Chapter 1

1.1 The Science of Biology

I. What Science Is and Is Not
A. Science is NOT
1. a collection of - facts
2. a collection of unchanging about the world.
B. Scientific ideas ARE open to ,
and as we learn more.
C. Science IS an organized way of and
D. about the natural world not
supernatural
1. Scientists look for and connections among natural
.
2. Scientists propose explanations that are based on ,
not belief. Then they those explanations.
E. Goals of Science
1. To provide natural for events in the natural world.
2. To use explanations to understand patterns in nature and to make useful
about natural events.
F. is part of the scientific :
Scientists aim for the best understanding of the natural world that current
can reveal.

II. Scientific Methodology: The Heart of Science

A. Observation – using to gather
and then asking questions about what is observed
B. Inference – logical of the natural event based on prior
knowledge/
C. Hypothesis- Scientific for a set of observations that can be
tested in ways that or it.
D. Designing controlled experiments
1. Experiments test the .
2. Parts of a controlled experiment
a. – the factors that remain the same in both the
control group and experimental group
b. group – original group, used for comparison;
receives NO treatment
c. group – the independent variable is changed;
receives the treatment by the
d.
(manipulated variable)– directly changed by experimenter
e.
(responding variable) – the factor that changes in response to the independent
variable
3. Record/Analyze Data
a. Two types of Data
1. : can be measured; number value
Example: , ,
 2. : cannot be measured; characteristic
Example: , ,
,
4. Research Tools and Sources of Error
a. , computers, ,
and graphs are all of science.
b. Researchers must be careful to avoid in data
and .
c. Also, the larger the sample size, the more the data.
5. Draw Conclusion – Scientists use experimental data as evidence to ,
, or the hypothesis being tested, then draw
a conclusion.
E. When Experiments Are Not Possible
1. Not always possible to a hypothesis, so scientists devise
hypothesis that can be tested by .
a. Example: Animal behavior researchers will make observations with as little
as possible so as not to disturb the animals in
their .
2. Sometimes prevents
a.Example: Scientists would not expose human subjects to suspected
-causing
1.2 Science in Context
I. Exploration and Discovery
A. Effective scientists share attitudes or habits of mind that lead them to
and .
1. - Continue asking questions about their observations of the
natural world.
2. -question existing ideas/ hypotheses; refuse to accept
explanations without ; design experiments to test their own
hypotheses; supporters of hypotheses provide rigorous to
provide evidence
3. open-mindedness- willing to accept ideas that may not agree
with their original hypothesis.
4. creativity- scientists must design and
experiments that yield data.
B. Practical problems-sometimes arises from necessity
Example: experiments on how to protect which
provide and ecologically important organisms.
C. -allows for gathering data in new and faster ways than older or
traditional methods

II. Communicating Results

A. - Scientists publish their results for a community of

experts and other scientists in / .
B. Sharing Knowledge - Allows them to test and each other’s
work and provide to real-world problems.
C. Theory – well-tested explanation that a broad range of
observations and hypotheses; may be or changed as new
is found.
III. Science and Society

A. Science has limitations

1. It does not include or viewpoints.

2. It does not answer questions of why life or what the
of life is.
3. It does not address or describe .

B. Avoiding Bias

1. Bias- a particular or point of view that is ,

rather than scientific
2. Science aims to be , but scientific data can be
or misapplied to try to a particular point of
view.

1.3 Studying Life-Biology

I. Characteristics of Living Things (pages 16-17)
A. Made up of cells:
1. - one cell
2. – many cells
B. Reproduce:
1. – one cell divides into two
2. – two cells fuse to become one.
C. Universal Genetic Code –
D. Grow and Develop- increase in ; development of new ,
or of reasoning/ behaviors
E. Obtain/Use Materials and Energy-
F. Respond to Environment: - signal or change in environment that causes a

G. Stable internal environment –

H. Change over time: Adapt -

II. Fields of Biology-examples

-zoology -botany -ornithology -histology
A. -science based on the ability to edit and rewrite
genetic code
B. ecology-interactions of living
on each other and their environment
C. and Biology-studies of DNA
and other inside cells.

III. Performing Biological Investigations

A. Metric System based on powers of

1. Units: (length), (mass),
(volume), (temp.)
 **Know for the test

B. Safety
1. Always follow your teacher’s and directions in the lab manual
or textbook.
2. When in doubt, do not ! Ask your teacher for
.
3. Always wear around heat, , or toxic
chemicals/ .
4. Wash thoroughly after every single science activity or lab.