Biology Reviewer  BaCla!!

FenZinin Mo naMn aCo

NUTRTION REQUIREMENT OF PLANT AND
ANIMALS
 NUTRIENT – any substance required
for growth and maintenance of an
organism
 Autotrophs- produce their own food
by obtaining energy from the sun
and chemicals
 Heterotrophs- cannot produce their
own food, obtain energy from other
organisms
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS
A. WATER
 Boron
 Chlorine
 Zinc
 Molybdenum
 Manganese
 Cobalt
Routes for Absorption of Water and
Minerals Across Plant Roots
 Symplast Route – through
Plasmodesmata; slightly slower
Plasmodesmata - channels of
cytoplasm lined by plasma
membrane that transverse cell walls

B. Carbon Dioxide and water are raw
materials needed for photosynthesis
C. Essential Nutrients: Macro Nutrients
required in amounts above 0.5% of the
plant’s dry weight
Micronutrients required in minute or trace
amounts
MACRONUTRIENTS
 Apoplast Route – through Cell
Walls; faster; apoplastic
pathway or apoplasty that helps
to transport water and ions from
the soil through root to xylem
elements

 Mag CHONKe Ca PlS

• Magnesium
• Carbon
• Oxygen
• (K)Potassium Cite Specialized Absorptive Structures
• Carbon
• Phosphorus  Root Hairs - slender extensions of
• Sulfur specialized epidermal cells that
greatly increase the surface area
available for absorption

 Root Nodules – localized swellings in

roots of certain plants where
bacterial cells exist symbiotically with
the plant. -The bacteria help the
plant fix nitrogen.
MICRONUTRIENTS
 for the formation of amino
acids and nucleotides.

NUTRITIONAL ADAPTATION OF PLANTS

 Parasitism
SYMBIOSIS OF PLANTS AND SOIL
is a relationship between two
MICROBES
different organisms.
• Soil microbes break down organic
matter Prasite- harming organism
• Soil microbes recycle nutrients
 Parasitic plants derive all water
• Soil microbes create humus
and nutrition from another
• Soil microbes create soil structure
plant. Parasitic plants may be
• Soil microbes fix nitrogen
classified as being a
• Soil organisms promote plant growth
holoparasite or a
• Soil microbes control pests and
hemiparasite.
diseases
• Holoparasitic plants produce no
SYMBIOSIS OF PLANTS AND FUNGI
chlorophyll and are totally reliant on
 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis the host plant.
a symbiosis between plants and
members of an ancient phylum of
fungi. Glomeromytcota, improves
the supply of water and nutrients.

Mycorrhizae known as root

fungi, form symbiotic
associations with plant roots
Toothwort- They are parasitic
plants on the roots of other plants,
and are completely
lacking chlorophyll.

• Hemiparasitic plants
 Root Nodule (RN) Symbiosis
- derive some of their nutrition for the
home for symbiotic
host plant, but produce chlorophyll.
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
called rhizobia.
Rhizobia convert
nitrogen gas into ammonia,
  Predation

refers to an interaction between two

organisms, where there is a flow of
energy from one to another.

Nepenthes

Bicalcarata

Cobra

Lily

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

 • Essential Fatty Acid

-used for making special membrane lipids;

an example is linoleic acid in humans.

• Vitamins

- is an organic compound that is essential

for the normal growth.

FOOD UPTAKE IN CELLS

Bulk Transport

The movement of macromolecules such as

proteins or polysaccharides into or out of
the cell.

1. Exocytosis Requires energy

2. Endocytosis
Animal Nutrition
EXOCYTOSIS
Calorie Materials are exported out of the cell via
• a unit of energy that indicates the secretory vesicles.
amount of energy contained in food ENDOCYTOSIS
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF ANIMALS -process by which materials move into the
cell.
Carbohydrates

• are the basic source of energy of

animals. Stores energy in the form of
starch.

• stores energy in the form of starch

• animals consume carbohydrates from

their external environment
Proteins
• can also be used as an energy source
• from dairy products, poultry, fish, meat,
and grains
Fats
• used to build cell membranes, steroid
hormones, and other cellular structures
• insulate nervous tissue, serve as engery
source
Three Types of Endocytosis:
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
PHAGOCYTOSIS
or ‘cell eating’ is the engulfment of
organic fragments or big particles, eg.
Pseudopod formation in Amoeba.

• Essential amino acids – needed for

synthesis of proteins and enzymes.
PINOCYTOSIS
or ‘cell drinking’ is the uptake of cellular fluid
by a cell using small vesicles derived from
plasma membrane.

RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

- It relies on membrane receptor recognition
of specific solutes which are then taken up by
the cell via receptor-coated pits.

4 Types of Animals based on their

feeding mechanisms:
1. Suspension Feeders and Filter
Feeders
2. Fluid Feeders
3. Substrate Feeders
4. Bulk Feeders