;usif&Sd ,Ofaus;rIrsm;

tMum;wGif av;eufaom qufpyf,SufET,frIrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef qufpyf
aerIrsm;&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh ,Ofaus;rIESifh bmompum; rwlnDonfh
vlrsdK;pkrsm; rsm;jym;pGm wnf&Sdaeaom jrefrmhvlrI todkif;t0ef;rsm;wGif
þtcsufrSm ydkrdk ½IyfaxG;aeaom tajctaersm;jzifh &ifqdkifMu&onf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; (tenf;qkH; 40 &mcdkifEIef;) rSm
162
 odef;Ekdif

tdrfwGif Armpum; rajymMuyg/ þausmif;om; trsm;pkBuD;rSm Armh

,Ofaus;rIESifh rwlaom? jcm;em;aewwfaom tajctaersm;wGif arG;zGm;
&SifoefvmcJhMu&onf/ rdrd tdrfwGif;ESifh vlrIywf0ef;usif "avh xkH;pHrsm;rSm
rdbrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rI ordkif;aemufcHESifh rlvZmwd t&if;tjrpfudk a&mif
jyef[yfaom tajctaersm;jzpfonf/ tusdK;quftaejzifh ausmif;om;
rsm;pGmwdkYrSm ausmif; rae&ao;rD umvrsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rI pHEIef;rsm;? rwl
uGJjym; jcm;em;aom tdrfESihf &yf&Gmywf0ef;usif tajctaewdkYwGif BuD;jyif;cJh
Mu&onf/ þwGif zuf'&,fpepfwGif;&Sd ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;\ wm0ef
ESifh tcef;u@rsm; ydkrdk rsm;jym; vmawmhonf/

pmoif,lavhvmjcif;ESifh rwlnDuGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ vdifydkif;qdkif&m (usm;-r
obm0)? bmompum;? ,Ofaus;rI? pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;?
pGrf;&nfrsm;ESifh vlrIa&; aemufcH tajctae tp&Sdaom
rwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSomvQiff
pmoif,l avhvm&mwGif txda&mufqkH; jzpfonf/

þzuf'&,f ynma&; oabmw&m;onf pmoif,lavhvmrI?

pdwftm;xufoef wuf<uaprIESifh xda&mufaom oifMum;ydkYcsrI ponf wdkY
wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; tm;vkH;wdkYtwGuf oufqdkifrI&Sdonf/ odkY&m
wGif bmompum;? vlrsKd;pk? vlrsKd;BuD;? ,kHMunfudk;uG,frIESifh vlrI pD;yGm;a&;
tqifhtwef; tajctaewdkYonf pmoif,l avhvm&mwGif xda&mufrI
&Sdjcif;- r&Sdjcif;ESifh qufEG,f vTrf;rdk;rI&Sdonf/ q&m? q&mrwdkYtaejzifh pm
oifMum;&ef jyifqif&mwGif txufyg tcsuftvufwdkYudk *½kwpdkuf avh
vmí xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;xm;vQif ydkrdkoifhawmf udkufnDaom pmoif,l
avhvmrI ywf0ef;usifaumif; (pmoifcef;) udk zefwD; wnfaqmufEdkifrnf/
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ pGrf;&nftrsKd;rsKd;? jzwfoef;rI
aemufcH? ,Ofaus;rIESifh b0tawGYtBuHKrsm; rwlnD uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;udk
163
 zuf'&,fynma&;

q&m? q&mrrsm;rS pmoif,lavhvmjcif;ESifh bmom&yf taMumif;t&m

rsm;wGif xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;? wefzdk;xm;jcif;ESifh oifhawmfovdk ae&mcs
tokH;jyK jcif;rsm;udk ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;u cHpm;? awGYjrifod&Sdygu
olwdkY\ pdwftm;xufoefrIESifh atmifjrifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;wufrsm;jym;
vmapygonf/

zuf'&,fynma&;ESihf q&m? q&mrrsm; t&nftaoG;

q&m? q&mrrsm;rS ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ rwlnD
uGJjym; jcm;em;rIrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;NyD; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;
tm;vkH;wGif pmoif,l avhvm&ef tcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;&nf
&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfvufcHonf/

q&m? q&mrtaejzihf rdrd\ A[k,Ofaus;rI t&nftaoG;udk

(rdrdukd,fwkdif) ppfaq;&ef - Teachers' Multicultural Quality
zuf'&,f'Drdkua&pDpepftwGif;&Sd ausmif; q&m? q&mrrsm; taejzifh -
• ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ vdifydkif;qdkif&m (usm;?r obm0)
jcm;em;rI? bmompum;? cHpm;rIrsm;? pGrf;&nftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI
aemufcHwdkYudk wefzdk;xm;NyD;? oifcef;pmrsm;wGif oifhawmfovdk xnfh
oGif; tokH;jyKonf/
• ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjcm;aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;
\ rwl uGJjym; jcm;em;aom? ,Ofaus;rI ordkif;aemufcHrsm;udk av;pm;
wefzdk;xm;&ef tm;ay;onf/
• ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; wpfOD;csif;pD\ aemufcHordkif;rsm;udk *½kpdkuf
NyD; rxdcdkufapaom oifMum;rI tpDtpOfrsm; zefwD; a&;qGJonf/
• rdrd\udk,fydkif ,Ofaus;rI? ausmif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESifh ausmif; vkyf
ief;pOfrsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m ,kHMunfcsufrsm;ESifh wzufapmif;
eif; bufvdkufrIrsm;udk avhvm od&Sdem;vnfxm;onf/
• ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lavhvmrIwGif wpfykHpH? wpfrsKd;
wpfpm;wnf; owfrSwfjcif;rsm; tygt0if rvdk rkef;wD;rIrsm;ESifh
164
 odef;Ekdif

wpfzufapmif;eif; bufvdkufrIrsm;jzifh uefYowfxm;rIrsm; r&Sdap&ef

BudK;pm; tm;xkwfonf/
• ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tay:wGif wef;wlnDrßSaom? az;r
ulnDaom? cGJjcm;qufqHrI r&Sdaom qufqHa&;udk xm;&Sdonf/
oHvGifwkdif;rf*sme,f (atmufwkdbm? 2015)

165
 zuf'&,fynma&;

166
 odef;Ekdif

A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;
,cktywfwGif jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyfaeonhf jrefrmh
ynma&;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;? wkdif;&if;om; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf
t&yfzuf tzGJYtpnf;rsm; tygt0if ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI EkdifiHvHk;
qkdif&m uGef,uf (NNER) wdkYu awmif;qdkxm;onfh ynma&;wGif A[dk
OD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsa&; (Decentralization) ESihf ywfoufNyD; EkdifiHwum
ynma&;pepfrsm;wGif usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonhf pHrsm;ESifh vkyfenf;rsm;udk wifjy
aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ 'Drkdua&pDESihf zuf'&,fynma&;pepftwGuf tc&m
usonhf 'Dqefx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfrSm jrefrmhynma&; wkd;wuf&ef
vrf;p[k ,lqonf/

enf;vrf; oHk;rsKd;
ynma&;pepfudk pDrHcefYcGJtkyfcsKyfonfh tpdk;&,Eå&m;pepfudk A[dk
csKyfudkifaompepf centralised ESihf A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsaompepf decen-
tralised [lí tuJjzwf oHk;oyfavh&Sdonf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;ESihf
ywfoufírl yHkpHwpfrsKd;wnf; r&Sdyg/ A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif; de-

167
 zuf'&,fynma&;

centralisation udk A[dk zuf'&,ftpdk;&rSaeí vlxkESihf ydkrdk eD;pyfaom

jynfe,f? c½dkifESihf a'oEÅ&? ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;odkY tcGihftmPmESihf
wm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;tyfjcif;[k a,bk,stm;jzihf qdkEkdifyg
onf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsonfh tqifht& a'oEÅ&tqihf? c½dkiftqihf
tpdk;& (odkYwnf;r[kwf) ausmif;tqihftxd jzpfEkdifygonf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI
avsmhcsjcif;wGif tqihf oHk;qihfjzihf wnfaqmufEkdifonf/ Delegation
wm0efrsm;udk udk,fpm;vS,f vTJajymif;jcif;? Deconcentration tcGihftmPm
tcsKdUudk vTJajymif;ay;jcif;ESihf devolution jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ&tqihfodkY
tmPm vTJajymif;jcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
Delegation wGif A[dktpdk;&rS owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom tvkyf
wm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;udk udk,fpm; vTJajymif; vkyfudkifapjcif;jzpfonf/ tcGihf
tmPm vTJajymif;jcif;awmh r[kwfyg/ A[kdu qHk;jzwfxm;onhftwkdif;yif
a'otvdkuf taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&GufMu&jcif;jzpfonf/ om"u
taejzihf ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeonf trsKd;om;pmppfbkwftzGJYodkY tpdk;&ppf
pmar;yGJrsm;tm;vHk;udk jyifqifjcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESihf pmppfjcif; vkyfief;&yf
rsm;udk vkyfudkif&eftwGuf tcGihftmPmtcsKdU ay;tyfonfh yHkpHrsKd;jzpfonf/
Deconcentration wGifrl atmufajctqihfrsm;odkY tcGihftmPm
ESihf wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;jcif;jzifh ydkrdkNyD; 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;
usonf[lí xifjrifzG,f&mjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifonfh pepf
udkomvQif ydkrdk odom us,fjyefYapygonf/ jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ&tqihf
tpdk;&rsm;u A[dkzuf'&,ftpdk;&\ udk,fpm;omvQif wm0ef,laqmif&Guf
Mu&onf/ A[dku jyXmef; owfrSwfxm;onfh trdefYtmPmrsm;udk wm0ef
cH aqmif&Gufonf/ jynfe,fESihf a'otpdk;&rsm;wGifrl qHk;jzwfydkifcGihfESihf
rl0g' csrSwfydkifcGihf r&Sdyg/ om"utaejzihf A[kdynma&;Xmeu a'oqkdif&m
ynma&;&Hk;rsm;udk zefwD;NyD; A[kd\ vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk ukd,fpm;jyK
aqmif&Gufapjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tcGihftmPmESihf rl0g'rsm;udkrl
A[dktpdk;&u cs,fvS,fcsKyfudkifonf/
Devolution wGif tcGihftmPmESihf wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; tm;vHk;udk
A[dkrSaeí jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;tm; vHk;0 vTJajymif;ay;tyf

168
 odef;Ekdif

jcif;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHwumtawGYtBuHKrsm;t& devolution tcGihftmPmudk

cGJa0 vTJajymif;ay;jcif;udk jyXmef;usihfoHk;vsuf &Sdonfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif
ynma&; bwf*sufESihf 0efxrf; cefYtyfjcif;wdkYuJhodkY ta&;BuD;aom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jynfe,fESihf a'oEÅ&tpdk;rsm;? ausmif;rsm;odkY vTJtyf
xm;onf/ a'oESihf ausmif;rsm;taejzihf ydkrdkNyD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcGihfrsm; &&SdMuNyD; vkyfwwfukdifwwf jzpfvmMuonf/
tusKd;quf taejzihfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lrI &v'faumif;rsm;
&&SdvmMuonfudk avhvm awGY&Sd&onf/

A[dkOD;csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;

tm&S-ypdzdwfa'owGif;&Sd ynma&;pepfrsm;wGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrI

avQmhcsonfh tqihfrsm;rSm rwl uGJjym;Muygonf/ A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIudk
avQmhcsjcif;jzihf ynma&;pepfudk pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfhjynfh00ESihf xda&mufpGm
pDrHcefYcGJEkdifaMumif; ½IjrifoHk;oyfMuygonf/ vlOD;a& xlxyfvSaom w½kwf?
tdE´d,? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESihf zdvpfydkifEkdifiHrsm;wGif ynma&; A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIudk
ydkrdk avQmhcsxm;&aMumif; avhvmawGY&Sd&onf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;u 2001 ckESpf
wGif r[maygufuGJrI bigbang enf;AsL[mudk vdkufemusihfoHk;cJhonf/ tpdk;&
,EÅ&m;rsm;udk xdkESpfwmtwGif; a'oEÅ&tqihfrsm;odkY ay;tyf
vTJajymif;jcif;[k qdkEkdifonf/ AD,uferfEkdifiHurl A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avsmhcsrIudk
wqihfjcif;? wjznf;jznf;jcif; enf;vrf;jzihf vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ uarÇm
'D;,m;ESihf jrefrmEkdifiHrsm;wGif tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;xuf aemufuspGm ynma&;
rl0g'a&;&mudk ajymif;vJEkdif&ef pwif aqG;aEG;aeqJjzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrIudk yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzihf usihfoHk;&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sdonf/ a'o
tqihf &Hk;cGJrsm; wnfaxmifjcif;? ausmif;tqihfESihf NrdKUe,ftqihfrsm;u
ausmif;&efyHkaiGESihf ausmif;om;pwkdifyifrsm;udk udk,fwkdif pDrHcefYcGJjcif;wdkYudk
prf;oyfvsuf&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ESihf t&yfzuf tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;u A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifrIudk ,ckxuf tqrsm;pGm avQmhcsEkdifa&;
twGuf wkdufyGJ0if awmif;qdkae&qJyif/
169
 zuf'&,fynma&;

tjcm;wkdif;EkdifiHrsm;wGif decentralization A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIudk

avQmhcsjcif; enf;vrf;tm; usihfoHk;aeyHkrsm;wGif oifcef;pm,lp&mrsm; &Sdae
ygonf/ 0efxrf;rsm;udk ya&mfzuf&Sife,ftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;? tcGihf
tmPm wnfaqmufyHkESihf wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;? wm0efcHrIpepf? pGrf;aqmif
&nfzGHYNzdK;rIenf;vrf;rsm;udk avhvmohifonf/ MopaMw;vsm;? e,l;ZDvefESihf
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHrsm;u ausmif;tqihf (ausmif;aumfrDwDujzpfap) 0efxrf;
cefYtyfjcif;onf q&mh tvkyftudkif pGrf;aqmif&nf ya&mufzuf&Sife,fudk
jrihfrm;aponf[k axmufjyMuonf/
e,l;ZDvefEkdifiHwGif ausmif;bkwf tzGJYrsm;ESihf ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm;
tm; ausmif;vkyfief;aqmifwm t&yf&yf tvHk;pHkudk wm0ef,ljcif;? wm0ef
cHjcif;udk vHk;0 ay;tyfxm;onf/ ynma&; Oya'ESihf rlt& tcGihftmPm
tyfESif;xm;onf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHwGifrl b@maiGaMu;pDrHjcif;? pDrHudef;
a&;qGJjcif;ESihf wm0efcHrIwdkYwGif ynma&; Oya'twGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;jcif; r&SdaomaMumihf tif'dkeD;&Sm;\ ynma&; jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI vkyfief;pOfudk rsm;pGm aESmihfaES;apNyD; vrf;vGJapvsufvnf;
&Sdonf/
*kPfodu©mt& jrihfrm;aom vGwfvyfonfh ausmif;t&nftaoG;
tmrcHtzGJYtBuD; (e,l;ZDvef) independent statuory quality assurance
body (New Zealand), ausmif;ewf0ghuf bkwf tzGJYrsm; (armfvwm) school
network boards (Malta), ausmif;tvkduf bkwf tzGJYrsm; (eDum&m*GgESihf
t,fqmaA;'dk;) wdkY\ tawGYtBuHKrsm;t& xda&muf rI&Sdaom wm0efcHrI
pepf effective accountability system rSm A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifrIudkavsmhcs&mwGif
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfcsuf wpfckjzpfaMumif; axmufjyxm;onf/ aemufqHk;Oyrm
wpfcktaejzihf tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf tbl'gbDNrdKUwGif
ausmif;tajcjyK pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpHudk vufvTJ rvkyfaqmifrD vHkavmufaom
pGrf;aqmif&nf &Sd-r&Sdudk ausmif;rsm;tm; ppfaq; tuJjzwfrIjzihf pwif
cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/

170
 odef;Ekdif

apmifUMunfU taumiftxnfaz:jcif;enf;vrf;
ynma&;u@ jyKjyifajymif;vJrI\ wpfpdwfwpfykdif; taejzihf
'Dpefx&,fvdkufaZ;jcif; (Decentralization of education) - ynma&;pepfudk
A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;udk wkdif;jynf\ aemufcHtajctaersm;ESihf
vdkufavsm nDaxG udkufnDpGm vkyfaqmifygu ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ydkrdk
NyD; t&nftaoG; jynhfrDaomynma&; &v'faumif;rsm; &&SdapEkdifygonf/
enf;rSef vrf;rSefjzihf t"du OD;wnfcsufrsm;xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/
'Dpefx&,f vdkufaZ;&Sif; jyKvkyfoihfaom e,fy,frsm;rSm (1) ynma&;
w&m;rQwrI (ensuring equity) udk tmrcHjcif;? (2) wm0efcHrIudk ysKd;axmif
wnfaqmufjcif; (building accountability)? ESihf (3) ynma&;pepftwGif;&Sd
a'ocHtzGJYrsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfudk jr§ihfwifay;jcif; (local capacity) wdkYyif
jzpfonf/
tpdk;&\ taxmuftulESihf enf;Oya'qkdif&m tumtuG,f?
twkdif;twmrsm;udk r&&SdbJESihfawmh 'Dpefx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;rSm ynma&;
pepfukd jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif aumif;usKd;xuf qdk;usKd;om jzpfapEkdifyg
vdrfhrnf/ b@maiGaMu; taMumif;jycsufESihf pGrf;aqmif&nf uHkvHk
jynfh0apjcif;wdkYtwGufxuf vlxkynma&; wkd;wufjrihfrm;ap&eftwGufudk
t"du xm;NyD; OD;wnf vkyfaqmifoihfygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&taejzihf
'Dqefx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;twGuf vkyfief;pOfqkdif&m enf;Oya'xm;&Sd&rnf/

wkdif;jynf\ aemufcHtajctae? jynfe,fESihf a'oqkdif&m jzpf

wnfrIrsm; tay:wGif rlwnfNyD;omvQif oifhavsmfaom 'Dpefx&,f
vdkufaZ;&Sif;yHkpHudk wnfaqmufoihfygonf/ Decentralization zGJYpnf;yHk
&Sif;vif;rI&Sdjcif;? ynma&; tmPmykdifrI? wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ESihf wm0efcHrI
rsm; vrf;aMumif;? qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfydkifcGihfESihf a'ocHtmPmydkifrsm;\
tcef;u@ ponfwdkYudk yHkpHwus wnfaqmuf&ef vdktyfonf/ A[dkOD;pD;
csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ taumiftxnfaz:&mwGif
ynma&; 0efBuD;Xmetaejzihf A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;rl0g' decen-
tralization policy ESihf taumiftxnfaz:aqmifjcif; tpDtpOfvrf;nTef

171
 zuf'&,fynma&;

implementation plan wdkYudk jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom tcsdefjy rsOf;Z,m;ESihftwl

xm;&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf/ rl0g'ESihf taumiftxnfaz:jcif;vrf;nTefvdktyf
onf/
vkyfykdifcGihfudk atmufajctqihfrsm;txd wdwdusus cGJa0ay;jcif;
(subsidiarity) rSm A[dkOD;pD; csKyfudkifrIudk avQmhcs&mwGif y"geusvSonf/ qdk
vdkonfrSm tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;? pDrHcefYcGJrIqkdif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf
jcif;wdkYudk toihfawmfqHk; atmufajctqihf tpktzGJYi,fwdkYudk EkdifiHa&;t&
tmrcHcsufESihftwl vkyfykdifcGihf ay;tyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ A[kdtmPmykdifrsm;
xuf a'otqihf? atmufajctqihfwdkYudk EkdifiHa&;t& qHk;jzwfydkifcGihf tyf
ESif; xm;&Sdjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ atmufajctqihfrsm;? a'ocHtqihfrsm;
zufrSvnf; ydkifykdifEkdifEkdifjzihf vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;? taumiftxnfaz:EkdifpGrf;
&Sd&efrSm vdktyfjyefygonf/ ausmif;ESihf ausmif;ewf0ghuftzGJYrsm;rSwqihf
&yf&Gm vlrI tzGJYtpnf;\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uvnf; yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifcGihfudk
vrf;zGihf xm;&Sday;oihfygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH ynma&; 'Dpefx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;twGuf pOf;pm;p&mrsm;

twnfjyKvkdufNyDjzpfaom trsKd;om;ynma&; Oya'wGif av;yGihf
qkdif oabm wlnDrIrsm;udk vspfvsL&Ixm;aMumif; vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
wpfOD;jzpfol NNER tzGJYrS a'gufwmndKndKoif;u ajymMum;cJhonf/
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS a&G;cs,fxm;&Sdaom ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm
ynma&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGihf r&Sdjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/
'kwd,tcsuftaejzihf wif;usyfvSaom A[dkOd;pD;csKyfudkifrIpepfudk olru
&nfnTef;ajymqdkcJhonf/ wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm; oifMum;a&;udk
a'otvdkuf? ausmif;tvkduf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yg0ifaqmif&GufcGihfvnf;
r&&Sdao;yg/ tqdk;qHk;rSm trsKd;om;ynma&;rl0g' aumfrpf&Sifqdkaom tzGJY
udk zGJYpnf;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfaMumif;vnf; axmufjyxm;onf/ ,if;
aumfrpf&Sifudk vkyfydkifcGihf rsm;pGm tyfESif;xm;jcif;rSmvnf; pdk;&drfzG,f&m[k
olru &IjrifoHk;oyfygonf/ þtcsufrSm ynma&;udk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI
avQmhcsa&; decentralization twGuf vrf;aMumif;twGuf tBuD;tus,f

172
 odef;Ekdif

vGJacsmfoGm;jcif;[k ,lqEkdif onf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJaeaom jrefrmhynma&;udk

zuf'&,fynma&;pepf &IaxmihfrSaeí ar;cGef;xkwfzG,fjzpfonf/

ynma&;0da&m"drsm;
trsdK;om; ynma&; Oya'udk jyifqif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;
oydwfonf 2014 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm 14 &ufu pwifum &efukefNrdKUwGif
pwif wdkufyGJ0if cJhMuonf/
wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;vdkvm;onfh ynma&;Oya'rsdK; r[kwf
ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf t&yfzuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;u nd§EdIif; jyifqifay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ r&awmh aemufawmh oydwfarSmufonf/ 2014 ckESpf
Edk0ifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif jy|mef;vdkufonfh trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'udk
jyifqifa&;twGuf nd§EIdif;yg&ef tpdk;&udk &ufaygif; 60 tcsdefay;onf/
or®wOD;odef;pdeftpdk;&onf wkwfwkwfrS rvIyfcJhojzifh 2015 ckESpf
Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHvkH;csD ausmif;om;oydwf ppfaMumif;udk
rEÅav;rS &efukefodkY vrf;avQmufcsDwufjcif;jzifh pwifvdkufonf/
2015 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufwGif or®w½kH;0efBuD;
OD;atmifrif;ESifh oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; aqG;aEG;MuNyD;
trsdK;om;ynma&; Oya'udk tpdk;&? vTwfawmf? ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&muGef&uf (NNER) ESifh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;vIyf&Sm;rI OD;aqmif
aumfrwDwdkY azazmf 0g&Dv 1 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü awGUqkHaqG;aEG;Mu&ef
oabmwlcJhMuonf/ av;yGifhqdkifrsm; aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tavsmYtwif;ESifh
oGm;&if; aemufqkH;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkvdkvm;csufudk tpdk;&
onf vdkufavsmcJhonf/ tpdk;&u wpfckom ta&;qdkonf/ ausmif;om;
ppfaMumif;rsm; &efukefudk r0ifESifh/ ausmif;om;rsm;um; tpdk;&udk r,kHMunf
ykH&onf/ xdkYaMumifh oydwfppfaMumi;frsm;u xkHYydkif; xkHYydkif;ESifh qufvuf
csDwufNyD;rS trsdK;om; ynma&; Oya'jyifqifonfh Oya'rlMurf; xGufNyD;csdef
wGif oydwfudk azazmf0g&Dv 28 &uftxd &yfxm;rnf[k qdkcJhonf/
trSefwu,fwrf;rSmrl av;yGihfqkdif oabmwlnDrI\ t"du
wpfcsufrSm A[dkcsKyfudkifrIrsm; yg0ifaeNyD; vGyfvyfpGm tzGJYtpnf; zGJYcGifhudk
173
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ydwf yifxm;onf[k ausmif;om;rsm;u ,lqonfh trsdK;om;ynma&;

Oya'udk jyifqif&ef tpdk;&? vTwfawmf? ynma&;pepf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
EdkifiHvkH; qdkif&muGef,uf (NNER)? ausmif;om;rsm; av;yGifhqdkifawGUNyD;
ñSdEIdif; tajz&Sm&ef awmif;qdkxm;cJhjcif;rQom/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;oydwf
ppfaMumif;rsm;rSm vufyHwef;NrdKUwGif tMurf;zuf NzdKcGif; cHvdkufMu&onf/
'Drdkua&pD ynma&;udk wnfaqmufa&;wGif twm;tqD; jzpfae
onfh 2008 zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'udk jyifqif&ef ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
ausmif;om; or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (Auo) wGif wm0ef&SdaMumif; Auo (79)
ESpfjynfhESifh vufyHwef;oydwf tMurf;zufNzdKcGif;cH&onfh ESpfvjynfh
tcrf;tem; (arv 10 &uf? 2015) wGif AuoOuú| udkausmfudkudku
xyfrH ajymMum;cJhonf/
av;yGifhqdkif awGUqkHrIjzifh tajz&SmaeMuonfh tcsdefwGif
tmPmydkifrsm;u ausmif;om;oydwfudk tMurf;zuf NzdKcGif;NyD; ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;onf av;yGifhqdkif oabmwlnDrIrsm;udk csKd;azmuf
vdkufjcif;jzpfNyD; or®w OD;odef;pdef tpdk;&taejzifh ajymif;vJrI r&Sdao;
aMumif;udk jyovdkuf&mvnf; a&mufonf[k 88 rsKd;qufrS OD;rif;udkEdkifu
a0zefajymMum;cJhonf/
tvGefyif wif;usyfvSaom A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIpepfudk jrefrmh
ynma&;u q,fpkESpf 5 ckausmf usifhokH;cJhojzifh usqif;cJh&NyDjzpfaom
ynma&;t&nftaoG;? q&mht&nftaoG;rsm;udk uG,fvGefolynm&Sif
q&mrBuD; a'gufwmjrifhjrifhcifrS þodkY okH;oyfcJhonf/ ]]q&mqdkwm
taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufawG? udef;awG? *Pef;awGudk aphaphpkHpkH ½Gwf
tHjyNyD; ausmif;om;awGqDudk (transmit) ydkYay;aeol r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dvdk
tajctae 'DvdktqifhrSm &yfwefYoGm;aewm[m tck ynma&;pepf&JU
r[mtrSm;BuD;yJ/ ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk ÓPfxdkif;? ÓPfwkH;apwJh
ab;qdk;vdkY uRefru jrifygw,f}} [lí jyif;jyif;xefxef a0befcsufrSm
jynfe,ftqifh? a'otqifh? ausmif;tqifh ynma&;MoZm? tcGifhtmPm
qkH;½IH;aerI\ &v'fyifjzpfonf/

174
 odef;Ekdif

NNER uGef,uftzGJUrS OD;aqmifvIyf&Sm;olwpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwm

odef;vGifu ol\ynma&;pmwrf;xJwGif decentralization ESifh ywfoufNyD;
q&mrsm;\ udk,fwdkif yg0ifaqmif½GufcGifhESifh? vGwfvyfcGifhydkrdk&&Sd&ef
ta&;BuD;aMumif; wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;onf/ ]]A[dkcsKyfudkifrIudk ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm usifhokH;cJhojzifh q&mrsm;\ udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcGifhESifh wDxGifcGifhrsm;
qkH;½IH;cJh &onf/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif q&mrsm;\ udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh? qkH;jzwfcGifhESifh wDxGifcGifhrsm;udk ay;&ygrnf/ ynma&;XmerS
q&mrsm;\ t&nftaoG; jrifhrm;ap&ef aqmif½Gufay;oifhaMumif;}} wdkYudk
olu axmufjycJhonf/ þonfrSm decentralization udk trsdK;om;tqifh
rl0g'rsm;rSonf pmoifcef;rsm;tqifhtxd usifhokH;&efwdkufwGef;csufvnf;
jzpfonf/
atmufjrefrmjynf wuúodkvfq&mrsm;or*¾ UTA twGif;a&;rSL;
q&mOD;oef;xdkufatmifu trSeftwdkif; ajym&J? a&;&JzdkYtwGuf A[dkcsKyfudkif
rIykHpHrsdK; vkH;0 r&SdoifhaMumif;udk DVB tifwmAsL;wGif ajymMum;cJhonf/
]]tpdk;&&JU rsufESmudk Munfhp&mrvdkbJeJY tpdk;& rSm;&if rSm;w,f/ tpdk;&
rSefw,f qdk&ifvnf; rSefwJhtavsmuf? rSm;vdkY&Sd&ifvnf; 'gu rSm;aeNyDqdkwm
ynm&Sif ½Iaxmifhuae awGU&SdcsufawG? okawoe tcsufawGt& 'D
vrf;aMumif;udk cifAsm;wdkY a&G;cs,foifhw,f/ 'Dvrf;aMumif; oGm;umrS
atmifjrifvdrfhr,fvdkY pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifuvnf; pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sif
tavsmuf? ordkif;ynm&Sifuvnf; ordkif;ynm&Siftavsmuf? xdk
enf;vnf;aumif; tjcm;aom ynm&SifawGuvnf; 0dkif;0ef;NyD; wnfhrwf
wJh vrf;aMumif;wckudk a&mufatmif ajymqdkNyD;awmhrS rSefuefwJh
vrf;ay:udk a&mufatmif wifay;&rSmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvdk wifay;&r,fh
vlawG&JU txufrSmawmh tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&udk r&Sdapcsifbl;/ tJ'Dawmh
EdkifiHa&;twGuf vdktyfw,fqdk&if ajym&J qdk&JwJhol jzpfEdkif&r,f/
ajym&Jqdk&JzdkYudk olUtxufrSm A[dk csKyfudkifrIqdkwm r&Sdoifhbl;vdkY xifwJh
twGuf usaemfwdkYuawmh A[dkcsKyfudkifrIudk tm;ray;bl;/}} txl;ojzifh
ynm&SifvGwfvyfcGifhudk &&SdEdkif&efrSm 'Dqefx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk usifhokH;rS
jzpfEdkifaMumif;udk UTA twGif;a&;rSL;u qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/

175
 zuf'&,fynma&;

vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; taejzifh ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh\ rl

pHEIef;rsm;ESihf oabmw&m;rsm;udk oabmraygufbJtpdk;&\ A[dkOD;pD;
pepfudk taumiftxnfazmfaeonf[k NNER tzGJU0ifrsm;u a0zef
ajymMum;cJhonf/
{NyD 7 &ufwGif trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'udk jyifqifonfh
Oya'Murf;udk jynfolUvTwfawmfrS wpfydk'fcsif;pDtvdkuf aqG;aEG;jyifqif
twnfjyK cJhNyD;aemuf trsdK;om;vTwfawmfESifh jynfolUvTwfawmfwdkYrS
jyifqifxm;onfh Oya'Murf;onf ,cifumvrsm;uJhodkYyif A[dkrS csKyfudkif
onfh pepfudk taumiftxnfazmf xm;aMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;
awmif;qdkxm;onfh tcsufrsm;ESifhvnf; uGJvGJrIrsm; &SdaeaMumif; ,if;
tzGJYrsm;u a0zef okH;oyfvsufvnf; &SdaeqJjzpfonf/

c&D;&Snf vrf;avQmufjcif;rSm 'Dqefx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; ed'gef; -

zuf'&,fynma&; tOD;tp
av;yGihfqkdif awGYqHkrIESihf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm jrefrmhynma&;udk
'Dqefx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;jyKrItwGuf tOD;tpyif jzpfcJhygvdrhfrnf/ odkYaomf
tmrcHcsufjynfhjynhf00 r&&SdcJhjcif;rSm 0rf;enf;zG,f&mjzpfonf/ ydkrdk qdk;&Gm;
vSonfrSm ynma&;vGwfvyfcGihfESihf A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrI avsmhcsa&;wdkYtwGuf
Nidrf;csrf;pGm qE´jyawmif;qdkvsuf&Sdonfh ausmif;om;oydwf ppfaMumif;rsm;
udk tiftm;oHk; tMurf;zuf NzdKcGJrIESihftwl ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;
axmifcsvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/
(vHk;0) rvdkvm;tyfaom ynma&;ordkif; trnf;pufESihftwl
'Drdkua&pDynma&;ESihf zuf'&,fynma&;pepfwdkY wnfaqmufrIrSm pvHk;a&
yif rpEkdifcifrSm aemufaMumif; jyefvSnfhoGm;ovdkrsKd; jzpfcJhNyD/ odkYaomf
ausmif;om;rsm;\ c&D;&Snf csDwufrIESihf wkdufyGJ0if awmif;qdkrIwdkYrSm
tcsnf;ESD;awmh rjzpfoihfyg/ rsKd;qufrsm;twGuf a&S;&I&rnfh ynma&;rl
wpfpHkwpf&mudkawmhvnf; vTwfawmfjyify vIyf&Sm;rItaejzihf csrSwfEkdifjcif;
yif/ rnfonfhtpdk;&yif tmPm&vmonfjzpfap orkdif;0if 2015
ausmif;om; ppfaMumif;rsm;u rdkif&mcsD vrf;avQmuf awmif;qdkcJhonfh
176
 odef;Ekdif

'Drkdua&pDynma&; aMuG;aMumfoHrSm wkdif;&if;om;rsm; vdkvm;vsuf&Sdonfh

zuf'&,f ynma&;pepftwGuf ed'gef;ysKd;jcif;yif/
'Drdkua&pDESihf zuf'&,f ynma&;pepftwGuf A[kdOD;pD; csKyfudkifrI
rsm; avsmhcsypfa&;rSm r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfvSonf/ jynfe,ftqihfudk tmPm
cGJa0jcif;rSm zuf'&,fpepf\ tESpfom&jzpfonf/ ynma&;0efxrf; cefY
tyfjcif;? b@maiGaMu; &efyHkaiGudpö&yfrsm;? oif½dk;nTef;wrf;udk pDrHjcif;ESihf
ynma&;rl0g'udk zuf'&,fpepfESihf vdkufavsmnDpGm jynfe,ftqihfESihf
atmufajctqihf ausmif;txd ydkrdk vGwfvyfaom vkyfykdifcGihfrsm; ay;&yg
vdrhfrnf/ jynfe,ftqihf? a'otqihfrsm;ESihf atmufajctqihfrsm;twGuf
zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;t& tmrcHcsuf ay;jcif;ESihftwl vGwfvyfpGm tmPm
cGJa0 vkyfudkifcGihfjyKa&; vkyfief;pOf devolution ukd pwifEkdifrSomvQif
zuf'&,fynma&; o½kyfouef ay:vGifNyD; jrefrmhynma&;vnf; [efcsuf
nD zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufEkdifrnfjzpfygaMumif; ,HkMunfygonf/

oHvGifwdkif;rf*sme,f? pufwifbmv? 2015

177
 zuf'&,fynma&;

178
 odef;Ekdif

y&yf&Sm;ausmif;q&mrsm;\ atmifyGJESifU
rGefordkif;q&mU tdyfruf
atmufwdkbmv 5 &ufaeYudk urÇmhq&mrsm;aeYtjzpf wurÇm
vkH;rSm ESpfpOfusif;yMuygw,f/ EdkifiHwdkif;rSm q&mrsm;&JU *kPfaus;Zl;udk
owdw& qif,ifusif;y&if; vuf&Sdynma&;pepfrsm;taMumif;? jyKjyif
ajymif;vJzdkY&m vdktyfcsufrsm;taMumif;eJY ausmif;q&mrsm;&JU b0? tvkyf
tudkifwefzdk;rsm;eJY *kPfodu©mw&m; jrifhrm;a&;wdkYtwGuf jyefvSefokH;oyf
&r,fh tcsdefumvvdkY owfrSwfMuw,f/ 2015 ckESpf? 'DESpf&JU urÇmhq&m
rsm;aeY aqmifyk'fu “Empowering teachers, building sustainable socie-
ties” - ]]q&mrsm;&JU pGrf;aqmif&nfudk jr§ifhwif&if; a&&SnfwnfwHhr,fh
vlYtzGJY tpnf;udk wnfaqmufjcif;}} - jzpfygw,f/
q&mrsm;[m ynma&; &nfrSef;csufawGudk taumiftxnf az:
aqmifaeolawGrQomvQif r[kwfbl;/ trsKd;om;pGrf;aqmif&nfeJY a&&Snf
wnfwHhr,fh vlYtzGJYtpnf;udkvnf; ysdK;axmifaeMuolawGjzpfw,f/ tod
ynm? trSefw&m;? pHwefzdk;rsm;eJY usifh0wfeDwdawG jynfhpkHwJh vlYtzGJYtpnf;
awGudk zefwD;aeolawGvnf;jzpfw,fvdkY aqmifyk'fu &nfñTef;ygw,f/
2015 ckESpf&JU 'DurÇmhq&mrsm;aeY tcgor,rSm uRefawmf[m
b0wpfauGYrSm trSwfrxif BuHKqkHcJh&wJh usifh0wfeDwdt&mrSm q&myDovS
179
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wJh rGefvlrsKd; ordkif;q&mBuD;wpfOD;udk owd& vGrf;qGwfaerdygw,f/

vufwGJaqmif&GufcJUwJU rGefordkif;q&m
vGefcJhaom 12 ESpfausmf? 2003 ckESpf aESmif;ydkif; Edk0ifbmvrSm
uRefawmff[m xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyftajcpdkuf trsKd;om;usef;rma&;ESifh ynm
a&;aumfrDwD NHEC rSm ynma&;qdkif&m uRrf;usifoltaeeJY wm0efxrf;
aqmifvsuf &SdaecJhw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;eJY 'Drdkua&pD tif
tm;pkrsm; yg0ifwJh tzGJY 28 zGJYudk pkpnf;NyD; e,fpyfjzwfausmf ynma&;tul
tnDawGudk jynfwGif;wdkif;&if;om; a'orsm;qD a&muf&SdapzdkY BudK;yrf;aqmif
&GufcJhwJh tpDtpOfawGyg/ uav;rsm;tm;vkH; ausmif;aeEdkifa&;? ynma&;
okawoeoifwef;? q&mtwwfynmoifwef;eJY oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; vkyfief;
pOf tp&SdwJh ynma&;pDrHcsufawG? ynma&;pmtkyfawG jyKpkxkwfa0a&;
vkyfief;awGeJY tawmfuav;udk tvkyfrsm; aecJhygw,f/ ½kH;csKyfu csif;rdkif
NrdKUrSmyg/ wdkif;&if;om; ynma&;Xme aygif;pkHyg0ifwJh ynma&; tvkyf½kH
aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk qufwdkufqdkovdk vkyfjzpfcJhw,f/ e,fpyfa'oawGeJY jref
rmjynfwGif; ynma&; tawGYtBuHKawG trsm;BuD; &&SdcJhwmyg/ tJ'DvdkeJY
e,fpyfaqmif;&ufwpf&ufrSm jynfwGif; rGefjynfe,fu vlBuHKeJYpmydkYvmvdkY
qdkwJhtcgrSm txl;tqef; jzpfaecJhrdw,f/
q&mtwwfynmoifwef;rsm;eJY ynma&;tvkyf½kH aqG;aEG;yGJawG
rSm rGefa'ouae vma&mufNyD; twdkifyifcHwpfOD; taeeJYvnf; tpOftNrJ
wufwuf<u<u yg0ifaqG;aEG;wJh q&mBuD;EdkifpdkufaxmqDu ydkYvmwJhpm
yg/ q&mBuD;[m 1960 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rSm ynma&;wuúodkvfu? ynma&;
bGJYudk &&SdcJhNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rqvacwf wpfavQmufvkH;rSm ausmif;q&m
b0udk jrwfEdk;ckHrifpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol jzpfygw,f/ tNidrf;pm;,lawmh
rGefjynfe,f? oHjzLZ&yftxufwef; ausmif;tkyfBuD; wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae
qJyg/ 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH umvrsm;rSmvnf; ausmif;om;
rsm;eJY twlwuG vIyf&Sm;&mrS NrdKUe,foydwf aumfrDwDrSm OuúXtjzpf
wm0ef,lcJholyg/ jynfwGif;ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;eJY jynfwGif;ynma&;
jzpfxGef;aerIawGudk q&mBuD;EdkifpdkufaxmeJY tjcm;aom q&mq&mrBuD;

180
 odef;Ekdif

rsm;xHrS uRefawmf jyefvnfavhvmcGifh? em,lcGifheJY aqG;aEG;cGifhawG &&SdcJhwm

yg/ q&mBuD;EdkifpdkufaxmeJY ZeD;q&mrBuD; a':rdtdrf½dkif;? q&mBuD;
Edkifpdk;oef; (tNidrf;pm;? rGefynma&;Xme)? q&maZ (rGeftrsKd;om;ynma&;
aumfrDwD)? q&mBuD;Edkif*sElrGef (tNidrf;pm;wdkif;ynm0ef? ñTefrSL; EdkifaiGodef;
- ,ck rGef'Drdkua&pDygwD OuúX) eJY tjcm;aom wdkif;&if;om; ynma&;
ynm&Sifrsm;xHrS avhvmcGifhawG &&SdcJhw,f/ ESpftawmfMumMum taemuf
wdkif; EdkifiHawGrSm ynmoifMum;cJhNyD; e,fpyfa'orsm;qD jyefvnf a&muf&Sd
vmol wpfOD;taeeJY 'D rGefq&mBuD;? q&mrBuD;rsm;tygt0if wkdif;&if;om;
a'o u&ifeD? ucsif? u&ifynma&;orm;rsm;eJY twlwuG tvkyfvkyfcGifh
&&SdcJhwm[m uRefawmfhtwGufawmh tifrwefrSudk wefzdk;&SdvSygw,f/
q&mtwwfynm vkyfief;cGiftBudK oifwef;awGrSmvnf; q&m
BuD;[m usaemfwdkY vl&G,fenf;jyrsm;eJYtwl wuf<upGmeJY c&D;jyif;awG weH
wvsm;xGufNyD; tpGeftzsm; a'oawGu q&mi,frsm;udk rarmwrf;?
ryef;wrf; oifwef; ydkYcsjyefygw,f/ rGefjynfopfygwD A[dka'ou ynma&;
oifwef;rsm;? xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf r,fvmOD;'ku©onfpcef;? tdE´d, e,fpyf
av;cGefpcef;eJY csif;rdkifNrdKUawGrSm zGifhvSpfcJhwJh oifwef;rsm;rSm q&mBuD;wdkY[m
rysufruGuf vma&mufcJhNyD; q&mtwwfynmawGudk a0rQcJhMuw,f/
jrefrmhynma&;rSm wpfoufvkH; vlrIa&;bmom&yfudk oifMum;cJhol
yDyD? txl;ojzifh ordkif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;eJY ywfoufNyD; ]]tmCww&m;
uif;&Sif;wJh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;}}? ]]bufvdkufrI r&SdwJh ordkif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;}}?
]]vlrI tedXm½kH uif;pifwJh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;}}? ]]tem*wftwGuf arQmfvifh
jcif;tm;refawG &&Sdapr,f oif½dk;}} - jzpfzdkY vdktyfaMumif; oifcef;pmrsm;[m
q&mavmif;rsm;twGuf tifrwefrSudk ynmvnf;&? ÓPfrsufpdvnf;
yGifhapygw,f/ urÇmhordkif;xJu -]]y&yf&Sm;ausmif;q&mrsm;&JUatmifyGJ}}?
]]tpdk;&qdkwm tpuawmh ½dk;½dk;yg}}? ]]ordkif;wdkif;[m tmPm &&SdcJholawG
tay: bufvdkuf a&;om;jcif;rQom}}? ]]jrefrmhordkif; zwfpmtkyfrsm;xJu
wdkif;&if;om;ordkif; trSm;rsm;}} - pwJh ordkif;jzpfpOfeJY ausmif;ynma&;?
EdkifiHa&;awGudk qufpyfNyD; aqG;aEG; ydkYcscsufrsm;[m pdwf0ifpm;p&m
tvGefyJ aumif;vSw,f/

181
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ajymif;vJzdkY vdktyfaewJh ynma&;pepfudk ,kHMunfwJhtwdkif; b0

&JU aemufqkH;ESpfrsm;rSm vli,f ausmif;q&mq&mravmif;rsm;udk ysKd;axmif
cJholyg/ rwlnDwJh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; o[Zmw jzpfapa&;? e,fajra'o zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wufa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDvlUtzGJUtpnf; ay:xGef;a&;awGtwGuf oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;[m tc&m jzpfaMumif;? olwdkY oufwrf;wpfavßSmufrSm rvkyfEdkif
cJhao;wJh vuf&Sd ausmif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk oufqdkif&m jynfe,ftvdkuf
jyKjyifajymif;vJMuzdkYudkvnf; tpOfojzifh wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkuf ajymqdkcJhol
vnf;jzpfw,f/ zuf'&,fynma&;pepfudk arQmfvifhwrf;w&if;? zuf'&,f
rsdK;aphudk toufxufqkH; ysdK;axmifay;cJhol wdkif;&if;om; ordkif;q&mBuD;/
q&mBuD;&JUpmrSm tcktcg jyefzwfjzpfwdkif; vGrf;armzG,f&m pm
wpfaMumif; yg&SdcJhygw,f/ vuf&Sd pkaygif; vkyfaqmifaeMuwJh ]]ausmif;
ynma&; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;? pHEIef;rsm;tñTef;abmif}}” ay:xGef;a&;
vkyfief;udk tvGefyif pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdaMumif;eJY oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ynmqdkif&m
odoifhodxdkufwmawG trsm;BuD;udk avhvmcGifh&&SdaMumif;/ rdrdtaeeJY vdk
tyfwJh tydkif;awGrSm tifwdkuftm;wdkuf qufvufulnDyHhydk;rIawG?
yg0ifaqmif½GufrIawG ay;oGm;rSmjzpfaMumif;eJY tvGef ta&;BuD;vSwJh
ynma&; vkyfief;BuD;wpfck jzpfaMumif;pwmawG yg&Sdygw,f/ vGrf;armzG,f
&m jzpfapwJh pmaMumif; uawmh “]]'Dtvkyfom NyD;pD;oGm;cJh&ifjzifh rdrd-
taeeJY aoaysmfNyDjzpfaMumif;}}” yg/
tvkyf½kH aqG;aEG;yGJawGeJY oifwef;awG 5 BudrfavmuftNyD;?
pmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk pkpnf;cJhtNyD;rSmawmh tcsdef2 ESpfcefY ,lcJh&ygw,f/
'D vkyfief;twGuf jynfwGif;eJY EdkifiHwumu ynma&; ynm&SifawG (txl;
ojzifh tdE´d,EdkifiH trsdK;om;ynma&;aumifpD NCERT u ynm&SifawG)
xHu enf;ynmydkif;eJY tBuHÓPfawG &,lcJhygw,f/ ynma&;&nfñTef;
pmtkyfwpftkyf taeeJY&,f? q&mtwwfynm oifwef;awGtwGuf
avhvmp&m pmtkyfwpftkyf taeeJY&,f tokH;wnfhvSwJh “oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;?
pHEIef;rsm; tñTef;abmif” Curriculum: Standard & Framework pmtkyfudk
a&;om; jyKpkEdkifcJhMuygw,f/ aemufqufwGJtaeeJY vlrIa&;bmom (yx0D?
ordkif;? jynfolUeDwd? ,Ofaus;rI? odyÜH) aygif;pnf;oif½dk;udk rlvwef;tqifh

182
 odef;Ekdif

(oli,fwef;-qXrwef;) txd jyKpkEdkifcJhMuygw,f/ uRefawmfeJYtwl yg0if

a&;om; jyKpkcJhMuwJh wdkif;&if;om; ynma&;Xmersm;? jynfwGif;jynfy
ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf auseyfp&m? *kPf,l0rf;ajrmufp&m rSwfwdkifwpfckyg/

pOfqufrjywf avUvm&if; rQa0ay;cJUwJU rGefordkif;q&m

oifwef;umvawGrSm q&mavmif;rsm;udk q&mBuD;Edkifpdkufaxm
u ynma&;'óe tawG;tjrifbmom&yfeJY ordkif;oifMum;enf; bmom
&yfawGudk oifMum;ay;ygw,f/ b0wpfavßSmuf avhvmrIrsm;eJY jrefrmh
ynma&; tawGYtBuHKrsm;xJ xkwfEIwfaqG;aEG;csufawGudk q&mavmif;rsm;eJY
twl uRefawmfwdkY enf;jyq&mrsm;uvnf; avhvmrSwfom;cGifh &&Sdwmyg/
]]wynfhwdkY - tajymus,fjyefYvSwJh ausmif;ynma&;rSm oif½dk;
ñTef;wrf;[m tcsuftcsm usvSygw,f/ a&ajrawmawmifeJY vlaerIykH-
pHawG ajymif;vJ wJhtavQmuf? acwfpepfawG ajymif;vJwJh tavQmuf? rsuf
arSmufacwfeJY tem*wf vlYtzGJUtpnf;u awmif;qdkaewJhtavQmuf
ausmif;oif½dk;[m vdkufyg ajymif;vJ&w,f/ ykHrSef 4 ESpfwpfBudrfawmh
tenf;qkH; rGrf;rHrIawG? jyifqifjznfhpGufrIawG? y,fzsufrIawGudk pepfwus?
'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;wus vkyfaqmifMu&rSmjzpfygw,f/ acwfrDaezdkY&,f?
b0awG &SifoefEdkifzdkY&,f Efdk;Mum;aewJh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk wnfaqmufMu
&w,f/ 20 &mpk *smref (z&efYzkY'óe*dkPf;) vlrIaA'ynm&Sif ,dk*if
[m;bm;rwfpf Jurgen Habermas u ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ - vlom;rSm oif,l
avhvmaezdkYu vGJNyD;awmh tjcm;aom a½G;cs,fp&m r&Sdbl;” wJh/ jiif;qdkvdkY
r&wJh tcsufyg/ qufvuf awG;awm pOf;pm;p&mawG trsm;BuD;udk
&Sdaeygw,f/ bmudk oif,lavhvm &rSmvJ/ oif,lavhvm ae&wmawG
[mvnf; trSefawGjzpf&JUvm;/ oifMum;aeorßSudk q&myDyD wynfhwdkYu
tOD;tp qef;opf okH;oyfNyD;rS ordkif;udk jyefoifay;yg/ 'grS trSefw&m;eJY
eD;pyfr,f/ a&&Snf wnfwHh zGHYNzdK;r,f/ zuf'&,fudk wnfaqmufEdkifr,f/}}
]]'Dq&mtwwfynmoifwef;rSm ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm;eJY enf;jyawG
jzpfMuwJh q&mOD;odef;Edkif? q&mra':cifaqGvIdif? q&mEkdifpdk;oef;?
q&mra':'GJvif;? q&maZ? q&mapmvma*;wdkYu uav;A[dkjyK
183
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ynma&;twGuf wuf<uwJh pmoifcef;awGjzpfvmapzdkY? awG;ac: pOf;pm;

aewJh pmoifcef;awG? Edk;Mum; vIyf&Sm;aewJh ausmif;om;awG jzpfvmzdkY
twGuf uav;A[dkjyK oifMum;enf;vrf;awGudk tokH;jyKMuzdkY wdkufwGef;
aqG;aEG;wmawGudk tvGefyJ tm;& auseyfvSw,f/ odkYaywJh touft½G,f
70 em; uyfaeMuNyDjzpfwJh q&mBuD;eJY q&mrBuD;wdkYtwGufawmh 'DvdkrsdK;
oifwef;ay;zdkYqdkwmu tawmfuav; cufcJvSw,f/ &Sufvnf;
&Sufygw,f/ ordkif;q&moufwrf; tESpf 30 ausmfrSm uav;A[dk
rjyKcJhzl;bl;av/}} touf 70 em;eD;? enf;jy q&mBuD;awG[m vl&G,f
enf;jyrsm;xHrSm oifjyenf;awGudk ar;jref; aqG;aEG;&if; oifcef;pmawG
jyifqifoifMum;cJhwm[mvnf; q&mavmif;rsm;twGuf b0wpfoufwm
pOfqufrjywf avhvmjcif;eJY yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvdkpdwfudk vufawGYjyo
cJholawG/

y&yf&Sm; ausmif;q&mxkudk tm;uscJUwJU rGefordkif;q&m

oifwef;wdkif;rSm q&mavmif;rsm;taeeJY tm;ustwk,l&r,fh
y&yf&Sm;ausmif;q&mrsm; taMumif;[mvnf; tifrwefrSudk pdwf0ifpm;
p&myg/ ]]wynfhwdkY - wcsdefwkef;u y&yf&Sm;EdkifiHqdkwm[m tck *smreDEkdifiH
ygyJ/ tJ'Dwkef;u y&yf&Sm;EdkifiHudk 1713 ckESpfuae 1740 ckESpfxd tkyfpdk;
cJhwJh Fredrick William bk&if[m olUvufxufrSm ppfwyftiftm;? pD;yGm;a&;
tiftm; awmifhwif;cdkifrmatmif vkyfEdkifcJh½kHomrubJ 1717 ckESpfu
pNyD;awmh y&yf&Sm;EfdkifiH ynma&;udk trsdK;om;ynma&;tjzpf xlaxmifcJhyg
w,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'DtcsdefrSmwkef;uawmh tm;aumif;wJh ynma&; jzpfrvm
ao;ygbl;/}}
]]jyifopfbk&if eydkvD,Hvufxuf 1806ckESpfrSmawmh y&yf&Sm;eJY
jyifopfwdkY ppfjzpfNyD; a,em;NrdKU (Jena) ppfyGJrSm y&yf&Sm;awG ppf½IH;ygw,f/
tJ'DppfyGJudk Disaster of Jena – a,em;usqkH;cef; - vdkY y&yf&Sm;awGu ac:
Muygw,f/ tJ'DppfyGJrSm olwdkY ÓPfynm enf;vdkY ½IH;&w,fvdkY y&yf&Sm;awGu
,lqMuygw,f/ tJ'Dtcg wpfEdkifiHvkH; twdkif;twmeJY ynmwwfzdkY vdkNyD
vdkY qkH;jzwfNyD; y&yf&Sm;awG[m trsdK;om;ynma&;udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf wnf

184
 odef;Ekdif

aqmufawmhwmygyJ/ ynmÓPf omvGefolawGuomvQif wdkif;EdkifiHudk

wnfaqmufEdkifr,fqdkNyD; y&yf&Sm;ausmif;q&mawGudk pGrf;aqmif&nfeJY
vkyfydkifcGifh ay;tyfcJhw,f}}/ uRefawmfwdkY enf;jyq&mrsm; tygt0if
oifwef;om; tm;vkH; pdwfyg0ifpm;vsuf q&mhydkYcscsuftay: av;eufcJhMu
w,f/
]]tJvdkeJY aemufxyf ESpfaygif; 64 ESpftMum wwd,eydkvD,H
vufxufrSm jyifopfeJY y&yf&Sm;wdkY ppfyGJ xyfjzpfwJh tcgrSmawmh qD'ef;NrdKU
wdkufyGJrSm y&yf&Sm;u tEdkif&oGm;ygawmhw,f/ jyifopf&JU wwd,ajrmuf
eydkvD,Hbk&ifu vufeufcsvdkuf&ygw,f/ tJ'D atmifyGJudk Victory of
Prussians school masters vdkYac:wmyg/ y&yf&Sm;ausmif;q&mxk&JU atmif
yGJvdkY ordkif;wGifcJhwJh 'Dynma&; vIyf&Sm;rIxJu wynfhwdkY oifcef;pm ,lEdkif
Muygap/}}
]]aemufydkif;rSmawmh y&yf&Sm;awGu olwdkY ppfEfdkif&wm ynmÓPf
aMumifhyJvdkY ydkvufcHoGm;NyD; ynma&;jyKjyifwnfaqmufrIawGudk pOfquf
rjywf vkyfawmhwmygyJ/ ynma&;&JU ta&;ygrIudk *smrefvlrsdK;awGu tJ'D
19 &mpk tapmydkif;umvuwnf;u odcJhNyDvdkY qdk&rSmyg/ 'ghaMumifhyJ
trsKd;om;ynma&;pepfudk pcJhwm *smreDEfdkifiHvdkYawmif qdkEdkifygw,f/ ck
qdk&ifawmh *smreDEdkifiH[m Oa&myrSm xdyfwef;a&mufwJh EdkifiHtjzpf ae&m
,lvmEdkifwm awGYae&NyD jzpfygw,f/}} qufvufNyD;awmh q&mBuD;[m
oifwef;om;awGudk tkyfpki,fawG zGJUNyD; trsdK;om;ynma&;pepfrsm;eJY
vuf&Sd ordkif;oifcef;pmawGtay: a0zef okH;oyfcdkif;ygw,f/ zwfpmtkyf
rsm;xJrSm yg&SdaewJh taMumif;t&mawGudkvnf; wdkif;&if;om;½Iaxmifhuae
trSm; - trSef cGJjcm; qef;ppfapcJhw,f/

rGefordkif;q&mBuD;&JY tdyfruf
q&mavmif;rsm;udk tpOftm;ay;cJhwJh rGefordkif;q&mBuD; Edkifpdkuf
axm[m olYwynfhrsm;&JU tem*wfausmif;q&mb0udkvnf; &ifav;
pdk;&drfaecJholyg/
]]wynfhwdkY - tem*wf[m ausmif;om;rsm;&JU vufxJrSm &Sdw,fvdkY
185
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ajymMuwJhtcgr,f tJ'Dausmif;om;rsm;udk a&SUaqmifvrf;jyjzpfwJh ausmif;

q&mh vufxJrSm rD;½I;wdkif&Sd&r,f/ ordkif;q&mrsm;&JU rD;½I;wdkif[m ydkNyD;
&J&JeD xGef;vif;awmufyae&r,f/ 'grS trSm;-trSefudk a0zef
ydkif;jcm;Edkifr,f/ 'g[m q&mh&JU arQmfvihfcsuftdyfrufygyJ/}}
]]'Dawmhum ighom;wynfh ausmif;q&mrsm;[m ynmt&mrSm
NyD;jynfhpkHapzdkYvdkw,f/ ynm&Sif ½l;qdk; rdefYrSm >rufMum;cJhwmuawmh BuHUcdkif
aom udk,fcE¨mxJrSomvßSif todw&m;awGudk avhvmvfdkufpm;wJhtcg
tiftm;yg&Sdr,f/ tJ'Dawmhum vuf&SdjzpfaewJh - ]q&mawGudk r0a&pm
a<u;? ae&mray;? tav;tjrwfrjyK? ausmif;q&m olYae&mESifha0;? ajrmif;
ab;xdkifap? acG;armif; usD;ajcmuf? tmavmufavmufatmf? usD;qdwf
acG;a[mifcHae&onfh ausmif;q&m b0avmufeJYawmh Nidrf;csrf;a&;?
'Drdkua&pD ynma&;? zuf'&,f ynma&;udk a&;a&;rQ jrifzG,f&m r&Sdbl;} -
cspfwynfhwdkY/}}
]]ighom;wynfh wdkif;&if;om; ordkif;q&mrsm;&JU vufxJrSm ordkif;
trSefawGudkawmh q&m tjynfht0 rxnfhEdkifcJhbl;/ odkYaywJh ordkif;udk
pl;prf; avhvmzdkYeJY ydkif;jcm;a0zef axmuf½IzdkY enf;vrf;tcsdKUudk ay;tyf
cJhw,f/ 'Dud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKvdkY 'kwd,ajrmuf urÇmhausmif;q&mxk&JU
ordkif;atmifyGJudk jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; ausmif;q&mrsm;u urÜnf;armfuGef;
xdk;EdkifMuygapAsm;}}.../ /

(2015 ckESpf? urÇmhausmif;q&mrsm;aeYESihf 2009 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv

10 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhol rGefordkif;enf;jyq&mBuD; Edkifpdkuf
axmodkY *kPfjyK*g&0 trSwfw&/)
oHvGifwdkif;rf*sme,f? 3 atmufwdkbm? 2015

186
 odef;Ekdif

ynma&;ESifU a&G;aumufyGJ
'Drdkua&pDpepf&JU t"dutcsuf wpfcsufuawmh jynfolvlxkwpf
&yfvkH;\ wef;wl tcGifhta&;&Sdjcif;ESifh jynfolvlxkxHrS tmPm qif;ouf
jcif;jzifh wdkif;jynfudk wnfaqmufjcif;vdkY qdkMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf;vGwf
vyfNyD; w&m;rQwaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;[m 'Drdkua&pD\ toufaoG;
aMumvdkY qdkMuwmyg/ a&G;aumufyGJumvrsm;twGif; jynfolvlxkrS rdrdwdkY
udk udk,fpm;jyKrnfholrsm;? rdrdwdkYu ,kHMunftm;xm;olrsm;? wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
&yfusdK;½GmusdK;udk trSefwu,f a&G;aumufyGJtBudK uwdtwdkif; xrf;aqmif
rnfholrsm;? ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfNyD; ynmjynfh0 ESvkH;vSolrsm;udk a&G;cs,f
wifajr§mufcGifh &SdMuw,f/ a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif; cH&olrsm;taeeJYvnf;
jynfolYtusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf Oya'jyKcGifh &&SdMur,f/ jynfolYqE´ESifhtnD
wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfjcif;? w&m;rQwpGm aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;a0pnf
aom vlYtodkuftNrHKudk cHpm;EdkifrSmjzpfw,f/ odkYaywJh w&m;rQwNyD; vGwf
vyfaom ygwDpkH a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifzdkYqdkwm[m
jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvkH;&JU EdkifiHa&;todtjrif jynfhpkHrI? EdkifiHa&;t&
Edk;Mum;wuf<urIwdkYu tc&musw,fvdkY ynma&; okawoeu axmufjy
xm;ygw,f/
187
 zuf'&,fynma&;

2015 a½G;aumufyGJ[m jrefrmEdkifiH&JU tvSnfhtajymif;twGuf

tvGefta&;ygwJh a&G;aumufyGJ wpfckjzpfr,fvdkY qdkMuw,f/ 'Da&G;aumuf
yGJ[m vGwfvyfNyD; w&m;rQw-oefY&Sif;ygrS jynfolYqE´tppftrSefudk od&rSm
jzpfNyD; jynfolYudk,fpm;jyKtpdk;&eJY vTwfawmfrsm; ay:xGef;vmrSmyg/ txl;
ojzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? qefYusifzuftkyfpkrsm;ESifh vuf&SdtmPm&
OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&wdkY&JU zuf'&,f jrnfoHrsm; tenf;i,f us,favmifvmaewJh
2015 EdkifiHa&;pifjrifh[m wdkif;&if;om;wdkY tESpfESpftvvu arQmf&nf
wrf;wcJh&wJh zuf'&,ftdyfruf\ tOD;tpvnf; jzpfvmrvm;/ wnfqJ
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'u zuf'&,ftmrcHcsuf ray;xm;ao;onfh
wdkif? rdkifwdkifrsm;pGm a0;uGmaeonfhwdkif t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh key
players rsm;xHrS a&G;aumufyGJtBudKumvrSm Mum;emae&wJh zuf'&,f
toHudkawmh wdkif;&if;om;jynfolawGu r,kHw0uf? rk'dwmpdwfeJY tHhtm;
oifhaeMuygw,f/ 'Da&G;aumufyGJ[m ydkrdk &ifckefcsifp&m jzpfrdMuwm[m
rqef;ygbl;/

rsKd;quftvGefjcm; a&G;aumufyGJrSm pdk;&drfp&m

'Dae&mrSm pOf;pm;p&m rsm;pGm &Sdvmygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vGwf
vyfa&; &NyD;uwnf;u ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJawGudk usif;ycJh
wm[m 5 BudrfrQom &Sdygao;w,f/ rsKdqufrsm;pGm jcm;em;cJhNyD;rS a&G;aumuf
yGJrsm;udk wpfBudrf usif;yovdk jzpfaecJhwmyg/ ykHrSef'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynfawG
rSmawmh 3 - 4 ESpfwpfBudrf usif;yMu&w,f/ vGefcJhwJh tESpf 40
twGif; okH;BudrfrQom &Sdao;wJhtjyif pmoifausmif;rsm;rSm a&G;aumufyGJESifh
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; oifcef;pmrsm;udk wpfvkH;wpfyg'rQyif avhusifhoifMum;rI
r&SdcJhjcif;aMumifh tajccHvlxk&JU a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m todtjrifwdkY tm;
enf;aevsuf&Sdygw,f/ 'g[mtifrwef pdk;&drfp&m aumif;vSygw,f/
a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufudk trsm;jynfolvlxk rodMu
aMumif;udk jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyGJ aumfrpf&SifOuúX OD;wifat;
udk,fwdkifu 0efcH ajymqdkxm;wmyg/
a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&ef vGefpGm eD;uyfaeNyD;jzpfayr,fh tajccH

188
 odef;Ekdif

jynfolrsm;tMum;wGif a½G;aumufyGJ\ tESpfom&ESifh vkyfxkH;rsm;? rdrd\

rdom;pk? &yf&Gm? jynfe,fESifh EdkifiHtay: tusdK;oufa&mufykHrsm;udk odjrif
EdkifrIvGefpGm tm;enf; aeao;aMumif;udkvnf; avhvmawGY&Sd&ygw,f/
qE´rJay;jcif;[m vGefpGm wefzdk;&SdvSwJh rdrdwdkY\ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHom; tcGifh
ta&;wpfckjzpfaMumif;udk od&SdzdkY vdktyfvSw,f/ rJpm&if; rSefuefa&;rSmyif
jyóem &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ rJpm&if;rSefuefa&; &mcdkifEIef; 30 om
wm0ef,lrnf qdkonfrSm wm0efraus&ma&mufaMumif; jynfaxmifpk
a½G;aumufyGJ aumfrpf&Sif UEC tm; a':atmifqef;pkMunfu a0zefcJhyg
w,f/ 'g[m a½G;aumufyGJrSm rJqE´&SifwdkYtay: acgif;ykHjzwf tjrwfxkwf&ef
pdk;&drfzG,f&m tajctaersm;udk rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkufjcif;yg/ EdkifiHa&; tod
tjrif tm;enf;jcif;eJY a&G;aumufyGJwGif romrmjcif;rsm;aMumifh Eke,fvSwJh
'Drdkua&pDpepftwGufvnf; tEÅ&m,f&Sdaewwfygw,f/
t&yfzufvlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm;u a&G;aumufyGJtaMumif; A[kokw
rsm;eJY qE´rJay;jcif;wdkYudk e,fwdkif;rSm ynmay; aqG;aEG;aeMuwmuvnf;
aus;Zl;wifp&myg/ odkYaywJh toufBuD;rS oif&wJh &ufydkif;avmuf aqG;aEG;
yGJrsm;xuf pm&if pmoifausmif;awGu avhusifh oifMum;ay;vdkufrS
&ifbwfxJudk a&mufrSmyg/
2015 a½G;aumufyGJ eD;uyfvmwmeJYtrQ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh
ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if yk*¾dKvftcsKdUtm; vlrsdK;a&;ESifh bmoma&;
tokH;jyKNyD; 0g'jzefY ajymqdkwdkufcdkufrIawG? vkyfBuHa&;om;rIawG ydkrsm;
vmaew,f/ 'g[m a&G;aumufyGJ wnfNidrfrI xdcdkufEdkifonfhtjyif EdkifiH\
*kPfodu©myg usqif;apNyD; oufqdkif&mu ta&;,l aqmif½Guf&rnfhtjyif
jynfolrsm; owdxm;&ef vdktyfaMumif; t&yfbufvlrI tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS
yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrS yk*¾dKvftcsKdUu ajymMum;xm;vnf;&Sdaew,f/
'gawG[mvnf; rsm;rMumrD ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; rJqE´&Sifrsm;jzpfvmMurnfh
vli,fausmif;om;rsm; avhvmcGifh &&SdMuoifhygw,f/ ygwDrl0g'rsm;?
uwdu0wfrsm;? wdkif;jynfvdktyfcsufrsm;? rJqG,fw&m;ESifh 0g'jzefYa0jcif;?
yk*¾dKvfa&;wdkufcdkufjcif;? vlrsKd;a&;ESifh bmoma&; y#dyu©jzpfap&ef a&;om;
vIHYaqmfcsufwdkY uGJjym;jcm;em;pGmjzifh okH;oyfEdkifMurSmyg/ rSefuefaom

189
 zuf'&,fynma&;

cH,lcsufjzifh a&G;cs,frI rSefuefpGm rJqE´ay;EdkifrSmjzpfw,f/ wdkif;jynf&JU

tem*wfyg/ qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm; jzpfvmapzdkY
qdkwmuawmh pmoifcef;rsm;u avhusifhoifMum;ay;&r,f/

a&G;aumufyGJtaMumif; oifMum;Muygpdkh
arG;zGm;vmpOfu 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudk b,folrS odjrifem;vnfrI
r&Sdygbl;/ avhusifhoifMum;ay;rSomvQif wwfajrmufEdkifwJh pGrf;&nf
wpfrsKd;jzpfw,f/ w&m;rQwpGm jyKrlvkyfudkifwwfvmr,f/ taMumufw&m;
aMumifh rvkyf&J? rudkif&JwmrsKd;vnf;r[kwfbl;/ rw&m;bl;? rvkyfoifhbl;
qdkwmudk odem;vnfvmvdkY rvkyfwmrsKd;udk qdkvdkygw,f/ w&m;ojzifh
"r®enf;vrf;wus jyKrlvkyfudkifNyD; aewwfvmr,f/
tckvdk a&G;aumufyGJcsdefcg[m pmoifcef;wGif;rSm ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf rjzpfrae avhvmzdkY&m tcGifhtvrf; wpfckygyJ/
*sme,frsm;rSm yg&SdaewJh EdkifiH a&;ygwDrsm;&JU a&G;aumufyGJaMunmpmwrf;rsm;?
owif;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;udk avhvmzwf½IMur,f/ pmoifcef;twGif;rSm
okH;oyfa0befMur,f/ u@toD;oD;rSm oufqdkif&m ygwDrsm;&JU rl0g'
oabmxm;u b,fvdk&SdovJ/ 'Dwdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frSm? 'DrJqE´e,frSm
yg0if,SOfNydKifMur,fh yk*¾dKvfawG? EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGu 'Djynfe,f? 'Da'o
twGuf bmvkyf ay;r,fvdkY uwdu0wf cHxm;MuvJ/ wu,fvnf;yJ vkyf
EdkifrSmvm;/ wdkif;&if;om;ta&;udpövdkrsdK;? udk,fhMur®m udk,fzefwD;cGifh
vdkrsKd;udk b,fygwDawGu vkyfudkifr,fvdkY rJqG,faeMuovJ/ Oyrm
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkta&;udk ygwDBuD;awGu xnfhoGif;xm;vmMuwm
awGY&w,f/ 'gayr,fh b,fvdkenf;vrf;awGeJY wnfaqmufMurSmvJ/
a½G;aumufyGJ uwdu0wfawGudk vkyfEdkif- rvkyfEdkif aqG;aEG;Mur,f/ 'Dbdwf
tajcjyK oifMum;enf;vrf;awG? tkyfpktvdkuf aqG;aEG;rIawG? or®wavmif;?
trwf avmif;ae&mawGu rJqG,fw&m;a[majympnf;½kH;wJh role play vdk
rsKd;awGudk tokH;jyKoifMum;Edkifygw,f/
wu,fawmh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm[m a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm rJqE´
ay;jcif;xuf ydkrdkwJh tjcm;aom ta&;BuD;wJh t"dyÜg,fawG rsm;pGm &Sdaeyg

190
 odef;Ekdif

w,f/ b0aeenf;wpfckvnf;jzpfNyD; vlxk&JU todynm? uRrf;usifrI?

pGrf;&nfawGeJY pHwefzdk;awG &&SdapwJh t"dutcsufvnf;jzpfw,f/ 'grSom
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHom;jzpfvmr,f/ jynfolYeDwdeJY EdkifiHom;ynma&;oif½dk;ñTef;
wrf;u 'Dvdk EdkifiHom;awGjzpfvmzdkY&m wm0ef,lavhusifh ay;ygw,f/
Civic jynfolYeDwdbmom&yf oif½dk;&JU t"du OD;wnfcsufuawmh
usifh0wfeDwdudk av;pm; vdkufemwwfNyD; 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHom;awG jzpfvm
zdkYygyJ/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;eJY &yf&GmrSm Edk;Mum;wuf<uwJholawG? 'Drdkua&pDpHEIef;
awGudk cHpm; odjrifNyD; vdkufemusifhokH;wJholawG? tpdk;&&JU tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk
em;vnfMuwJholawG jzpfvmatmif avhusifhay;jcif;yg/ 'g[m 21 &mpk
EdkifiHwum ausmif;ynma&;rSm ta&;BuD;wJh arQmfrSef;csuf wpfckvnf;
jzpfygw,f/ roifrae&tqifh owfrSwfNyD; aoaocsmcsm avhusifhay;
Mu&w,f/
EdkifiHa&;okcrdefawG? ynm&SifawG&JU EdkifiHa&;eJY ywfoufvdkY qdk
rdefYcJhwmawGudkvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;[m avhvmcGifh &&Sdoifhygw,f/ ruf
[ife&Da[mif; (Mc. Henry Howe) u ]]oifonf EdkifiHa&;udk toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;rItjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhygu ½dk;om;oljzpf&ef rvG,fulawmhacs}}/
oDtdk'dk½kpbJh (Theodore Roosevelt) u - ]]tatmifjrifqkH;aom EdkifiHa&;
orm;qdkonfrSm tjcm;olrsm; awG;awmpOf;pm;aeonfh taMumif;&yfrsm;udk
tus,favmifqkH;ESifh tBudrftrsm;qkH; xkwfazmf ajymqdkoljzpfonf}}? vlU
cGpm pma&;q&mBuD; bm;ewfa&Sm (Bernard Shaw) uawmh “]]bmwpfckrS
rodygyJESifh t&m&mwdkif;udk odonf[k xifjrif,lqaeolum; EdkifiHa&;
orm;yifwnf;}}? tm&f? t,f? pwDAifqifef (R.L. Stevenson) url “]]rnf
onfhjyifqifrIrsKd;rS rvdk[k xifjrif,lqjcif; cH&onfh wpfckwnf;aom
tvkyftudkifrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;tvkyfyifjzpfonf}}? jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;
Adokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u -]]EdkifiHa&;qdkwm wcgw&HrS tpnf;ta0;
vkyfNyD;awmh pifjrifhay:u ajymwJhvlu ajym? em;axmifwJhvlu em;axmif
wJh udpörsdK; r[kwfbl;/ tNrJwrf;tm;jzifh wpfwdkif;jynfvkH;rSm&SdwJh wdkif;ol
jynfom;awG[m rdrdwdkY&JU qdkif&mqdkif&m tusdK;awGudk qdkifovdk zGJYpnf;
NyD;awmhum rdrdwdkY jyóemawGudk vkyfNyD;awmhum ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf tNrJ

191
 zuf'&,fynma&;

wrf; vkyfaewJhudpöjzpfw,f/}} - pwJh EdkifiHa&; tqdktrdefYawGudk pkaygif;

avhvmNyD; rsufarSmufacwfeJY ,SOfvdkY jyefvnfaqG;aEG;Mur,f/
'ghtjyif jrefrmrI? rGefrIxJrSm a&S;rGef-Armynm&Sdrsm; xnfhoGif;
xm;cJhMuwJh - wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfolwdkY usifhBuH&r,fh ty&d[me,
w&m; ckESpfyg;? &maZm0g'okwåefvm rif;usifhw&m; 10 yg; ('o&mZ"r®)?
tpdk;&taejzihf jynfolvlxkqE´ESihf rqefYusif&jcif;w&m; (t0da&m"e
usihf0wf)? Avig;yg;? wdkif;jynf\ &wem udk;yg;udk rESdyfpuf rn§Of;yef;&m
vdkYqdkxm;wJh umr@uDusrf; - pwJh tESpfcsKyfawGudkvnf; jynfolYeDwdvdk
bmom&yfrsdK;? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; acgif;pOfvdkrsKd;rSm oifMum;ay;Edkifw,f/

a&G;aumufyGJ oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESifU acgif;pOfrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH&JU tdrfeD;em;csif; tdE´d,EfdkifiHeJY xdkif;EdkifiHwdkYrSm &yf&Gm
vlrItzGJYtpnf;? ,Ofaus;rIrsm;? ½dk;&m"avhrsm;eJY qufpyfvdkY jynfolY eDwd eJY
EdkifiHom;ynma&; bmom&yfudk rlvwef;tqifhrsm;rSmuwnf;u avhusifh
oifMum;Muygw,f/ trsKd;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; pHEIef;rsm;udk topf
wzefjyefvnf jyKpkMuwJhtcgrSm jynfolYeDwdeJY EdkifiHom;ynma&;u@udk
wckwfw& xnfhoGif;vmMuygw,f/
jynfolYeDwd? EdkifiHa&;odyÜHbmom&yfudk wwd,wef;uae 'or
wef;txd (touf 8 ESpfuae 16 ESpftxd) twef;wdkif;rSm vlrIa&;
bmom&yfeJY wGJzufvdkYjzpfap? oD;oefY oifMum;rItaeeJYjzpfap wpfywfudk
tenf;qkH; 2 csdefavmuf oifMum;ay;ygw,f/ 11 wef;eJY 12 wef;rSm
txl;jyK bmom&yfwpfcktaeeJYvnf; bmomwGJ a&G;cs,frIrSm xnfhoGif;Edkif
ygw,f/ 'grSvnf; wuúodkvfrSm txl;jyKavhvmvdkolawG? tem*wf
EdkifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf tajccHaumif;awG &r,fr[kwfvm;/
rlvwef;t&G,fawGrSm ]]av;pm;rI}} qdkwJh oifcef;pmacgif;pOfudk
taotcsm oifMum;ay;w,f/ txl;ojzifhawmh rwl uGJjym;wJh vlrsdK;?
bmomw&m;rsm;tay:rSm av;pm;pGmeJY qufqHwwfzdkY &nf&G,fygw,f/
,SOfNydKifzufudk av;pm;pGm jyKrlajymqdk qufqHwwfzdkYqdkwm[m ynma&;u
avhusifhoifMum;ay;rS jzpfEdkifw,fvdkY cH,lxm;Muw,f/ 'g[m ygwDpkH

192
 odef;Ekdif

a&G;aumufyGJvdk? Nidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufrIvdk udpöawGrSm r&Sdrjzpf tajccH

xm;&r,fh arwåmpdwfyJ r[kwfygvm;/ tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyK &Sifoef
aeMuw,fqdkwmudk odjrifvmzdkYyg/ rdrd&JU tcGifhta&;eJY vGwfvyfrItay:rSm
wefzdk;xm;wwfjcif;eJY tjcm;olwpfyg;&JU tcGifhta&;? vGwfvyfrIudkvnf;
rxdyg;apzdkY oifMum;ay;w,f/ tMurf;zufwJh? cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;wJh enf;vrf;
rsm;eJY jyóemawGudk rajz&Sif; MuzdkY&mudkvnf; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rSm xnfh
oGif; oifMum;ay;ygw,f/ aus;&Gm&yfuGufvlBuD;udk 'Drdkua&pDenf;us
b,fvdk rJqE´ay;? a&G;aumufMuovJqdkwm q|rwef;ausmif;om;awG
avhvmcGifh&Muw,f/ BudKwifrJ? rJvdrf? rJcdk;? rJray;wJh qdk;usKd;awGudkvnf;
pmoifcef;awGrSm aqG;aEG;cGifh &&SdMuw,f/ ausmif;om;or*¾udk ausmif;
wdkif;rSm zGJYpnf;xm;MuNyD; a&G;aumufyGJudk 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;wus usif;y
jcif;[mvnf; tem*wfwdkif;jynftwGuf ta&;ygwJh ynma&;vkyfief;ygyJ/
]]ausmif;om;wm0ef rausyGefjcif;? EdkifiHom;wm0ef rausyGefjcif;}} acgif;pOf
vdkrsdK;udkvnf; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;rSm xnfhoGif;oifMum;Muw,f/
twef;tqifhtvdkuf wwfajrmuf&r,fh pGrf;&nfrsm;eJY todynm
A[kokwawGudkvnf; twdtus xnfhoGif; az:jyxm;w,f/ ausmif;
vkyfief;rsm;rSm? &yf½Gmvkyfief;rsm;rSm? wdkif;jynfrSm vdktyfwJh wm0ef,l&r,fh
rdrdwm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;udk ,lwwfapzdkY &nf&G,fcsufvnf; yg&Sdw,f/
olwyg;udk ulnDzdkY&mvnf; pmoifcef;twGif;rSm aqG;aEG;Muw,f/ ]]w&m;
rQwrI}} qdkwJh acgif;pOfudk rdrde,fajreJY &yf&Gm? wdkif;jynfrSm jzpfysufaewJh
owif;tcsuftvufawG? yuwd ppfrSefwJh EdkifiHa&;eJY vlrIpD;yGm; jyóem
rsm;udk tajccHNyD;awmh 9 wef;? 10 wef;ausmif;om;awG[m pmoifcef;
rsm;twGif;rSm awG;awmMu? aqG;aEG;Mu? wifjyMuygw,f/ tcGifhtmPm
taMumif;? tpdk;&zGJUpnf;ykH? 'Drdkua&pD? zuf'&,f? ygvDref? a&G;aumufykH?
Oya'jyK jyXmef;ykHeJY tpdk;& tqifhtqifh&JU wm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;udkvnf;
oifcef;pmtaeeJY oif,lavhvmMu&w,f/
vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHa&;pepf[m pseudo-presidential system jzpf
aMumif;? tpdk;&ESifh vTwfawmftMum; check and balance ysufjym;aeaMumif;
wdkYudkvnf; avhvmcGifh &&SdoifhMuonf/ trsm;pku awmifNydKurf;NydKEdkifjcif;?

193
 zuf'&,fynma&;

rJtjywftowf Edkifjcif;rSmvnf; “majority tyranny”, “tyranny of the mass-

es” tEÅ&m,f&SdaMumif;wdkYudk od&Sdxm;oifhygw,f/ vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
twGuf ydkNyD;awmh owdxm;&r,fh tcsufr[kwfygvm;/
vuf&Sdjrefrmjynf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh urÇmh'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;\
uGm[jcm;em;csuf? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'? ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,f 25
&mcdkifEIef;rSm tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\ vTwfawmfrsm;wGif r&Sdjcif;? or®wudk a&G;
cs,fMuykHrsm;? 0efBuD;csKyfpepfESifh or®wpepfwdkYtMum; jcm;em;csuf? jynf
e,fa&G;aumufyGJpepf? jynfe,ftpdk;& zGJYpnf;ykHwdkYudk txufwef; tqifh
rsm;ESifh aumvdyfwdkYwGif tus,fw0ifh avhvmcGifh &&SdMuoifhw,f/ Edk0if
bm 8 &ufaeY a&G;aumufyGJESifh ywfoufNyD; EdkifiHwumrS avhvmapmifh
MunfhaewJh tcsuf 7 csufudkvnf; txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh
odoifhygw,f/ ]]a00g;rItcsKdUjzifh 'DcsKyfygwD? jynfcdkifNzdK;ygwD&JU twGif;ydkif;
tm;NydKifrI? rboESifh Ak'¨bmomtrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;? b*FvD'ku©onfta&;?
wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrsm;ESifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufrI &yfpJa&; NCA pmcsKyf?
pD;yGm;a&; wkHYqdkif;rIrsm;? wyfrawmfom; vTwfawmftrwfae&m 25
&mcdkifEIef;ESifh jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ tcef;u@}} - 'Dtcsuf 7 csuf[m pm
oifcef;rsm;twGif;rSm tus,fw0ifh avhvmcGifh &&SdoifhwJh a&G;aumufyGJESifh
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;pOfrsm;yg/ 'DvdkavhvmaqG;aEG;cGifhawG &&SdrSomvQif
rSefuefwJh a½G;cs,frIudk pOf;pm;ÓPfESifh csrSwfwwfrSmyg/ yuwd tajc
taersm;eJY rsufarSmufacwf wdkif;a&;jynf&mudkvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;rI &&Sd
vmMur,f/

pmoifausmif;rsm;u ydkrdk ausyGefoifUwJU wm0efBuD;wpf&yf

vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;p wpfacwfwpfcgu tokH;jyKcJhzl;wJh jynfolYeDwd
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;udk jyefvnf toufoGif;vdkY pmoifcef;rsm;rSm tjrefqkH;
oifMum;oifhygw,f/
txl;ojzifhawmh aemif ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; odyfra0;vSwJh
tem*wfumvrSm qE´rJ ay;Mu&awmhr,fh 'DaeY rl? v,f? xuf ausmif;
om;awGudk a&G;aumufyGJtaMumif; oifMum;ay;jcif;[m ydkrdkaocsmwJh

194
 odef;Ekdif

'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfudk xlaxmifjcif;ygyJ/ 'Drdkua&pDudk ,k,k,, ysKd;axmif

ae&qJ wdkif;jynftwGuf rlv,fxuf twef;rsm;rSm oD;oefY bmom&yf
wpfcktaeeJY wpfywfudk 2 csdefavmufjzpfjzpf xm;NyD; wduswJh oif½dk;
ñGef;wrf;? oifcef;pmrsm;eJY oifMum;&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygw,f/

wu,fawmhvnf; uRefawmfwdkY&JU ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;[m

vGwfvyfNyD; w&m;rQwaom a&G;aumufyGJBuD;wpfck jzpfvmap&ef rJ½kH
apmifhjcif;? BuD;Muyfjcif;tvkyfwdkYudk wdkif;jynftwGuf wm0efodod? ausaus
yGefyGef vkyfay;Edkifygw,f/ rJ½kHrsm;udk BuD;Muyfa&;wm0efjzifh a&G;aumufyGJ
ykH&dyfudk rxdcdkufapzdkY q&mq&mrwdkYudk tm;udk;jcif;tay: tjiif;ryGm;vdkyg/
odkYaywJh 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf; usepGmeJY a&G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufzdkYtwGuf
EdkifiHa&; tajccH todw&m;rsm;udk i,f&G,fpOfrSmuwnf;u oifMum;ay;
zdkY&,f? tem*wfor®wavmif;rsm;? trwfavmif;rsm;udk usifh0wfeDwdeJY
jynfhpkHatmif? jynfolYqE´udk av;pm;vdkufemwwfatmif? zuf'&,fpepfeJY
'Drdkua&pDudk ESvkH;om;xJa&mufatmif oifMum; avhusifhay;&r,fh ynm
a&;&JU rlvwm0efrsm;udkawmh (rysufruGuf) ydkrdk ausyGefoifhw,f r[kwfyg
vm;/
oHvGifwdkif;rf*sme,f? 24 atmufwdkbm? 2015

195
 zuf'&,fynma&;

21 &mpk ynmacwfrSm tpdk;&wpf&yf&JU atmifjrifrI wdkif;wmEdkif

aom tzdk;wef aywHwpfacsmif;uawmh ynma&; atmifjrif
rIyJjzpfw,f/ 'DtwGuf wufvmr,fh tpdk;&[m ynma&;u@&JU
qdk;arGawGudk acszsufvdkY? pdefac:rI tBuD;BuD;awGudk ]]EdkifiHa&;
apwem}} political will a&SUxm;NyD; &J&J0Hh0Hh &ifqdkif ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifzdkY
qE´jyK arQmfvifhygw,f/

196
 odef;Ekdif

jrefrmU 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&topftwGuf
ynma&;pdefac:csuf 10 &yf

ESpf 50 ausmf umvtwGif; ynma&;pepfudk r[mAsL[maysmuf?

OD;wnf&mrJh jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawG vkyfcJhMutNyD; aemufwufvmr,fh jrefrm
tpdk;&topf[m ynma&;jyóem tBuD;BuD;awGeJY qdk;arGwcsKdUudk &ifqdkif&
awmhrSm jzpfygw,f/
vmr,fhtywf Edk0ifbm 8 &uf? 2015 aeY[m jrefrmEdkifiH&JU
xl;jcm;vSwJh a½G;aumufyGJudk usif;yzdkY&mjzpfw,f/ 'DzufacwfrSm jynfwGif;
jynfyu pdwf0ifpm;rIt&SdqkH; a½G;aumufyGJvdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/ ajymif;vJzdkY&m
twGuf arQmfvifhcsufawG jyif;xefaecsdefrSm usif;ywJh ygwDpkHa½G;aumufyGJ
tay:rSm pdk;&drfrIrsm;eJY tjiif;yGm;zG,frsm;uvnf; &Sdaejyefygw,f/
zuf'&,fpepfeJY tvSrf;a0;aeao;NyD; jyifqifzdkYvdktyfaeqJ 2008 zGJUpnf;
tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'eJY wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhwm[m 5 ESpf tpdk;&
oufwrf; wpfck NyD;qkH;vdkY vmcJhygNyD/ 'Doufwrf;twGif;rSm jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
tcsdKU vkyfEdkifcJhw,fvdkY tpdk;&u wGifwGifajymaeayr,fh odomxif&Sm;wJh
jynfolA[dkjyK &v'faumif;rsm;uawmh vkH;0 ryDjyifao;ygbl;/ txl;ojzifh
urÇmtedrfhqkH; tajctaeqdk;rSm &SdaeqJ ynma&;u@rSm ta&twGufydkif;
rSmaum? t&nftaoG;ydkif;rSmyg pdefac:rIawG[m 'keJYa';yg/ ynma&;
pepf[m 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfeJY zuf'&,fpepfudk axmufulyHhydk;
tm;jznfhzdkY&mtwGufvnf; rsm;pGm jyKjyif&ygOD;r,f/
197
 zuf'&,fynma&;

odyfra0;ao;wJh ESpf 30 ynma&;pDrHudef;&JU r½IrvS usqkH;cef;

udkjzifh pmzGJYvdkY&,f rukefEdkifygbl;/ vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;aemuf acwfwdkif;&JU
ed*kH;ydkif;rSm t½Idufudk tvJxdk; cHcJh&wm[m ynma&;pepfygyJ/ vGwfvyfcgp
wdkif;jynfrSm jynfawmfomacwf b0opfzefwD;rI ynma&;pepf[m ]]tqkH;
owf raumif;cJhyg}} qdkNyD; rqvacwfrSm tajccHynmOD;pD;Xme&JU ñTefcsKyf
wm0ef,lcJhzl;ol OD;oef;OD;u ol&JU ynma&;ordkif;pmtkyfrSm wpfaMumif;
wnf;aom tqdk;jrifaumufcsufudk r&Jw&J cscJhw,f/ rqvacwfrSm
]]&du©m}} avsmhenf;vmaeayr,fh ]]odu©m}} eJY touf&SifoefEdkifcJhMuwJhtwGuf
ausmif;q&mrsm;[m ynma&; t&nftaoG;udk yDwdwcsdKUeJY usm;uef?
xdef;xm;EdkifcJhw,fvdkY qdk&r,f/ odkYaywJh ]]&du©ma&m? odu©myg r&SdawmhNyD}}
qdkNyD; ynma&;Zmwfvdkuf ausmif;q&mrsm;&JU idkcsif;&Snf[m tESpf 20
ausmfMumcJhygNyDaum/ ausmif;u yDwdeJY rrQwawmhvdkY usL&SifyDwd? 0dkif;yDwdeJY
pcef;oGm;aecJh&NyD/
'DzufacwfrSmawmh EdkifiHhwm0ef wpfaeY &Spfem&Dtjyif tjcm;aom
tvkyf 2 ck? 3 ckudkyg vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdawmh jrefrmausmif;q&mrsm;[m urÇm
ay:rSm tHhzG,fwpfyg;ygyJ/ &v'ftaeeJY ausmif;ynma&;&JU tESpfom&awG
aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; tjzpfqdk;vdkY qdkEdkifr,fxifygw,f/ a&S;rsdK;qufrsm;xuf
aemufrsdK;qufrsm;&JU tawG;tjrifeJY todynm[m edrfhus aecJh&NyDvdkY
NAdwdeftrwfrsm;&JU jrefrmEdkifiHynma&;ppfwrf; 2014 ckESpfrSm axmufjy
xm;ygw,f/
,leufpudk&JU 2006 - 2012 ckESpfrsm;pm&if;t& ynma&;tokH;
p&dwf tedrfhqkH;wdkif;jynf 10 EdkifiHxJrSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m xdyfqkH;rSm &SdaecJh
w,f/ trsdK;om;0ifaiG *sD'DyD&JU okn 'or 78 &mcdkifEIef; (0.78%) udk
yJ ynma&;twGuf tokH;jyKcJhw,fvdkY az:jyxm;cJhw,f/ ]]aAmif;awmfNidrfh?
pdwfawmfod}} eD;&m"g;aMumuf? tyg;awmfNrJ ynm&Sifrsm;[mvnf; wkPSd
bma0 aexdkifcJhMuw,f/ tusKd;quftaeeJY ynma&;rSm tvGeftrif;
t*wdw&m; vdkufpm;rIawG&,f? cGJjcm;qufqHrIawG&,f? ]]a½Ttdk;&SdrS
ynm&}}? ]]ratmifr&Sd ighwynfh}}? ]]rwwfolu rodoludk oifay;}} qdkwJh
pum;ykHtopfawG&,fygyJ/ ynma&;tokH;p&dwfeJY ynma&; t&nftaoG;

198
 odef;Ekdif

[m wdkuf½dkuf tcsdK;usaeaMumif;udk ]]OD;eif; yJhaxmif? yJheif; OD;axmif}}

ykHpHrsdK;eJY ajymif;vJaewJh ynma&;0efBuD;Xme[m 'DaeYxufxd avhusufrdykH
ray:ao;ygbl;/
tm&SbPf&JU tpD&ifcHpmt& ESpfpOf tpdk;&ausmif; wufa&mufol
1 'or 1 oef; &SdwJhtxJrSm 10 wef;pmar;yGJtxd ynmNyD;qkH;atmif
wufa&mufEdkifol[m wpfodef;ausmfrQom &Sdaew,f/ uav;i,f 4
&mcdkifEIef;[m ausmif;wufzdkY arG;zGm;vmcJhwmr[kwfovdk ausmif;twGif;
eH&Hudk rjrifzl;wJh olawGygyJ/ ausmif;xGufEIef;[mvnf; aMumufcref;vdvdyg/
oli,fwef;pwufwJh uav;i,f 25 &mcdkifEIef;avmuf[m 4 wef; atmif
wJhtcg &moufyef ausmif;NyD;qkH;cJh&NyD/ 'Dudef;*Pmef;rsm;&JU Ncdrf;acsmufae
rI[m EdkifiHtwGuf trsdK;om;vkHNcHKa&;eJY zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI t&yg pdk;&drfp&m
taumif;qkH;vdkY ajymEdkifygw,f/
1974? 76 ckESpfrsm;eJY 1988? 1996? 2007? 2015 ckESpf
ausmif;om;ordkif;0if 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfykHawGudk tMurf;zuf NzdKcGif;cJh
NyD;wJh aemufydkif;rSmawmh tpdk;&rsm;eJY ausmif;om;awG[m oHo&mrSmyg
&efzufawG jzpfvmcJhawmhw,f/ 2015 ckESpfrSm urÇmod? jrefrmod ordkif;0if
ynma&; vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;jzpfwJh trsdK;om;ynma&; Oya'jyifqifa&;eJY ywf
oufNyD; av;yGifhqdkif ynma&;&v'frsm;udk tpdk;&[m ajymifajymifwif;wif;
csdK;azgufcJhw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmeJY pka0; qE´az:xkwfcJhMuwJh 'Drdkua&pDynma&;
oydwfppfaMumif;awGudk tpdk;&[m tiftm; tvGeftuRH tokH;jyKNyD;
tMurf;zuf NzdKcGif;jcif;? rw&m; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;wdkY[m jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI pmrsufESm eHygwf 1 udk tifrwefyJ t½kyfqdk;? tusnf;wef
vGef;apcJhNyD/
ESpf 50 ynma&;pepf&JU ]]wcrf;wem; usqkH;cef;}} rSm t"du
w&m;cHawGudkawmh a0;a0;ajy;Munfhp&m rvdkygbl;/ ynma&; twdwf
ordkif;udkawmh aESmif;okawoDrsm;&JU vufxJrSm 'DrQavmufeJY tyfcJhyg&ap/
xxx
'Dae&mrSm Edk0ifbm 8 &ufaeY a½G;aumufyGJNyD;aemuf wufvmr,fh
tpdk;&topftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiH&JU ynma&;qdkif&m pdefac:csuf 10 csufudk

199
 zuf'&,fynma&;

qufvufaqG;aEG;yg&ap/ ygwDrsm;&JU a½G;aumufyGJaMunm pmwrf;awG

xJrSmawmh a,bk,sqefvGef;vSwJh ynma&;ay:vpD wcsdKUudkom awGYjrif
ae&ao;w,f/ pdefac:rIawGudk aqG;aEG;rSmjzpfvdkY a&G;aumufyGJrSm atmif
pdwfeJY tmPm,ltpdk;&zGJYzdkY wuf<uaewJholawGudk taysmfrvGefzdkY b&dwf
tkyfovdkrsdK; jzpfcJh&ifawmh BudKwif awmif;yefygw,f/
we*FaEGaeY a½G;aumufyGJaemufydkif; tmPm&wJh ygwDeJY tpdk;&[m
ra&mif&mqDvl;? a0hvnfaMumifywf? oHo&m&efNidK;zGJU avQmufvkyfaer,fh
tpm; tpdk;&tqifhuomvQif taumiftxnfaz:Edkifr,fh ynma&;
vkyfief;BuD;awGudk tm½kHpdkufoifhygw,f/

(1) ]]or*¾eJY vufwGJul? ynma&; rlrSeforQ? atmifyGJ&}} - aqmifyk'fopfudk

usifhokH;vdkY ay:vpDtopf? csnf;uyfrIykHpHtopf? qufqHa&; ykHpHtopf
awGeJY jrefrmtpdk;&topf[m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;? pDbDtdkrsm;? NNER?
ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;tzGJUcsKyfwdkYeJY vufwGJaqmif½Gufoifhygw,f/ zrf;qD;
cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om;rsm;eJY 0ef;&Hjynfolrsm;udk tjrefqkH; jyefvTwfay;
oifhw,f/ 'g[m oHo&m&efNidK;udk ajyaysmufapzdkYwifrubJ ]]tusdK;wl
n§dEIdif;? yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufwwfa&;}}” qdkwJh uav;A[dkjyK ynma&;'óeudk
aemifvmaemifom;rsm;eJY vuf&Sd pmoifcef;xJu wynfhrsm;twGuf vuf
awGUpHerlem jyo&mvnf;a&mufr,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;eJY q&mq&mrrsm;[m
jyóem r[kwfbJ ]]tajzjzpfw,f}} qdkwmudk tpdk;&topf[m oabm
aygufvdkufprf;yg/
(2) OD;eif;yJhaxmif? yJheif;OD;axmifajymif;vJrIeJY oem;pzG,f? tkHeJYusif;eJY
ta0zefcHae&qkH; jzpfaewJh ynma&;0efBuD;Xme[m ]]bufpkHajymif;vJrI}}
udk tGefayygt&omru? vufawGU pmoifcef;rsm;xJtxd [efcsufnD
vkyfaqmifoifhw,f/ uav;A[dkjyKoifenf;awGudk *sdKifum? ,leDqufwdkYeJY
prf;oyfMunfhcJhw,f/ uav;A[dkjyKoif½dk;ñGef;wrf;? zwfpm? bwf*suf?
pOfqufrjywf ppfaq;rI? *kPfjyKrIeJY uGyfuJMuyfrwfrIwdkY[m aemufu
wqufwnf; ygrvmwJhtwGuf? q&mrsm;&JU pdwf"gwfeJY tusifh? 0rf;pmeJY
*kPfodu©mudk tav;tjrwf rjyKcJhwJhtwGuf ynma&;[m aemufaMumif;

200
 odef;Ekdif

jyefvSnfhvdkY 19 &mpkrSm aomifwifaecJh&NyD/ ICT uRrf;usifNyD; pmayykHrSef

zwf½IavhvmwJh ya&mfzuf&Sife,f ausmif;q&m ysKd;axmifa&;[m pdefac:
csufrsm;pGm &Sdaeygw,f/ uav;rsm;&JU ÓPf&nfÓPfaoG;awG? a0befydkif;
jcm; qef;ppfawG;ac:rIawG? Edk;Mum;wuf<urIawG? pGefYOD;wDxGifzefwD;rIawGudk
zsufqD;ypfaecJhwJh ]]usufajzeJY usufbGJY}} pepfaMumifh EdkifiHudkvnf; rpOf;pm;?
rawG;awmwwfwJh ]]usufEdkifiH}} tqifh a&mufapcJhNyD/
(3) zuf'&,fpepfwdkY? 'Drdkua&pDpepfwdkYudk ygwDBuD;awGeJY trwfavmif;
awG[m pifjrifhawGay:uae Muufwla&G;ozG,f ½Gwfzwfo&Zösm,f wwf
vmwmudkawmh csD;usL;&rvm;yJ/ odkYaywJh zuf'&,fynma&;wdkY? 'Drdkua&pD
ynma&;wdkYudk b,fvdkrl0g'rsm;eJY a&SUqufpcef;oGm;rSmvJ/ wdkif;&if;om;
ynma&;pepf? 'ku©onfrsm;eJY a½TUajymif;vlxktwGuf ]]uav; tcGifhta&;
tajcjyK? uav;A[dkjyK ynma&;aygif;ul;}} pepf? ]]wdkif;&if;om;uav;A[dkjyK
ynma&;pepf}}awGudk jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufoifhygw,f/
]]A[dkOD;pD;csKyfudkifrIudk avQmYcsypfzdkY}} tpdk;&topf[m 0efav; raeoifhyg
bl;/ av;yGifhqdkifrSm oabmwlnD xm;cJhMuwJh trsKdom;ynma&;aumfr&Sif
zsufodrf;a&;[mvnf; tpdk;&topftwGuf acgif;cJp&m jzpfvmawmhr,f/
a'oEÅ&tqifh? jynfe,ftqifhudkom tajc cHynma&; tcGifhtmPmeJY
MoZmudk 100 &mcdkifEIef; &J&JBuD; vTJtyf vdkufprf;yg/ 'Dpefx&,fvdkufaZ;
&Sif;aMumifh ynma&;[m aeYcsif;ncsif; vlarG;olarG; ajymifvmygvdrfhr,f/
(4) yk*¾vduynma&;pepf[m rl0g' csKdUwJhpGmeJY pcef;oGm;ae&qJygyJ/
aps;uGuf0if yk*¾vdynma&;pepftay:rSm rk'dwm ryGm;EdkifMuwm[mjzifh
pOf;pm;p&m &Sdvmygw,f/ ydkvdkYpdk;&drfp&m aumif;wmuawmh yk*¾vdupepfeJY
tpdk;&ausmif;ynma&;pepfrsm;&JU tMum;u ]]uGm[csuf}} rsm;[m wpfaeY
wjcm; BuD;rm;vdkYvmaew,f/ t&nftaoG;ydkif;rSm b,fvdk twk,lxdef;n§d
EdkifrvJ/ ta&twGuft&aum yk*¾vdausmif;xGuf b,fESpf&mcdkifEIef;[m
'Dwdkif;jynfrSm qufvufaexdkifvdkY jrefrmhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk tusKd;jyK
EdkifrvJ/ yk*¾vdpepfeJY tpdk;&pepfwdkYtMum; tjyeftvSefav;pm;rIeJY
qufoG,faygif;ul; nd§EIdif;&awmhr,f/ ydkNyD;vdktyfaewmuawmh wdkif;&if;
om;ausmif;? uGefjrLewDausmif;? ausmif;jyifyynma&;? udk,fxludk,fx

201
 zuf'&,fynma&;

ausmif;rsm;udk tpdk;&u w&m;0if todtrSwfjyKNyD; xdxda&mufa&muf

yHhydk;ulnDay;zdkYygyJ/
(5) EdkifiHawmftqifhu trsdK;om;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;? pHEIef;rsm; tñTef;abmif
Framework avmufudkyJ 'Drdkua&pDpepf? zuf'&,fpepfwdkYeJY vdkufavsmnD
axG jyKpkjyXmef; ay;oifhw,f/ oif½dk;[m acwfrD? rQw? us,fjyefYapoifhw,f/
trsKdom;tarGtESpfudk xdef;odrf;zdkY? wdkif;&if;om;bmompmayeJY ,Ofaus;rI
awG &SifoefzdkY? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? vlUtcGifhta&;eJY 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfawG
&ifbwfxJa&mufzdkY acgif;pOfawGudk xnfhoGif;&awmhr,f/ tpdk;&eJY
0efBuD;Xmeu zwfpmtkyfxkwfa0 a&mif;pm;aer,fhtpm; yk*¾vduynma&;
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;eJY ukrÜPDrsm;udk vTJtyfoifhaeNyD/ ynma&;[m aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;pepfeJY [efcsufnDzdkY tylwjyif; vdktyfaeNyD/
(6) wdkif;jynfrSm 10 ESpftxuf vkyfouf&SdwJh ausmif;q&m &mcdkifEIef;
[mvnf; urÇmrSm tedrfhqkH;jzpfaew,f/ uav;xGufEIef;eJY ausmif;q&m
xGufEIef; tNydKifjzpfaeqJyg/ vkyfouf&SdNyD; 0goemeJY twwfynm aygif;pyf
vdkY b0udk zGJUpnf;xm;wJh ausmif;q&mrsm; vkyfief;cGifwnfNrJa&;eJY pm;?
0wf? aea&; vlwef;apha&;[m tpdk;&topf&JU ynma&;rl0g atmifjrifrI
twGuf tc&mjzpfvdrfhr,f/ ynma&;udk aoG;opfavmif;zdkY&mvnf; tyl
wjyif; vdktyfaew,f/ vla[mif;trsm;pk[m rla[mif;awGudk zufwG,fxm;
wJh ynma&; tEÅ&m,faxmifacsmufudk 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& topf[m
b,fvdk ausmfvTm;EdkifrvJ/
(7) ynma&;udk ppfrIjyKxm;wm[mjzifh&if toGifoP²meft&aum?
tESpfom&t&yg t½kyfqdk; tusnf;wefvSw,f/ tpdk;&opf[m ]]ynma&;
A[dkjyKtpdk;&topf}} jzpfzdkYqdk&if ynma&;OD;aqmifrIydkif;eJY tqifhqifhwdkif;rSm
rdk;usa&Tudk,f ,leDazgif;cRwfrsm;&JU tcefYom; ae&m,lwJhpepfudk ed*kH;csKyf
ay;&ygvdrfhr,f/
(8) vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef? EdkifiHw0Srf;vkH;rSm&SdaewJh uav;
wdkif; t&nftaoG;jynfhrDwJh tajccHynma&;NyD;qkH; atmifjrifatmif (10
wef; atmifwJhtxd) wm0ef,l&ygvdrfhr,f/ tckvuf&SdrSm 'DtwGuf
ta&twGufa&m? t&nftaoG;udkyg tajccHynma&;rSm qxufwdk;vdkY

202
 odef;Ekdif

vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&SdwJh 0efBuD;XmejzpfzdkY tpdk;&topf[m Bud;pm;&ygvdrfhr,f/

'g[m tpdk;&topf&JU EdkifiHa&;tm*sif'g eHygwf (1) vnf; jzpfoifhygw,f/
(9) oufarG;ynm? tqifhjrifhynma&;eJY wuúodkvfu@ pdefac:rIawGxJrSm
]]wuúodkvfrsm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh}} autonomy yJjzpfygw,f/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI
wif;usyfvSwJh pepfxJrSm wuúodkvfrsm;[m r[mAsL[maysmufqkH;cJh&NyD;
udk,fhxrif;udk,fpm;NyD; bBuD;EGm;ausmif; aecJh&wJhtjzpfrsdK;udk BuHKBudKufcJh
Mu&ygw,f/ 0goemADZeJY pmaywwfuRrf;rItay:rSm tajccHwJh wuúodkvf
0ifcGifhpepfudkvnf; ajymif;vJ&ygr,f/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&? jynfe,ftpdk;&
rsm;? yk*¾vdu? tvSL&Sifrsm;eJY pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;eJY zufpyfvdkY vGwfvyfwJh
wuúodkvf ynma&;pepfudkvnf; tOD;tp ysKd;axmifay;oifhygw,f/
jynfe,frsm;eJY a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;? pufrIZkefrsm;eJY csdwfquf
xm;wJh oufarG;ynma&; technical and vocational education - TVET
oifwef;awG (&maxmifcsD) trsm;BuD; vdktyfaeygao;w,f/ TVET &JU
wefzdk;udkvnf; vlxkodjrifvmatmif tpdk;&topf[m BudK;yrf;&ygOD;r,f/
]]bGJY&rS vljzpfw,f}} qdkwJh tawG;tjrif tvGJtrSm;[m TVET twGuf
tBuD;rm;qkH; taESmuft,Suf jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ 'g[m trsdK;om; ukefxkwf
vkyfrI wdk;wufapzdkYeJY wpfOD;csif;pD&JU b0t&nftaoG; twGufvnf;yJ
jzpfygw,f/ ]]uneducated graduate bGJU& ynmrwwf}}? eJY ]]graduate un-
employment bGJY& tvkyfvufrJh}} jyóemudkvnf; tpdk;&opf[m csufjcif;yJ
&ifqdkif&ygOD;r,f/ aumvdyfeJY wuúodkvfrsm;&JU Oy"d½kyf cefYnm;½kHwif
rubJ wuúodkvfrsm;&JU t&nftaoG;eJY touf[m ynm&SifvGwfvyfcGifh
Academic freedom eJY okawoejzpfwJhtwGuf bwf*sufvdktyfygw,f/
(10) trsdK;om;ynma&;Oya'rSm ]]ynma&;tokH;p&dwfudk EdkifiHawmf
tokH;p&dwf\ 20 &mcdkifEIef;txd a&muf&Sda&;twGuf &nfrSef;xm;csuf}}
[mjzifh rk'dwmyGm;p&mygyJ/ odkYaywJh b,fawmh? b,f&mpkESpfrSm a&muf
rSmvJ/ wpfjynfvkH; tjrefqkH; rk'dwm yGm;EdkifapzdkY ynma&; tokH;p&dwfudk
csufcsif;vufiif; 20 &mcdkifEIef; tokH;jyKvdkufprf;yg/ 'g[m ynma&; jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm;twGuf t"du armif;ESiftm; tif*sifygyJ/ ynma&;*D,m
ajymif;zdkY wGef;tm;yg/ t*wdw&m;av;yg; uif;&Sif;aom ynma&;pepf

203
 zuf'&,fynma&;

twGuf vrf;pvnf; jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ t&nftaoG;twGufaum? ta&

twGuf t&yg wdk;wufvmapzdkY tc&musaew,f/ tcsdefydkaMu;? ausmif;
vc? q&muefawmhaMu;? ,leDazgif;aMu;? usL&SifaMu;awGudk tpdk;&topfu
ay;ay;yg/ rkefYa&mif;pm;ae&wJh twef;ydkifq&mr&JU aps;Aef;udkvnf; tpdk;&
topfuyJ wpfAef;vkH;0,fvdkufprf;yg/ tpdk;&opf[mppfrSefwJh ]]NrdKUarwåm}}
udk tif;pwefY csufcsif; cH,l ydkifqdkif&ygvdrfhr,f/
xxx
tESpfcsKyftm;jzifh pdefac:rIawGudk ydkif;jzwfMunfhr,fqdk&if -
ynma&;&JU tqifhwdkif;rSm t&nftaoG;jynfhrDzdkY? ynma&;bwf*sufudk
tqrsm;pGm wdk;jr§ifhay;zdkYeJY tm;vkH;twGuf vufvSrf;rDwJh ynma&;jzpfzdkYwdkYvdk
qdk&ygr,f/
ynma&;[m bmaMumifh ta&;BuD;ovJqdkwmudk tpdk;&topf[m
oifcef;pm eHygwf (1) taeeJY tOD;qkH; avhvmoifhygw,f/ wu,fawmh
ypöKyÜefeJY tem*wfvlYtzGJUpnf;twGuf jyifqif avhusifhay;wJh? tajccH
tkwfjrpfcswJh ae&mjzpfvdkY odyfudkrS ta&;BuD;vSygw,f/ aumif;rGefwJh
ynma&;aMumifh Nidrf;csrf;? a0pnf wdk;wufEdkifovdk? qdk;0g;vSwJh ynma&;
aMumifhyJ ysufpD;? qkH;½IH;? qkwf,kwfEdkifygw,f/ ]]ynma&;onf taumif;
qkH;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI}}? ]]ynma&;onfyif EdkifiHawmfjzpf\}}? ]]ynma&;
onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfonf}}? ]]pOfqufrjywf woufwmynma&;}} ? qdkwJh
ynmtawG;tjrifawGudk A[dkjyKxm;wJh ]]ynmorl[tpdk;&}} udk jrefrmEdkif
iHu vdktyfaew,f/
21 &mpk ynmacwfrSm tpdk;&wpf&yf&JU atmifjrifrI wdkif;wmEdkif
aom tzdk;wef aywHwpfacsmif;uawmh ynma&; atmifjrifrIyJ jzpfw,f/
'DtwGuf wufvmr,fh tpdk;&[m ynma&;u@&JU qdk;arGawGudk acszsuf
vdkY? pdefac:rI tBuD;BuD;awGudk ]]EdkifiHa&;apwem}} political will a&SUxm;NyD;
&J&J0Hh0Hh &ifqdkif ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifzdkY qE´jyK arQmfvifhygw,f/

The Voice Daily newspaper &efukef? 4 Ekd0ifbmv 2015/

204
odef;Ekdif

205
 pma&;ol\ udk,fa&;tusOf;
odef;Edkif

pma&;olonf 1988 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfwGif wufa&muf

cJhNyD; &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo) \ pnf;½kH;a&;rSL;
wpfOD; taejzifh wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ppftmPmodrf;NyD;aemuf e,fpyfa'orsm;
odkY wdrf;a&SmifcJhonf/ ABSDF a[GapwDpcef;? aumfrDwDwpfOD;taejzifh
vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;wyfrawmf (A[dkynma&;Xme) oifwef;rSL;
wm0efrsm;udk vnf;aumif; (1988 -1995) xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ e,fpyf
a'orsm;wGif pmoifausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifcJhNyD; ausmif;q&m? oifwef;
enf;jytaejzifh wm0ef,lcJhonf/
1995 ckESpfwGif MopaMw;vsm;EdkifiH? tpdk;& AusAID ynmawmf
oifqk &&SdcJhonf/ ynma&;bGJU? r[mynma&;bGJU M.Ed ynm&yfrsm;udk
avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ r[mynma&;bGJYtwGuf bGJY,lusrf;udk Leading for
Change: Diversity and Multicultural Education in Burma acgif;pOfjzihf
wifoGif;cJhonf/ bGJYvGefoifwef;rsm;twGuf Prospect Burma ESihf OSI
ynmawmfoifqkrsm;udkvnf; &&SdcJhonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH? rav;&Sm;? aemfa0?
'def;rwf? qGD'if? tdE´d,EdkifiH? ,lau (paumhwvef) wdkYwGif trsdK;om;
ynma&;pepf? q&mtwwfynma&;ESifh oif½dk;ñGef;wrf; ynm&yfrsm;?
q&mor*¾vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk avhvmcJhonf/ rJvbkef;NrdKU pmoifausmif;rsm;
wGif q&mtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/

206
 2002 ckESpfwGif xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfodkY jyefvmcJhNyD; ynma&;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0if aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfa'o tajc
pdkuf? wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUrsm;? 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm; tygt0if tzGJU
tpnf; 28 zGJUjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfh trsdK;om;usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;
aumfrDwD NHEC \ ynma&;qdkif&m wm0efcHtaejzifh q&mtwwfynm
oifwef;rsm;? okawoevkyfief;rsm;? oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; jyKpka&;qGJjcif;
vkyfief;rsm;udk wm0ef,lcJhonf/ q&mtwwfynmoifwef; ausmif;tkyf
taejzifhvnf; wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ausmif;ynma&;okawoe*sme,fwGif
t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
2009 ckESpfwGif armu©ynma&;r*¾Zif;udk wnfaxmifcJhNyD;
wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ Open Universities Aus-
tralia OUA \ tGefvdkif; bGJU'D*&Dynmawmfoifqk tpDtpOfwGif ynma&;
wm0efcHtjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (Auo) A[dkvkyfief;aumfrDwDESifh wGJzufNyD;
'Drdkua&pDynma&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk usif;ycJhonf/ a&TUajymif;vlxkynma&;?
rGef? ucsif wdkif;&if;om; ynma&;Xmersm;wGif q&mtwwfynma&;
oifwef;enf;jyESihf ynma&;tBuHay; wpfOD;taejzifh wm0ef xrf;aqmif
onf/
24 ESpftMum ta0;a&muf aexdkifcJhNyD; 2012 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif
jrefrmEdkifiH? &efukefNrdKUodkY yxrOD;qkH;tBudrf jyefvnf 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf? txl;ojzifh ynma&;rl0g'?
q&mtwwf ynma&;ESifh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;qdkif&m ynma&;pmayrsm;?
okawoepmwrf;rsm; a&;om;vsuf&Sdonf/

a&;om;xkwfa0cJhNyD;aom pmtkyfrsm; -
(1) rwl uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;ESihf taoG;ta&mifpHk ,Ofaus;rIynma&; (2006)
(2) 'Drdkua&pD pmoifcef;twGif;u urÇmBuD; - uav;A[kdjyK oifcef;pmrsm;
(3) ynmEkdifiHawmf (2015)
(4) zuf'&,fynma&; (2016)

207