3G Optimization

ITU IMT-2000 Seminar
Warsaw, October 2001
ON OPTIMIZATION OF 3G CELLULAR
SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT
Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic

University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Yugoslavia
E-mail: milica@cg.ac.yu
On optimization of 3G cellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001
EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS
'80s '90s '2000s
Initial stage Growing stage Expansion stage Matured stage
DIGITAL
AMPS, NMT, NTT... GSM, PDC, IS-95 IMT-2000 4th-
(1st generation) (2nd generation) (3rd generation) generation
2 Mbps
Mobile 9.6k-64 kbps 64k-384 kbps
<300bps 20 Mbps (best effort
Data (packet) 2Mbps (indoor)
indoort)
PSTND Up to 1 Mbps
28.8bps 64 kbps Up to 20 Mbps ??
ata (Flat rate)
Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 2

WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF CELLULAR STANDARDS

Europe US Japan
AMPS NAMTS
NMT450 TACS
E
RMTS RC2000 C450 NMT900 TACS
Analog (1G) NMT450i

Digital
DAMPS CDMA PDC

2G GSM IS-54 IS-95
HSCSD DCSI800 USDC
2+G GPRS
PCS PCS PHS
EDGE 1900 UWC-136
3G UMTS
IMT-2000
3+G Under standardization

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN WIRELESS STANDARDS
Mobility 2000 2010 2020
3rd ITS
Vehicle HAPS
Generation 5th
GSM
Generation
Pedestrian PDC IMT-2000 4th
PHS Generation
Wireless
Office 2nd Access Milli-wave
Generation LAN
N-ISDN B-ISDN Optical fiber networks Gigabit-net
10k 2M 50M 155Mb/s 600Mb/s

TARGETED FEATURES OF 3G NETWORKS
3G networks should provide access, by means of one or more radio links, to a wide
range of telecommunications services supported by the fixed telecommunication
networks (e.g. PSTN/ISDN/IP), and to other services which are specific to mobile
users.
Key features of such wireless cellular systems should be:

• high degree of commonality of design world-wide;
• compatibility of services within 3G standards and with the fixed networks;
• high quality;
• small terminal for world-wide use;
• world-wide roaming capability;
• capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals;
• support of a limited number of different radio interface technologies within
the 3G family.

COMPARISON OF 2G AND 3G CELLULAR SYSTEMS

System Aspects Existing 2 G New 3 G
Mobile Systems IMT-2000 Systems
Use of digital technology Already used for modulation, speech and Increased use of digital technologies
channel coding as well as implementation
and control of data channels
Commonality between Each systems is primarily optimised for Optimisation of radio interfaces for
different operating its specific operating environment multiple operating environments
environments such as vehicular, pedestrian, intro-
office, fixed wireless access and
satellite, via a single flexible or
scalable radio interface.
Frequency bands Operate in frequency bands ranging from Use a common global frequency
800 MHz to 1.9 GHz, depending on the band
country
Data services Limited to data rates below 115 kb/s Transmission speeds up to 2 Mb/s
(WAP-GRPS-SMS)
Roaming Generally limited to specific regions, Global frequency coordination and
Handsets not compatible between ITU standards will provide true
different systems global roaming and equipment
compatibility
Technology Spectrum efficiency, cost and flexibility Spectrum efficiency, flexibility and
limited by technology in use at time of overall costs all significantly
system design improved.
Radio interfaces TDMA, CDMA W-CDMA
Data speed 9.6 kb/s with evolution up to 171.2 kb/s 144 kb/s – 2 Mb/s
(2.5 G)

LAYERED ARCHITECTURE OF 3G NETWORKS
Applications
Applications
Service
User data
Service and applications
Control
HLR Support
Support
MSC servers
servers
server GW/MSC
server
AAA H
Control
PSTN/
ISDN
MGW/ MGW
PDSN Router
Connectivity
Internet/
Wireless
Intranet
access

OVERVIEW OF 3G STANDARDIZATION BODIES
ITU
IMT-2000
ITU-R ITU-T
Radio aspects Network aspects
Ongoing
Collaboration
Others:
3 GPP UWC - 136 3 GPP2
WCDMA + GSM DECT cdma2000 + ANSI-41
TD-CDMA
Operators Harmonization
Group

On optimization of 3Gcellular systems deployment ITU IMT-2000 Seminar, Warsaw, October 2001
OPERATORS HARMONIZATION AGREEMENT
WCDMA cdma2000 Unpaired spectrum

Radio access
- family of 3G FDD mode 1 FDD mode 2
CDMAmodes TDD mode
direct sequence multicarrier
Flexible connection between RTT

modes and core networks based on
operators' needs
Core network
Evolved Evolved
- family of 3G GSM/MAP ANSI-41
systems
Core network
Network-to-network
- 3G inter-family
interface
roaming

3G RADIO INTERFACE STANDARDIZATION

FDD:W-CDMA
W-TDMA TDD:TD-CDMA
Europe TD-CDMA
W-CDMA
UMTS/W-CDMA
W-CDMA
Japan
Wideband Cdma 2000

CDMA
US TDMA
UWC - 136
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL RADIO INTERFACES
IMT - 2000
IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT
CDMA TDMA FDMA
IMT-DS (Direct Spread)=W-CDMA (FDD)

IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)=cdma 2000
IMT-TC (Time-Code)=UMTS TDD, TD-SCDMA
IMT-SC (Single Carrier)=UWC-136
IMT-FT (Frequency Time)=DECT
MIGRATION SCENARIOS TOWARDS 3G NETWORKS
2G 2.5G 3G
TDMA IS-136B/HS
GPRS UWC-136
EDGE
GPRS EGPRS
GSM
HSCSD
UMTS 3GPP
ECSD
TD-CDMA OHG
IMT2000
3GPP2
1 EXTREME
CDMA 2000
HDR
CDMA one IS-95
IS-95B

EVOLUTION OF THE IS-95 AIR STANDARD
• IS-95-A
– Standardized by Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in July 1993.
Networks utilizing IS-95 CDMA air interface and ANSI-41 network protocol are
branded as cdmaOne networks. IS-95 networks use one or more 1.25MHz carriers,
operate on 800 and 1900MHz bands. Data rates of up to 14.4kb/s and soft handoffs
are supported.
• IS-95-B
– Improvements for hard-handoff algorithms in multicarrier environments and in
parameters that affect the control of soft handoffs. Higher data rates of up to
115kb/s can be supported by bundling up to eight 14.4 or 9.6 kb/s data channels.
• Cdma2000
– Developed to support 3G services. This standard is divided into two phases:
• Cdma2000 1X – 1X stands for standard carrier (1.25MHz) at air interface. It delivers
twice the voice capacity of cdmaOne with average data rates of 144kb/s.
• Cdma2000 3X – 3X stands to signify 3x1.25MHz with data rates of up to 2Mb/s

TIMELINE FOR EVOLVING CDMA TO 3G CAPABILITIES
Layered Media gateways

architecture MSC servers
High-speed data ATM and IP cdma2000 3X/

International roaming DS-41 RBS
backbone
Advanced voice/data cdma 2000 1x

services RBS 3G BSC
mobile IP/secure data
PCN
Efficient data delivery Jambala WAP

Advanced user features and HLR IWF
High reliability
MSC
ATM switches
IP routers
Capacity and coverage
expansion IOS BSS
Low cost
4Q99 2Q00 1H01 2H02 2H03

EVOLUTION OF THE TDMA AIR STANDARD
• TDMA (TIA/EIA-136)
– This standard includes EIA-553 and IS-54 systems
• IS-136HS
– For satisfying requirements for IMT-2000, the Universal Wireless Communication
Consortium (UWCC) proposed the 136 High-Speed (136HS) radio interface.
• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
– In January 1998, UWCC adopted EDGE as outdoor component of 136HS. EDGE
was thus included in UWC-136 IMT-2000 proposal. It provides 384 kb/s data
services and comprises two phases:
• Phase I emphasizes enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) and enhanced circuit-switched data
(ECSD)
• Phase II is defined to include improvements for multimedia and real-time support

Model for an EGPRS/136 network integrated into a TIA/EIA-136 circuit-
switched network through an SGSN gateway MSC/VLR
ANSI-41
C-D HLR/AC N
C-D
E Q M
ANSI-41 ANSI-41
ANSI-41
Serving Gateway SME
MC/OTAF
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
Signaling interface
C
Signaling and SMS-GMSC
GPRS SM-SC
data-transfer HLR SMS-IWMSC
interface
Gs Gd
Gr
R Um Gb Gc PDN TE
TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN
Gn Gi
Gn Gf
Gp EIR
SGSN
GGSN
Other PLMN

EVOLUTION OF THE GSM AIR STANDARD
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

• GSM + standard
– Enables packet mode extensions to GSM using the same air interface but with a
new physical channel. It could be done through the following three possibilities:
• HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data Service)
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) (and EGPRS)
• EDGE
• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
– European version of IMT-2000 which is composed of a core network (CN)
connected with interface (Iu) to the radio access network called the UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). This standard supports W-CDMA in
two versions:FDD (frequency-division duplex) and TDD (time-division duplex).

GPRS ARCHITECTURE
Radio Subsystem Switching Subsystem

Base Station Subsystem
BSS
GR
MSC
Gs - Interface
BTS
Gr - Interface
MS
BSC SGSN GGSN
Gn - Interface
Gj - Interface
Gp - Interface
BTS
MS
Other PLMN PDN
BSC
SSGR – Serving GPRS Support Node
MS BTS
Gb - Interface GGSN- Gateway GPRS Support Node
Radio Interface
Abis - Interface

COMPARISON OF GSM + STANDARDS
Max. Typical
Circuit-switched HW-Upgrade
Name Bandwidth Application Pro’s and Con’s
packet-switched Required?
(kbit/s) Environment
Rural and urban, + Available now

HSCSD 57.6 CS No mobile and
stationary - Expensive for subscriber
++ Being online
Mostly urban,
permanently
GPRS 115 PS Yes mobile and
++ Charging based on
stationary
volume
Urban, ++ Top speed

EDGE 384 PS+CS Extensive
mostly stationary -- Extensive HW-upgrade

UMTS (3GPP) ARCHITECTURE RELEASE ’99 (R3)

This release supports WCDMA access and ATM-based transport
Core net
Gb
GSM
RSS IP
Um Gi
E-SGSN E-GGSN IP
Packet domain
MS lu-ps HLR
Radio
A
Uu E-VMSC E-GMSC PSTN ISDN
Circuit domain
UTRAN STM
lu-cs
Transport
Control

UTRAN ARCHITECTURE
CN
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
SRNC DRNC
CRNC CRNC
Iu b Iu b
Iu b Iu b
Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu
Uu
UE
UTRAN – UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network
RNS – Radio Network Subsystems
RNC- Radio Network Controller

UMTS R3 is composed of the UTRAN attached to two separate core

network domains:
• Circuit switched domain based on enhanced GSM MSCs consists of the

following network elements:
– 2G/3G mobile-services switching center including the VLR functionality
– HLR with AC (Authentication Center) functionality
• Packet switched domain built on enhanced GPRS support nodes consists of:
– 2G/3G serving GPRS support node with subscriber location register
(SGR) functionality
– Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
– Border gateway

UMTS (3GPP) ARCHITECTURE RELEASE 00
It is split into R4 (00) and R5(00+) defining two RAN technologies:
GPRS/EDGE radio access network (GERAN) and W-CDMA as in R3
Applications & Legacy mobile
Services*) signalling Network
Alternative Access
Network
R-SGW*)
SCP
Other PLMN Ms
Mm Multimedia IP
SGSN CAP
Networks
Cx CSCF Mg
GGSN Gn HSS*)
Mr MGCF T-SGW*)
Gp
Gr MRF
Gi Gi PDN/ Internet
R Um lu-ps Gn Gi
TE MT GERAN SGSN
lu GGSN
R Uu
TE MT UTRAN lu1 Nb PSTN/ Legacy/
MGW MGW Externat
lu 2
Mc
Nc GMSC T-SGW
lu1=lucs(RTP,AAL2) MSC server
server
lu2=lu(RANAP)
Signalling interface
Signalling and Data Transfer interface

*) those elements are duplicated for figure layout purpose only,
they belong to the same logical element in the reference model

EVOLUTION PATHS FOR MIGRATION TO UMTS R5
CSCF
MGCF
MRF
IP
lu-ps E-MPSN
Gi
IP
MGW
IP E-GGSN Gi
UTRAN E-SGSN
PSTN/ISDN
lu-ps
VoIP/VoATM
MGW
MGW
lu-cs
VMSC server GMSC server
R5 introduces All-IP environment including:

•Transport: utilization of the IP transport and connectivity
with QoS throughout the network
•End-user services: with Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
possibilities to offer wide range of totally new services

GSM MIGRATION PHASES
2G 2.5G 3G R99(R3) 3G R00 (R4) 3GR00+ (R5)
UTRAN SS7 over IP

GSM GPRS W-CDMA IP RAN
IP Multimedia services
CORE MSC split un Server
New entities in the Core
MAP PS Domain - Data and Gateway
MAP SIP Call Model
CS Domain - Voice CAMEL Ph3
CAMEL Ph4
Phase 1 - GSM CS Voice and Data

Phase 2 - GPRS Overlay Network
Phase 3 - UMTS R99
Phase 4 - All IP UMTS R00
Phase 5 - IP Multi-media (IM)

MIGRATION OF GSM TO UMTS
GSM Phase 2 GSM Phase 2+ UMTS
Multiple access FDMA/TDMA FDMA/TDMA TDMA/CDMA
Max. bit arte 9.6 kbit/s 64 kb/s; 115kb/s 384 kb/s; 2 Mb/s
Speech Full rate (FR) Enhanced full rate (EFR), transcoder Adaptive multirate (AMR)
quality free operation (TFO)
Capacity 900 MHz Tri-band (900, 1800, 1900 MHz) 2000MHz, spectrum efficiency
Seamless global roaming in

Roaming International roaming Global roaming multiradio environments and
applications areas
Authentication, encryption Fraud information gathering, SS7 Enhanced authentication and
Security security, lawful interception (LI) user identity confidentiality,
network domain security
Bearers Circuit-switched bearers 64 kbit/s circuit bearer, packet bearers by Circuit- and packet-switched
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) bearers, real-time packet bearer
Speech and low-speed circuit- Service customization, service Full Internet capability, speech,
switched data, supplementary portability, value-added services, mobile data, multimedia, virtual home
Services services, short message Internet access, and Web-like environment (VHE)
service information service

DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES FOR 3G SYSTEMS
When choosing an adequate approach in 3G systems deployment, the

following elements have to be considered:
– network type (private-public),
– coverage (local-global),
– mobility (low-high),
– data traffic (low-high),
– types of services (basic-multimedia).
Thus, two approaches may be identified:

Scenario 1 – innovative, applied through implementation of the
completely new 3G network
Scenario 2 – evolutionary, applied through migration (upgrade) of
already existing 2G or 2G+ network

DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO No.1
In this type of scenario the following versions may appear:
! SCENARIO No.1(a): All-round

3G network is implemented where no 2G network exists both in terms of
deployment area and the transmission rate
! SCENARIO No.1(b): Complement

3G network is implemented in the region with already existing 2G network(s)
in a way that it could be:
• Area-complement – 3G covers the whole range of the transmission
rate and is located in the position not covered by 2G networks in the
terms of the deployment area
• Rate-complement – 3G covers the whole range of the deployment
area and is located in the position not covered by 2G networks in terms
of the transmission rate.

COMPARISON OF SCENARIOS No.1(a) AND No.1(b)

All-round-type Complement-
scenario type scenarios
Transmission bit rate From lower to higher Higher rate
rates
Mobility From static to Cellular mobility
cellular mobility
Deployment Area From pico to macro Micro and macro
cells cells
Network interface If necessary Indispensable
System roaming If necessary Indispensable
Radio interface Single Multiple
Mobile terminal mode Single Multiple
Security Whole system Core network
Billing/charging Unified system Multiple systems
Core network Customized Transparent
Service provider Single Multiple
2G, 3G and other Overlap Complement

mobile systems

DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO No.2
There are two possible ways for mobile operators to migrate from 2G
(2G+) to 3G:
! Scenario No.2(a): Existing 2G or 2G+ core network could be upgraded

for 3G use. In this case 2G and 3G networks share
the same core infrastructure.
! Scenario No.2(b): Independent 3G core network could be implemented
completely independent from the existing 2G core
infrastructure.

SCENARIO No.2 (a) – COMMON CORE NETWORK FOR 2G AND 3G
IN Platform
UMTS Iub
BS Iu
UMTS Camel
UMTS TE
UMTS RNC
BS ISUP
BTS A ISDN
Iu Map
MSC/VLR
GSM Abis
HLR
BTS
GSM
GSM/GPRS GSM BSC Gb
TE
Map Internet
BTS
BTS Gi
GSM Abis Gn
Internet
BTS A SGSN
GSM
GSM TE
GSM BSC
BTS
GGSN
BTS
RAN Subsystem CN Subsystem

SCENARIO No.2 (b) – INDEPENDENT 2G AND 3G CORE NETWORKS
UMTS Iub ISUP

BS Iu
UMTS 3G MSC/VLR Camel
UMTS TE
UMTS RNC ISDN
BS
Iu
BTS ISUP
GSM Abis 3G SGSN

HLR
BTS
GSM A
GSM/GPRS GSM BSC Map
TE BTS Gi Internet
BTS Gb 2G MSC/VLR
Gn
GSM Abis
Internet
BTS A Gn
GSM
GSM TE
GSM BSC
BTS 2G SGSN
GGSN
BTS
RAN Subsystem CN Subsystem

IMPACTS OF SCENARIOS No.2 ON EXISTING 2G NETWORKS
• SCENARIO No.2(a):
– Re-dimension of the existing core network to be able to support 3G broadband
services
– Optimize transmission network for a suitable traffic mix
– Network management system
• SCENARIO No.2(b):
– 2G and 3G networks have minimum impact on each other

OPTIMAL SCENARIO No.2 IMPLEMENTATION

Voice (Existing GSM Network) Data
Deploy GPRS
Deploy fully switched
Network
Virtual Transit Network
with SS7 interworking
Deploy IP Core
Migrate Internal
Deploy 3G IT infrastructure
Access & Core
Common IP Core
Network for voice&data
services
Common Core Based on

MPLS

Abbreviations
• 3GPP - Third generation partnership project
• AAA - Authentication, authorization and accounting
• AC - Authentication center
• AMPS - Advanced mobile phone service
• ANSI - American National Standards Institute
• ATM - Asynchronous transfer mode
• BSC - Base station controller
• BSS - Base station subsystem
• BTS - Base transceiver station
• CDMA - Code division multiple access
• CN - Core network
• CSCF - Call state control function
• CRNC - Controlling part of RNC
• DECT - Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone system
• DRNC - Drift RNC
• EGPRS - Enhanced GPRS
• EIR - Equipment identification register
• E-SGSN- Enhanced SGSN
• E-GGSN-Enhanced GGSN
• E-VMSC-Enhanced visited MSC
• E-MPSN- Enhanced mobile packet service node
Abbreviations
• FDD - Frequency division duplex
• GERAN- GPRS radio access network
• GGSN - Gateway GPRS support node
• GMSC - Gateway MSC
• GPRS - General packet radio service
• GSM - Global system for mobile communication
• HLR - Home location register
• HSCSD- High-speed circuit switched data service
• IP - Internet protocol
• IWF - Interworking function
• IWMSC- Interworking MSC
• MAP - Mobile application part
• MGW - Media gateway
• MGCF - Media gateway control function
• MPLS - Multi protocol label switching
• MS - Mobile subscriber
• MT - Mobile terminal
• PDC - Personal digital cellular system
• PDSN - Packet data service node
• PHS - Personal handyphone system

Abbreviations
• RAN - Radio access network
• RNC - Radio network controller
• RNS - Radio network subsystem
• SCP - Service control point
• SGSN - Serving GPRS support node
• SIP - Session initiation protocol
• SMS - Short message service
• SRNC - Serving RNC
• STM - Synchronous transfer mode
• TDD - Time division duplex
• TDMA - Time division multiple access
• TE - Terminal equipment
• UE - User equipment
• UMTS - Universal mobile telecommunication system
• UTRAN-UMTS terrestrial radio access
• UWC - Universal wireless communication system
• VLR - Visitor location register
• WAP - Wireless application protocol
• WCDMA-Wideband CDMA

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ITU IMT-2000 Seminar

Warsaw, October 2001

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic

EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS

'80s '90s '2000s

Initial stage Growing stage Expansion stage Matured stage

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 2

WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF CELLULAR STANDARDS

Analog (1G) NMT450i

DAMPS CDMA PDC

HSCSD DCSI800 USDC

3+G Under standardization

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 3

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN WIRELESS STANDARDS

Mobility 2000 2010 2020

N-ISDN B-ISDN Optical fiber networks Gigabit-net

10k 2M 50M 155Mb/s 600Mb/s

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 4

TARGETED FEATURES OF 3G NETWORKS

Key features of such wireless cellular systems should be:

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 5

COMPARISON OF 2G AND 3G CELLULAR SYSTEMS

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 6

LAYERED ARCHITECTURE OF 3G NETWORKS

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 7

OVERVIEW OF 3G STANDARDIZATION BODIES

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 8

OPERATORS HARMONIZATION AGREEMENT

WCDMA cdma2000 Unpaired spectrum

Flexible connection between RTT

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 9

3G RADIO INTERFACE STANDARDIZATION

Wideband Cdma 2000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL RADIO INTERFACES

IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

CDMA TDMA FDMA

IMT-DS (Direct Spread)=W-CDMA (FDD)

MIGRATION SCENARIOS TOWARDS 3G NETWORKS

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 12

EVOLUTION OF THE IS-95 AIR STANDARD

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 13

TIMELINE FOR EVOLVING CDMA TO 3G CAPABILITIES

Layered Media gateways

High-speed data ATM and IP cdma2000 3X/

Advanced voice/data cdma 2000 1x

Efficient data delivery Jambala WAP

4Q99 2Q00 1H01 2H02 2H03

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 14

EVOLUTION OF THE TDMA AIR STANDARD

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 15

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 16

EVOLUTION OF THE GSM AIR STANDARD

• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 17

Radio Subsystem Switching Subsystem

BSC SGSN GGSN

Other PLMN PDN

SSGR – Serving GPRS Support Node

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 18

COMPARISON OF GSM + STANDARDS

Rural and urban, + Available now

Urban, ++ Top speed

Prof.dr Milica Pejanovic, University of Montenegro,Montenegro-Yugoslavia 19