L]dVgZi]Z

9^hWZa^ZkZgh4

=VboVNjhj[

@

j[ g  bVn WZ YZÅcZY Vh Y^hWZa^Z[! ^c\gVi^ijYZ! dg Vggd\Vci
gZ_ZXi^dcd[igji]0^i]VhbVcndi]ZgcjVcXZYbZVc^c\h^ci]Z
Fjg½VcVcYHjccV]#I]ZFjg½VcbZci^dchi]Vil]ZcbVc^h
igdjWaZYWnigji]!]ZWZ\^chidi]^c`[V``VgVVWdjiVcYYZiZgb^cZ
fVYYVgVl]Vi^hi]ZWZhiVeegdVX]id_jhi^[n]^hgZ_ZXi^dcd[i]Zigji]#
I]jh! Y^hWZa^Z[ VcY XaZkZgcZhh VgZ gZaViZY# 6g^hidiaZ YZÅcZY ^ciZa"
a^\ZcXZ Vh i]Z bZVc WZilZZc hije^Y^in VcY XaZkZgcZhh dg XgV[i^cZhh#
9^hWZa^Z[ `j[g ^h V gZhedchZ id igji] i]Vi ^ckdakZh XdkZg^c\ je i]Z
igji]# HZbVci^XVaan! i]Z gddi d[ `j[g ^h `V[VgV! l]^X] a^iZgVaan bZVch
ºid XdkZg dkZg#» DcZ ldgY [dg º[VgbZg» ^c 6gVW^X ^h `¤Äg! WZXVjhZ
V [VgbZg XdkZgh i]Z hZZY l^i] hd^a# @j[g ^h Vahd ºXdcXZVabZci!» Vh ^c
`j[gVa"c^–bV]idXdcXZVaWaZhh^c\h#@j[g^hjhZY^ci]ZFjg½VcVhVc
Vcidcnb [dg [V^i] ^b¤c! VcY `¤Äg Y^hWZa^ZkZg ^h _jmiVedhZY l^i]
bj¼b^cWZa^ZkZgVhdcZd[ildedhh^WaZgZhedchZhid<dY½hh^\ch#>i^h
VahdjhZY^cdeedh^i^dcidº\gVi^ijYZ»h]j`g#
I]Z iZgb `j[g ]Vh hZkZgVa Y^[[ZgZci YZÅc^i^dch SVYY# >Wc ;ËgV`
YZÅcZh `j[g Vh! º>\cdgVcXZ XdcXZgc^c\ <dY! XdcXZgc^c\ =^h Viig^"
WjiZh!VcYVYZc^VaVcYgZ_ZXi^dcd[i]Vi^hjcYZghiddYidWZ^cXajYZY
^c i]Vi ^\cdgVcXZ#»& L]Vi i]^h YZÅc^i^dc ^bea^Zh ^h i]Vi V bVc l]d
YZc^Zh<dYdgVhhdX^ViZhhdbZi]^c\ZahZl^i]<dY^h^\cdgVcid[<dY!
VcY]^h^\cdgVcXZ]VhaZY]^bidgZ_ZXil]Vi^higjZVWdji<dY#>Wc
;ËgV`fjdiZh6WËVa"£VhVcVa"6h]–VgÓ!fjdi^c\6WË£jhVncVa"›¤a^SÓVh
hVn^c\!

@j[g^hVc^\cdgVcXZd[<dY!VcY^i^hdcZfjVa^ini]Vi^hi]Zdeedh^iZ
  h ZVh dch  q  h eg^ c\ '% %-  q

d[`cdlaZY\Zd[<dY#>igZh^YZh^ci]Z]jbVc]ZVgiVcY^h^cjcYZg"
hiVcY^c\VcYcdi^cVXi^dc#BdgZdkZg!i]Z^\cdgVcXZd[<dY^hV]VigZY
d[<dYVcYVej[[ZYjeVii^ijYZidlVgY<dY!VbdX`^c\d[<dY!VcY
'
VgZ_ZXi^dc#

6WËVa"7Vf¤½YZÅcZh`j[gVhºVh^c\aZhnhiZbd[WZa^Z[deedhZYidi]Z
jcYdjWiZYanigjZhVXgZYaVld[BjSVbbVY#»=ZZmeaV^ch[jgi]Zg/

(&
] Vb oV nj hj[
EZdeaZVgZXViZ\dg^oZY^cidild\gdjeh/
i]dhZl]dVXXZeiBjSVbbVY½hlVn!VcY
i]Zn VgZ XVaaZY WZa^ZkZgh bj¼b^cÊc0
VcY i]dhZ l]d gZ_ZXi ^i! VcY i]Zn VgZ
XVaaZY Y^hWZa^ZkZgh `¤ÄgÊc# ;gdb i]^h
ed^cid[k^Zl!i]Z`¤ÄgÊcXdbeg^hZdcZ
\gdje ZkZc ^[ i]Zn Y^[[Zg Vbdc\ i]Zb"
hZakZh0^ci]VilVn!i]ZnVgZa^`Zi]ZhZX"
iVg^VchVbdc\i]ZBjha^bh/i]Vi^h!i]Zn
]VkZY^[[ZgZciWZa^Z[hl^i]^ci]ZgZa^\^dc
d[>haVb#@j[g^ihZa[XVcWZWdi]^cldgY
VcY ^c YZZY# 6 ldgY ^h dcZ i]Vi cZXZh"
h^iViZh `j[g/ i]Vi ^h! V gZ_ZXi^dc d[ hdbZ"
i]^c\V\gZZYjedcWnXdchZchjhVbdc\
i]Z Bjha^bh P^h `j[gR! ^ggZheZXi^kZ d[
l]Zi]Zg ^i ^h [gdb V WZa^Z[! gZh^hiVcXZ!
dg YZg^h^dc# 6c VXi^dc i]Vi gZhjaih ^c V
_jY\bZcid[`j[gldjaYWZdcZi]VilVh
YdcZ ^ciZci^dcVaan VcY ^cY^XViZh XaZVg
XdciZbei[dgi]ZgZa^\^dc!hjX]Vhegdh"
igVi^c\idVc^Ydadgi]gdl^c\VFjg½Vc
( METAPHYSICALLY, AS
^ci]Z\VgWV\Z# 
I]^h YZÅc^i^dc ^h XdchdcVci l^i] bdhi
bdYZgcBjha^bjcYZghiVcY^c\hd[`j[g#>i
^hh^bea^hi^X!WaVX`VcYl]^iZ!VcYVhhjbZh
i]Vi ZkZgndcZ ]Vh ]ZVgY i]Z bZhhV\Z!
i]dj\]iVWdji^i!VcYbVYZVÅcVaYZX^h^dc
dc ^i# I]Z aZ\Va iZgb `j[g bZVch ºV gZ_ZX"
i^dcd[l]Vi^hcZXZhhVg^an`cdlc[gdbi]Z
gZa^\^dc d[ BjSVbbVY ¹i]Vi ^h! P`j[g
^hRidgZ_ZXii]ZZm^hiZcXZd[i]Z8gZVidgdg
i]Z egde]Zi^X b^hh^dc d[ BjSVbbVY 
dgi]Zegd]^W^i^dcd[[dgc^XVi^dcVcYVcn"
i]^c\h^b^aVg^cZcdgb^in#»I]^hYZÅc^i^dc!
VXXZeiZY Wn Vaa [djg hX]ddah d[ _jg^hegj"
q   heg ^c\'%%-  q  hZVh dc h
YZcXZ!YZÅcZh`j[gVhVgZ_ZXi^dcd[hdbZ
ZhhZci^VaeVgid[>haVbi]Vi^h`cdlcWnVaa
l]dVgZ[Vb^a^Vgl^i]^i#Ad\^XVaan!^[gZ_ZXi"
^c\VcZhhZci^VaeVgi^h`j[g!i]ZcgZ_ZXi^c\
i]Zl]daZ^hVeg^dg^`j[g#;dgi]^hgZVhdc!
Bjha^bh ]VkZ igVY^i^dcVaan hZZc cdc"Bjh"
a^bhVh`j[[¤gY^hWZa^ZkZgh!Vhi]ZnVgZcdi
eVgid[i]Z[daYd[>haVb#
I]ZaZ\VahiVijhd[V`¤Äg^h^bedgiVciid
(' VhXZgiV^c! Vh V `¤Äg YdZh cdi ^c]Zg^i [gdb
Bjha^bh! cdg Yd Bjha^bh ^c]Zg^i [gdb
V `¤Äg#) BdgZdkZg! V `¤Äg ^h cdi Wjg^ZY
VXXdgY^c\id>haVb^X[jcZgVag^iZh!cdg^h]Z
dgh]ZegVnZY[dgV[iZgYZVi]WnBjha^bh#
BdgZ egd[djcYan! i]Z _jY\bZci d[ `j[g
jedchdbZdcZbZVchi]Vi]Z^hgZaZ\ViZY
idVhiViZd[eZgY^i^dc^c]^hV[iZga^[Z#I]Z
Zcdgb^ind[i]Vi_jY\bZcidcVeZghdc^h
hd\gZVii]Vi^i^haZ\Vaanegd]^W^iZYidhVn
i]Vi VcndcZ ^h YZhi^cZY [dg i]Z =ZaaÅgZ
SOME PEOPLE MAY NOT CONSIDER
THEMSELVES MUSLIMS AND MAY
NOT KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT ISLAM,
BUT THEY ADHERE TO MANY OF
THE MORAL PRECEPTS OF ISLAM AND
VIEW EVENTS IN THE WORLD
A MUSLIM SHOULD.
jcaZhhVXaZVgkZghZdgV]VY^i]l^i]bjai^"
eaZigVchb^hh^dch^cY^XViZhhjX]#L]Vii]^h
egd]^W^i^dc^bea^Zh^hi]VidcZXVccdiXdc"
h^YZgVeZghdc½h^ccZghiViZl^i]<dY!dcan
]^hdg]ZgdjilVgYhiViZl^i]eZdeaZ#I]Z
Fjg½Vc hiViZh ^c jcZfj^kdXVa iZgbh i]Vi
i]Z^ccZggZVa^ind[`j[gcZXZhh^iViZhVhiViZ
d[eZgY^i^dc!VcYi]ViPJai^bViZR_jY\bZci
^h<dY¼hVadcZ+/*,#I]Zegd[djcY^bea^"
XVi^dchd[i]^hbjhicdiWZadhidcBjha^bh#
I]Z Egde]Zi BjSVbbVY  XaVg^ÅZY i]^h
l]Zc]ZhV^Y!º>lVhXdbbVcYZYid_jY\Z
Wn i]Z djilVgY! VcY id <dY ^h aZ[i i]Z
PbViiZgd[_jY\^c\R^ccZggZVa^i^Zh#» I]jh!
djilVgYan! V eZghdc bVn ]VkZ V gja^c\ d[
`j[g!Wjidcan<dY`cdlh]^h^clVgYhiViZ!
VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ <dY VadcZ YZiZgb^cZh ]^h
jai^bViZYZhi^cVi^dc#
6XXdgY^c\idi]ZFjg½Vc!`j[g^hVgZ_ZX"
i^dc d[ <dY½h h^\ch VcY ^h VXXdbeVc^ZY

Wn hZkZgVa fjVa^i^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ ej[[ZY je
eg^YZ ^hi^`W¤g! YZg^h^dc ^hi^]o¤¼! YZc^"
Va iV`Y]ÒW! ^c\gVi^ijYZ `j[g¤c! XgjZain
fVh¤lV]! oZVadign SVb^nnV]! ^beZij"
djhcZhh VcY ^\cdgVcXZ _V]a! kV^c\adg^"
djhcZhh [V`]g! lVcidccZhh WVsVg! VcY
Zckn SVhVY# BVcn d[ i]ZhZ k^aZ fjVa^i^Zh
VgZ [djcY ^c Bjha^bh VcY VgZ VWhZci ^c
bVcn eZdeaZ d[ di]Zg [V^i]h VcY XgZZYh#
HdbZ eZdeaZ bVn cdi Xdch^YZg i]Zb"
hZakZhBjha^bhVcYbVncdi`cdlVcni]^c\
VWdji >haVb! Wji i]Zn VY]ZgZ id bVcn
d[ i]Z bdgVa egZXZeih d[ >haVb VcY k^Zl
ZkZcih ^c i]Z ldgaY bZiVe]nh^XVaan! Vh V
Bjha^b h]djaY¹i]Vi ^h! i]Zn k^Zl ZkZcih
Vh dXXjgg^c\ Wn <dY½h l^aa l^i] Vc ^c]Zg"
Zcil^hYdbd[iZcXdcXZVaZY[gdb]jbVc
WZ^c\h#Dci]Zdi]Zg]VcY!hdbZBjha^bh
VgZ bdgVaan WVc`gjei VcY bZiVe]nh^XVaan
Wa^cYWjicdcZi]ZaZhhXdch^YZgi]ZbhZakZh
Bjha^b#I]ZfjZhi^dci]ViVg^hZh[dgbVcn
Bjha^bh! ZheZX^Vaan i]dhZ a^k^c\ ^c cdc"
Bjha^b aVcYh! ^h i]^h/ L]Vi ]VeeZch id
eZdeaZ d[ di]Zg [V^i]h l]Zc i]Zn Y^Z4
I]Vi ^h! ]dl VgZ cdc"Bjha^bh l]d a^kZY
\ddY a^kZh VcY igZViZY di]Zgh lZaa! l]d
lZgZX]Vg^iVWaZVcYhZa["hVXg^ÅX^c\!XViZ\d"
g^oZY47Z[dgZi]^hfjZhi^dc^hVchlZgZY!^i
^h ^bedgiVci id add` Vi i]Z ineZh d[ `j[g
bZci^dcZY^ci]ZFjg½Vc#
ineZhd[`j[g^ci] Zfjg»V c
I]ZFjg½Vc^YZci^ÅZhhZkZgVaineZhd[`j[g
VcY [gdb i]ZhZ! bdhi hX]daVgh Y^hi^aa [djg
\ZcZg^XineZhVcYXdch^YZgVcndcZd[i]Z
[djg id WZ hj[ÅX^Zci XVjhZ [dg eZgY^i^dc/
`j[g ^c`¤g! `j[g _jSÊY! `j[g bj–¤cVYV! VcY
`j[gc^[¤f#
I]Z Åghi ineZ d[ Y^hWZa^Z[ ^h `j[g ^c`¤g!
^c l]^X] <dY ^h cZ^i]Zg gZXd\c^oZY cdg
VX`cdlaZY\ZY# >i ZciV^ah V gZ_ZXi^dc d[
<dY½h h^\ch l^i] Wdi] ]ZVgi VcY idc\jZ
VcY Vc ^cVW^a^in id gZXd\c^oZ i]Z jc^in
d[ <dY l]Zc ^i ^h egZhZciZY# I]^h ^h i]Z
ineZ d[ `j[g gZ[ZggZY id ^c i]Z Fjg½Vc^X
kZghZ!
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
6h[dgi]dhZl]dgZ_ZXi`V[VgË!^i^hi]ZhVbZ
[dgi]Zbl]Zi]ZgndjlVgci]Zbdgcdi¸i]Zn
Yd cdi WZa^ZkZ# <dY ]Vh hZVaZY i]Z^g ]ZVgih0
VcYi]Z^g]ZVg^c\VcYi]Z^ghZZ^c\VgZXdkZgZY
dkZg0 VcY i]ZgZ ^h V ]dggZcYdjh idgbZci [dg
i]Zb#'/+¸,
I]Z hZVa^c\ dkZg d[ i]Z^g ]ZVgih ^h [jgi]Zg
ZmeaV^cZY ^c Vcdi]Zg Fjg½Vc^X kZghZ i]Vi
hVnh! L]Zc i]Z^g ]ZVgih ijgcZY VcY YZk^ViZY!
<dYXVjhZYi]ZbidYZk^ViZ[jgi]Zg'/+¸,#
I]Z hZXdcY ineZ d[ Y^hWZa^Z[ ^h `j[g
_jSÊY!^cl]^X]<dY^hgZXd\c^oZYWjicdi
VX`cdlaZY\ZY! ^c he^iZ d[ XZgiV^cin VWdji
=^b# >i gZhjaih [gdb i]Z ]ZVgi½h gZXd\c^"
i^dcd[i]Zigji]d[l]Vi^hegZhZciZY!VcY
i]Zidc\jZ½hYZc^Vad[i]Viigji]#>i^hbZc"
i^dcZY^ci]ZFjg½Vc^XkZghZ!L]Zci]Zigji]
XVbZidi]ZbVcYi]ZngZXd\c^oZY^i!i]ZnYZc^ZY
^i`V[VgËWÓ]^'/-.#I]^hineZd[`j[g^h
YZhXg^WZY ^c hZkZgVa kZghZh ^c i]Z Fjg½Vc#
;dgZmVbeaZ!
7jil]ZcDjgh^\chXVbZidi]ZbPE]VgVd]
VcY]^heZdeaZRidbV`Zi]ZbhZZ!i]ZnhV^Y!
¹I]^h ^h dWk^djh hdgXZgnº 6cY i]Zn gZ_ZXiZY
i]Zb _VSVYË W^]¤ lgdc\[jaan VcY Vggd"
\Vcian!i]dj\]i]Z^ghdjahlZgZXZgiV^cd[i]Zb0
hZZ]dli]Z^bbdgVaZcYje#',/&(¸&)
I]^h kZghZ jcZfj^kdXVaan hiViZh i]Vi i]Z
`j[gd[i]ZhZeZdeaZVgdhZ[gdbVgZ_ZXi^dc
d[l]Vii]ZnlZgZXZgiV^clVhigjZ#I]^h^h
i]ZZhhZcXZd[`j[g_jSÊYVcY^hdWk^djhanV
bdhidY^djhineZ#
  hZ Vhdch   q  heg ^c\ '%%-  q
BVcnBjha^bhWZa^ZkZi]Vi`j[g_jSÊY^h
i]Zh^c\aZjc^kZghVaineZd[`j[g0i]ZngZVY
XZgiV^ckZghZhi]ViYZhXg^WZi]^heVgi^XjaVg
VheZXid[Y^hWZa^Z[VcYViig^WjiZ^iidZkZgn"
dcZdjih^YZi]Z[daYd[>haVb#HdbZgZVY
i]ZkZghZ!I]ZnPhdbZ?ZlhR`cdl]^ba^`Z
i]Zn`cdli]Z^gdlchdch'/&)+!VcYXdc"
XajYZi]ViVaa?ZlhVgZVlVgZd[i]ZEgde]Zi
BjSVbbVYVcY!^che^iZd[i]Vi!gZ_ZXi
]^b#6XXdgY^c\idigVY^i^dcVaXdbbZciVg" ((
] Vb oV nj hj[
^Zhdci]^hkZghZ!ºi]Zn»gZ[ZghidXZgiV^cgVW"
W^hl]dlZgZVlVgZd[i]ZEgde]Zi½hYZhXg^e"
i^dc^ci]ZIdgV]VhlZaaVh]^hVYkZcidc
i]Z6gVW^VcEZc^chjaV#9Zhe^iZi]Vi`cdla"
ZY\Z!i]ZhZgVWW^h`Zei^i]^YYZc[gdbi]Z
Xdbbdc?Zlh#I]ZhZXdcYeVgid[i]ZkZghZ
XaVg^ÅZhi]ZÅghi/7jihdbZd[i]ZbYdXdcXZVa
i]Zigji]ZkZci]dj\]i]Zn`cdl^i'/&)+#>c
[VXi!>Wc?joVnnhVnhi]ZYZk^XZ^hVXijVaan
g]Zidg^XVa]neZgWdaZidhigZhhi]Zed^cii]Vi
BjSVbbVY½hegde]ZXnh]djaY]VkZWZZc
XaZVgidi]ZgVWW^hVcYhVnhi]ZFjg½Vc^h
gZ^iZgVi^c\VcYZbe]Vh^o^c\i]ZldgYhVcY
ZmVbeaZd[GVWW^–6WY6aa¤]W#HVa¤b!l]d
WZXVbZBjha^bl]Zc]ZhV^Y!ºLZgVWW^h
`cdl]^hYZhXg^ei^dc^ci]ZIdgV]a^`ZlZ
`cdldjgdlchdch#»*
>cYZZY! hZkZgVa bZY^ZkVa gVWW^h Xdch^Y"
ZgZY i]Z Egde]Zi BjSVbbVY  id WZ V
[jaÅaabZci d[ hdbZ ?Zl^h] egde]Zh^Zh ^c
i]ZIdgV]#@Vj[bVcc@d]aZg!VgVWW^!i]Zd"
ad\^Vc!VcYEgZh^YZcid[i]Z=ZWgZlJc^dc
8daaZ\Z^ci]ZZVgan&.%%h!lg^iZh!
I]Z aZVY^c\ he^g^ih d[ ?jYV^hb ]VkZ
q   heg ^c\ '%%-  q  hZ Vhdch
gZXd\c^oZY Pi]Vi >haVb lVh [jaÅaa^c\ V
egde]Zhn ^c OVX]Vg^V]R! YZXaVg^c\ Wdi]
8]g^hi^Vc^inVcYBd]VbbZYVcgZa^\^dch
id WZ V\ZcX^Zh d[ 9^k^cZ Egdk^YZcXZ!
ZcigjhiZY l^i] i]Z ]^hidg^XVa b^hh^dc d[
XddeZgVi^c\ ^c i]Z Wj^aY^c\ je d[ i]Z
BZhh^Vc^X @^c\Ydb! i]jh egZeVg^c\ [dg
i]Z jai^bViZ ig^jbe] d[ ejgZ bdcdi]Z"
^hb^ci]Z]ZVgihVcYa^kZhd[VaabZcVcY
() cVi^dchd[i]ZldgaY#I]ZhZk^Zlh!kd^XZY
Wn ?Z]jYV ]V AZk^! BV^bdc^YZh! VcY
CV]bVc^YZh! lZgZ gZ^iZgViZY Wn bVcn
Zca^\]iZcZYgVWW^hd[aViZgi^bZh#I]ZhZ
ed^ci dji i]Vi Wdi] i]Z 8]g^hi^Vc VcY
Bd]VbbZYVc cVi^dch WZa^ZkZ ^c i]Z
hVbZ <dY VcY =^h gZkZaVi^dc id bVc!
^ci]Zjc^ind[i]Z]jbVcgVXZ!VcY^c
i]Z[jijgZa^[Z0i]Vii]Zn]VkZhegZVYi]Z
`cdlaZY\Zd[<dYWnVhVXgZYa^iZgVijgZ
WVhZYjedcdjgHXg^eijgZ0i]Vii]Zn]VkZ
gZiV^cZY i]Z 9^k^cZ 8dbbVcYbZcih
ZhhZci^Vaan Vh i]Zn VgZ e]gVhZY ^c djg
9ZXVad\jZ0 VcY ]VkZ egVXi^XVaan iVj\]i
bZc id [jaÅaa i]Z CdV]^i^X+ aVlh d[
]jbVc^in#DcVXXdjcid[i]ZaVhi[VXi!i]Z
bZY^ZkVa ?Zl^h] Vji]dg^i^Zh Xdch^YZgZY
8]g^hi^VchidWZ]Va["egdhZaniZh!l]^aZi]Z
Bd]VbbZYVch! WZ^c\ ejgZ bdcdi]Z"
^hih!lZgZValVnhhi^aaXadhZgid?jYV^hb#,
I]^hjcYZghiVcY^c\^hVabdhicdc"Zm^hiZci
Vbdc\8]g^hi^VchVcYjcjhjVaVbdc\?Zlh
idYVn#I]ZFjg½VchiViZh!
6cYYdcdiXdciZhii]ZeZdeaZd[i]ZhXg^eijgZ!
jcaZhh l^i] l]Vi ^h WZiiZg! ZmXZei i]dhZ d[
i]Zbl]d]VkZWZZcjc_jhi/hVn!¹LZWZa^ZkZ
^c l]Vi lVh gZkZVaZY id jh! VcY l]Vi lVh
gZkZVaZY id ndj0 [dg djg <dY VcY ndjg <dY
^h dcZ! id l]db lZ VXfj^ZhXZ#º ;dg i]jh LZ
]VkZ gZkZVaZY i]Z 7dd` id ndj! hd i]dhZ id
l]db lZ ]VkZ \^kZc hXg^eijgZ WZa^ZkZ ^c ^i0
VcYhdbZd[i]ZhZeZdeaZWZa^ZkZ^c^iidd0VcY
cddcZgZ_ZXihnV_SVYjDjgh^\chZmXZeii]Z
jc\gViZ[ja#'./)+¸),
I]^h kZghZ ^h eVgi^XjaVgan gZaZkVci! [dg ^i
XaZVganhiViZhi]VidcZgZVhdc[dgi]ZgZkZaV"
i^dcd[i]ZFjg½Vc^h[dgi]ZeZdeaZhd[egZ"
k^djhegde]Zi^XY^heZchVi^dchidaZVgcd[^i
VcYVXXZei^i#I]ZkZghZgZ[Zghidi]Z?Zlh
VcY 8]g^hi^Vch l]d ldjaY XdbZ id `cdl
d[i]ZbZhhV\Zd[>haVbVcYZbWgVXZ^iVh
Vcdi]Zg Y^heZchVi^dc [gdb i]Z hVbZ <dY
i]Vi gZkZVaZY i]Z IdgV] VcY i]Z <dheZa#
I]ZFjg½VchiViZh!>h^icdiVh^\cidi]Zbi]Vi

i]ZhX]daVghd[i]ZIg^WZd[>hgVZaVX`cdlaZY\ZY
^i4 '+/&.,# Ild ?Zl^h] hX]daVgh Yjg^c\
i]Za^[Zi^bZd[i]ZEgde]ZiBjSVbbVY
gZXd\c^oZY]^hbZhhV\ZVhigjZ!–6WY6aa¤]
W#HVa¤bVcYBj`]Vng^f!l]dWdi][dj\]i
Vadc\h^YZi]ZEgde]ZiVi–JSjY#
I]^hhZXdcYineZd[Y^hWZa^Z[`j[g_jSÊY
XVc WZ [jgi]Zg XViZ\dg^oZY Vh hdbZi^bZh
jcgZhig^XiZY bjsaVf VcY di]Zg i^bZh
gZhig^XiZY bjfVnnVY# JcgZhig^XiZY gZ_ZX"
i^dcbZVchVYZc^Vad[i]ZZci^gZgZa^\^dc!
^cXajY^c\ <dY½h gZkZaVi^dc VcY =^h bZh"
hZc\Zg # I]Z hZXdcY XViZ\dgn ^h a^b^iZY
^c^ihgZ_ZXi^dcVcY^ckdakZhYZcn^c\dcZdg
bdgZVheZXihd[i]ZgZa^\^dc#;dg^chiVcXZ!
hdbZdcZ l]d VX`cdlaZY\Zh <dY½h jc^in!
i]Z egVnZg! VcY i]Z di]Zg ÅkZ e^aaVgh Wji
YZc^Zh i]Z egd]^W^i^dc d[ hdYdbn ^h ^c V
hiViZ d[ `j[g _jSÊY WZXVjhZ ]Z `cdlh! ^c
gZVa^in!i]Vi^i^hlgdc\!Vh^i^hjcVbW^\j"
djhanegd]^W^iZY^cWdi]i]ZFjg½VcVcY^c
i]ZlZaa"`cdlc]VY^i]!Wji]Z]VhX]dhZc
id[daadl]^hXVeg^XZ^cVXXZei^c\^i#
>c ]^h Y^YVXi^X edZb! ?Vl]VgV] Va"
IVl]ÒY! >bVb Va"AVff¤cÓ hVnh i]Vi i]dhZ
l]dYZcn_¤SVYVhdbZi]^c\`cdlcWnVaa
^ci]ZgZa^\^dc]VkZZciZgZY^cidY^hWZa^Z[
`V[VgV#8dbbZci^c\dci]^ha^cZ!H]Vn`]
7V`gÓGV_VWhVnh!
:kZgn hVcZ! gZhedch^WaZ! VYjai Bjha^b
bjhiWZa^ZkZ^cZkZgni]^c\i]Vi<dY]Vh
dWa^\ZY Bjha^bh id WZa^ZkZ ^c [gdb Vaa
i]dhZ bViiZgh i]Vi VgZ XdcÅgbZY XVi"
Z\dg^XVaanVcYcZXZhhVg^an#I]^h^cXajYZh
i]Z dWa^\Vi^dc d[ ÅkZ egVnZgh V YVn!
[Vhi^c\!VcYi]Zdi]Zge^aaVgh!VhlZaaVh
i]Zegd]^W^i^dcd[VYjaiZgn![dgc^XVi^dc!
hdYdbn! VcY ^cidm^XVcih# =ZcXZ! l]d"
ZkZg gZ_ZXih V XaZVg ^c_jcXi^dc dg egd"
]^W^i^dc! YZZb^c\ ^i aZhh i]Vc W^cY^c\!
dgl]daZ\Va^oZhl]Vi<dY]VhYZZbZY
^aaZ\Va]VhaZ[i>haVb`V[VgV#-
I]Z egda^ÅX hX]daVg >bVb >Wc FVnn^b Va"
I]Zi]^gYineZd[Y^hWZa^Z[^h`j[gbj–¤cVYV! ?Vlo^nnV] ]VY dcan ild WVh^X XViZ\dg^Zh d[
^cl]^X]VeZghdcgZXd\c^oZh<dY!VX`cdla" Y^hWZa^Z[i]Vi^cXajYZkVg^djhhjWXViZ\dg^Zh#
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
ZY\Zh =^b l^i] ldgYh! Wji gZbV^ch ^c V
hiViZ d[ Y^hWZa^Z[ YjZ id Zckn! ]VigZY! dg
hdbZ eZgXZ^kZY [ZVg d[ adhh ^c lZVai] dg
edh^i^dc# I]^h ^h i]Z Y^hWZa^Z[ d[ =ZgVXaZh!
i]Z 7noVci^cZ gjaZg VcY d[ 6WË I¤a^W! i]Z
Egde]Zih jcXaZ# >i Y^[[Zgh [gdb `j[g _jSÊY
dcan ^c i]Vi i]Z eZghdc hj[[Zg^c\ [gdb i]^h
ineZd[Y^hWZa^Z[VXijVaanVX`cdlaZY\Zhi]Vi
]ZgZXd\c^oZhi]Zigji]d[>haVbWjiXVccdi
Wg^c\]^bhZa[idWZXdbZVBjha^b#L]Zi]Zg
i]^h\gdjel^aagZbV^c^cVhiViZd[eZgY^i^dc
^h <dY½h egdk^YZcXZ# HdbZ hX]daVgh ]VkZ
Vg\jZYi]Vi6WËI¤a^Wl^aacdigZbV^c^ci]Z
=ZaaÅgZ[dgZkZg#
I]Z[djgi]VcYÅcVaXViZ\dgn^h`j[gc^[¤f!
^cl]^X]dcZegdcdjcXZhi]ZWZa^Z[l^i]i]Z
idc\jZWjiYZc^Zh^i^cdcZ½h]ZVgi#I]^h^h
i]Z Y^hWZa^Z[ d[ i]Z ]nedXg^iZh bjc¤ÄfÊc
EVERY SANE, RESPONSIBLE,
ADULT MUSLIM MUST BELIEVE
IN ALL THAT GOD HAS OBLIGED
MUSLIMS TO BELIEVE IN FROM ALL
THOSE MATTERS THAT ARE CON-
FIRMED CATEGORICALLY
AND NECESSARILY.
VcY ^h Xdch^YZgZY i]Z ldghi [dgb d[ Y^hWZ"
a^Z[# I]ZhZ eZdeaZ VgZ egdiZXiZY VcY Xdc"
h^YZgZYBjha^bh0i]ZnVgZZkZclVh]ZYVcY
Wjg^ZY Vh Bjha^bh0 VcY <dY VadcZ `cdlh
i]Z^ggZVa^in#>i^hcdieZgb^hh^WaZ[dgeZdeaZ
idegZhjbZi]VihdbZdcZ^hdg^hcdiV]ned"
  h ZVh dch  q  h eg^ c\ '% %-  q
Xg^iZ#7Z]Vk^dg!]dlZkZg!^hVXg^iZg^dc!VcY
]nedXg^iZh ]VkZ Y^hXZgcVWaZ h^\ch ^c i]Z^g
ldgYhVcYYZZYh#I]^hineZd[Y^hWZa^Z[XVc
Zm^hi^ckVgn^c\YZ\gZZh#
^ W c  f Vn n ^ b  V a" _ Vl o ^ n nV ] » h
X Vi Z \ d g ^ Z h  d [  Y ^ h W Z a ^ Z [
(*
] Vb oV nj hj[
=Z Xdch^YZgZY i]Z VWdkZ"bZci^dcZY [djg
id WZ Y^[[ZgZci ^c YZ\gZZ Wji cdi ^c ineZ!
VcY i]jh! VXXdgY^c\ id ]^b! Vaa Xjab^cViZ
^c eZgY^i^dc# =Z XVaaZY i]^h `^cY d[ `j[g
ºVa"V`WVg» i]Z º\gZViZg» VcY i]Z hZXdcY
ºVa"Vq\]Vg» i]Z ºaZhhZg»# >c i]Z eVhi! Vh V
gZhjai d[ ^\cdgVcXZ d[ i]^h aZhhZg XViZ\dgn
d[ Y^hWZa^Z[! hdbZ Bjha^b Vji]dg^i^Zh b^h"
^ciZgegZiZY kZghZh [gdb i]Z Fjg½Vc VcY
]VY^i] d[ i]Z Egde]Zi ! VcY lgdc\[jaan
ZmXdbbjc^XViZYhdbZBjha^bh#
@j[gVa"Vq\]Vg#I]ZgZVgZhZkZgVaedhh^WaZ
eZgbjiVi^dchd[i]^h`^cYd[Y^hWZa^Z[#DcZ
^h YZhXg^WZY ^c i]Z Fjg½Vc/ L]dZkZg YdZh
cdigjaZWnl]Vi<dY]VhgZkZVaZY^hVbdc\i]Z
Y^hWZa^ZkZgh`¤ÅgËc*/))#I]^hkZghZlVh
gZkZVaZYl]ZcV\gdjed[?ZlhWgdj\]iVc
VYjaiZgZgidi]ZEgde]ZiVcYVh`ZY]^b
id _jY\Z i]Z bVc#. <dY gZkZVaZY id i]Z
Egde]Zi ! =dl XVc i]Zn Vh` ndj id _jY\Z
l]Zci]Zn]VkZi]ZIdgV]!PVcYR^c^i^ha^\]i
VcY \j^YVcXZ4 */))# I]^h ZmigVdgY^cVgn
VcYegd[djcYkZghZaZ[ii]ZEgde]Zicd
gZXdjghZ Wji id _jY\Z i]Zb VXXdgY^c\ id
i]Z^gdlc7dd`!i]ZIdgV]#
I]jh! VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z Fjg½Vc! VcndcZ
l]d gZ_ZXih V aVl gZkZVaZY Wn <dY ^h ^c
V hiViZ d[ Y^hWZa^Z[# =dlZkZg! >Wc –6WW¤h
gZhig^XiZY i]Z Veea^XVW^a^in d[ i]^h kZghZ!
hVn^c\!ºI]^hY^hWZa^Z[^haZhhi]VcVWhdajiZ
Y^hWZa^Z[ VcY YdZh cdi gZbdkZ V eZghdc
[gdb ]^h gZa^\^djh Xdbbjc^in!»&% l]^X]
^h l]ZgZ >bVb >Wc FVnn^b YZg^kZY ]^h
jcYZghiVcY^c\d[VaZhhZg`j[g#DcZl]d^h
cdiegVXi^X^c\i]ZaVl^hgZbdkZY[gdbi]Z
Xdbbjc^in d[ [V^i] dcan ^[ hjX] V eZghdc
q   heg^ c\'% %-  q  hZVh dc h
YZc^Zhi]ZaVldg^ihaZ\VaanW^cY^c\hiVijh#
>[! ]dlZkZg! dcZ YdZh cdi [daadl V aVl d[
<dY dji d[ aVo^cZhh! [ZVg! dg Vcn di]Zg
gZVhdc i]Vi Vg^hZh [gdb lZV`cZhh VcY cdi
XdchX^djh gZ_ZXi^dc! hjX] V eZghdc ^h cdi
Xdch^YZgZYVY^hWZa^ZkZg#
=ZcXZ!gjaZgh^ci]ZaVcYhd[>haVbl]d
YdcdiVeeani]Zh]Vg^V]VgZcdiXdch^YZgZY
Y^hWZa^ZkZgh jcaZhh i]Zn deZcan YZcn i]Z
(+ hVXgZY aVl# 6XXdgY^c\ id V hdjcY ]VY^i]!
Vh adc\ Vh gjaZgh ZhiVWa^h] egVnZg! Yd cdi
XdbbVcY Vcni]^c\ i]Vi WgZVX]Zh hVXgZY
aVl ^ihZa[! VcY Yd cdi bVc^[Zhi Vcn di]Zg
[dgb d[ XaZVg Y^hWZa^Z[ `j[g WÊl¤S! i]Z^g
hiViZVji]dg^in^hidWZgZXd\c^oZYVcY]dc"
dgZY#&&;dgi]^hgZVhdc!i]ZVhhVhh^cVi^dcd[
:\nei^Vc EgZh^YZci 6clVg HVYVi ^c &.-&
YjZ id V º[VilV» aVWZa^c\ ]^b V `¤Äg ^h Vc
ZmVbeaZd[i]Z^bbZchZZk^aVcY^c_jhi^XZ
i]Vi Vg^hZh [gdb hjX] ^\cdgVcXZ# > k^h^iZY
i]Z cdiVWaZ Ijc^h^Vc hX]daVg VcY bj[i^!
H]Vn`] H]VY]^a^ CVn[Vg! ^c i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ
lV`Z d[ i]Vi VhhVhh^cVi^dc! VcY ]Z hV^Y id
bZ! ºL]Vi i]dhZ Xg^b^cVah Y^Y lVh V ]Z^"
cdjh Xg^bZ V\V^chi >haVb VcY i]Z hVXgZY
aVl#»
HdbZ ]VY^i] bZci^dc di]Zg ZmVbeaZh
d[ VXi^dch i]Vi VgZ d[ i]^h ineZ d[ `j[g!
l]^X] Yd cdi ZmXdbbjc^XViZ V eZghdc#
6XXdgY^c\ id V hdjcY ]VY^i] gZaViZY Wn
Bjha^b!i]ZEgde]ZihV^Y!ºIldfjVa^i^Zh
^c bn Xdbbjc^in jbbV] VgZ V ineZ d[
`j[g ^c i]dhZ l]d bVc^[Zhi i]Zb/ Xg^i^X^o"
^c\ i]Z a^cZV\Z d[ di]Zgh VcY lV^a^c\ dkZg
i]Z YZVY#»&' 6cdi]Zg ]VY^i] gZaViZY Wn
>bVbh Va"7j`]¤gÓ VcY Bjha^b hVnh! º9d
cdigZkZgiidWZXdb^c\Y^hWZa^ZkZgh`j[[¤g
V[iZg > Vb \dcZ Wn `^aa^c\ dcZ Vcdi]Zg
P^c X^k^a lVgR#»&( 6ai]dj\] i]Z Egde]Zi
 jhZh i]Z ldgY `j[[¤g ]ZgZ! XdbbZciV"
idgh ]VkZ V\gZZY i]Vi i]^h bZVch ºYd cdi
Yd i]Z VXi^dch d[ i]Z `j[[¤g Wn `^aa^c\ dcZ
Vcdi]Zg#» I]Z kZghZh ^c X]VeiZg [dgin"c^cZ
d[ i]Z Fjg½Vc i]Vi XaVg^[n gjaZh d[ Zc\V\Z"
bZcih]djaYBjha^bhÅ\]idcZVcdi]ZgVgZ
YZX^h^kZ^cYZiZgb^c^c\i]ZbZVc^c\]ZgZ#
I]Vi ^h! Å\]i^c\ di]Zg Bjha^bh YdZh cdi
jcXdcY^i^dcVaan iV`Z V Bjha^b dji d[ i]Z
[daYd[>haVb#JcYZghiVcY^c\i]^hcjVcXZY
VheZXid[`j[g^hZhhZci^Va[dgBjha^bhidYVn
l]dVgZ[Vgiddfj^X`idVcVi]ZbVi^oZi]Z^g
[ZaadlBjha^bh#I]Z]VY^i]i]Vih]djaYWZ
[dgZbdhi^cdjg]ZVgih!l]^X]^hVWhdajiZan
hdjcY!^h!º>[VBjha^bXVaahVcdi]ZgBjha^b
V`¤Äg!i]Zci]ZhiViZbZci^higjZVWdjidcZ
d[i]Zb#»&)I]Vi^h!i]ZkZgnVXid[XVaa^c\V

eZghdc V `¤Äg ^h `j[g ^ihZa[ ^[ i]Z hiViZbZcigVi]Zg d[ he^g^i# I]Z Xdb^c\h VcY \d^c\h
^hcdiigjZ#
@j[g Va"V`WVg# I]Z hZXdcY XViZ\dgn!
VXXdgY^c\ id >Wc FVnn^b! ^h º\gZViZg `j[g»
`j[gVa"V`WVg!l]^X]]Z[jgi]ZghjWY^k^YZh
^cid ÅkZ XViZ\dg^Zh/ Y^hWZa^Z[ Vg^h^c\ [gdb
^cXgZYja^in `j[g iV`Y]ÒW0 Y^hWZa^Z[ Vg^h^c\
[gdbVggd\VcXZ`j[g^hi^`W¤g0Y^hWZa^Z[Vg^h"
^c\ [gdb cZ\aZXi `j[g ^–g¤Q0 Y^hWZa^Z[ Vg^h" cZ^i]ZgYZc^ZhcdgV[Ågbhi]Zigji]d[i]Z
^c\ [gdb YdjWi `j[g h]V``0 VcY Y^hWZa^Z[
Vg^h^c\[gdb]nedXg^hn`j[gc^[¤f#
9^hWZa^Z[i]ViVg^hZh[gdb^cXgZYja^in`j[g
iV`Y]ÒW^hVgZ[jhVaidWZa^ZkZi]ZBZhhZc\Zgh
d[<dYdci]Z\gdjcYhi]Vii]ZnVgZan^c\#
>WcFVnn^bhVnhi]Vii]ZcjbWZghd[i]ZhZ
Y^hWZa^ZkZgh ^h ^ch^\c^ÅXVci h^bean WZXVjhZ
<dY ]ZaeZY i]Z BZhhZc\Zgh l^i] b^gVXaZh
VcY XaZVg egdd[h d[ i]Z^g kZgVX^in# I]Z
Fjg½VchVnhVWdjii]ZeZdeaZVii]Zi^bZd[
i]Z Egde]Zi ! HjgZan! i]Zn Yd cdi XaV^b ndj
VgZ V a^Vg nj`VY]^WËcV`V! Wji igVch\gZhhdgh
YZcnnV_SVYËcVi]Zh^\chd[<dY+/((#
9^hWZa^Z[i]ViVg^hZh[gdbVggd\VcXZ`j[g
^hi^`W¤g lV ^W¤¼ ^ckdakZh V gZ[jhVa id VXXZei^ci]Z]ZgZV[iZg#I]^h[jgi]ZgXaVhh^ÅXVi^dc
i]Z hdjgXZ YjZ id ^ih eZgXZ^kZY VW_ZXicZhh#
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
9^hWZa^Z[ d[ YZgZa^Xi^dc dg cZ\aZXi `j[g
^–g¤Q gZegZhZcih V hadi][ja ^cY^[[ZgZcXZ
idlVgYgZkZaVi^dcVcYV[V^ajgZid^ckZhi^\ViZ
i]Z egde]Zi^X XaV^bh# I]^h XdggZhedcYh id
i]Zh^cd[hadi]dgVXZY^V^c8Vi]da^X^hb#>i
^ckdakZhVXdbeaZiZaVX`d[^ciZaaZXijVaVcY
he^g^ijVaXjg^dh^in#He^g^ijVahadi]^heVgi^Xj"
aVgan^ch^Y^djhWZXVjhZ^i^hkZgnd[iZckZ^aZY
^cVXadV`d[jhZ[jaldgaYanVXi^k^inhjX]Vh
bZY^XVaegVXi^XZdgZkZcX]Vg^inldg`#>i^h
cdicZXZhhVg^anaVo^cZhhd[WdYndgb^cYWji
d[ i]Z ldgaY egdk^YZ bdhi eZdeaZ l^i] Vc
ZmXjhZ [dg cdi Wdi]Zg^c\ l^i] gZa^\^djh
fjZhi^dch d[ jai^bViZ XdcXZgc! Wji hjX]
VcVii^ijYZXdchi^ijiZhVineZd[Y^hWZa^Z[!V
ºijgc^c\VlVn»^–g¤Q[gdb<dY#
9^hWZa^Z[Vg^h^c\[gdbYdjWi`j[gh]V``
^h V aVX` d[ Xdbb^ibZci! ^c l]^X] dcZ
egde]Zih! Wji X]ddhZh id gZbV^c cZjigVa#
>c i]Z XjggZci kZgcVXjaVg! hjX] V eZghdc
^h Vc V\cdhi^X# 6XXdgY^c\ id >Wc FVnn^b!
i]^h^hh^b^aVgidi]ZY^hWZa^Z[d[YZgZa^Xi^dc
`j[g^–g¤QWZXVjhZ^[VYdjWiZgjcYZgidd`
VhZg^djh^ckZhi^\Vi^dc!i]ZYdjWildjaYWZ
gZeaVXZY l^i] WZa^Z[# =ZcXZ! V\V^c! hjX] V
eZghdc ^h ijgc^c\ VlVn [gdb i]Z h^\ch d[
<dY VcY gZ[jh^c\ id Xdch^YZg i]Zb hZg^"
djhan#
;^cVaan! i]Z aVhi hjWXViZ\dgn d[ \gZViZg
Y^hWZa^Z[^hi]Vil]^X]Vg^hZh[gdb]nedXg^hn
`j[g c^[¤f# I]^h ^h i]Z ldghi [dgb d[ Y^h"
WZa^Z[ VcY ZciV^ah i]Z hZkZgZhi ejc^h]bZci
VYYhhdbZcjVcXZhcdiegZhZci^ci]Zeg^dg
  hZVh dch   q  heg^ c\ '%%-  q

6XXdgY^c\ id >Wc FVnn^b! i]Z bV_dg^in d[ dcZ# 7di] VgZ jhZ[ja ^c [jaan jcYZghiVcY"
i]dhZ l]d deedhZY i]Z Egde]Zi  ^c ]^h ^c\ i]Z e]ZcdbZcdc d[ Y^hWZa^Z[ ^c i]Z
a^[Zi^bZ [Vaa jcYZg i]^h XViZ\dgn# I]^h ineZ Fjg½Vc#&*
d[`j[g^hVahdi]ZY^hWZa^Z[d[E]VgVd]!l]d
hV^Y!ºH]djaYlZWZa^ZkZ^cildbdgiVaha^`Zdjg" c Z X Z h h V gn  X d c Y ^ i ^ d c h  [ d g
hZakZh l]dhZ eZdeaZ VgZ djg hZgkVcih4» '(/),# V c Vi ] Z b Vi ^ o ^ c \  V c  ^ c Y ^ k ^ Y jV a
>WaÓh Vahd hj[[ZgZY [gdb i]^h ineZ d[ `j[g! L]^aZ jai^bViZ YZhi^cn XVc dcan WZ YZiZg"
Y^heaVnZY ^c ]^h gZ[jhVa id Wdl Ydlc id b^cZY Wn <dY! YZiZgb^c^c\ V eZghdc½h
6YVb¦#I]ZFjg½VchiViZh!=ZlVhVggd\Vci aZ\Va hiVcY^c\ k^h"|"k^h gZa^\^dc ^h ZhhZci^Va
^hiV`WVgV(-/,)# ^ci]^hldgaYWZXVjhZd[i]ZdWk^djhXdchZ" (,
] Vb oV nj hj[
fjZcXZhd[hjX]aZ\VahiVcY^c\l^i]gZ\VgY
idbVgg^V\Z!W^gi]!YZVi]!VcY^c]Zg^iVcXZ!
id cVbZ V [Zl# L]Vi YZiZgb^cZh l]Zi]Zg
VeZghdc^hV`¤ÄgdgVWZa^ZkZg^hVXg^i^XVa
bViiZg#I]Z_jg^hihd[>haVbi]jhYZkZadeZY
V XdYV d[ \j^YZa^cZh cZXZhhVgn id [daadl
WZ[dgZ V _jY\Z XdjaY Xdch^YZg V eZghdc
V `¤Äg# H^m XdcY^i^dch ]VkZ id WZ [jaÅaaZY
^c dgYZg [dg V _jY\Z id gjaZ XdcXZgc^c\
V eZghdc½h [V^i]/ >ciZci^dc0 6WhZcXZ d[
8dZgX^dc0AZkZad[@cdlaZY\Z06WhZcXZd[
:hdiZg^X >ciZgegZiVi^dc0 BZciVa 6W^a^in id
GZVhdc0VcY!Egdd[d[;V^i]#
>ciZci^dc# EZdeaZh ^ciZci^dc bjhi WZ
jcYZghiddY WZ[dgZ i]Z^g VXi^dch dg ldgYh
XVc WZ _jY\ZY# ;dg ^chiVcXZ! l]Zc £¤i^W
WZigVnZY i]Z Egde]Zi  Wn gZkZVa^c\ ]^h
eaVchd[ViiVX`idi]ZFjgVnh]!]ZlVhXVe"
ijgZY VcY ]^h igZVX]Zgn ZmedhZY! VcY i]Z
XdbeVc^dchlVciZYid`^aa]^b[dgigZVhdc#
I]ZEgde]Zi^cfj^gZY^cid]^h^ciZci^dc!
VcYl]Zc]ZaZVgcZYi]Vi£¤i^WlVh^c[VXi
XdcXZgcZY VWdji ]^h [Vb^an ^c BZXXV VcY
i]Z^g lZaa"WZ^c\! i]Z Egde]Zi  VXXZeiZY
]^h ZmeaVcVi^dc VcY Y^Y cdi Xdch^YZg ]^h
igZVhdc Vc VXi d[ Y^hWZa^Z[#&+ I]Z Fjg½Vc
hVnh!I]ZgZ^hcdh^cjedcndj[dgndjgb^hiV`Zh
((/*#
6WhZcXZ d[ 8dZgX^dc# I]Z Fjg½Vc
hVnh! 6cY i]dhZ l]d Y^hWZa^ZkZ V[iZg i]Zn ]VkZ
WZa^ZkZY¸jcaZhh i]Zn VgZ XdbeZaaZY l]^aZ i]Z^g
]ZVgih VgZ Ägb ^c [V^i]¸Wji i]dhZ l]d ÄcY
ZVhZ ^c Y^hWZa^Z[! dc i]Zb ^h lgVi] [gdb <dY
&+/&%+# >c di]Zg ldgYh! ^i ^h ^bedgiVci
id YZiZgb^cZ l]Zi]Zg V eZghdc l]d dcXZ
WZa^ZkZY lVh XdbeZaaZY dg XdZgXZY ^cid
q   heg^ c\'% %-  q  hZVh dc h
Y^hWZa^Z[dgl]Zi]ZgVeZghdcZciZgZY^cid
Y^hWZa^Z[h^beanWZXVjhZ^ilVhXdckZc^Zci#
AZkZa d[ @cdlaZY\Z# I]^h XdcY^i^dc
]daYh bjX] lZ^\]i ^c a^\]i d[ i]Z l^YZ"
hegZVY ^\cdgVcXZ ^c djg Xdbbjc^i^Zh
idYVn# BVcn ^\cdgVci eZdeaZ jhZ dVi]h
i]ViVgZegd]^W^iZY0hdbZX^gXjbVbWjaViZ
idbWh! hdbZ hVXg^ÅXZ Vc^bVah id hV^cih!
VcYhdbZi^Ze^ZXZhd[Xadi]idh]g^cZh#6aa
(- d[ i]ZhZ VXi^dch VgZ VWhdajiZan egd]^W^iZY!
Wjii]ZnYdcdiXdchi^ijiZY^hWZa^Z[jcaZhh
^i ^h VhXZgiV^cZY i]Vi V eZghdc ^h Zc\V\^c\
^c i]Zb YZhe^iZ `cdl^c\ i]Vi i]Zn VgZ
egd]^W^iZYVcYXdchi^ijiZ^YdaVign#6XaZVg
egdd[ [dg i]^h ^h egdk^YZY ^c i]Z Fjg½Vc!
^c BdhZh½ gZhedchZ id i]Z ?Zlh l]Zc i]Zn
Vh`ZY [dg ^Ydah a^`Z i]Z ^Ydah d[ di]Zg
cVi^dch/ I]Zn hV^Y! ºBV`Z [dg jh ^Ydah a^`Z
i]Zn ]VkZ idd#» =Z gZea^ZY! ºHjgZan ndj VgZ Vc
^\cdgVcieZdeaZ»,/&(-#
I]^h bZVc^c\ ^h ldcYZg[jaan gZ^iZgViZY
^ci]ZhdjcY]VY^i]^cI^gb^Y]Ó!^cl]^X]
hdbZXdbeVc^dchd[i]ZEgde]ZiVh`ZY
]^b id hZaZXi V igZZ id l]^X] i]Zn XdjaY
ViiVX] Xadi] WZ[dgZ WViiaZh ^c i]Z lVn i]Z
^YdaViZghd[BZXXVY^Y#=ZgZea^ZY!
<adgn id <dY! i]^h ^h ZmVXian a^`Z 7VcÓ
>hg¤½Óa½hgZfjZhi!ºBV`Z[dgjh^Ydaha^`Zi]Zn
]VkZ idd#» 7n i]Z DcZ ^c l]dhZ =VcY
gZhihbnhdja!ndjl^aa[daadli]ZlVnhd[
&,
i]dhZl]dlZciWZ[dgZndj# 
I]Z Egde]Zi  Y^Y cdi XVaa i]Zb Y^h"
WZa^ZkZgh0 gVi]Zg! ]Z ZmeaV^cZY id i]Zb
i]Z^g Zggdg VcY ZmXjhZY i]Zb [dg i]Z^g
^\cdgVcXZ!Vhi]ZnlZgZjcVlVgZd[i]Z[jaa
^bea^XVi^dchd[i]Z^ggZfjZhi#
HdbZ hX]daVgh! hjX] Vh >bVb Va"FVg¤[Ó!
Xdch^YZg ^\cdgVcXZ Vc ZmXjhZ ^c YZiV^aZY
bViiZghd[i]ZhVXgZYaVl[jgʖWjicdi^c
bViiZghd[WZa^Z[dg`cdlaZY\Z#&-=dlZkZg!
XdbbZci^c\dc>bVbVa"FVg¤[Ó½hedh^i^dc!
>bVb›¤Y^fVa"<]^gn¤cÓhVnh!
L]Vi>bVbVa"FVg¤[ÓhVnhXdcXZgc^c\i]Z
^cZmXjhVW^a^in d[ ^\cdgVcXZ ^h jchdjcY
WZXVjhZ ^i ldjaY aZVY id jcWZVgVWaZ
gZhedch^W^a^i^Zh dc eZdeaZ iV`aÒ[ b¤ a¤
njs¤f# I]ZgZ VgZ bVcn Xd\Zci egdd[h
i]Vi gZ[jiZ ]^h edh^i^dc# ;dg ^chiVcXZ!
i]ZgZ^hi]ZhdjcY]VY^i]^cl]^X]VbVc
dgYZgZY]^hhdchidXgZbViZ]^hWdYnVcY
i]Zc ejakZg^oZ i]Z gZbV^ch VcY hXViiZg
i]ZVh]ZhdcVl^cYnYVndkZgi]ZdXZVc#
6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z ]VY^i]! ]Z iZaah ]^h

hdch! º> hlZVg Wn <dY! ^[ bn AdgY \Zih
]daYd[bZfVYVgV–VaVnnV!=Zl^aaejc"
^h] bZ ^c V lVn =Z ]Vh cZkZg ejc^h]ZY
VcndcZWZ[dgZbZ#»
I]Z Egde]Zi  hV^Y! ºI]Zn Y^Y i]Vi id
]^b!VcY<dYhV^Yidi]ZZVgi]!¼GZhidgZ
l]Vindj]VkZiV`Zc[gdb]^b!½VcYhjY"
YZcan!i]ZgZi]ZbVclVhhiVcY^c\WZ[dgZ
]^h AdgY# <dY i]Zc hV^Y id ]^b! ¼L]Vi
XVjhZYndjidYdhjX]Vi]^c\4½
º¼> lVh hd V[gV^Y d[ ndj! bn AdgY½ i]Z
bVcZmeaV^cZY#»
º;dg i]Vi!» i]Z Egde]Zi  hV^Y! º]Z lVh
[dg\^kZc#»
I]^h ]VY^i]! l]^X] ^h ^c i]Z ild hdjcY"
Zhi XdaaZXi^dch d[ ]VY^i]! gZkZVah XaZVg
Y^hWZa^Z[/ i]Z bVc Y^Y cdi WZa^ZkZ i]Vi
<dY lVh dbc^ediZci dg ]Z ldjaY cdi
]VkZ YdcZ hjX] V [dda^h] YZZY# =Z Vahd
YdjWiZYi]ZgZhjggZXi^dc#I]^h^hl^i]dji
V YdjWi `j[g# =Z lVh ^\cdgVci! Wji ]^h
^\cdgVcXZlVhVXXdbeVc^ZYWnVh^cXZgZ
[ZVgVcYVlZd[<dY!VcYhd<dY[dg\VkZ
&.
]^b# 
I]^h ]VY^i] ^cY^XViZh i]Vi dcZ½h jcYZg"
hiVcY^c\VcY^ciZci^dcVgZXgjX^VabViiZgh
^c ]dl dcZ l^aa WZ _jY\ZY dc i]Z 9Vn d[
?jY\bZci#
>c Vcdi]Zg hdjcY ]VY^i]! V bVc egZ"
hZciZYi]ZEgde]Zil^i]VÆVh`d[l^cZ#
I]Z Egde]Zi  ZmeaV^cZY id ]^b i]Vi
Yg^c`^c\ l^cZ lVh egd]^W^iZY# I]Z bVc
i]Zc l]^heZgZY hdbZi]^c\ id ]^h XdbeVc"
^dc! ]VcY^c\ ]^b i]Z ÆVh`# I]Z Egde]Zi
 Vh`ZY l]Vi i]Z bVc ]VY l]^heZgZY id
]^h [g^ZcY! VcY lVh idaY i]Vi i]Z bVc ]VY
_jhi ^chigjXiZY ]^h XdbeVc^dc id hZaa i]Z
ÆVh`#I]ZEgde]Zii]ZchV^Y!ºI]ZDcZ
l]d egd]^W^iZY ^ih Xdchjbei^dc Vahd egd"
]^W^iZY^ihhVaZ#»I]ZbVci]Zche^aaZYi]Z
l^cZdji#'%>c]^hIVb]ÒY!>Wc–6WYVa"7Vgg
hVnhi]Vii]^h]VY^i]^hiZmijVaegdd[i]ViV
h^c ^h gZbdkZY [gdb dcZ l]d ^h ^\cdgVci
d[Vgja^c\jcaZhh]ZlVhVWaZidaZVgcVcY
cZ\aZXiZYidYdhd#'&
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
6WhZcXZ d[ :hdiZg^X >ciZgegZiVi^dc
iV¼lÒa# 6 eZghdc l]dhZ ldgYh dg VXi^dch
^cY^XViZ hdbZ Y^hWZa^Z[ bVn WZ ZmXjhZY ^[
i]ViY^hWZa^Z[gZhjaih[gdbV[VahZ^ciZgegZiV"
i^dc^cVcViiZbeiidVgg^kZVii]Zigji]#I]^h
^h Y^[[ZgZci [gdb Y^hWZa^Z[ i]Vi gZhjaih [gdb
[daadl^c\ dcZ½h l]^bh VcY XVeg^XZ# ;dg
^chiVcXZ! >bVb >Wc IVnb^nnV]! VXXdgY^c\
idhdbZd[]^hlg^i^c\h!VeeVgZcianWZa^ZkZY
i]Vi i]Z ;^gZ d[ =Zaa ldjaY ZkZcijVaan WZ
Zmi^c\j^h]ZY!VcYi]dhZ^c^ildjaYcdadc"
\Zghj[[Zg#I]^hXVcWZXdchigjZYVh`j[g^c
^ih VeeVgZci YZc^Va d[ jcVbW^\jdjh kZghZh
^c i]Z Fjg½Vc i]Vi Y^hWZa^ZkZgh YlZaa ^c
i]Z >c[Zgcd [dgZkZg `]¤a^YÒcV [Ò]¤ VWVYVc
)/&+. VcY di]Zgh# >Wc IVnb^nnV] WVhZY
]^h ^Y^dhncXgVi^X ^ciZgegZiVi^dc dc kZghZh
i]Vi ]VY egZXZYZcXZ Vbdc\ V [Zl d[ i]Z
A PERSON WHOSE WORDS OR
ACTIONS INDICATE SOME DISBELIEF
MAY BE EXCUSED IF THAT DISBELIEF
RESULTS FROM A FALSE
INTERPRETATION IN AN ATTEMPT
TO ARRIVE AT THE TRUTH. THIS IS
DIFFERENT FROM DISBELIEF THAT
RESULTS FROM FOLLOWING ONE’S
WHIMS AND CAPRICE.
XdbeVc^dchd[i]ZEgde]Zi!Vh]Zh]dlh
^c]^hVg\jbZci#=dlZkZg!]ZY^YcdigZ_ZXi
  hZVh dch   q  heg^ c\ '%%-  q
i]Z Fjg½Vc^X kZghZh dc i]Z ZiZgc^in d[ =Zaa
Wji [Zai i]Vi i]Zn lZgZ id WZ jcYZghiddY
^c i]Z a^\]i d[ di]Zg kZghZh heZX^[n^c\ i]Z
\ZcZgVa Veea^XVW^a^in! VcY gZhig^Xi^c\ i]Z^g
VeeVgZcianjcgZhig^XiZYVeea^XVi^dc#
6ai]dj\] >Wc IVnb^nnV]½h de^c^dc dc
i]^hbViiZg^hcdihZZcVhcdgbVi^kZdgZkZc
Vh kVa^Y Wn i]Z bV_dg^in d[ hX]daVgh! kZgn
[Zl hX]daVgh VXijVaan VcVi]ZbVi^oZY ]^b
WZXVjhZ ]Z jhZY ^ciZgegZiVi^dc iV¼lÒa ^c (.
] Vb oV nj hj[
i]ZbViiZg!l]^X]bZVci]ZY^YcdigZejY^"
ViZ i]Z kZghZh i]Vi djilVgYan XdcigVY^XiZY
]^hXdcXajh^dch#
9jZ id i]^h XdcY^i^dc! bdhi hX]daVgh
Yd cdi VcVi]ZbVi^oZ i]Z GVi^dcVa^hih
Va"bj–iVo^aV] dg bZbWZgh d[ di]Zg hZXih
l]d ^ciZgegZi kZghZh Y^[[ZgZcian i]Vc Y^Y
i]Z dgi]dYdm hX]daVgh d[ >haVb# A^b^ih!
]dlZkZg! Yd Zm^hi i]Vi ZhiVWa^h] l]Vi ^h
WZndcYi]ZeVaZVcYl]Vi^hcdi#6XXdgY^c\
id>bVbVa"<]Voo¤aÓ!ZkZc^[Vc^ciZgegZiV"
i^dc ^h [Vg"[ZiX]ZY! Vh adc\ Vh ^i gZbV^ch
l^i]^c i]Z eVgVbZiZgh d[ gZVhdcVWaZcZhh
^c VXXdgYVcXZ l^i] i]Z 6gVW^X aVc\jV\Z!
^i h]djaY cdi WZ Xdch^YZgZY `j[g# 6WË Va"
7Vf¤½Va"@V[[VlÓlgdiZ!
<dY hVnh! HjgZan! <dY [dg\^kZh h^ch¸Vaa d[
i]Zb P(./*(R! VcY Vai]dj\] Y^hWZa^Z[ ^h
Vc jc[dg\^kVWaZ h^c! i]Z egZ[ZggZY edh^"
i^dc d[ i]Z bV_dg^in d[ eZdeaZ d[ dgi]d"
Ydmn^hi]VicdcZd[i]ZeZdeaZl]d[VXZ
idlVgY BZXXV ^c i]Z^g egVnZgh h]djaY
WZ XVaaZY `¤Äg Vbdc\ i]Z ^ccdkVidgh
bjWiVY^–VVcYi]ZZhdiZg^X^ciZgegZiZgh
bj¼Vll^aV!Vhadc\Vhi]Z^g^ciZgegZiV"
i^dch Yd cdi XdcXZgc ZhhZci^Va bViiZgh
''
d[ [V^i] PhjX] Vh iVlSÒY!  egVnZg! VcY
i]Z egd]^W^i^dc d[ VaXd]daR YjZ id i]Z
egZhZcXZd[dW[jhXVi^dch]jW]V]^ci]Z
'(
bViiZg#
BZciVa 6W^a^in id GZVhdc# I]Z Egde]Zi
hV^Y!ºI]gZZVbdc\bnXdbbjc^inVgZ
cdigZhedch^WaZ/i]ZhaZZeZgjci^a]ZlV`Zh!
i]ZX]^aYjci^a^igZVX]ZhejWZgin!VcYi]Z
q   h eg^ c\ '%%-  q  hZVhd ch
YZgVc\ZY eZghdc jci^a ]Z gZXdkZgh ]^h
hVc^in#»')
Egdd[d[;V^i]#6Ågbegdd[d[[V^i]VcY
^ih gZfj^h^iZh bjhi WZ ZhiVWa^h]ZY WZ[dgZ
V hiViZ d[ ^ih YZc^Va XVc WZ Xdch^YZgZY
^f¤bVij Va"Sj__V] –VaVn]Ò# 6XXdgY^c\ id
H]Vn`]›¤Y^fVa"<]^gn¤cÓ!
6 gja^c\ d[ Y^hWZa^Z[ XVccdi WZ ZhiVW"
)% a^h]ZY XdcXZgc^c\ VcndcZ jci^a V XaZVg
egdd[d[[V^i]VcY]^hdg]ZggZ_ZXi^dcd[^i
^hZhiVWa^h]ZY!^cl]^X]XVhZhjX]VeZghdc
^h Vh`ZY id gZeZci# P>c i]Z XVhZ d[ hdbZ"
dcZ djih^YZ d[ >haVb! ]^h ZciZg^c\ >haVb
^hgZeZciVcXZ#RI]^h^hXaZVganjcYZghiddY
Wn i]Z Fjg½Vc^X kZghZh! BZhhZc\Zgh Wg^c\
\ddYcZlhVcYVlVgc^c\hdi]VieZdeaZbVn
]VkZcdVg\jbZciV\V^chi<dYV[iZgi]ZbZh"
hZc\Zgh# 6cY <dY ^h 6ab^\]in! Bdhi L^hZ
)/&+*!VcYLZYdcdiejc^h]VeZdeaZjci^a
lZ]VkZhZciVbZhhZc\Zgidi]Zb&,/&*#6
egdd[^hZhiVWa^h]ZYi]gdj\]Vc^ck^iVi^dc
id >haVb! ^c l]^X] i]Z jc^in d[ <dY ^h
ZmeaV^cZYVcYi]Zb^hh^dcd[i]ZEgde]Zi
'*
BjSVbbVY#
>c i]Z XVhZ d[ V eZghdc l]d ]Vh hV^Y dg
YdcZ hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi Zk^cXZh Y^hWZa^Z[! V
hX]daVg bjhi h]dl hjX] Vc ^cY^k^YjVa l]n
^i Xdchi^ijiZh Y^hWZa^Z[ VcY l]n gZeZciVcXZ
^hcZXZhhVgn[dgVgZhidgVi^dcd[[V^i]#>[i]Vi
eZghdc YdZh ^cYZZY gZijgc id i]Z [daY d[
dgi]dYdmn!]Z^hcdiXdch^YZgZYV`¤Äg#Dg!
^[]ZZmeaV^chi]Vi]^hedh^i^dc^hWVhZYjedc
V Y^[[ZgZci ^ciZgegZiVi^dc i]Vi ]Vh kVa^Y^in!
dg egZhZcih ]^h dlc hdjgXZh jh^c\ hdjcY
bZi]dYh id Vgg^kZ Vi ]^h dlc XdcXajh^dch!
hjX] V eZghdc ^h cdi YZZbZY id WZ ^c V
hiViZ d[ Y^hWZa^Z[# >i b^\]i! ]dlZkZg! Xdc"
hi^ijiZ V ]ZiZgdYdm VcY ^ccdkVi^kZ WZa^Z[
W^Y–V] i]Vi! l]^aZ ^ckVa^Y! YdZh cdi ZciV^a
Y^hWZa^Z[#
i ] Z  h iVi Z  d [  Y ^ h W Z a ^ Z [  V c Y
l ] Vi  ^ i  Z c iV ^ a h
6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z Fjg½Vc! ^YdaVign ^h i]Z
\gZViZhi h^c V\V^chi <dY# HjgZan <dY l^aa cdi
[dg\^kZ ^YdaVign! Wji =Z l^aa [dg\^kZ Vcni]^c\
aZhh i]Vc ^i [dg l]db =Z eaZVhZh )/&&+# I]Z
bV_dg^ind[dgi]dYdmhX]daVghYdcdiVeean
i]^h kZghZ id ^YdaVigdjh eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZ
cZkZg]ZVgYVigjZbZhhV\ZVWdji<dY#I]Z
egdd[ d[ i]^h ^h i]Z Fjg½Vc^X kZghZ/ LZ Yd
cdi ejc^h] V eZdeaZ jci^a LZ hZcY V bZhhZc\Zg
&,/&*# 8dbbZci^c\ dc i]^h kZghZ! >bVb
>Wc?joVnnVa"@VaWÓlg^iZh!

DcZ de^c^dc VWdji i]^h kZghZ ^h i]Vi ^i
XdcXZgch i]^h ldgaY VcY i]Vi <dY l^aa
cdi YZhigdn V eZdeaZ jci^a V bZhhZc\Zg
^h hZci id lVgc i]Zb! PVh i]ZcR i]Zn
Pl^aaR]VkZcdZmXjhZ#6cdi]Zgde^c^dc
]daYhi]Vii]ZkZghZVeea^ZhidWdi]i]^h
ldgaYVcYi]ZcZmi¹i]Vi<dYYdZhcdi
ejc^h] eZdeaZ ^c i]Z V[iZga^[Z jcaZhh V
bZhhZc\Zg]VYWZZchZciidi]Zb^ci]^h
'+
a^[Zl]dbi]Zn]VYgZ_ZXiZY#
I]^h hZXdcY de^c^dc ^h higZc\i]ZcZY Wn
Vcdi]ZgFjg½Vc^XkZghZ/
:kZgn i^bZ V \gdje ^h i]gdlc ^cid ^i Pi]Z
;^gZR! ^ih `ZZeZgh l^aa Vh` i]Zb! ¹9^Yc¼i V
lVgcZgXdbZidndj4ºI]Znl^aagZean!¹NZh!V
lVgcZgXVbZ!WjilZhXd[[ZYVcYhV^Y!»<dY
cZkZg hZci Vcni]^c\ Ydlc¸ndj VgZ kZgn
bjX]b^hiV`Zc#½»+,/-¸.
HX]daVgh Y^[[ZgZci^ViZ WZilZZc ^YdaVign
h]^g` VcY Y^hWZa^Z[ `j[g# :kZgn h]^g` ^h
`j[g!WjicdiZkZgn`j[g^hh]^g`#;dg^chiVcXZ!
^c i]Z Ydb^cVci edh^i^dc d[ i]Z hX]daVgh!
cZ^i]Zg i]Z ?Zlh cdg i]Z 8]g^hi^Vch VgZ
Xdch^YZgZY ^YdaViZgh0 i]Zn VgZ! ]dlZkZg!
Xdch^YZgZY Y^hWZa^ZkZgh dcXZ i]Zn ]ZVg d[
i]ZbZhhV\Zd[i]ZEgde]ZiBjSVbbVY
VcYgZ_ZXi^i#I]ZhdjcY]VY^i]^cBjha^b½h
XdaaZXi^dc^hXaZVgdci]^hbViiZg/
7n i]Z DcZ ^c l]dhZ =VcY ^h
BjSVbbVY½h hdja! cd dcZ [gdb i]^h
Xdbbjc^injbbV]!l]Zi]Zg?Zl^h]dg
8]g^hi^Vc!l^aa]ZVgd[bZVcYi]ZcY^Z
l^i]dji ]Vk^c\ WZa^ZkZY ZmXZei i]Vi ]Z
^h Veedgi^dcZY Vbdc\ i]Z YZc^oZch d[
i]Z>c[Zgcd#
Ild ZmigZbZan ^bedgiVci ed^cih VgZ Za^X"
^iZY [gdb i]^h ]VY^i]# I]Z Åghi ^h i]Vi
l]Zci]ZEgde]ZihVnh!º[gdbi]^hXdb"
bjc^in!» ]Z ^h gZ[Zgg^c\ id Vaa eZdeaZ d[
i]ZZci^gZldgaY[gdbi]Zi^bZ]^hbZhhV\Z
WZ\Vc#=^hXdbbjc^in^hY^k^YZY^cidild
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
\gdjeh/ dcZ ^h i]Z Xdbbjc^in d[ VXXZe"
iVcXZjbbV]Va"^hi^_¤WV]!l]^X]^cXajYZh
i]dhZ l]d VchlZg ]^h XVaa d[ hjWb^hh^dc
id <dY! VcY i]Z di]Zg ^h i]Z Xdbbjc^in
d[ ^ck^iVi^dc jbbV] Va"YV–lV]! l]^X]
^cXajYZh i]dhZ l]d VgZ ^ck^iZY Wji ]VkZ
cdigZhedcYZYnZi#
I]ZhZXdcY^bedgiVcied^ci^hi]Vii]Z
ÅcVa_jY\bZcidcVeZghdc½hhiViZXVccdi
WZ YZiZgb^cZY jci^a i]Z ZcY d[ i]Vi eZg"
hdc½ha^[Zi^bZ#>ci]^h]VY^i]!i]ZEgde]Zi
hV^Y!ºcddcZ±l^aa]ZVgd[bZVcYi]Zc
Y^Z l^i]dji ]Vk^c\ WZa^ZkZY±#» >c di]Zg
ldgYh!dcXZi]ZbZhhV\Z^h]ZVgY!VeZghdc
]Vhi]ZgZhid[]^ha^[ZidVXXZeidggZ_ZXi^i#
I]^hjcYZghiVcY^c\^hZc[dgXZYWnhZkZgVa
kZghZh ^c i]Z Fjg½Vc! hjX] Vh HjgZan i]dhZ
l]dY^hWZa^ZkZ`V[VgËVcYi]ZcY^Z^cVhiViZ
d[Y^hWZa^Z[!jedci]Zb^hYVbcVi^dc[gdb<dY!
=^hVc\Zah!VcYVaad[]jbVc^in'/&+&#I]Z
Fjg½VcXaZVganhiViZhi]VidcZbjhiY^Z^c
VhiViZd[Y^hWZa^Z[idWZ^cVhiViZd[eZgY^"
  hZ Vhdch  q  h eg^ c\ '%%-  q
i^dc#I]Z^gY^hWZa^Z[^hcdi^c<dYWji^cV
bZhhZc\Zgd[<dY!VcYY^hWZa^Z[^c>haVb^h
YZÅcZYVhYZc^Vad[<dYdgYZc^Vad[Vcn
d[=^hbZhhZc\ZghVcYl]Vii]ZnWgdj\]i#
>c VYY^i^dc id YZXaVg^c\ i]Vi ^YdaVign
h]^g` ^h i]Z dcan jc[dg\^kVWaZ h^c! i]Z
Fjg½Vc Vahd hVnh i]Vi Ajfb¤c ¦ hV^Y
id ]^h hdc! º9dc¼i VhhdX^ViZ Vcni]^c\ l^i]
<dY! [dg hjgZan ^YdaVign ^h Vc Zcdgbdjh Zggdg
Èjab» (&/&(# I]Z ldgY jhZY ]ZgZ )&
] Vb oV nj hj[
WZXVjhZVbVc½hhZVa^hjc`cdlciddi]Zg
THE MAJORITY OF SCHOLARS HAVE
bZc!^ih]djaYcZkZgWZVhhjbZYi]Vi]Zdg
h]Z^hV`¤Ägl^i]<dY#;dgZmVbeaZ!l]^aZ
PROHIBITED DAMNING AN INDIVIDUAL,
]^h VXi^dc lVh dY^djh id <dY! i]Z bVc
WHETHER MUSLIM OR NOT, BECAUSE –JbVgW#Va"@]Vss¤WlVhWZadkZYid<dY
ONLY GOD KNOWS A PERSON’S
ZkZc l]Zc egdhigVi^c\ id ^Ydah WZXVjhZ
^c i]Z ZiZgcVa `cdlaZY\Z d[ <dY!  –JbVg
ULTIMATE STATUS. JURISTS DETER-
lVh cdi i]Z ^YdaViZg Wji i]Z XVa^e] d[
MINED THAT BECAUSE A MAN’S SEAL >haVbVcYVbVging#I]ZBdgdXXVch]VkZV
IS UNKNOWN TO OTHER MEN, IT egdkZgW/º=daYcddcZ^cXdciZbei![dg]Z
bVnWZV[g^ZcYd[<dY#»L]ViZkZglZbVn
SHOULD NEVER BE ASSUMED THAT
hZZ^cVeZghdc!^ibVncdigZÆZXi]^hVXijVa
HE OR SHE IS A KAFIR WITH GOD. hiViZl^i]<dY#I]ZEgde]ZihV^Yd[i]Z
eZdeaZ d[ 7VYg! ºL]d `cdlh¹eZg]Veh
<dYadd`ZY^cidi]Z]ZVgihd[i]ZeZdeaZ
YZhXg^W^c\ i]Z h^c d[ ^YdaVign ^h i]Z kZgWVa d[7VYgVcYhV^Y!¼9dVhndjl^aa[gdbi]^h
cdjc i]Vi Vahd YZcdiZh ºdeegZhh^dc#» >c YVn[dgi]![dg>]VkZ[dg\^kZcndj#½»',I]Z
hZkZgVa kZghZh! i]Z Fjg½Vc YZhXg^WZh i]Z Egde]Zi  bVYZ i]^h hiViZbZci ^c gZ[Zg"
YZc^oZch d[ =Zaa Vh deegZhhdgh Ǥa^bÊc# ZcXZidVbVcl]d]VY[dj\]idc]^hh^YZ
HX]daVghXdcXjgi]ViVcndcZl]dYdZhcdi Vi 7VYg VcY i]Zc aViZg Xdbb^iiZY V igZV"
[daadl i]Z gZa^\^dc d[ >haVb¹^cXajY^c\ hdcdjhVXii]Vii]ZEgde]Zi[dg\VkZ#
?Zlh! 8]g^hi^Vch! VcY edani]Z^hih¹]Vh i]Z
aZ\Vagja^c\d[Y^hWZa^Z[#=dlZkZg!WZXVjhZ l ] d ^hY Z hi ^c Z Y [d g i ] Z 
VaaeZdeaZVa^kZidYVnVgZXdch^YZgZY[gdb ] Z a a [^g Z
i]Z Xdbbjc^in d[ BjSVbbVY  VcY VgZ I]Z Fjg½Vc heZX^ÅXVaan hiViZh i]Vi Y^hWZ"
Y^k^YZY^cidi]Zild\gdjehVhbZci^dcZY a^ZkZgh l^aa WZ ^c =Zaa# 7ZXVjhZ i]ZgZ ^h
VWdkZ! ^i ^h ^cXjbWZci jedc Bjha^bh id V XdchZchjh i]Vi ?Zlh VcY 8]g^hi^Vch VgZ
^ck^iZ id >haVb Vaa i]dhZ l]d VgZ ^c i]Z aZ\Vaan XViZ\dg^oZY Vh Y^hWZa^ZkZgh cdi
Xdbbjc^in d[ ^ck^iVi^dc VcY id Xdci^cjZ ^c <dY VcY egZk^djh egde]Zih Wji ^c i]Z
idYdhd[dgi]Za^[Zi^bZd[ZVX]eZghdc^c Egde]Zi BjSVbbVY ! bdhi Bjha^bh
i]ViXdbbjc^in#AZijhcdi[dg\Zii]Vi6WË iV`Z i]^h id bZVc i]Zn l^aa WZ ^c =Zaa
›j[n¤c [dj\]i i]Z Egde]Zi  [dg Vabdhi WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z bVcn Fjg½Vc^X kZghZh hiVi"
ilZcinnZVgh!nZicZkZgY^Yi]ZEgde]Zi ^c\i]Vii]ZY^hWZa^ZkZghl^aaWZ^c=Zaa#
YZheV^g d[ i]Z edhh^W^a^in i]Vi 6WË ›j[n¤c ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! kZghZh Zm^hi i]Vi ^cY^XViZ
ldjaY VXXZei [V^i]# I]Z Egde]Zi CdV]  i]Vi 8]g^hi^Vch l]d VY]ZgZ id i]Z ig^c^in
XVaaZY]^heZdeaZid<dY[dgVabdhiVi]dj" l^aaVahdWZ^c=Zaa#I]ZFjg½VchVnh!
q   heg^ c\'% %-  q  hZVh dc h

hVcYnZVghVcYegVnZY[dgi]Z^gYZhigjXi^dc
dcan V[iZg <dY gZkZVaZY id ]^b i]Vi i]Zn
ldjaY cZkZg WZa^ZkZ/ 6cY ^i lVh gZkZVaZY id
CdV]!¹CdcZd[ndjgeZdeaZl^aaWZa^ZkZWjii]dhZ
l]d WZa^ZkZ VagZVYn# Hd Yd cdi WZ \g^ZkZY dkZg h]^e <dY! bn AdgY VcY ndjg AdgY#º ;dg
l]Vii]Zn]VkZWZZcYd^c\»&&/(+#
I]ZbV_dg^ind[hX]daVgh]VkZegd]^W^iZY
YVbc^c\Vc^cY^k^YjVa!l]Zi]ZgBjha^bdg
cdi! WZXVjhZ dcan <dY `cdlh V eZghdc½h
)' jai^bViZ hiVijh# ?jg^hih YZiZgb^cZY i]Vi
I]dhZ l]d hVn <dY ^h i]Z BZhh^V]! Hdc d[
BVgn! ]VkZ XZgiV^can WaVhe]ZbZY/ l]ZgZVh
i]Z BZhh^V] hV^Y! ¹8]^aYgZc d[ >hgVZa! ldg"
l]dZkZg VhhdX^ViZh VcndcZ l^i] <dY! <dY
]Vh [dgW^YYZc i]Z <VgYZc0 ]^h eaVXZ ^h i]Z
;^gZ#6cYi]ZgZ^hcdhVk^dg[dgi]dhZl]dYd
lgdc\#I]dhZl]dhVn<dY^hdcZi]^gYd[V
ig^c^in]VkZXZgiV^canWaVhe]ZbZY![dgi]ZgZ^h

cdYZ^inWjidcZ<dY#Hd^[i]ZnYdcdihide
l]Vii]ZnVgZhVn^c\!VeV^c[jaeZcVainl^aa
hig^`Zi]dhZd[i]Zbl]dWaVhe]ZbZ`V[VgË#
*/,'¸,(
I]ZgZ VgZ V [Zl ^bedgiVci ed^cih i]Vi
h]djaY WZ bVYZ/ Åghi d[ Vaa! i]Z Y^hWZa^Z[
gZ[ZggZY id ^h cdi Y^hWZa^Z[ ^c >haVb Wji
Y^hWZa^Z[ ^c i]Z^g dlc gZa^\^dc# I]Vi ^h!
i]dhZ l]d dg^\^cVaan hV^Y i]Vi <dY ^h V
ig^c^inWaVhe]ZbZY#I]ZeVhiiZchZ^hjhZY
^ci]ZhZkZghZh!VcYi]^h^hhigZc\i]ZcZYV
[Zl kZghZh aViZg l]Zc i]Z Fjg½Vc hVnh! D
eZdeaZ d[ i]Z hXg^eijgZ! Yd cdi dkZgYd ndjg gZa^"
\^dcjcgZVa^hi^XVaan!nZiYdcdi[daadli]ZYZh^gZh
d[ eZdeaZ l]d VagZVYn lZci VhigVn WZ[dgZ! l]d
b^haZYbVcnVcYhigVnZY[gdbi]ZWVaVcXZYlVn
*/,,# I]dhZ l]d ^c^i^Vaan ^ccdkViZY i]Z
ig^c^in!l]^X]lVhVeV\VcWZa^Z[[djcY^c
VcX^Zci :\nei! 7VWnadc! VcY >cY^V! lZgZ
i]ZdcZhl]dWaVhe]ZbZYV\V^chi<dYVcY
ZciZgZY ^cid V hiViZ d[ `j[g# =dlZkZg! i]Z
Fjg½Vc^hhVn^c\i]VidcXZdcZ`cdlhi]^h!
dcZbjhiYZh^hi[gdbhVn^c\hjX]i]^c\hdg
WZWjgciWni]Z=ZaaÅgZ#
>c i]Z aVhi edgi^dc d[ i]Z kZghZ X^iZY
VWdkZ! i]Z jhV\Z d[ i]Z egZedh^i^dc b^c
[gdb ^h V eVgi^XjaVgan cdiZldgi]n Xdc"
higjXi/Hd^[i]ZnYdcdihidel]Vii]ZnVgZhVn"
^c\!VeV^c[jaeZcVainl^aahig^`Zi]dhZd[i]Zb
l]d WaVhe]ZbZ# >c i]Z 6gVW^X! jh^c\ b^c id
hVn ºd[ i]dhZ l]d WaVhe]ZbZ» ^cY^XViZh
i]Vi ^i ^h i]dhZ l]d VgZ ^c V hiViZ d[ `j[g
[gdbVbdc\i]Zbl]dl^aaWZWjgciWni]Z
;^gZ#I]^h^bea^Zhi]VicdiVaad[i]ZbVgZ
^cVhiViZd[`j[g#I]^hXVcdcanWZjcYZg"
hiddY l]Zc lZ gZbZbWZg l]Vi `j[g ^h
VXXdgY^c\idi]Zi]Zdad\^Vch/
6gZ[jhVaidWZa^ZkZWVhZYjedcV`cdla"
ZY\Z d[ l]Vi id WZa^ZkZ bV–g^[V] VcY
V ejgedhZ[ja gZ[jhVa id Yd hd ^–g¤QV]!
ZkZc^[^i^hXdcXZgc^c\dcanVedgi^dcd[
l]Vii]ZEgde]ZiXdckZnZYidjh!PVh
adc\Vh^i^hRigVchb^iiZY^cVXaZVgbVc"
'-
cZg!aVX`^c\VbW^\j^in#
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
IF CHRISTIANS ARE SIMPLY
REPEATING WHAT THEY WERE TOLD
BY THEIR PRIESTS AND CHURCH
INSTITUTIONS, THEY ARE NOT
BLASPHEMING INTENTIONALLY.
MANY MAY BE DEEPLY DEVOTED TO
THEIR FAITH AND ACTIVELY SEEKING
THE GRACE OF GOD.
I]^h YdZh cdi cZ\ViZ i]Z aZ\Va hiVijh d[
i]dhZl]dWZa^ZkZ^ci]Zig^c^inVh`¤ÄgÊc!
Wji gVi]Zg hjheZcYh _jY\bZci dc i]Z^g
^ciZci^dc h^cXZ bVcn d[ i]Zb bVn WZ
jcVlVgZ i]Vi i]Zn VgZ ^c V hiViZ d[ WaVh"
e]Zbn#>cVaai]gZZ6WgV]Vb^X[V^i]h!WaVh"
e]Zbn¹l]^X] ^h ^ggZkZgZci iVa` XdcXZgc"
^c\ <dY! =^h egde]Zih! VcY di]Zg hVXgZY
bViiZgh¹^h Xdch^YZgZY VcVi]ZbV dcan ^[
YdcZ ^ciZci^dcVaan# I]ZgZ½h i]Z gjW# >[
8]g^hi^Vch VgZ h^bean gZeZVi^c\ l]Vi i]Zn
lZgZidaYWni]Z^geg^ZhihVcYX]jgX]^chi^"
iji^dch! i]Zn VgZ cdi WaVhe]Zb^c\ ^ciZc"
i^dcVaan# BVcn bVn WZ YZZean YZkdiZY id
i]Z^g [V^i] VcY VXi^kZan hZZ`^c\ i]Z \gVXZ
d[ <dY# I]ZhZ VgZ i]Z kZgn eZdeaZ l]db
i]Z Fjg½Vc ^h VYYgZhh^c\! Vh bjX] d[ i]Z
Fjg½Vc ^h VYYgZhhZY id eZdeaZh d[ di]Zg
[V^i]hVhlZaaVheZdeaZl^i]dji[V^i]^ci]Z
]deZhi]Vii]Znl^aaWZa^ZkZ#
L]Vi i]Zc ^h i]Z [ViZ d[ i]dhZ l]d Yd
  hZVh dch   q  heg^ c\ '%%-  q
cdiWZa^ZkZ^ci]ZFjg½VcVcYi]ZbZhhV\Z
d[ BjSVbbVY 4 6gZ i]Zn XdcYZbcZY
id i]Z >c[Zgcd [dg Vaa ZiZgc^in4 >bVb
Va"<]Voo¤aÓ!`cdlcVhi]ZºEgdd[d[>haVb»
VcY dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi Vji]dg^iVi^kZ i]Zdad"
\^Vch VcY aZ\Va i]Zdg^hih ^c i]Z ]^hidgn d[
>haVb! ]VY V Y^[[ZgZci de^c^dc# =Z lgdiZ
V h]dgi igZVi^hZ Zci^iaZY ;VnqVa Va"iV[g^fV]
XaVg^[n^c\ i]Z YVc\Zgh d[ VcVi]ZbVi^o^c\
di]ZgBjha^bh!Wji^c^i]ZVahdVYYgZhhZh )(
] Vb oV nj hj[
i]Z ^hhjZ d[ cdc"Bjha^bh VcY i]Z kVhi
bZgXnd[<dY#=Zed^cihdjii]ViVai]dj\]
i]ZgZ ^h V hdjcY ]VY^i] i]Vi hiViZh i]Vi
dcandcZdjid[ZkZgni]djhVcYeZdeaZl^aa
ZciZgEVgVY^hZ!i]^hYdZhcdibZVci]ZgZhi
l^aa ZciZg ZiZgcVa YVbcVi^dc0 gVi]Zg i]Zn
l^aa heZcY V ejg^[n^c\ eZg^dY ^c i]Z ;^gZ#
L]Vi^ibZVch!VXXdgY^c\idVa"<]Voo¤aÓ!^h
i]Vii]Zh^caZhhVgZdcandcZ^cVi]djhVcY#
=Zi]ZchiViZhi]Vii]ZBjha^bh^ci]Z;^gZ
l^aajai^bViZanWZgZbdkZYVcY!ZkZcbdgZ
Vhidc^h]^c\an!i]Vi!
I]Z Y^k^cZ bZgXn! ]dlZkZg! l^aa Vahd
ZbWgVXZ bVcn d[ i]Z Wn\dcZ cVi^dch!
ZkZc i]dj\] bdhi d[ i]Zb l^aa WZ
ZmedhZYidi]Z;^gZ!Z^i]Zgha^\]ian¹[dg
VbdbZcidg[dgVc]djg¹dgV\gZViZg
eZg^dYd[i^bZ!hdi]VidcZbVnVeeanid
i]Zb i]Z ZmegZhh^dc ºi]Z YZc^oZch d[
i]Z;^gZ#»>ldjaYZkZc\dVh[VgVhidhVn
i]Vi bdhi d[ i]Z 8]g^hi^Vch Vbdc\ i]Z
:jgdeZVchVcYIjg`h^ci]^hi^bZd[djgh
l^aa WZ ZbWgVXZY Wn i]Z hVbZ bZgXn! ^[
<dYbdhi]^\]l^aah#>bZVcheZX^ÅXVaan
i]dhZl]dVgZVbdc\i]ZgZbdiZ^c]VW"
q   h eg^ c\ '%%-  q  hZVhd ch
^iVcihd[:jgdeZVcY8ZcigVa6h^Vl]db
i]ZXVaad[>haVb]VhcdigZVX]ZYPl^aaWZ
ZbWgVXZYWni]^hY^k^cZbZgXnR#
8]g^hi^Vch XVc WZ Y^k^YZY ^cid i]gZZ
XaVhhZh# DcZ Xdbeg^hZh i]dhZ l]db
i]Z cVbZ d[ BjSVbbVY  ]Vh cZkZg
gZVX]ZY Vi Vaa/ i]Zn VgZ ZmXjhZY P[dg
i]Z^g Y^hWZa^Z[R# I]Z hZXdcY XViZ\dgn
Xdbeg^hZh i]dhZ l]d ]VkZ ]ZVgY ]^h
)) cVbZVcYYZhXg^ei^dc!VcYP]VkZ]ZVgYR
d[]^hb^gVXaZh#I]ZhZeZdeaZa^kZVadc\"
h^YZ Bjha^bh VcY ^ciZgVXi l^i] i]Zb dg
VXijVaan a^kZ Vbdc\ i]Zb# I]Zn VgZ i]Z
Y^hWZa^Zk^c\ YZc^Zgh `j[[¤g bjaS^YÊc#
I]Z i]^gY XViZ\dgn ^h i]Z XaVhh Xdbeg^h"
^c\ i]dhZ ^c WZilZZc i]Z di]Zg ild#
I]ZcVbZd[BjSVbbVY]Vh^cYZZY
gZVX]ZYi]Z^gZVgh!Wjii]ZnYdcdi`cdl
]^h igjZ YZhXg^ei^dc VcY ]^h X]VgVXiZg#
>chiZVY! i]Zn ]ZVgY [gdb i]Z i^bZ i]Zn
lZgZ ndjc\ i]Vi V YZXZ^i[ja a^Vg cVbZY
BjSVbbVYXaV^bZYidWZVegde]Zi!
^c i]Z hVbZ lVn djg dlc X]^aYgZc ]ZVg
i]Vi V a^Vg cVbZY Va"BjfVccV– XaV^bZY
id WZ V egde]Zi# 6h [Vg Vh > Vb Xdc"
XZgcZY! hjX] eZdeaZ VgZ PZmXjhZYR a^`Z
i]dhZ^ci]ZÅghiXViZ\dgn![dgl]^aZi]Zn
]VkZ ]ZVgY d[ ]^h cVbZ! i]Zn ]ZVgY i]Z
deedh^iZd[]^higjZfjVa^i^Zh#6cY]ZVg"
^c\hjX]i]^c\hldjaYcZkZgVgdjhZdcZ½h
YZh^gZidÅcYdjiPl]d]ZlVhR#'.
>bVb Va"<]Voo¤aÓ½h ^ch^\]i XdbZh [gdb ]^h
YZZejcYZghiVcY^c\d[]jbVccVijgZVcY
i]ZkZ^ahi]ViZm^hidkZg]jbVc]ZVgihVhV
gZhjaid[WVX`\gdjcYVcYeg^dghdX^VaXdcY^"
i^dc^c\#=ZgZbVg`h^c]^hWdd`9Za^kZgVcXZ
[gdb :ggdg(% i]Vi bdhi eZdeaZ! ^cXajY^c\
Bjha^bh! h^bean [daadlZY i]Z gZa^\^dc d[
i]Z^g eVgZcih# =Z cdiZY i]Vi [Zl Bjha^bh
VXijVaaneajbWi]ZYZei]hd[VcnbViiZgd[
gZa^\^dcidVhXZgiV^c[dgi]ZbhZakZhl]Zi]"
Zgi]ZWZa^Z[^higjZdgcdi#6[iZgZmeaV^c^c\
]^hWZa^Z[VWdjieZdeaZhd[di]ZggZa^\^dch!
]Z aViZg gZ^iZgViZh ]^h ed^ci l^i] ZmXZe"
i^dcVaXaVg^in/
6h [dg i]Z di]Zg cVi^dch! PXdch^YZg
i]Z eZghdcR l]d ^bejiZh an^c\ id i]Z
Egde]Zi  V[iZg ]Z ]Vh ]ZVgY d[ i]Z
^beZXXVWaZ VcY jcYZc^VWaZ igVchb^h"
h^dchd[]^hVeeZVgVcXZ!]^hfjVa^in!VcY
]^hb^gVXaZhi]VihjheZcYZYcdgbVaaVlh!
hjX] Vh ]^h hea^ii^c\ i]Z bddc! i]Z eZW"
WaZh egV^h^c\ <dY ^c ]^h ]VcY! i]Z lZaa"
^c\jed[lViZg[gdbWZilZZc]^hÅc\Zgh!

VcY i]Z b^gVXjadjh Fjg½Vc gZkZVaZY id
]^b! i]Vi X]VaaZc\ZY i]Z ZadfjZci id
g^kVa^iWjiPVaal]dig^ZYR[V^aZY#>[Vaad[
i]^hP^c[dgbVi^dcR]VhgZVX]ZY]^hZVgh!
nZi]Zh]jch^i!ijgch]^hWVX`!YdZhcdi
Xdch^YZg^idggZÆZXidc^i!VcYYdZhcdi
]VhiZcidWZa^ZkZ^c^i!i]ZchjX]VeZg"
hdc^h^cYZZYVYZc^Zg_¤S^YVcYVa^Vg!
VcY]Z^h^cYZZYVY^hWZa^ZkZg`¤Äg#
=dlZkZg! hjX] V eZghdc YdZh cdi Åi
i]ZYZhXg^ei^dcd[bdhid[i]Z:jgdeZVch
VcY 8ZcigVa 6h^Vch l]d a^kZ [Vg VlVn
[gdbi]ZaVcYd[i]ZBjha^bh#>c[VXi!>
ldjaYVg\jZi]Vil]dZkZgY^Y]ZVgi]ZhZ
i]^c\h VWdji Pi]Z Egde]Zi R ldjaY
]VkZid]VkZlVciZYidÅcYi]Zbdji^c
dgYZg id VhXZgiV^c i]Z gZVa^in d[ l]Vi ^h
XaV^bZY# PHjX] V eZghdc ldjaY ]VkZ id
WZRVgZa^\^djheZghdcl]dY^YcdiegZ"
[ZgldgaYanbViiZghiddi]ZgldgaYandcZh#
>[]Z[Zaicdjg\ZidÅcYdjiPi]Zigji]R!
^iXdjaYdcanWZYjZidi]Z[VXii]Vi]Z
lVh XdbeaVXZci! ^cXa^cZY idlVgY i]^h
ldgaY!VcYWZgZ[id[e^ZinVcYVhZchZd[
i]ZbdbZcidjhcZhhd[gZa^\^dc!VcYi]Vi
^hl]ViY^hWZa^Z[`j[g^h#
=dlZkZg! ^[ V eZghdc [Zai V YZh^gZ id
ÅcY dji Pi]Z igji]R Wji cZ\aZXiZY id
Yd hd! i]Vi cZ\a^\ZcXZ ^h Vahd Y^hWZa^Z[#
>cYZZY!VcndcZd[[V^i]^c<dYVcYi]Z
AVhi 9Vn [gdb Vcn gZa^\^dc l^aa ^cYZ"
[Vi^\VWanhZZ`i]Zigji]V[iZg]Z]VhhZZc
i]Z VeeZVgVcXZ d[ h^\ch i]Vi hjheZcY
i]Z cdgbh d[ ZmeZg^ZcXZ b^gVXaZh# >[
hdbZdcZhZihdjiVcYViiZbeihidVhXZg"
iV^c i]Z gZVa^in Wji Y^Zh WZ[dgZ WZ^c\
VWaZidXdbeaZiZ]^h^ckZhi^\Vi^dc!]Z^h
Vahd [dg\^kZc VcY i]Zc \gVciZY i]Z kVhi
bZgXnVcY\gVXZd[<dY#Hd]VkZVkVhi
k^Zl d[ i]Z bZgXn d[ <dY! i]Z ZmVaiZY!
VcYYdcdibZVhjgZY^k^cZbViiZghl^i]
a^b^iZY dgY^cVgn hiVcYVgYh# 6cY `cdl
lZaa i]Vi i]Z V[iZga^[Z ^h h^b^aVg id i]^h
a^[Z! [dg Pi]Z Fjg½Vc hiViZhR! Ndjg XgZ"
Vi^dc VcY ndjg gZhjggZXi^dc ^h Vh dcZ hdja
(&/',#
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
Bdhi eZdeaZ ^c i]^h ldgaY Zc_dn gZaV"
i^kZ hZXjg^in VcY ZVhZ dg V hiViZ i]Vi
bV`Zh a^[Z Zc_dnVWaZ0 [dg i]Vi gZVhdc! ^[
bdhieZdeaZlZgZ\^kZcVX]d^XZWZilZZc
a^[Z VcY YZVi]! [dg ZmVbeaZ! i]Zn ldjaY
X]ddhZa^[Z#6h[dgi]dhZhj[[Zg^c\idhjX]
V YZ\gZZ i]Vi i]Zn ldjaY egZ[Zg YZVi]!
hjX] XVhZh VgZ gVgZ# I]dhZ XdcYZbcZY
ZiZgcVaan id i]Z ;^gZ ^c i]Z V[iZga^[Z l^aa
Vahd WZ gVgZ! [dg i]Z Viig^WjiZ d[ Y^k^cZ
bZgXnYdZhcdiX]Vc\ZYjZidi]ZY^kZg"
h^ind[djgX^gXjbhiVcXZh!VcYºi]^ha^[Z»
VcYºi]ZV[iZga^[Z»VgZh^beanildZmegZh"
h^dchYZh^\cVi^c\i]ZY^kZgh^ind[djgX^g"
XjbhiVcXZh#LZgZ^icdihd!i]ZgZldjaY
WZ cd bZVc^c\ id i]Z hiViZbZci d[ i]Z
Egde]Zil]Zc]ZhV^Y!ºI]ZÅghii]^c\
i]Vi <dY lgdiZ ^c i]Z Åghi 7dd` lVh! ¼>
Vb <dY# I]ZgZ ^h cd YZ^in Wji BZ# Bn
bZgXn iV`Zh egZXZYZcXZ dkZg Bn lgVi]!
hd]Zl]dl^icZhhZhi]Vii]ZgZ^hcd\dY
Wji <dY VcY BjSVbbVY ^h =^h hZgkVci
VcY=^hVedhiaZ![dg]^b^hi]Z<VgYZc#½»(&
I]ZgZ^hcdYdjWii]Vii]ZY^hWZa^ZkZghVgZ
^c i]Z >c[Zgcd! Wji >bVb Va"<]Voo¤aÓ ^h
  hZ Vhdch  q  h eg^ c\ '%%-  q
ZmeaV^c^c\i]Vi`j[g^hVcVXi^kZYZc^Va!cdi
VeVhh^kZhiViZd[^\cdgVcXZ#I]Vi^h!YZc^Va
bjhi[daadlVXaZVgjcYZghiVcY^c\d[l]Vi
dcZ ^h YZcn^c\# BdgZdkZg! [dg i]dhZ l]d
VgZ h^cXZgZ! ^i ^h cdi dcan jcYZghiVcYVWaZ
Wji cZXZhhVgn i]Vi i]Zn ldjaY hZVgX] [dg
i]Zigji]#
>bVb Va"HjnËsÓ hiViZh ^c ]^h [VilV VWdji
i]ZEgde]Zi½h[Vi]ZgVcYbdi]ZgVcYi]Z^g
eaVXZ^ci]Z]ZgZV[iZg! )*
] Vb oV nj hj[
=ZPi]ZEgde]Zi½h[Vi]ZgRlVha^k^c\Yjg"
^c\Vi^bZ^cl]^X]^\cdgVcXZeZgkVYZY
i]ZldgaY[gdbi]Z:Vhiidi]ZLZhi0i]Z
hX]daVghd[i]ZEZdeaZd[i]Z7dd`lZgZ
hXViiZgZY ^c kVg^djh aVcYh! hjX] Vh i]Z
AZkVci! VcY [Zl Vbdc\ i]Zb `cZl d[
hVXgZYaVlhVcYXdjaYXdckZni]ZY^k^cZ
bZhhV\Z XdggZXian# CZ^i]Zg d[ i]Z ild
Pi]Z Egde]Zi½h bdi]Zg VcY [Vi]ZgR lVh
VXXjhidbZYidigVkZa^c\!l^i]i]ZZmXZe"
i^dc d[ igVkZa^c\ id BZY^cV! cdg Y^Y
Z^i]Zgd[i]Zba^kZkZgnadc\0a^k^c\adc\Zg
ldjaY]VkZZcVWaZYi]ZbidejghjZi]Z
igji]VcYZmVb^cZbViiZgh!Wji!^c[VXi!
Wdi]a^kZYkZgnh]dgia^kZh#>bVbVa"£¤ÅÈ
›Va¤S Va"9Óc Va"–6a¤½Ó hVnh ^c ]^h Wdd`
Va"9jggV] Va"hVc^nnV] i]Vi i]Z Egde]Zi½h
[Vi]Zg–6WY6aa¤]lVh_jhiZ^\]iZZcnZVgh
daY l]Zc œb^cV WZXVbZ egZ\cVci0 ]Z
igVkZaZY id BZY^cV id Wg^c\ hdbZ YViZh
WVX` id ]^h [Vb^an VcY Y^ZY l]^aZ i]ZgZ
l^i] ]^h Xdjh^ch [gdb 7VcÓ CV__¤g#('
=ZcXZ! VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z ^bVb! i]Z
Egde]Zi½heVgZcihY^Ycdia^kZadc\Zcdj\]
id Xdch^YZg bViiZgh d[ jai^bViZ XdcXZgc!
VcYi]^h[VXidgbjhiWZiV`Zc^cidXdch^Y"
ZgVi^dc[dgi]ZbVcY[dgdi]ZgeZdeaZ#>c
VYY^i^dc! V lZaa"`cdlc hdjcY ]VY^i] iZaah
i]Z hidgn d[ V bVhh bjgYZgZg l]d hdj\]i
gZeZciVcXZVcYlVhidaYWnVhX]daVgid\d
id hjX]"VcY"hjX] aVcY l]ZgZ i]ZgZ lZgZ
\ddY eZdeaZ l]d ldgh]^eZY <dY# I]Z
bVchZidjiWjiY^ZYdci]ZlVn#I]ZVc\Za >bVbVa"HjnËsÓXdbbZcih/
d[ bZgXn l^h]ZY id XaV^b ]^b WZXVjhZ ]Z
]VYgZeZciZYVcY]^h]ZVgilVhÅaaZYl^i]
q   h eg^ c\ '%%-  q  hZVhd ch
Xdcig^i^dc# I]Z Vc\Za d[ lgVi]! dc i]Z
di]Zg]VcY!Vg\jZYi]Vii]ZbVc]VYcZkZg
YdcZ Vcni]^c\ \ddY ^c ]^h a^[Z# Id hZiiaZ
i]ZYZWViZ!i]ZildVc\ZahlZgZ^chigjXiZY
id bZVhjgZ i]Z aVcY VcY YZiZgb^cZ ^[ ]Z
lVhXadhZgidi]ZeaVXZd[Y^hWZa^Z[i]Vi]Z
]VY aZ[i WZ]^cY dg i]Vi d[ WZa^Z[ id l]^X] Vbdc\i]ZYZc^oZchd[i]Z;^gZ# 
]Z lVh ]ZVYZY# 6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z ]VY^i]!
<dY h]dgiZcZY i]Z Y^hiVcXZ WZilZZc i]Z >c i]Z^g ZmiZch^kZ XdbbZciVgn! H]VgS
)+ bVc VcY i]Z aVcY d[ WZa^Z[! hd i]Z Vc\Za _Vl]VgVi Va"iVlSÒY! i]Z ild i]Zdad\^Vch!
d[ bZgXn idd` ]^b# I]^h ^h V XaZVg ]VY^i]
h]dl^c\ i]Vi V bVc XVc WZ dc V _djgcZn
d[[V^i]VcYcdiVgg^kZVi]^hYZhi^cnWZ[dgZ
Yn^c\! Wji WZ hVkZY cdcZi]ZaZhh Wn <dY½h
bZgXn#((
6XXdgY^c\id>bVbVa"H]¤Å–Ó!^[VeZghdc
`^aah Vcdi]Zg eZghdc WZ[dgZ >haVb lVh egZ"
hZciZY id ]^b YZX^h^kZan jf^bVi –VaVn]Ò Va"
Sj__V!()i]ZbjgYZgZgbjhieVni]ZWaddY
bdcZn VcY Zme^ViZ `V[[¤gV] Wji cdi hj["
[ZgaZmiVa^dc^hWZXVjhZi]ZbVclVhcdiV
Bjha^b aZ\Vaan Wji lVh dcZ ZhhZci^Vaan [Ò
bV–c¤Va"bjha^b#>WcG^[–VXdbbZciZYdc
i]^h^cVa"@^[¤nV]hVn^c\!ºP=Z^hjcYZghiddY
idWZVBjha^bRWZXVjhZ]ZlVhWdgcl^i]
^c]ZgZci cVijgZ ÄsgV] VcY cd djilVgY
h^\cd[dWhi^cVXn]VYWZZcY^heaVnZY#»(*>c
di]ZgldgYh!>WcG^[–VVahdhiViZhi]ViY^hWZ"
a^Z[^hVXi^kZVcYcdieVhh^kZ#;jgi]ZgbdgZ!
>bVbVa"CVlVlÓhVnh^c]^hXdbbZciVgndc
>bVbBjha^b½h]VY^i]XdaaZXi^dcVWdjii]Z
X]^aYgZcd[edani]Z^hih!
I]Z egZ[ZggZY VcY hdjcYZhi hX]dda d[
i]dj\]iVWdjii]ZbVcYi]ZdcZbdhid[
i]Z Vji]dg^iVi^kZ hX]daVgh ]VkZ ^cXa^cZY
idlVgY^hi]Vii]ZnVgZ^cEVgVY^hZWVhZY
jedc<dY½hldgY!LZYdcdiejc^h]VeZdeaZ
jci^aVbZhhZc\ZgXdbZhidi]ZbP&,/&*R#Hd
^[<dYYdZhcdiejc^h]VcVYjaiWZXVjhZ
cdbZhhV\Z]VhgZVX]ZY]^b!dWk^djhan!
(+
X]^aYgZc ldjaY WZ ZkZc bdgZ hZXjgZ# 
9dZh i]^h ^cXajYZ Vaa d[ i]Z eZdeaZ Yjg"
^c\ i]Z egZ">haVb^X eZg^dY4 Cd# > ldjaY
hVn^iXdbeg^hZhdcani]dhZl]dlZgZcdi
egZhZciZY l^i] V egde]Zi^X bZhhV\Z Vi
Vaa# 6h [dg i]dhZ l]d lZgZ \^kZc V egd"
e]Zi^XbZhhV\ZWZ[dgZVcYXdci^cjZYdc
^ci]Z^gY^hWZa^Z[!i]ZnVgZXZgiV^can[gdb
(,

H]Vn`] –6WY Va"@VgÓb IVi¤c VcY H]Vn`]
BjSVbbVY 6YÓW Va"@Óa¤cÓ! XdcXjg l^i]
>bVbVa"<]Voo¤aÓdci]ZbViiZg/
>c i]Z ]VY^i] ^c l]^X] i]Z Egde]Zi 
hV^Y!º7ni]ZDcZ^cl]dhZ=VcYa^Zhbn
hdja! VcndcZ! l]Zi]Zg ?Zl dg 8]g^hi^Vc!
l]d ]ZVgh d[ bZ [gdb i]^h Xdbbjc^in
VcYY^Zhl^i]djiWZa^Zk^c\^cbZ^h[gdb
i]Z YZc^oZch d[ i]Z ;^gZ#» 6XXdgY^c\
id i]Z hX]daVgh! i]ZgZ VgZ i]gZZ [VXidgh
^ckdakZY]ZgZ/
6 eZghdc ]ZVgh d[ i]Z Egde]Zi ! VcY
i]^h^cXajYZh]^hbZhhV\ZVcYi]Zegdd[hd[
^ihkZgVX^in#
6eZghdcgZ[jhZhidWZa^ZkZ^cl]VilVh
\^kZcidi]ZEgde]Zi#
6eZghdcY^Zh^ci]VihiViZ#
=ZcXZ!VeZghdcl]dcZkZg]ZVgYd[i]Z
Egde]Zi!hjX]VhhdbZdcZa^k^c\^cV[Vg
d[[ eaVXZ! VcY Pl]dR lVh cdi bVYZ VlVgZ
d[ i]Z igji][jacZhh d[ ]^h XaV^bh! ^h cdi
VXXdjciVWaZ#±6cY hdbZ hX]daVgh hjWb^i"
iZYi]Vi^[i]ZbZhhV\ZVgg^kZhidhdbZdcZ
^c V Y^hidgiZY dg [VahZ VcY jcVeeZVa^c\
[dgb ÅaaZY l^i] i]Z Zggdgh d[ i]dhZ l]d
aZVYdi]ZghVhigVn!i]Zci]Zgja^c\d[hjX]
VeZghdc^hi]ZhVbZVhi]dj\]i]ZbZhhV\Z
cZkZg Vgg^kZY id ]^b! jcaZhh ]Z ^h VWaZ id
hZZ i]gdj\] i]Z hbd`ZhXgZZc d[ a^Zh Wji
hi^aaijgchVlVn#(-
>WcBj`VcY^g!dcZd[>bVbB¤a^`½hiZVX]"
Zgh VcY V \gZVi hX]daVg [gdb Vbdc\ i]Z
s¤W^–Òc(. hV^Y! º> Vb h]n WZ[dgZ <dY id hVn
i]Vi=^hbZgXnl^aa[V^aVcndcZVbdc\i]Z
Y^hdWZY^Zci! VcY ]VY ^i cdi WZZc [dg i]Z
XaZVg gZkZaVi^dc XdcXZgc^c\ i]Z edani]Z"
^hih!>ldjaYcdi]VkZgZbdkZYi]Zb[gdb
^cXajh^dc^ci]ZkZghZ!BnbZgXnZcXdbeVhhZh
Vaa i]^c\h#» 6ahd! >bVb Va"Bjc¤lÓ fjdiZh
dcZd[i]ZhX]daVghVhhVn^c\!
I]Z Y^k^cZ egZhZcXZ ^h VWhdajiZ! VcY
<dYYdZh^c^il]ViZkZg=ZeaZVhZh#Cd
dcZVbdc\i]ZWZa^ZkZgh]VhVcn\jVgVc"
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
iZZd[hZXjg^in[gdbY^k^cZgZig^Wji^dc[dg
]^hdg]Zgh^ch#7jieZdeaZl^aaWZXa^c\"
^c\idhjX]i]^c\hVhP<dY½hhiViZbZciR!
)%
BnbZgXniV`ZhegZXZYZcXZdkZgBnlgVi]# 
7di]H]Vn`]BjSnÓVa"9ÓcW#Va"–6gVWÓVcY
>WcIVnb^nnV]]ZaY]ZiZgdYdm^Xk^ZlhXdc"
XZgc^c\ i]Z =ZaaÅgZ Vh V gZhjai d[ i]Z^g
ViiZbeih Vi gZXdcX^a^c\ Y^k^cZ bZgXn l^i]
i]Z ^YZV d[ ^cÅc^iZ ejc^h]bZci [dg Åc^iZ
THE DIVINE PRESENCE IS ABSOLUTE,
AND GOD DOES IN IT WHATEVER
HE PLEASES. NO ONE AMONG THE
BELIEVERS HAS ANY GUARANTEE
OF SECURITY FROM DIVINE
RETRIBUTION FOR HIS OR HER SINS.
h^ch#>cdcZigVchb^hh^dcXdch^YZgZYhdjcY!
H]Vn`] >Wc IVnb^nnV] ^cXa^cZY idlVgY Vc
6cc^]^aVi^dc^hik^Zl!l]^X]]daYhi]ViZkZc"
ijVaani]Z;^gZ^hZmi^c\j^h]ZY#I]Z]ZgZi^X
?V]b W# ›V[l¤c Vahd h]VgZY i]^h k^Zl! VcY
^i^hXdbbdcVbdc\hdbZ?Zl^h]Zi]^X^hih#
H]Vn`]BjSnÓVa"9ÓcW#Va"–6gVWÓ]ZaYi]Vi
ZkZcijVaan i]Z eZdeaZ d[ i]Z ;^gZ WZXdbZ
ÅgZ"a^`Z VcY cd adc\Zg [ZZa eV^c Wji VXij"
VaanXdbZidZc_dni]Z;^gZ#)&>ilVh>bVb
  hZ Vhdch  q  h eg^ c\ '%%-  q
Va"<]Voo¤aÓ! bVn <dY gZlVgY ]^b! l]d
lVh VWaZ id ZajX^YViZ Vc dgi]dYdm gZhdaj"
i^dc id i]Z i]dgcn i]Zdad\^XVa egdWaZb d[
i]ZdY^Xn Wn ^cigdYjX^c\ i]Z ZaZbZci d[
XdchX^djh gZ_ZXi^dc d[ <dY dg Vcn d[ =^h
bZhhZc\Zgh Vh i]Z cZXZhhVgn VcY hj[ÅX^Zci
XVjhZ [dg eZgY^i^dc# >cYZZY! VXXdgY^c\ id
Va"<]Voo¤aÓ! bVcn eZdeaZ l^aa ZciZg i]Z
;^gZ[dgi]Z^gkVg^djhh^chi]Vii]Zn[V^aZYid
ejg\ZdgVidcZ[dg^ci]^hldgaY!Wji<dY½h ),
] Vb oV nj hj[
bZgXnl^aaiV`ZegZXZYZcXZ!VcYi]ZbV_dg"
^inl^aaZkZcijVaanWZ[gZZYd[i]Z;^gZ#
I]ZFjg½VcYdZhbV`ZbZci^dcd[i]dhZ
l]d gZbV^c [dgZkZg ^c i]Z ;^gZ# H]Vn`]
£VhVcVa"£VWVccV`V]Va"BVnY¤cÓhVnh!
I]ZFjg½Vc^hjcZfj^kdXVai]Vii]ZY^h"
WZa^ZkZgh l]d ]VkZ cd ZmXjhZ [dg i]Z^g
Y^hWZa^Z[ \]V^gj Va"bV–Y]Êg W^ `j[g^]^b
VgZ[gdbi]ZYZc^oZchd[i]Z;^gZ^ci]Z
cZmia^[ZVcYl^aaYlZaai]ZgZ^c[dgZkZg^c
ejc^h]bZci#BdgZdkZg!<dYl^aacdi[dg"
\^kZi]Zb[dgZ^i]Zgi]Z^gY^hWZa^Z[`j[g
dg i]Z^g VhhdX^Vi^dc l^i] =^b h]^g`!
l]^aZ =Z l^aa [dg\^kZ i]dhZ Vbdc\ i]Z
h^c[ja WZa^ZkZgh! [dg <dY½h bZgXn l^aa
ZcXdbeVhh i]Zb l^i] [dg\^kZcZhh VcY
eVgYdc dji d[ Y^k^cZ \ZcZgdh^in VcY
)'
\gVXZ!^[<dYhdl^aah# 
I]Z deZgVi^kZ e]gVhZ ]ZgZ ^h ºi]dhZ l]d
]VkZ cd ZmXjhZ [dg i]Z^g Y^hWZa^Z[#» I]ZhZ
VgZ i]Z eZdeaZ l]d l^aa[jaan gZ_ZXiZY i]Z
igji]!a^`Z>WaÓh!djid[Vggd\VcXZ!cdi^\cd"
gVcXZ#I]dhZl]dlZgZigjanjcVlVgZbVn
heZcY i^bZ ^c i]Z =ZaaÅgZ! Wji i]Zn l^aa
ZkZcijVaanWZh]dlZgZY^cY^k^cZ\gVXZ!Vh
>bVb Va"<]Voo¤aÓ ^cY^XViZh# I]Z Fjg½Vc
gZ[Zgh id Y^hWZa^Z[ VXXdbeVc^ZY Wn XZgiV^c
X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xhi]Vi^cY^XViZi]Zk^aZcVijgZ
d[i]dhZl]d`cdl^c\anVcYl^aa[jaangZ_ZXi
i]ZbZhhV\Z#
I]ZEgde]ZiYZhXg^WZYi]ZY^hWZa^Zk"
Zgh^ci]ZhdjcY]VY^i]^cVa"7j`]¤gÓVhi]Z
ºYZc^oZchd[i]Z;^gZ!»hVn^c\!ºH]Vaa>cdi
iZaandjl]di]ZYZc^oZchd[i]Z;^gZVgZ4»
q   h eg^ c\'%%-  q  h ZVhd ch
=^h XdbeVc^dch gZea^ZY! º>cYZZY! iZaa
jh#»
=Zi]ZchV^Y!º:kZgnXgjZa!]Vgh]!ej[[ZY
je!b^hZgan!Vggd\VcidcZ#»)(
>c VYY^i^dc! V [Vbdjh ]VY^i]! l]^X] ^h
i]Z Åghi ]VY^i] igVchb^iiZY id hijYZcih d[
]VY^i]! hiViZh! ºL]dZkZg h]dlh cd bZgXn
l^aa]VkZcdbZgXnh]dlcPid]^bR#»))6cY
^cVcdi]ZghdjcY]VY^i]!Vegdhi^ijiZ^h[dg"
)- \^kZc[dgWg^c\^c\lViZgidVi]^ghinYd\#)*
g Z a Vi ^ d c h ] ^ e  d [  b j h a ^ b h  l ^ i ]
e Z d e a Z h  d [  d i ] Z g  [V ^ i ] h
I]Z<dYd[>haVb^hi]Z<dYd[]jbVc^in¹
i]Z <dY d[ i]Z ?Zlh! 8]g^hi^Vch! HVW^Vch!
BV\^Vch! VcY Edani]Z^hih# =Z [ZZYh VcY
cjgijgZh i]Zb Vaa [dgWZVg^c\an VcY \gVXZ"
[jaan# =Z Vaadlh i]dhZ l]d ZkZc YZcn =^h
Zm^hiZcXZgZhe^iZi]ViºeZg]Vehi]ZnbVngZ"
ijgc#»=Z]VhX]VaaZc\ZYi]dhZl]dWZa^ZkZ
^c=^bVcY]dcdg=^bid^c[jhZi]ZbhZakZh
l^i]i]ZfjVa^i^Zhi]Vi<dY]VhX]dhZcidYZ"
hXg^WZ=^bhZa[l^i]/bZgXn!XdbeVhh^dc![dg"
\^kZcZhh!eVi^ZcXZ![dgWZVgVcXZ!VcYadkZ#
DjgEgde]ZihV^Y!ºCdcZd[ndjigjan
WZa^ZkZhjci^a]ZadkZh[dg]^hWgdi]Zgl]Vi
]ZadkZh[dg]^bhZa[#»>bVbVa"CVlVlÓhV^Y
^c]^hXdbbZciVgn!
I]^hh]djaYÅghiVcY[dgZbdhiWZjcYZg"
hiddYVhjc^kZghVaWgdi]Zg]ddYhdi]Vi^i
^cXajYZhi]ZBjha^bVcYi]Zcdc"Bjha^b
`¤Äg#6bVch]djaYlVci[dg]^hWgdi]"
Zg! i]Z cdc"Bjha^b! i]Vi ]Z ZciZgh ^cid
V hiViZ d[ hjWb^hh^dc l^i] ]^h AdgY# 6h
[dg ]^h Bjha^b Wgdi]Zg! ]Z h]djaY lVci
i]Vi]^hhiViZd[hjWb^hh^dcXdci^cjZ#;dg
i]^h gZVhdc! egVn^c\ [dg i]Z \j^YVcXZ d[
cdc"Bjha^bh^hWZadkZYVcYgZlVgYZYPWn
<dYR#I]Z]VY^i]h]djaYWZjcYZghiddY
id cZ\ViZ XdbeaZiZ [V^i] VcY cdi [V^i]
Zci^gZan [dg i]Z dcZ l]d YdZh cdi adkZ
[dg]^hWgdi]Zgl]Vi]ZadkZh[dg]^bhZa[#
BdgZdkZg! i]Z bZVc^c\ d[ adkZ ]ZgZ ^h
i]Vi dcZ YZh^gZh \ddY VcY WZcZÅi [dg
di]Zgh# I]^h ^h V he^g^ijVa adkZ VcY cdi V
cVijgVa adkZ# ;dg ]jbVc cVijgZ ^h hjX]
i]Vi eZdeaZ adVi]Z \ddY dg Y^hi^cXi^dc
[dgdi]ZghdkZgi]ZbhZakZh#7jibVcbjhi
\dV\V^chii]^hcVijgZVcYdeedhZ^iVcY
egVn[dg]^hWgdi]ZgVcYYZh^gZ[dg]^h[Za"
adl bVc l]Vi ]Z adkZh [dg ]^bhZa[# 6cY
l]ZcZkZg ]Z ^h jcVWaZ id Yd i]Vi! ^i ^h
WZXVjhZ ]Z ^h Zck^djh±# Hd bVc h]djaY
igZVi]^bhZa[VcY[dgXZ]^hZ\didWZXdc"
iZcil^i]i]ZYZXgZZd[<dYVcYdeedhZ
]^hdlcZ\dWnegVn^c\[dg]^hZcZb^Zh#
)+

Dcan l]Zc lZ gZVX] i]^h aZkZa d[ [V^i]
VcYX]Vg^ini]Vi>bVbVa"CVlVlÓYZhXg^WZh
l^aa djg XdcY^i^dc X]Vc\Z# LZ VgZ ^c Vc
deegZhhZY! adlan hiViZ WZXVjhZ ^i ^h l]ZgZ
lZ WZadc\ ^c dgYZg id aZVgc i]Z aZhhdch
lZcZZYidaZVgc#Bjha^bh[dg\Zii]Vidjg
Egde]Zi  lVh eZghZXjiZY ^c BZXXV [dg
i]^giZZc nZVgh! nZi ]Z hi^aa egVnZY [dg ]^h
eZdeaZ½h \j^YVcXZ# =Z lVh VWjhZY dc i]Z
WViiaZÅZaY ^c JSjY nZi hi^aa XVaaZY dji id
]^h AdgY! ºD bn AdgY! [dg\^kZ bn eZdeaZ
[dgi]ZnYdcdi`cdll]Vii]ZnYd#»),I]^h
h]djaYWZdjggZhedchZideZdeaZhd[di]Zg
[V^i]h#DjgXdcXZgch]djaYcZkZgWZVWdji
l]ZgZdi]ZgeZdeaZVgZ\d^c\!cdgh]djaY
lZ ZkZg YZh^gZ [dg di]Zgh l]Vi lZ Yd cdi
YZh^gZ [dg djghZakZh# GVi]Zg! djg XdcXZgc
h]djaY WZ i]Z fjZhi^dc <dY Vh`h jh Vaa/
ºL]ZgZi]ZcVgZndj\d^c\4»
cdiZh
& 6WË7V`gW#;ËgV`Va">qWV]¤cÓ!@^i¤WVa"SjYÊY
[Ò Va"jqÊa 7Z^gji/ 9¤g Va"<]VgW Va">ha¤bÓ!
&...!&&%#
' >W^Y#
( 6WË Va"7Vf¤½ Va"@V[[VlÓ! Va"@jaaÒn¤i 7Z^gji/
Bj½VhhVhViVa"G^h¤aV]!&..(#!,+)#
) I]^h ^h V cjVcXZY aZ\Va _jY\bZci WVhZY
jedc i]Z hdjcY ]VY^i]# >i YdZh cdi bZVc
i]Vi Bjha^bh XVccdi VXXZei aZ\Va WZfjZhih
[gdb cdc"Bjha^b gZaVi^kZh0 i]Zn XVc# 7ji
i]ZnXVccdi!\ZcZgVaan!VXXZeiVY^hig^Wji^dc
hnhiZb^c^c]Zg^iVcXZaVlhdi]Zgi]Vci]Zl^aa
d[VeZghdc!hjX]VhhiViZY^k^h^dc^c^ciZhiViZ
h^ijVi^dch# :VX] heZX^ÅX XVhZ h]djaY! ]dl"
ZkZg!WZgZ[ZggZYidVkVa^Ybj[i^#
* >Wc ?joVnn Va"@VaWÓ! IVhSÒa a^ –jaÊb Va"iVcoÒa!
7Z^gji/9¤gVa"FVaVb!c#Y#!'/&%%#
+ CdV]^i^XaVlhVgZi]dhZi]Vi<Zci^aZcVi^dch
VgZgZfj^gZYidegVXi^XZ#6XXdgY^c\idhdbZ
gVWW^h! i]Z ?Zlh! l]d VgZ X]dhZc Wn <dY
Vh i]Z aVl"WZVgZgh! bjhi [daadl +&( hVXgZY
l ] d  VgZ i] Z Y ^ hW Za^ Zk Zg h4
egZXZeih VcY VgZ id iZVX] i]Z <Zci^aZh dcan
hZkZc Vh V bZgXn id i]Zb# I]Zn VgZ/ &
egd]^W^i^dcd[WaVhe]Zbn0'egd]^W^i^dcd[
^YdaVign0 ( egd]^W^i^dc d[ bjgYZg0 ) egd"
]^W^i^dcd[i]Z[i0*egd]^W^i^dcd[hZmjVa^in
djih^YZbVgg^V\Z^cXajY^c\[dgc^XVi^dc!WZh"
i^Va^in!VcY]dbdhZmjVa^in0+egd]^W^i^dcd[
Xdchjbei^dcd[WaddYdgbZViiV`Zc[gdbV
a^kZVc^bVa0VcY,dWa^\Vi^dcd[ZhiVWa^h]^c\
Xdjgih d[ aVl VcY Veed^cibZci d[ _jY\Zh id
ZchjgZ eZdeaZ ]VkZ gZXdjghZ id _jhi^XZ VcY
i]ZgZYgZhhd[lgdc\h#6ai]dj\]Åa^VaYjinid
eVgZcih^hZcXdjgV\ZY!^i^hcdiVXdbbVcY"
bZciid<Zci^aZh#
, @# @d]aZg! ?Zl^h] I]Zdad\n/ HnhiZbVi^XVaan VcY
=^hidg^XVaan8dch^YZgZYCZlNdg`/BVXB^aaVc!
&.&-!)',#
- H]Vn`] 7V`gÓ GV_VW! IVlQ^S ]^Y¤nVi Va"bjgÒY
^a¤ h]VgS _Vl]VgVi Va"iVlSÒY 7Z^gji/ 9¤g Va"
@]Vng!&..)!&''#
. 6WË Va"£VhVc –6aÓ Va"LV]^YÓ! 6hW¤W CjoÊa
Va"Fjg¼¤c!7Z^gji/9¤gVa"@jijWVa"–>ab^nnV]!
&..-#
&%HZZIV[hÒgVa"3VWVgÒVcYIV[hÒg^Wc@Vi]Òg#
&&›VSÒSBjha^b!7dd`'%!Cd#)*,()*,)#
&'›VSÒSBjha^b!7dd`)!Cd#'%((#
&(›VSÒS7j`]¤gÒ!Kda#.!7dd`--!Cd#++',#
&)›VSÒS 7j`]¤gÒ! Kda# -! 7dd` ,(! Cd# &'*0
›VSÒSBjha^b!7dd`&!Cd#%&&,#
&* –6WY Va"GVSb¤c W# BVaaËS! ZY# BVhʖVi cVQ
gVi Va"cV–Òb! ?ZYYV]/ 9¤g Va"LVqÓaV! &...!
Kda#'!*!))*#
&+ ›VSÒS 7j`]¤gÒ! Kda# )! 7dd` *'! Cd# '-%. 
  hZ Vhdch   q  heg ^c\ '%%-  q
'-,'#
&,HjcVcVa"I^gb^Y]Ó!Kda#'!7dd`&!Cd#&))+#
&- >bVb Va"FVg¤[Ó hVnh ^c Va";jgÊf! º@cdl i]Vi
^\cdgVcXZ ^h cdi Vc ZmXjhZ [dg hiViZbZcih
i]Vi XdciV^c Y^hWZa^Z[ ^c i]Zb# I]Z gZVhdc
[dgi]^h^hi]ViV_jg^hi^Xeg^cX^eaZhiViZh!¼6cn
^\cdgVcXZ i]Vi XVc WZ gZbdkZY dc i]Z eVgi
d[ i]Z ^\cdgVci! hVcZ! VYjai Bjha^b XVccdi
WZ jhZY Vh V egdd[ [dg ]^b#½ <dY ]Vh hZci
id =^h XgZVi^dc bZhhZc\Zgh id gZbdkZ i]^h ).
 ^\cdgVcXZ [gdb i]Zb# ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! <dY
] Vb oV nj hj[
dWa^\ZYVaad[i]ZbidaZVgci]ZbZhhV\ZVcY
idVXi^cVXXdgYVcXZl^i]^i#=ZcXZ!l]dZkZg
VWVcYdch aZVgc^c\ VcY g^\]i VXi^dc! VcY
gZbV^ch ^c V hiViZ d[ ^\cdgVcXZ ]Vh h^ccZY
YdjWan! cZ\aZXi^c\ id aZVgc! VcY [V^a^c\ id
VXi VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z iZVX]^c\# >[ ]Z aZVgch
Wji [V^ah id VXi! ]^h h^c ^h dcan i]Z [V^ajgZ id
VXi dc ]^h `cdlaZY\Z# =dlZkZg! l]dZkZg
aZVgchVcYVXih^hi]ZdcZ^cVhiViZd[\gVXZ#»
HZZ H]Vn`] BjSVbbVY Va"7VffËgÓ! IVgiÒW
Va"[jgÊflV^`]i^q¤g^]¤!8VhVWaVcXV/Va"6lf¤[!
&..+!'/(,)#
&. ›¤Y^f Va"<]^gn¤cÓ! ;Ò Va"–VfÒYV] lV Va"b^c]¤_
7Zc\]Vo^/9¤gVa"@jijW!'%%'!&%+#I]Zh^m
XdcY^i^dchlZgZVahdiV`Zc[gdbi]^hhZXi^dc!
VcZmXZaaZciWdd`!l^i]hdbZVYY^i^dch#
'%GZedgiZYWnVa"£VbÓYÓ^c]^hBjhcVY#
'&>Wc–6WYVa"7Vgg!Va"IVb]ÒYVa"Bj]VbbVY^"
nnV]/Va"BViWV½V]Va";VY^a^nV]!&.--#
''DcZcZhhd[<dY#
'( Va"@V[[VlÓ!Va"@jaaÒn¤i!,+*#
')HjcjcVa"I^gb^Y]Ò!Kda#'!7dd`&!Cd#&))+#
'*Va"<]^gn¤cÓ!;ÒVa"–VfÒYV]!&%)#
'+>Wc?joVnnVa"@VaWÓ!IVhSÒa!&/)-)#
',›VSÒS 7j`]¤gÒ, Vol. ), Book *', No. '-%. &
'-,'.
'-H]Vn`] –6WY Va"–GVSb¤c £VhVc Va"£VWV"
ccV`V] Va"BVnY¤cÓ! Va"–6fÒYV] Va">ha¤b^nnV]
lVJhjhj]¤9VbVhXjh/9¤gVa"FVaVb!&..,!
+&*#
'. 6WË £¤b^Y Va"<]Voo¤aÓ! BV_bʖVi gVh¤¼^a
Va"<]Voo¤aÒ7Z^gji/9¤gVa"@jijWVa"–>ab^nnV]!
&..)!.+#
q   h eg^ c\'%%-  q  h ZVhd ch
(%>W^Y#
(&>W^Y#!.,#
('>bVb?Va¤aVa"9ÓcVa"HjnËsÓ!Va"£¤lÒa^Va"[Vi¤lÒ
7Z^gji/9¤gVa"@^i¤WVa"–6gVWÓ!c#Y#!'/)%.#
((>bVbNVSn¤W#H]VgV[Va"CVlVlÓ!H]VgSg^n¤Q
Va"q¤a^SÒc!igVch#VcYXdbbZciVgn!£¤ÅÈ›Va¤S
Va"9ÓcNËhj[G^nVY/BV`iVWVi9¤gVa"HVa¤b!
&..-!&/('#
*% () I]^h bZVch i]Vi i]Z egdd[h d[ >haVb ]VkZ
WZZcegZhZciZY^cVc^cXdcigdkZgi^WaZbVc"
cZg# >i YdZh cdi bZVc h^bean iZaa^c\ i]Zb
i]Zn h]djaY WZXdbZ V Bjha^b# DcZ ldjaY
i]^c` i]Vi _jhi hZZ^c\ i]Z Egde]Zi  lVh
egdd[ Zcdj\]! Wji ^i idd` hZkZgVa nZVgh
WZ[dgZhdbZd[]^hXdbeVc^dchgZVa^oZYi]Z
igji]#6WËAVSVW!dci]Zdi]Zg]VcY!ldjaY
cZkZggZVa^oZ^i!VcYi]jh]^h[ViZlVhhZVaZY
[gdbi]ZdjihZi#
(*Va"HjnËsÓ!Va"£¤lÒa^Va"[Vi¤lÒ!'/)%-#
(+ >bVb NVSn¤ W# H]VgV[ Va"CVlVlÓ! ›VSÒS
Bjha^b W^"h]VgS Va"CVlVlÒ 8V^gd/BVsWV–V]
£^_¤oÓ!&.(%!Kda#&+!'%.#
(,Va"HjnËsÓ!Va"£¤lÒa^Va"[Vi¤lÒ!'/)%-#
(- H]Vn`] –6WY Va"@VgÓb IVi¤c VcY H]Vn`]
BjSVbbVY 6YÓW Va"@Óa¤cÓ! H]VgS _Vl]VgVi
Va"iVlSÒY9VbVhXjh/9¤gVa"7Vh]¤½^g!&..)!
&/&)+#
(.I]ZhZXdcY\ZcZgVi^dcd[Bjha^bhl]dbZi
i]Z XdbeVc^dch d[ i]Z Egde]Zi  Wji cdi
i]ZEgde]Zi#
)%>bVb BjSVbbVY –6WY Va"GV–Ë[ Va"Bjc¤lÓ!
;VnQ Va"fVYÒg 7Z^gji/ 9¤g Va">ha¤b! &..+!
)/+&%#
)&HZZVa"?VcVWVa"\]VgWÒ!GVh]^Y:[[ZcY^hZXi^dc!
HjaV^bVc^nnV A^WgVgn Bj`]iVhVgj iVY]`^g¤i
Va"FjgijWÒ#
)'Va"BVnY¤cÓ!Va"–6fÒYV]Va">ha¤b^nnV]!+''#
)( ›VS^S Bjha^b 7Z^gji/ 9¤g >Sn¤½ Va"Ijg¤i]
Va"–6gVWÓ!'%%%!Kda#)!Cd#.%'&#
))›VSÒSBjha^b,7dd`(%!Cd#*,(,#
)* Va"CVlVlÓ! ›VSÒS Bjha^b W^"h]VgS Va"CVlVlÒ
8V^gd/BVsWV–V]£^_¤oÓ!&.(%!&)/')'#
)+ Va"CVlVlÓ! H]VgS bVic Va"VgWV–Òc Va"CVlVl^"
nnV]9VbVhXjh/BV`iVWVi9¤gVa";ViS!&.,%!
&'(#
), ›VS^S Bjha^b! 7dd` &. @^i¤W Va"_^]¤Y! Cd#
))&-#