Ferrous Material

Ferrous Metals mostly contain Iron. They have small amounts of other metals or elements added, to
give the required properties. Ferrous Metals are magnetic and give little resistance to corrosion.

Cast iron 1200°C

- Hard skin, softer underneath, but brittle, corrodes by rusting.

- Parts with complex shapes which can be made by casting.

Mild steel 1600°C

- Tough, ductile, malleable, good tensile strength, poor resistance to corrosion.

- General purpose engineering materials.

High carbon steel 1800°C

- Even harder than medium carbon steel and more brittle, can be heat-treated to make it
harder and tougher.
- Cutting tools, ball bearings.

Stainless steel 1400°C

- Hard and tough, resistant to wear and corrosion.

- Cutlery, kitchen equipment.
Non Ferrous Metals
Metals do not contain Iron, are not magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion than ferrous
metals.

Aluminum 660°C

- Pure aluminum.
- Good strength-to-weight ratio, light, soft, ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity.
- Kitchen equipment, window frames, general cast components.

Copper 1080°C

- Pure copper.
- Malleable and ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity, resistant to corrosion.
- Water pipes, electrical wire, decorative goods.

Brass 900-1000°C

- Alloy
- Resistant to corrosion, fairly hard, good conductor of heat and electricity.
- Ornaments, cast items such as water taps.

Tin 230°C

- Pure tin.
- Soft, weak, malleable, ductile and resistant to corrosion.
- Usually used for coating steel to form tin-plate, soft solder.
Ceramics
Ceramics can be defined as heat-resistant, nonmetallic, inorganic solids that are (generally)
made up of compounds formed from metallic and nonmetallic elements. Although different types of
ceramics can have very different properties, in general ceramics are corrosion-resistant and hard, but
brittle. Most ceramics are also good insulators and can withstand high temperatures. These properties
have led to their use in virtually every aspect of modern life.

Types of Ceramics

- Pottery
- Glass
- Brick
- Porcelain
- Cement

Composition of Ceramics

Some ceramics are composed of only two elements. For example, alumina is aluminum oxide, Al
2 O 3 ; zirconia is zirconium oxide, ZrO 2 ; and quartz is silicon dioxide, SiO 2 . Other ceramic materials,
including many minerals, have complex and even variable compositions. For example, the ceramic
mineral feldspar, one of the components of granite, has the formula KAlSi 3 O 8 .

Application of Ceramics

Automotive

Electronic Application

Energy and environment

Mechanical Engineering

Medical Technology

Aerospace
Polymers
Polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. Because of their
broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday
life.] Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such
as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and
synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently
large molecular mass relative to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties,
including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semi crystalline structures rather
than crystals.

Types of Polymers
Polyethylene
- Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is produced by free-radical polymerization at high temperatures
(200C) and high pressures (above 1000 atm). The high-density polymer (HDPE) is obtained using
Ziegler-Natta catalysis at temperatures below 100C and pressures less than 100 atm.
- Polyethylene has no taste or odor and is lightweight, nontoxic, and relatively inexpensive.
- It is used as a film for packaging food, clothing, and hardware. Most commercial trash bags, sandwich
bags, and plastic wrapping are made from polyethylene films. Polyethylene is also used for everything
from seat covers to milk bottles, pails, pans, and dishes.

Polypropylene
The isotactic polypropylene from Ziegler-Natta-catalyzed polymerization is a rigid, thermally stable
polymer with an excellent resistance to stress, cracking, and chemical reaction. Thus, bottles made from poly-
propylene can be thinner, contain less polymer, and cost less than conventional polyethylene products.
Polypropylene's most important impact on today's college student takes the form of the plastic stackable chairs
that abound on college campuses.

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
Teflon is a remarkable substance. It has the best resistance to chemical attack of any polymer, and it can
be used at any temperature between -73C and 260C with no effect on its properties. It also has a very low
coefficient of friction. (In simpler crude terms, it has a waxy or slippery touch.) Even materials as "sticky" as rubber,
adhesives, bread dough, and candy won't insects that stick to a Teflon-coated surface. Teflon is so slippery that it
has even been sprayed on plants, so that might prey on the plants fall off.

Poly(vinyl Chloride) and Poly(vinylidene Chloride)

 Chlorine is one of the top ten industrial chemicals in the US --more than 20 billion pounds are produced
annually. About 20% of this chlorine is used to make vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCl) for the production of poly(vinyl
chloride), or PVC. The chlorine substituents on the polymer chain make PVC more fire-resistant than polyethylene
or polypropylene. They also increase the force of attraction between polymer chains, which increases the hardness
of the plastic. The properties of PVC can be varied over a wide range by adding plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, and
dyes, making PVC one of the most versatile plastics.

Assignment in
Materials
Engineering

Submitted by:
Jericho Paulo R. Rosales
 BSME IV-GO

Submitted to:
Eng. Gilbert Esquillo
Instructor