Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Maldngbusfness ylly
CIBSE
ofclimate change
ISBN 1-903287-30-8
Glossary Archaeology
Systematic scientific study of remains and monuments of
earlier periods. Archaeology is not limited to below-
Adaptation
ground remains; it can include buildings and their
services.
Modifying a place to suit proposed compatible uses (Burra
Charter).
Arts and Crafts
Airconditioning Influential late 19th century and earlier 20th century
English movement in architecture and furnishing based
Controlling the temperature and the humidity of a space, on the revival of traditional crafts and the use of natural
usually at the same time as providing fresh air. Expensive materials, usually English ‘vernacular’ in character.
to install and run, as the humidity-control portion Inspired by William Morris and J o h n Ruskin, the
requires cooling the air to below its dewpoint to movement included many notable designers - Philip
precipitate excess moisture, followed by reheating the air Webb, Norman Shaw, Voysey, Lutyens, and in Scotland
to the required temperature as opposed to just comfort Robert Lorrimer, Reginald Fairley, J J Stevenson, James
cooling, where the air is just reduced in temperature but Marjoribanks Maclaren.
will increase in humidity. Close-control airconditioning is
where conditions are controlled within tight limits, such
as temperature 23 +l0C; relative humidity 55% +10%, Athens Charter
and requires even more energy to run. The Athens Charter of 1931 was the first major initiative
to stimulate international debate on conservation issues.
Many older buildings provide thermal and moisture Several general conclusions were reached concerning the
buffering which may be enough to avoid sudden changes protection of monuments, administrative and legislative
in humidity, making airconditioning not so necessary. measures, aesthetic enhancement, restoration of
Alternatively, artefacts that require very strictly controlled monuments, deterioration, restorative techniques, and
environmental conditions can often be contained in international co-operation. These gave rise to seven main
smaller cases which then provide a much smaller resolutions - the ‘Carta del Restauro’:
airconditioning load, which can also eliminate any
problems between the artefacts’ and the building’s 1 International organisations for restoration on
environmental requirements. operational and advisory levels are to be
established.
2 Proposed restoration projects are to be subjected to
Air-handling unit (AHU) knowledgeable criticism to prevent mistakes
which will cause loss of character and historical
The unit containing the physical heat exchangers, filters values to the structures.
and fans for ventilation, comfort cooling o r air-
conditioning plant, connected by ductwork or plenums to 3 Problems of preservation of historic sites are to be
the areas to be served. solved by legislation at national level for all
countries.
Air-leakage index 4 Excavated sites which are not subject to immediate
restoration should be reburied for protection.
A building-envelope pressure test result expressed as air-
5 Modern techniques and materials may be used in
leakage rate (in cubic metredhour) at 50 pascals imposed restoration work.
differential pressure between the inside and outside of a
building, divided by the envelope area of the building. 6 Historical sites are to be given strict custodial
The envelope area is measured along the boundary or protection.
barrier separating the interior of the building from the
outdoor environment, which might for example be at 7 Attention should be given to the protection of
ceiling or roof level depending how the building is areas surrounding historic sites.
constructed. The area of the lowest floor is only included
for suspended floors, NOT for solid floors laid directly These resolutions were not re-examined until the 2nd
onto the ground. Much historic air-leakage information is International Congress of Architects and Specialists of
expressed in this form, but modern practice simplifies this Historic Buildings which took place in May 1964, where
by always including the ground floor area - see Air the Venice Charter was approved.
permeability.
Beneficial use
Air permeability
A building is in beneficial use if the integrity of the
As the air-leakage index above but with the area of the building is maintained, preventing it falling into decay.
lowest floor always included in t h e envelope area,
whatever the floor’s construction. This definition is the Biomass
one adopted in recent European standards and in Approved
Document L2 of the Building Regulations. (units: Plant matter that can be burnt to release energy, e.g. wood,
metres/hour or m3/h per m2 surface area) straw etc. Essentially a form of solar energy storage.
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76 Guide to building services for historic buildings
symptoms’ (Concise Oxford Dictionary). In the context of a carbonation to achieve a set, whereas hydraulic lime sets
building this can be seen to represent the treating of the by carbonating and a chemical reaction with water.
whole building and not the symptoms.
Note that there can be problems with electrolytic action
between metals in the presence of lime mortar.(50)
Hybrid
See Mixed mode Lime cycle
Lime does not occur naturally; it must be manufactured.
Hygroscopic T h e material passes through several stages to create a
The ability of a material to absorb water, and release it material suitable for use in the repair or construction of a
when taken to a higher temperature. Common hygro- building:
scopic materials are cellulose and sheep’s wool insulation.
This property provides an additional safeguard against The starting point is calcium carbonate (which might take
interstitial condensation occurring when these insulants the form of limestone, chalk or seashells). Heating the
are added to historic fabric. calcium carbonate in a kiln will produce calcium oxide
(known as quicklime or lump lime) which when combined
with water in a process known as slaking will produce
Impermeable calcium hydroxide (slaked lime or, in one particular state,
putty lime) which is the form of the material used as a
A building material that does not allow water vapour to binder i n making mortars, render a n d plasters a n d
diffuse through. Not part of a breathing construction. limewashes. T h e calcium hydroxide will absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, and will carbonate to form
Institute of Historic Building Conservation (IHBC) calcium carbonate - thus coming full circle.(51)
9 Hughes P The need for old buildings to Breathe’. Information Sheet 33 Boiler plant CIBSE Commissioning Code B (London: Chartered
4 (London: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings) Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1975)
(1986)
34 Automatic controls CIBSE Commissioning Code C (London:
10 English Heritage ‘Framing opinions’ series: Leaflets 1 Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2001)
Draughtproofing & secondary glazing (1994); 2 Metal windows 35 Reftlgeration systems CIBSE Commissioning Code R (London:
(1997); 3 Timber sash windows (1997); 4 Window comparisons Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1991)
(1994); 5 Energy savings (1994) (London: English Heritage)
36 Water distribution systems. CIBSE Commissioning Code W
11 Brereton C The repair of historic buildings: advice on principles and ( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
methods (London: English Heritage) (1991) Engineers) (1994)
12 Bordass W Museum collections storage in industrial buildings: a 37 Lighting CIBSE Commissioning Code L (London: Chartered
selection and adaptation guide, edited by Cassar M (London: Institution of Building Services Engineers) (to be published)
Museums & Galleries Commission) (1996) - now Re:source
38 Commissioning management CIBSE Commissioning Code M
13 Blades N, Oreszczyn T, Bordass W and Cassar M Guidelines on ( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
pollution control in museum buildings Museum Practice issue Engineers) (to be published)
15, supplement (Nov 2000)
39 Kent D Technical advice and Innderdale J Old buildings, new
14 Impacts of acid rain on buildings Atmosphere, Climate & rules SPAB News 23(3) 50-53 (2002)
Environment Information Programme. Air Pollution Fact
Sheet 12 (Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University) 40 The installation of sprinkler systems in historic buildings. Technical
Advice Note 14 (Edinburgh: Historic Scotland ) (1998)
15 Curwell S, March C, Greenberg M and Fox R Hazardous
41 Slater S D and Dow D A (Eds) The Victoria Injirmaty of Glasgour
building materials - a guide to the selection of environmentally
1890-1990 (Glasgow: Victoria Infirmary Centenary Committee)
responsible alternatives (London: Spon) (2001)
(1990) (ISBN: 0951607006)
16 Fire protection measures in Scottish historic buildings. Technical 42 Key W and Tindall R Improvements in the heating and cooling of
Advice Note 11 (Edinburgh: Historic Scotland) (1997)
school houses British Patent 19 900 (1892)
17 Bailey A Fire protection measures for the Royal Palaces (London: 43 Cairns G The Glasgour School of Art: the leading edge of technlogv
Department of National HeritagemMSO) (1993) in Burman P (Ed) Architecture 1900 (Shaftesbury: Donhead)
18 BS 5268-2: Structural use of timber. Code of practice for permissible (1998)
stress design, materials and workmanship (London: BSI) (2002 and 44 Cairns G T h e Glasgow School of Art: a key example of
earlier editions from 1984) integrated building design. CZBSE National Conference 1997
19 McGregor J E M Strengthening timber floors. Technical Pamphlet 2 ( L o n d o n : Chartered I n s t i t u t i o n of Building Services
(London: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings) Engioneers) vol 1, pp. 1-6
(1991) 45 Ingels M Willis Carrier, the father of air-conditioning (Garden
City, N Y : Country Life Press) (1952), p. 15
20 Fawcett, J Historic floors, their history and conservation
(Tisbury: Cathedral Communications Ltd) (2001) 46 Banham R The architecture of the well tempered environment
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (1969), pp. 172-173
21 Hughes P Patching old floorboards. Information Sheet 10 (London:
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings) (1988) 47 Mattin D Cool operators The Times 2, 13 August 2002, p.10
References 81
48 Banham R The architecture of the well tempered environment 51 Wingate M An introduction to building limes Technical Pamphlet
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (1969), p, 82 9 (London: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings)
52 Our common future (the Bruntland report) United Nations
49 Roberts B The quest for comfort (London: Chartered Institution
World Commission on Environment and Development
of Building Services Engineers) (1997) p. 113
(Oxford: Oxford University Press) (1987)
50 Ashurst J and Ashurst N Practical building conservation Volume 4 53 Brunskill R W Traditional buildings of Britain - an introduction
Mezals (Aldershot: Gower Publishing) (1988) to vernacular architecture (London: Victor Gollancz) (1992) p. 24
82 Guide to building services for historic buildings
Earl J Building conservation philosophy (Reading: The College of Estate M Cassar (Ed) Museums environment energy (London: HMSO) (1994)
Management) (1996) Feilden B Conservation of historic buildings (London: Butterworth
Robson P Structural repair of traditional buildings (Shaftesbury: Donhead Scientific) (1982)
Publishing) (1999)
Ridout B Timber decay in buildings (London: Spon) (2000)
Holrnes S and Wingate M Building with lime - a practical introduction
Mynors C Listed buildings, conservation areas and monuments (London:
(Colchester: Intermediate Technology Publications) (2002)
Sweet & Maxwell) (1999)
Watt D and Swallow P Surveying historic buildings (Shaftesbury: Donhead
Publishing) (1996) Technical pamphlets and information sheets The Society for the Protection
of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) wwwspab.0rg.uk - see also References 9,
Davey A, Heath B, Hodges D, Ketchin M and Milne R The care and 19,20,22 and 51
conservation of Georgian houses (Oxford: Butterworth Architecture) (1995)
Williarns G B A Pointing stone and brick walling Technical
Structural renovation of traditional buildings Report 11 1 (London: Pamphlet 5 (1994)
Construction Industry Research and Information Association) (1986)
H u n t A Electrical installations in old buildings Technical
Environmental design CIBSE Guide A (London: Chartered Institution of Pamphlet 9 (1996)
Building Services Engineers) (1999) - particularly section 7: moisture
transfer and condensation Stainton S and Sandwith H The National Trust manual of housekeeping
(London: The National Trust) (1991)
Energy efficiency in buildings CIBSE Guide F (London: Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers) (1998) Collings J Old house care &repair (Shaftesbury: Donhead) (2002)
Mixed mode ventilation CIBSE Application Manual 13 ( L o n d o n : Funds for historic buildings (in England and Wales) (London: T h e
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2000) Architectural Heritage F u n d ) . T e l : 020 7925 0199. website:
www.ahfund.0rg.uk
Powys A R Repair of ancient buildings (London: The Society for the
Protection of Ancient Buildings) (1995) Sources of financial help for Scotland’s historic buildings (Glasgow: Scottish
Oliver A (Second Edition revised by Douglas, J and Stirling J S). Civic Trust). Tel: 0141 248 3398
Dampness in buildings (Oxford: Blackwell Science) (1997) Directory of funds for historic buildings Northern Ireland (Belfast: Ulster
The conservation glossary Architectural Heritage Society). Tel: 028 9055 0213
http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/research/glossary/glossary.html Publications, information and advice on energy efficiency in buildings is
Bordass W and Bemrose C Heatingyour church (London: Church House available from Action Energy. Call the Helpline on 0800 585794 or visit
Publishing) (1996) the website at www.actionenergy.0rg.uk
Useful contacts 83
Publications, information and advice on energy efficiency in buildings is South East: Eastgate Court, 195-205High Street, Guildford GU1 3EH
available from Action Energy. Call the Helpline on 0800 585794 or visit
the website at www.actionenergy.org.uk Tel: 01483 252000
The UK Association of Building Preservation Trusts Tel: 020 7243 5888. e-mail : info@heritageinformation.org.uk
Clareville House, 26-27 Oxendon Street, London SWlY 4EL Heritage Lottery Fund
Tel: 020 7930 1629
England: 7 Holbein Place, London SW1 W 8NR
Building Research Establishment
Tel: 020 7591 6031-4. Fax: 020 7591 6001
Garston, Watford, Herts WD25 9XX
Scotland: Heritage Lottery Fund
Tel: 01923 664000
Cadw. Welsh Historic Monuments 28 Thistle Street, Edinburgh EH2 1EN
Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, Cardiff CFlO 3NQ Tel: 0131 225 9450. Fax: 0131 225 9454
Tel: 029 2050 0200. Fax: 029 2082 6375. e-mail: cadw@wales.gsi.gov. uk Wales: Companies House, Crown Way, Cardiff CF4 3UZ
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
Tel: 029 2034 3413. Fax: 029 2034 3427
222 Balham High Road, London SWl2 9BS
Northern Ireland: Glendinning House, 6 Murray Street, Belfast BT1 6DN
Tel: 020 8675 5211. Fax: 020 8675 5449. e-mail: info:cibse.org. Website:
www.cibse.org Tel: 0289031 0120. Fax: 028 9031 0120
CIBSE Building Services Heritage Group, c/o CIBSE
Historic Scotland
Website: www.hevac-heritage.org
Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH
Civic Trust
Te: 0131 668 8668. Fax: 0131 668 8669
17 Carlton House Terrace, London SWlY 4AW
Tel: 020 7930 0914 National Trust
Civic Trust for Wales 36 Queen Anne's Gate, London SWlH 9AS
2nd Floor, Empire House, Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff CF16DN
Tel: 0207 222 9251
Tel: 029 2048 4606
National Trust for Scotland
English Heritage
Wemyss House, 28 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh EH2 4ET
London: 23 Savile Row, London W1X 1AB
Tel: 020 7973 3000 Tel: 0131 243 9300. Fax: 0131 243 9301. e-mail: inforrnation@nts.0rg.uk.
Website: www,thenationaltrustforscotland,org.uk
North East: Bessie Surtees House, 41-44 Sandhill, Newcastle upon Tyne
NE1 3JF Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
Tel: 0191 261 1585 37 Spital Square, London El 6DY
North West: Canada House, 3 Chepstow Street, Manchester M1 5FW
Tel: 020 7377 1644
Tel: 0161 242 1400
The Theatres Trust
Yorkshire: 37 Tanner Row, York YO1 6WP
Tel: 0 190460190 1 22 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H OQL
East Midlands: 44 Derngate, Northampton NN1 1UH Tel: 020 7836 8591
Tel: 01604 735400 The Twentieth Century Society
West Midlands: 112 Colmore Row, Birmingham B3 3AG
77 Cowcross Street, London EClM 6EJ
Tel: 0121 625 6820
Tel: 020 7250 3857
East of England: Brooklands House, 24 Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge
CB2 2BU The Victorian Society
Tel: 01223 58270 1 Priory Gardens, Bedford Park, London W4 1TT
W
Wales 4
Wall paintings 19
Walls
chasing 11
re-inforced concrete 41
Warm-air heating 19,71
‘Warm’ roof 65
Water conservation 29
Water heaters, electric 9
Water leaks 9
Water pressure 11
Water vapour 19
WCs, low-water-use 9
Weatherboard cladding 2,31
,Weatheringof stone 2
88 Guide to building services for historic buildings
Sicut serpentes
Sicut Columbae
Matthew 10 v 16