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Guided by :
Proff. Ankit Raythatta
Proff. Prashant Dadhaniya
Outline
• Design Examples
Signal Flow Graph (SFG)
• Alternative method to block diagram
representation, developed by Samuel Jefferson
Mason.
a y
x
Important terminology :
• Branches :-
line joining two nodes is called branch.
a y
x
Branch
• Dummy Nodes:-
A branch having one can be added at i/p as well as o/p.
Dummy Nodes
Input & output node
• Input node:-
It is node that has only outgoing branches.
• Output node:-
It is a node that has incoming branches.
f
c
x0 a x1 d x2 g x3 h x4
b e
Input node
Forward path
Loop :-
Self loop
Loop gain:-
Path:-
A path is a traversal of connected branches in the
direction of branch arrow.
Path gain:-
The product of all branch gains while going through the
forward path it is called as path gain.
Feedback path or loop :-
Chain node
SFG terms representation
transmittance
branch
input node (source)
Chain node x4
Chain node
node d
x1 a b path x3
1
forward
x2 path
loop x3
c
n
Pi i
C( s ) i 1
R( s )
• Where
∆i = value of Δ for the part of the block diagram that does not
touch the i-th forward path (Δi = 1 if there are no non-touching
loops to the i-th path.)
Example1: Apply Mason’s Rule to calculate the transfer function
of the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph
Therefore, C P11 P2 2
R
There are three feedback loops
Continue……
There are no non-touching loops, therefore
1 L1 L2 L3
Continue……
Eliminate forward path-1
Continue……
From Block Diagram to Signal-Flow Graph Models
• Example2 H1
H3
-H1
R(s) 1 E(s) G1 X1 G2 X2 G 3 G4 X3 1 C(s)
-H2
-H3
Continue……
-H1
R(s) 1 E(s) G1 X1 G 2 X2 G3 G4 X3 1 C(s)
-H2
-H3
C ( s) G1G 2G 3G4
G
R( s ) 1 G1G 2G 3G4 H 3 G 2G 3 H 2 G 3G4 H 1
Design example
Example 3
1
V1 ( s ) I1 ( s ) I1 ( s ) R
Cs CsV1( s ) CsV2 ( s ) I1( s )
V2 ( s ) I1( s )R
Example 4
Continue……
Continue……