Thephysics.

in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓
1- oxZ ,oa ?ku (𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂)
2 2
la[;k la[;k- la[;k3 la[;k la[;k- la[;k3

1 1 1 11 121 1331
2 4 8 12 144 1728
3 9 27 13 169 2197
4 16 64 14 196 2744
5 25 125 15 225 3375
6 36 216 16 256 4096
7 49 343 17 289 4913
8 64 512 18 324 5832

n
9 81 729 19 361 6859
10 100 1000 20 400 8000

s.i
2- chtxf.kr ds lw= (𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀)
(x + y)2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
(x − y)2 = x 2 − 2xy + y 2
x 2 − y 2 = (x − y)(x + y)
(x + y)3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
c
si
(x − y)3 = x 3 − 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 − y 3

3- mPp ?kkrks ds çlkj ds fy, ikLdy f=Hkqt

hy

𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐫𝐫 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
ep

4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
th

9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1

4- f}?kkr lehdj.k ,oa bldk gy (𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐𝐐 𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒)

𝐚𝐚𝐱𝐱 𝟐𝟐 + 𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛 + 𝐜𝐜 = 𝟎𝟎 izdkj dh lehdj.k f}?kkr lehdj.k dgykrh gSA tgka ij a, b ,oa c vpj gS] vkSj
x ,d pj eku gSA
bl lehdj.k dk gy fuEu gS&
−b ± √b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
mnkgj.k & ekuk nh xbZ f}?kkr lehdj.k gS x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0
bl lehdj.k dh rqyuk ekud lehdj.k ls djus ij a = 1, b = −5, c = 6

PANKAJ SOLANKI 1
 Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

−b±√b2 −4ac −(−5)±�(−5)2 −4(1)(6)

ge tkurs gS] fd x = ∴ x=
2a 2(1)
5±√25−24 5±1
= =
2 2
x = 3 ;k x = 2

ç’u%&
1- x 2 − 9x + 14 = 0
2- 2x 2 + 5x − 12 = 0
3- 3x 2 + 8x + 5 = 0
4- 4x 2 − 4ax + (a2 − b2 ) = 0

5- f}in çes; (𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 𝐓𝐓𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡)

n
bl izes; ds vuqlkj
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ……

s.i
2! 3!
tgka |x| < 1 ,oa n ,d okLrfod la[;k gSA
dqqy inks dh la[;k = n + 1

2! = 2 × 1, 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 and n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3). . . . . .1

c
;fn |x| << 1 gks] rks x dh mPp ?kkrks dks ux.; eku ldrs gSA
vr% (1 + x)n = 1 + nx
si
/kukRed okLrfod /kkrks ds fy, f}in izlkj
nxn−1 a n(n−1)xn−2 2
hy

( x + a )n = x n + + a + . . . . . . +an tgka n ,d /kukRed iw.kkZad gSA

1! 2!

mnkgj.k 1 (1 + x)−2 dk çlkj dhft,A

(−2)(−2−1) 2 (−2)(−2−1)(−2−2) 3
gy (1 + x)−2 = 1 + (−2)x + 2!
x + 3!
x + . . . . ..
ep

6 2 24 3
= 1 − 2x + x − x + . . . . ..
2! 3!
2 3
= 1 − 2x + 3x − 4x + . . . . . ..
mnkgj.k 2 n’keyo ds ckn rhu LFkkuks rd √𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
1 1 1/2
gy √37 = (36 + 1)1/2 = (36)2 �1 + 36 � = 6(1 + 0.028)1/2
th

1 1 1 1 3
1 �− 2� �2� �− 2� �− 2�
= 6 �1 + (0.028) + 2 2
(0.028) + (0.028)3 + . . . . . . �
2 2! 3!

0.028 dh mPp ?kkrs ux.; ekuus ij

∴ √37 = 6[1 + 0.014] = 6[1.014]

= 6.084

PANKAJ SOLANKI 2
 Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

6- fu;fer T;kferh vkd`fr;ka

1- f=Hkqt (𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓)
𝐴𝐴 ifjeki P = a + b + c
a+b+c
v)Z&ifjeki s =
𝑎𝑎 ℎ 𝑏𝑏 2
ghjks dk lw= ls {ks=Qy A = �s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
1 1
𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶 {ks=Qy A = 2 × vk/kkj × ÅapkbZ = 2 × c × h

2- Lkeckgq f=Hkqt (𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓)

𝐴𝐴 Ikfjeki P = 3a
√3 2
60𝑜𝑜 {ks=Qy A = a

n
4
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎

s.i
60𝑜𝑜 60𝑜𝑜
𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝑎𝑎

3- oxZ (𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬)
𝐴𝐴
𝑎𝑎
𝐵𝐵
c
ifjeki P = 4a
{ks=Qy A = Hkqtk2 = a2
si
𝑑𝑑 fod.kZ dh yEckbZ d = √a2 + a2 = √2a
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
hy

𝐷𝐷 𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶

4- vk;r (𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑)
ep

𝑙𝑙 ifjeki P = 2(l + b)
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
{ks=Qy A = yEckbZ × pkSMkbZ = l × b
𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏 fod.kZ dh yEckbZ d = √l2 + b 2
𝑏𝑏
th

𝐷𝐷 𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝐶

5- lekUrj prqHkqZt (𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏)

𝑏𝑏 {ks=Qy A = a × b
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵

𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸

𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶

PANKAJ SOLANKI 3
 Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

6- o`r (𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂)
f=T;k = r
ifj/kh (Circumference) C = 2πr
𝑂𝑂 𝑟𝑟 {ks=Qy A = πr 2
O;kl D = 2r

7- nh?kZo`r (𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄)
𝐶𝐶
nh?kZ v{k dh yEckbZ OB = OA = a
𝑏𝑏 y?kq v{k dh yEckbZ OC = OD = b
𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵 a2 +b2
𝑂𝑂 ifj/kh C = 2π� 2

n
{ks=Qy A = πab
𝐷𝐷

s.i
8- ?ku (𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂)
vk/kkj dk {ks=Qy = yEckbZ × pkSMkbZ = a × a = a2
vk;ru V = yEckbZ × pkSMkb × ÅapkbZ = a × a × a = a3
𝑎𝑎 i`’Bh; {ks=Qy S = 6a2
c
si
𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎

9- ?kukHk (𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂)
hy

vk/kkj dk {ks=Qy = yEckbZ × pkSMkbZ = l × b

ℎ vk;ru V = yEckbZ × pkSMkbZ × ÅapkbZ = l × b × h
i`’Bh; {ks=Qy S = 2(lb + bh + lh)
ep

𝑏𝑏
𝑙𝑙

7- f=Hkqth; fçTe (𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏)

vk/kkj dk {ks=Qy = 12 × b × h1
th

vk;ru V = 12 × b × h1 × h2
ℎ1

ℎ2
𝑏𝑏

8- [kks[kyk csyu (𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂)

vk/kkj dk {ks=Qy = πr 2
vk;ru = πr 2 h
oØ i`’B dk {ks=Qy = 2πrh
ℎ

𝒓𝒓 PANKAJ SOLANKI 4
 Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

9- Bksl csyu (𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂)

vk/kkj dk {ks=Qy = πr 2
vk;ru = πr 2 h
dqy oØ i`’B dk {ks=Qy = 2πrh + 2πr 2 = 2πr(h + r)
ℎ

𝒓𝒓

10- Xkksyk (𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒)

4
vk;ru = 3 πr 3

n
i`’Bh; {ks=Qy = 4πr 2
𝑟𝑟

11- 'kadq (𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂)

c
vk;ru = 13 πr 2 h
s.i
si
fr;Zd ÅapkbZ l = √r 2 + h2
𝑙𝑙 fr;Zd i`’B {ks=Qy = πrl
ℎ
dqy i`’Bh; {ks=Qy = πrl + πr 2 = πr(l + r)
hy

𝑟𝑟
ep

12- fijkfeM (𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏)

1
vk;ru = lbh
3
ℎ
th

𝑏𝑏

𝑙𝑙

13- cgqHkqt (𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏)

o
n & Hkqtk ds cgqHkqt ds ,d vkarfjd dks.k dk eku = �1 − n2� × 180o = (n − 2) × 180
n
(n−2)π
= n
radian
360o
n & Hkqtk ds cgqHkqt ds ,d ckg~; dks.k dk eku = n
cgqHkqt ds lHkh vkarfjd dks.kks dk ;ksx = (n − 2)π radian = (n − 2) × 180o

PANKAJ SOLANKI 5
 Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

7- y?kqx.kd (𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋)
;fn ax = m gks] rks x] vk/kkj a ij m dk y?kqx.kd (logarithms) dgykrk gS ,oa bls log a m }kjk
n”kkZrs gSA
vr% ;fn ax = m rks log a m = x
mnkgj.k ds fy,
(i) ;fn 24 = 16 rks log 2 16 = 4 (ii) ;fn 34 = 27 rks log 3 27 = 3
(iii) log a 1 = 0 (iv) log a a = 1

y?kqx.kd ds ekud lw=

1- log e mn = log e m + log e n
m
2- log e n = log e m − log e n
3- log e mn = n log e m

n
y?kqx.kd ds çdkj

s.i
1- 𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 fdlh la[;k dk vk/kkj e ij Kkr y?kqx.kd natural logarithm dgykrk
gSA tgka e = 2.7182
2- 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 fdlh la[;k dk vk/kkj 10 ij Kkr y?kqx.kd common logarithm
dgykrk gSA
c
vk/kkj 𝐞𝐞 y?kqx.kd dks vk/kkj 10 y?kqx.kd esa ifjofrZr djuk
si
(𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥)
log e N = 2.3026 log10 N ≅ 2.303 log10 N
hy

y?kqx.kd dk vk/kkj ifjorZu (𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛)

log x
log b x = log k b
k
log10 x log x
log b x = log10 b
= log e b
e
ep

;fn la[;k x] ,oa bldk y?kqx.kd log b x ] vKkr vk/kkj b ij fn;k x;k gks] rks
vk/kkj b fuEu izdkj Kkr djrs gS
1
b = x logb x
th

vk/kkj ifjorZu dk lR;kiu

ekuk x a = bc . . . . . . (1)
lehdj.k (1) esa nksuks vksj log k ,oa log b ysus ij
log x
log k x a = log k bc ⇔ a log k x = c log k b ⇔ c = a logk b
k
,oa log b x a = log b bc ⇔ a log b x = c

nksuks fu’d’kksZ ls
log k x log k x
c = a log b x = a ⇒ log b x =
log k b log k b

PANKAJ SOLANKI 6
 Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏
log b bx = x log b b = 1 log b = 0 log b b = 1
ln ex = x ln e = 1 b logb x = x
1 1
log a x = log ak x = log a x
logx a k

ln x = log e x
ln dk iz;ksx log e dks n”kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

y?kqx.kd ds dqN eku

log10 2 = 0.3010 log10 3 = 0.4771 log10 5 = 0.6989 log10 7 =
0.8450

n
𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 ds fcuk fdlh Hkh la[;k dk y?kqx.kd Kkr djuk
log10 2 = 0.3010 log10 3 = 0.4771 log10 5 = 0.6989 log10 7 =

s.i
0.8450
𝐛𝐛
,oa 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥(𝐚𝐚 + 𝐛𝐛) = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐚 + 𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐚𝐚

mnkgj.k 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥(𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕) =?
c
⇒ log(737) = log(7.37 × 102 ) = log 7.37 + log 102 = log(7 + 0.37) + 2 log 10
0.37
si
⇒ log(737) = log 7 + 2.42×7 + 2 = 0.8450 + 0.0218 + 2 = 2.8668
⇒ log(737) = 2.8668
hy

8- dks.k dks ekius ds çdkj (System of Measurement of an Angle)

(i) Sexagesimal System:
bl çdkj esa
ep

1 right angle = 90O (degrees)

1 degree = 60’ (minutes)
1 minute = 60’’ (seconds)
(ii) In circular system :
π Radians = 180o = 2 right angles
th

π
∴ 1 right. Angle = radians
2

9- f=dks.kferh (𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓)
ikbFkkxksjl çes;
𝟐𝟐
𝑀𝑀 d.kZ = yEc𝟐𝟐 + vk/kkj𝟐𝟐

d.kZ
yEc

𝜃𝜃
𝑂𝑂 vk/kkj 𝑁𝑁
PANKAJ SOLANKI 7
Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

mnkgj.k ;fn fdlh ledks.k A dk d.kZ 41 ,oa vk/kkj 40 gks] rks f=Hkqt dk d.kZ Kkr dhft,A
gy K = 41, A = 40, L =?
L2 = K 2 − A2 = 412 − 402 = 1681 − 1600 = 81
L = √81 = 9

ikbFkkxksjl fVªiysV
3, 4, 5 5, 12, 13 7, 24, 25 9, 40, 41

ikbFkkxksjl fVªiysV Kkr djuk

;fn m vkSj n dksbZ nks /kukRed iw.kkZad gks] ,oa m < n gks] rks
a = n2 − m2 b = 2nm c = n2 + m2

n
mnkgj.k m = 3, n = 5 rks
a = n2 − m2 = 52 − 32 = 25 − 9 = 16
b = 2nm = (2)(3)(5) = 30

s.i
c = n2 + m2 = 52 + 32 = 25 + 9 = 34
vr% ikbFkkxksjl fVªiysV 16, 30, 34

f=dks.kferh; vuqikr (𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑)

𝑀𝑀
c
sinθ =
OM
=
L
cosecθ =
1
=
NO
=
K
si
NO K sinθ OM L
NO A 1 MN K
cosθ = = secθ = = =
MN K cosθ NO A
d.kZ OM L 1 MN A
yEc tanθ = = cotθ = = =
MN A tanθ OM L
hy

𝜃𝜃
𝑂𝑂 vk/kkj 𝑁𝑁
ep

egRoiw.kZ lEcU/k
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 sec 2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ cosec 2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ

f=dks.kferh; vuqikrks ds fpUg

th

𝑌𝑌
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼
sin and cosec
(All +ve)
(+ve)

𝑋𝑋′
𝑋𝑋
tan and cot cos and sec
(+ve) (+ve)
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝑌𝑌′

ekud dks.kks ds f=dks.kferh; vuqikr

PANKAJ SOLANKI 8
Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

𝟎𝟎𝐨𝐨 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐨𝐨 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝐨𝐨 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟎𝐨𝐨 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎𝐨𝐨 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐨𝐨 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓𝐨𝐨 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐨𝐨 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐨𝐨

𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 0 1 1 √3 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2 2 √2 2
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 1 √3 1 1 0 1 1 √3 −1
− − −
2 √2 2 2 √2 2
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 0 1 1 √3 ∞ −√3 −1 1 0
−
√3 √3

Trigonometrical Ratios of Allied Angles

1. (i) sin (−θ) = − sin θ (ii) cos (−θ) = cos θ (iii) tan (−θ) = − tan θ
2. (i) sin (90o − θ) = cos θ (ii) cos (90o − θ) = sin θ (iii) tan (90o − θ) = cot θ
3. (i) sin (90o + θ) = cos θ (ii) cos (90o + θ) = sin θ (iii) tan (90o + θ) = −cot θ
4. (i) sin (180o − θ) = sin θ (ii) cos (180o − θ) = − cos θ (iii) tan (180o − θ) = − tan θ

n
5. (i) sin (180o + θ) = −sin θ (ii) cos (180o + θ) = − cos θ (iii) tan (180o + θ) = − tan θ
6. (i) sin (270o − θ) = − cos θ (ii) cos (270o − θ) = −sin θ(iii) tan (270o − θ) = cot θ
7. (i) sin (270o + θ) = −cos θ (ii) cos (270o + θ) = sin θ (iii) tan (270o + θ) = −cot θ

s.i
eku Kkr dhft,&
(i) sin 270o (ii) sin 120o (iii) sin 120o (iv) tan (−30o )
gy (i) sin 270o = sin (180o + 90o ) = − sin 90o = −1
c
(ii) cos 120o = cos (90o + 30o ) = − sin 30o = −
2
1
si
√3
(iii) sin 120o = sin (90o + 30o ) = cos 30o = 2
1
(iv) tan (−30o ) = − tan 30o = −
√3
hy

egRoiw.kZ f=dks.kferh lw=

1. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB 2. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
3. sin(A − B) = sinA cosB − cosA sinB 4. cos (A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
5. sin 2A = 2sinA cosA 6. sin (A + B)sin (A − B) = sin2 A − sin2 B
ep

tanA+tanB
7. cos(A + B) cos(A − B) = cos2 A – sin2 B 8. tan(A + B) = 1−tanA tanB
A+B A−B A+B A−B
9. sinA + sinB = 2 sin cos 10. sinA − sinB = 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
A+B A−B A+B A−B
11. cosA + cosB = 2 cos cos 12. cosA − cosB = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
2 tan A
th

13. cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 14. tan 2A =

1−tan2 A
tan A−tan B tan A+tan B
15. tan(A − B) = 1+tan A tan B 14. tan(A + B) = 1−tan A tan B

xq.kk lw=&
1. sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) = 2 sin A cos B
2. sin(A + B) − sin(A − B) = 2 cos A sin B
3. cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) = 2 cos A cos B
4. cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) = −2 sin A sin B
;fn A + B = C ,oa A − B = D ;k A = C+D
2
,oa B = C−D
2
gks] rks ;ksx&vUrj f=dks.kferh; lw=
fuEukuqlkj gksrs gSA
C+D C−D
sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2

PANKAJ SOLANKI 9
 Thephysics.in Class-XI Mathematical Tools

C+D C−D
sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
C+D C−D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
C+D C−D
cos C − cos D = −2 sin sin
2 2

10- Js.kh foLrkj (𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄)

f=dks.kferh; Qyuks ds Js.kh foLrkj fuEu gS&
θ3 θ5 θ7 θ2 θ4 θ6
sinθ = θ − 3!
+ 5!
− 7!
. . . . .. cosθ = 1 − 2!
+ 4!
− 6!
. . . . ..
θ3 2θ 5
tanθ = θ + 3 + 15 +. . . . ..
pj?kkrkadh Qyu dk Js.kh foLrkj
x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + . . . . ..
2! 3!

n
;gka x = 1 gksus ij
1 1
e1 = 1 + 1 + + + . . . . . . = 2.718 ¼yxHkx½
2! 3!

s.i
11- lfUudV eku (𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕)
f=dks.kferh; Qyuks esa dks.k θ ¼jsfM;u esa½ vR;Yi gksus ij
sin θ ≈ θ; cos θ ≈ 1 rFkk tan θ = θ
c
rFkk pj?kkrkadh Qyu esa x vfr U;wu gksus ij ex ≈ 1 + x
si
hy
ep
th

PANKAJ SOLANKI 10