AS 1170, Part 1—1981

Australian Standard

SAA LOADING CODE

Part 1— DEAD AND LIVE LOADS

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 The following scientific, industrial, professional and governmental organizations and
departments were officially represented on the committee entrusted with the
preparation of this standard:
Association of Consulting Engineers Australia
Australian Clay Brick Association
Australian Council of Local Government Associations
Australian Federation of Construction Contractors
Australian Institute of Steel Construction Ltd
Bureau of Meteorology
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Department of Housing and Construction
Department of Local Government, Queensland
Department of Public Works, Western Australia
Division of Building Research CSIRO
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Engineering and Water Supply Department South Australia
Experimental Building Station
Master Builders Federation of Australia Incorporated
National Association of Australian State Road Authorities
James Cook University of North Queensland
Monash University
University of Melbourne

This standard, prepared by Committee BD/ 6, Loading on Structures, was approved on

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behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia on 12 September 1980,

and was published on 1 March 1981.

This standard is intended to establish the minimum intensity of loading to be used in

the structural design of buildings but does not purport to comprise all the necessary
provisions of a contract.

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editi ons as necessary. It is
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amendments thereto.
Full detail s of all Australi an Standards and related publications wil l be found in the Standards Australia
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are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi an Standard should be made
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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

Australian Standard

MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS ON

STRUCTURES
KNOWN AS THE
SAA LOADING CODE
Part 1
DEAD AND LIVE LOADS
Accessed by BLUESCOPE STEEL LIMITED on 10 Jun 2005 [OBSOLESCENT]

First publi shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971

Second editi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 2046 9
 AS 1170, Part 1—1981 2

PREFACE

This edition of this standard has been prepared by the Association’s Committee on
Loading of Structures. No new technical changes from the 1971 edition have been
introduced in this edition, but some editorial updating has been carried out and the
opportunity has been taken to present the standard in A4 size in order to facilitate
reference from other major SAA structural codes, all of which are now in A4 size.
The standard is intended to be used in establishing the minimum dead and imposed
loadings to be assumed in the structural design of buildings, industrial structures and
the like but does not apply to special structures such as bridges and cranes nor to loads
arising from fluid pressures.
In establishing the metric unit values derived from the former imperial-unit standard
(AS CA34, Part 2), some rounding off of numbers has been carried out generally in
line with BS CP3, Chapter V—Part 1; for example—
1 in = 25 mm (25.4 mm exact).
Similarly, concentrated loads have been limited to one place of decimals; e.g.—
1.8 kN = 400 lbf (405 lbf exact).
The density of materials has been rounded to the nearest 10 kg/m 3; e.g. aluminium
2720 kg/m 3 (2723 kg/m 3 exact). It should be noted that where data in this standard are
given in units of mass, the gravitational forces in newtons imposed by such masses
may be obtained by multiplying the values given in kilograms by 10. This is an
approximation of the value of acceleration due to gravity which is very close to
9.8 ms2 in Australia (see AS 1155—1974, Appendix B).
Attention is drawn to the following Australian standards which may be required for use
in connnection with this standard:
AS 1000 The International System of Units (SI) and its Application
AS 1155 Metric Units for Use in the Construction Industry
AS 1170 SAA Loading Code
Part 2—Wind Forces
AS 1418 SAA Crane Code
AS 1657 SAA Code for Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders
AS 1684 SAA Timber Framing Code
AS 1735 SAA Lift Code
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AS 2121 SAA Earthquake Code.

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 3 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

CONTENTS

Page
SECTION 1. SCOPE AND G ENERAL
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . 4
1.2 Combinations of Loading . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . 4
1.3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . 4
1.4 Working Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 4
1.5 Posting of Floor Capacities . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . 4

SECTION 2. DEAD L OADS

2.1 Masses of Materials and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Provision for Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

SECTION 3. LIVE L OADS

3.1 Floor, Ceiling and Like Live Loads . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 6
3.2 Partial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ... 6
3.3 Impact and Inertia Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ... 6
3.4 Crane, Hoist and Lift Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... 6
3.5 Long Duration Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ... 6
3.6 Thermal Movements Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... 6
3.7 Other Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ... 6
3.8 Roof Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . ... 7
3.9 Reduction of Uniformly Distributed Live Loads .. . . . . .. . . . .. 8

APPENDIX A. DENSITY AND MASS OF MATERIALS AND C ONSTRUCTION . . . 9

Table A1 Basic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table A2 Building Materials and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
APPENDIX B. MINIMUM FLOOR LIVE LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
APPENDIX C. DENSITY OF DENSE -AGGREGATE CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
APPENDIX D. LIVE L OAD R EDUCTIONS ON BEARING WALLS . . . . . . . . . . . 18
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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981 4

STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
for
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS ON STRUCTURES

PART 1—DEAD AND LIVE LOADS

SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE. This standard sets out requirements for establishing the minimum dead
and live loads to be used in the structural design of buildings and of structures
associated with buildings which are to be erected under the provisions of building
regulations, by-laws, ordinances, and the like.
It does not cover loads arising from pressures exerted by contained material in
bunkers, tanks, silos and the like, nor does it cover loadings on special structures such
as road or rail bridges or lifting devices.
For wind loads for structural design purposes, see AS 1170, Part 2.
NOTE: Informati on on earthquake loads is provided in AS 2121.
1.2 COMBINATIONS OF LOADING. Except as otherwise noted, all structures to
which this standard applies shall be designed, consistently with relevant SAA structural
design standards, to withstand such combinations of dead, live, wind and other loads
as are appropriate to the design of the structure and will produce the most adverse
effects.
1.3 DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this standard the following definitions
apply:
Live load—the load assumed to arise from the intended use or purpose of the building
or structure, including distributed, concentrated, impact and inertia loads, but
excluding wind, snow and earthquake loads.
NOTE: Many li ve loads are applied for short durations relative to the li fe of the structure. However, the
attention of the designer is drawn to the fact that some live loads fall ing wit hin the definit ion given above
may be of long durati on, and have an eff ect simil ar to dead loads (see Clause 3.5, Long Duration
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Loading).
Dead load—the load imposed by components of the building or structure including the
forces imposed by all walls, floors, roofs, suspended ceilings, permanent
partitions, service machinery (including lift and air-conditioning machinery), and
other permanent construction (including reticulated services).
1.4 WORKING DRAWINGS. The live loads for which each floor system, or part
of the floor system where the load capacity is not uniform throughout, has been
designed shall be clearly marked on floor plans of structural working drawings.
1.5 POSTING OF FLOOR CAPACITIES. Where a floor or part of a floor of a
building has been designed in accordance with this standard to sustain a uniformly
distributed live load exceeding 5 kPa, a notice in the form shown hereunder and
indicating the actual loadings for which the floor has been structurally designed shall
be conspicuously and permanently posted in a position adjacent to such floor or such
part of a floor.

DESIGNED FLOOR LOADING

Distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilograms per square metre
Concentrated . . . . . . . . . . . kilograms

The lettering of such notice shall be embossed or cast into a metal tablet not less than
225 mm square and located not less than 1 m above floor level.

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 5 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

SECTION 2. DEAD LOADS

2.1 MASSES OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION. Where the actual masses

of materials and construction are not known the masses given in Appendix A shall be
assumed for the purposes of this standard.
2.2 PROVISION FOR PARTITIONS. The loadings from partitions shall be
calculated for their actual layout or from an assumed layout consistent with the
intended use or purpose of the building.
NOTE: Engineers, architects and buil ding owners are advised to give special thought to the li kely types
and posit ions of parti ti ons, as insuffi cient provision for part it ioning may reduce the future util it y of the
buil ding.
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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981
SECTION 3. LIVE LOADS
3.1 FLOOR, CEILING AND LIKE LIVE LOADS.
3.1.1 General. The live loads assumed for the
structural design of floors, ceilings and the like shall
be the greatest applied loads likely to arise from the
intended use or purpose of the building or structure
and these parts shall be designed to sustain, subject to
any reduction permitted by Clause 3.9, whichever of
the following loads will produce the most adverse
effects:
(a) The known loads which will be imposed because
of the use or purpose of the building or structure.
(b) The relevant uniformly distributed load obtained
from Appendix B or Clause 3.1.2, as appropriate.
(c) The relevant concentrated load obtained from
Appendix B or Clause 3.8.3, as appropriate.
(d) Loads due to the stacking of building materials or
the use of equipment (e.g. cranes and trucks)
during construction or loads which may be
induced by floor-to-floor propping in multi- storey
construction.
NOTE: Close supervision of the construction is essential to ensure
that overloading due to causes given in (d) above does not occur.
Where fl oor-to-f loor propping is employed close control of the
propping sequence should be maintained throughout the
construction period and the propping system should be approved
by an engineer competent in structural design.
3.1.2 Uniformly Distributed Live Load on Re-
stricted Areas. For floors of buildings in which the
uniformly distributed live load given in Appendix B is
less than 4 kPa, and the floor area supported by any
member is 3 m 2 or less, the uniformly distributed live
load on that part of the floor shall be assumed as one
of the following, as appropriate:
(a) 4 kPa when the part is 1.0 m 2 or less in area.
(b) The uniformly distributed load per square metre
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given in Appendix B when the part is 3 m 2 in
area.
(c) A uniformly distributed load varying linearly
between that for 1 m 2 and that for 3 m2 when the
part is between 1 and 3 m 2 in area.
NOTE: The provisions of this Clause are intended to provide for
possible crowd loadings on restrict ed areas.
3.2 PARTIAL LOADING. Although Appendix B
prescribes minimum live loads it shall be assumed also
that the prescribed load can be absent from any part or
parts of a structure if its absence therefrom will cause
more adverse effects on that or any other part.
3.3 IMPACT AND INERTIA LOADS. The live
loads given in Appendix B may be assumed to include
sufficient allowance for the effects of vertical impact
arising through the normal use or purpose of the
structure.
Forces produced by installed apparatus or processes
involving the acceleration of unbalanced masses (as in
reciprocating machinery) shall be calculated and
treated as additional live loads*.
Horizontal impact or braking forces arising from the
movement of vehicles shall be calculated and treated
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6
as additional live loads. Such loads, considered as
acting separately, shall be—
(a) for impact . . . . . not less than 1.5 × the gross
static force imposed by the vehicle mass;
(b) for braking . . . . . not less than 0.5 × the gross
static force imposed by the vehicle mass;
and, in the absence of more definite information, the
assumed mass of the vehicle shall be taken as—
(i) on domestic structures . . . . . . . 1500 kg;
(ii) on all other structures . . . . . . . 2250 kg.
The height at which vehicle impact forces are
considered to act shall be generally 0.45 m above floor
level but in the case of motor trucks it shall be not less
than 0.9 m.
NOTE: Special consideration should be given to the design of
kerbings and guard rails to alleviate possible vehicular impact on
the structure and it should be noted that the impact forces from
runaway vehicles on ramps can considerably exceed the loads
specifi ed above.
3.4 CRANE, HOIST AND LIFT LOADS. Live
loads imposed by the dynamic effect of operation of
permanently installed cranes, hoists and the like shall
be calculated in accordance with the relevant
provisions of AS 1418.
Live loads imposed by the dynamic effect of operation
of permanently installed lifts shall be calculated in
accordance with the relevant provisions of AS 1735.
3.5 LONG DURATION LOADING. Where there is
likelihood that the live loads from stored materials or
installed plant will be of long duration, the appro-
priate factors, if any, given in the relevant structural
design standard for the materials of construction shall
be applied.
3.6 THERMAL MOVEMENT LOADS. Loading
effects produced on structures through expansion and
contraction of materials of construction due to
temperature or moisture content changes shall be
allowed for where appropriate.
In the absence of more exact local information on
diurnal and seasonal changes in air temperature the
information given in Table 1 may be used.
3.7 OTHER LIVE LOADS.
3.7.1 Stairways and Landings. Stairways and
landings (other than stairways for inspection and
maintenance which are covered by AS 1657) shall be
designed for a distributed load of not less than that
given in Appendix B. Each individual stair tread shall
be designed for a load of 1.4 kN concentrated in any
position or a distributed load of 2.2 kN/m of tread
measured across the width of the stairway, whichever
load produces the more adverse effects. Each inter-
mediate landing shall be designed for the uniformly
distributed load or for a load of 1.4 kN concentrated in
any position whichever load produces the more adverse
effects.
* See the relevant structural design standards for the provisions to
be made for impact loading.
 7 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

TABLE 1
APPROXIMATE RANGES OF MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE
Highest tem- Lowest tem-
Seasonal range of Extreme
perature excess perature depression
mean dry bulb above summer below winter temperature
Region temperature range
mean mean
°C °C °C °C
North Coastal 11 14 17 42
Interior 17 19 17 53
South Coastal 11 22 14 47

NOTES:
1. Definit ions of regions are as follows:
North coastal— within 500 km of nearest coast, and not south of 25°S in W.A. or south of 30°S in N.S.W.
Interior—more than 500 km from the nearest coast.
South coastal— remainder, including Tasmania.
Despite the crudity of this classification, departures fr om the stated ranges are not often more than 6°C.
2. The actual change in air temperature is not necessaril y the measure of a temperature range to be expected
in a structure. This range may be considerably greater or less than the variation of air temperature and is
influenced by the conditions of exposure and the rate at which the materials composing the structure
conduct, absorb, or radiate heat. Diffe rential movement due to varying rates of absorption or radiation to
adjacent but diff erent materi als is partic ularly destructive.

3.7.2 Parapets, Balustrades and Railings. Parapets,
balustrades and railings, together with members and
connnections which provide structural support, shall be
designed to sustain the following live loads:
(a) Handrail is, balustrades and the like to platforms,
walkways and stairways to which the provisions
of AS 1657 apply, and stairways balconies and
landings of private dwellings intended for single
occupancy, shall be designed to resist whichever
of the following loads produces the most adverse
effects:
(i) 0.56 kN acting inward, outward or down-
ward at any point on the handrail.
(ii) 0.37 kN/m acting inward, outward or
downward on the handrail.
(iii) The wind load acting on or transmitted to
the handrail.
(b) All other handrails, balustrades and the like,
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support to the cladding thereof (including decking,
purlins, beams and trusses) shall be designed to
withstand whichever of the following loads will produce
the most adverse effects:
(a) The live load resultant from stacked materials or
equipment used in repair or maintenance operations
which shall be taken as 0.25 kPa on the plan
projection, except that where the area supported by
any structural member is less than 14 m 2 the
intensity of live loading on that member shall be
determined by equation (1)—
Live load = kPa . . . . . . . . . . (1)
where
A = the plan projection of the surface area of roof
supported by the member under analysis,
square metres.
(b) The wind loading as determined in accordance with
AS 1170, Part 2.

including parapets and railings to all roofs, shall
be designed to resist a static load of 0.750 kN/m
acting inward, outward or downward or the
appropriate wind load, whichever produces the
most adverse effects.
NOTE: On railings or balustrades which maybe called upon to
restrai n crowds or people under panic conditions a load of up
to 3 kN/m run can he exerted.
3.7.3 Ceilings, Skylights and Like Structures.
Joists and hangers for ceilings, ribs of skylights,
frames and coverings of ceiling access hatches and any
similar structures which may be required to support the
force imposed by a man for purposes of construction
or maintenance shall be designed for a concentrated
load of 1.4 kN so placed as to produce maximum
stress in the affected members, except that in any case
where less than 1.2 m of head room exists above such
construction this concentrated load may be reduced to
0.9 kN.
3.8 ROOF LIVE LOADS.
3.8.1 Non-trafficable Roofs.
3.8.1.1 Structure. For all roofs, either flat or pitched,
designed to provide shelter from the elements only and
on which no allowance for live loading incidental to
traffic or resort is required, each member providing
3.8.1.2 Claddings. All roof claddings, inclusive of any
associated protective mesh or the like, which are required
to support loads incidental to maintenance shall be
capable of withstanding the following loads:
(a) Where the roof is flat or the slope is such that
workmen may stand directly on the cladding
. . . . . . . 1.1 kN concentrated in any position.
(b) Where the slope is such that the workmen
require ladders or similar supports laid over
the cladding . . . . . . 0.5 kN concentrated in any
position.
3.8.2 Trafficable Roofs. For flat or near flat roofs
which are intended to be available for pedestrian traffic
or resort, the construction (including decking, purlins,
beams and trusses) shall be designed to support the
following uniformly distributed live load or a
concentrated load of 1.8 kN, whichever load gives the
more adverse effect—
(a) For dwelling houses and other domestic buildings
not exceeding 2 storeys . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 kPa;
(b) For all other buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 kPa;
provided that cantilevered sections of such roof areas
shall be treated as balconies and shall be designed to
accommodate the loading specified for balconies in
Appendix B.

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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981
3.8.3 Provision for Occasional Loading on Roof
Trusses or Structure.
3.8.3.1 Industrial and commercial buildings.
Roof trusses used in industrial or commercial buil-
dings, and beneath which a full ceiling is not provided,
shall be designed to support, in addition to other roof
loads required by this standard, a concentrated load of
4.5 kN applied at each bottom chord panel point, taken
one at a time. For other types of exposed roof-
supporting principals, such as portal frames, beams,
and the like, this 4.5 kN load shall be designed to be
applied at whichever point will produce the most
adverse effect.
3.8.3.2 Other buildings. Roof trusses used in other
than industrial and commercial buildings, and beneath
which a full ceiling is not provided, shall be designed
to support, in addition to other roof loads required by
this standard, a concentrated load of 1.3 kN applied at
each bottom chord panel point, taken one at a time.
3.8.3.3 All buildings. In any panel of an exposed
truss where the distance between the bottom chord and
the top chord exceeds 1.2 m, the bottom chord shall be
capable of sustaining a load of 1.3 kN at any point in
that panel. This loading shall not be required to be
applied cumulatively with the loadings specified in
Clause 3.8.3.1 or 3.8.3.2.
3.9 REDUCTION OF UNIFORMLY DISTRIB-
UTED LIVE LOADS.
3.9.1 Restrictions. Live load reductions shall not
apply to the following:
(a) Roof live load.
(b) Live load on the floor next below the roof where
the roof is designed for a live load of less than
3 kPa.
(c) Areas on which uniformly distributed floor live
loads exceed 5 kPa except as permitted by
Clause 3.9.2.1.
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(d) Areas on which the load results from their use as
places of assembly, parking stations, printing
plants, vaults or strongrooms.
(e) Live loads from machinery and equipment for
which specific design allowance has been made.
3.9.2 Live-load Reduction for Columns, Bearing
Walls and Their Supports and Footings.
3.9.2.1 Limited reductions. Except as restricted by
Clause 3.9.1, a 20 percent reduction may be applied to
the live load received by any column or bearing wall
(including its support or footings) from an area for
which the uniformly distributed live load in
Appendix B exceeds 5 kPa, provided that the area
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8
which has been multiplied by such live load per square
metre in order to give the live load on the column or
bearing wall is not less than 23 m 2 .
3.9.2.2 Variable reductions.
(a) Except as restricted by Clause 3.9.1, and subject
to the provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) below,
a reduction at the rate of 0.86 percent per square
metre may be applied to the live load received by
any column or bearing wall (including its supports
or footings) from an occupancy for which the
uniformly distributed live load listed in
Appendix B is 5 kPa or less, provided that the
area which has been multiplied by such live load
per square metre in order to give the live load on
the column or bearing wall is not less than 23 m 2.
(See also Appendix D.)
(b) The reduction shall not exceed 50 percent, or R as
determined by equation (2)—
R = 100 × . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
where
R = reduction, percent
D = dead load per square metre of relevant
area supported by the member
L = design live load per square metre of rel-
evant area supported by the member.
(c) For multi-storey buildings in which the live load
varies from floor to floor or varies between
defined areas within a floor, the appropriate live
load reduction shall be taken for each floor or
defined area and these reductions shall be made
cumulative.
3.9.3 Live Load Reductions for Floor Systems.
3.9.3.1 General. Except as restricted by Clause 3.9.1,
and subject to the provisions of Clause 3.9.3.2 below,
a reduction at the rate of 0.86 percent per square metre
may be applied to the live load received by a beam or
girder, or a two-way slab, either solid or ribbed, or a
panel of flat-slab or flat-plate or any like construction,
from an occupancy for which the uniformly distributed
live load listed in Appendix B is 5 kPa or less,
provided that the area which has been multiplied by
such live load per square metre in order to give the
live load on the beam, girder or slab is not less than
23 m2 . For the purposes of calculating live load
reductions, the area of any rectangular two-way slab
shall be assumed to be that of a square with sides
equal to the smaller dimensions of the rectangle.
3.9.3.2 Maximum reduction. The reduction shall not
exceed 50 percent, or R as determined by equation (2)
of Clause 3.9.2.2.
 9 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

APPENDIX A
DENSITY AND MASS OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

TABLE A1
BASIC MATERIALS

Density
Material
kg/m 3
Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 2720
Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 2160
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 8520
Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1500
Coal, loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 900
Concrete, dense aggregate, unreinforced . . . . . .. .. .. 2400*
Concrete, lightweight aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . ...... to be determined
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 8810
Cork, normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 170
Cork, compressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 380
Glass, window (soda-lime) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 2600
Granite, Basalt, Trachyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 2690
Iron, cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 7210
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 11320
Limestone, dense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 2500
Limestone, Mt Gambier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 1280
Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 2690
Sand, dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1600
Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 2300
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 7850
Timber, Australian hardwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 800—1120†
Timber, softwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 480—560†
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 7140

* More exact values are given in Appendix C for use when details of the proposed concrete mix are
known. For reinforced concrete increase the values given by 64 kg/m3 for each 1 percent by volume
of main reinforcement. The designer, if using Appendix A, should have knowledge of the concrete
and types of aggregate used in the locality with which he is concerned.
Accessed by BLUESCOPE STEEL LIMITED on 10 Jun 2005 [OBSOLESCENT]

† At 12 percent moisture content. See AS 1684 for actual species densities.

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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981 10

TABLE A2
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

Mass/Unit area
Material or construction
kg/m2
Ceilings
Fibrous plaster, 10 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3
Gypsum plaster, 13 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Lime plaster, 13 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4
Portland cement plaster, 13 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3
Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster . . . . . . . . 39.1
Floors
Asphalt, 25 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.7
Cinder-concrete filling, 25 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9
Clay tiling, 13 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3
Galvanized steel floor deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15—39.1
(excluding concrete topping)
Magnesium oxychloride—
normal (sawdust filler), 25 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . 35.2
heavy duty (mineral filler), 25 mm thick . . . . . . . . 53.7
Terrazzo paving, 16 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9
Roofs
Asbestos cement, corrugated sheeting—
6 mm thick (standard corrugations) . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7
6 mm thick, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7
6 mm thick (deep corrugations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7
6 mm thick, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1
Asbestos cement slates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6
Aluminium, corrugated sheeting—
1.2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
1.2 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9
1.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4
1.0 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9
0.8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4
0.8 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9
0.6 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9
0.6 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4
Aluminium sheet—
1.2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4
Accessed by BLUESCOPE STEEL LIMITED on 10 Jun 2005 [OBSOLESCENT]

1.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4
0.8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9
0.6 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5
Bituminous felt (5-ply) and gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9
Copper sheet—
1.2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8
1.0 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3
0.8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3
0.6 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9
Lead—
0.88 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.76 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.20 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.09 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Metal, troughed sheeting other than given elsewhere Actual mass
to be determined
Acrylic resin sheet, corrugated—
3 mm thick, standard corrugations .. .. . ... .. .. . 4.4
3 mm thick, deep corrugations . . .. . ... .. .. ... . 6.3
Slates—
4.7 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . ... .. 34.2
9.5 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . ... .. 68.4
(continued )

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 11 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

Mass/Unit area
Material or construction
kg/m2
Steel sheet, flat galvanized—
1.00 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3
0.80 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8
0.60 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
0.50 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
Steel, galvanized standard corrugated sheeting—
1.00 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2
0.80 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8
0.60 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
0.50 mm, incl. lap and fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
Tiles—
Terra-cotta (french pattern) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.7
Zinc sheet—
0.60 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9
0.80 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9
1.00 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Walls and partitions*
Acrylic resin sheet, flat, per mm of thickness . . . . . . 1.21
Asbestos cement sheeting—
4.5 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3
6.0 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8
Brick masonry, solid—
Burnt clay, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.95
Sand-lime, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.85
Concrete hollow block masonry—
Standard aggregate:
75 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
100 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
150 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
200 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
300 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Lightweight aggregate:
75 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
100 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
150 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Accessed by BLUESCOPE STEEL LIMITED on 10 Jun 2005 [OBSOLESCENT]

200 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

300 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Perlite and vermiculite aggregate:
75 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
100 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
150 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
200 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Fibre insulation board, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . 0.35
Fibrous plaster board, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . 0.94
Glass, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.74
Hardboard, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.98
Particle or flakeboard, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . 0.67
Plaster board, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.94
Plaster
Portland cement, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . 2.34
Lime, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.95
Gypsum, per mm of thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.76
PVC homopolymer sheet, per mm of thickness . . . . . . 1.56
Terra-cotta block masonry
Hollow blocks—
75 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4
100 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.5
150 mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.5
* Mass of masonry includes mass of mortar but not mass of render or plaster.

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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981 12

APPENDIX B
MINIMUM FLOOR LIVE LOADS
Uniformly distributed Concentrated load
Classification load or loads
kPa kN
ART GALLERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.6
ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS such as public halls and theatres
(see also Theatres), but excluding courts of law, drill
halls, grandstands, laboratories, places of worship, public
lounges, schools, and toilet rooms (see Toilet rooms) . . 4.0 —
AWNINGS, STREET—
Single storey buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Other buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.8
BALCONIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 —
BEDROOMS—
Hotels, motels and hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.8
Institutional buildings:
1 and 2 storeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.8
Over 2 storeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.8
Residential buildings—see Residential buildings
BILLIARD ROOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.7
BOILER ROOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 To be determined
BROADCASTING STUDIOS—
Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 —
Other parts—see Halls, Stages and Theatres . . . . . . . . .
CATWALKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 1.1 concentrated load at
1.2 m centres
CEILINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 1.0 concentrated load on
any joist (See Clause
3.7.3)
CHURCHES—
See Places of Worship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — —
Accessed by BLUESCOPE STEEL LIMITED on 10 Jun 2005 [OBSOLESCENT]

CLASSROOMS—
See Schools and Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — —
CLUBS—
Non-residential—see Assembly Buildings, Billiard
Rooms, Corridors, Dining Rooms, Kitchens and
Toilet Rooms
Residential—see Billiard Rooms, Corridors, Kitchens,
Laundries, Residential Buildings, and Toilet Rooms
COLD STORAGES (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated, but not
less than 15 kN/m 2 or
4.5 kN/m2 per metre of
storage height, whichever
is the greater
CORRIDORS HALLWAYS, PASSAGEWAYS,
AISLES AND PUBLIC SPACES—
Domestic buildings (dwellings and flats only) . . . . . . . . 3.0 1.8 concentrated load
All other buildings
—subject to crowd loading only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.5 concentrated load
—subject to loads other than from crowds, including
wheeled vehicles, trolleys, and the like . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined but not
less than 5.0 less than 4.5 concentrated
load

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 13 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

Uniformly distributed Concentrated load

Classification load or loads
kPa kN
COURTS OF LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.7 concentrated load
DANCE HALLS—see Assembly Buildings and Toilet
Rooms
DINING ROOMS other than in domestic buildings
(see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.7 concentrated load
DOMESTIC BUILDINGS (dwellings and flats)—
Corridors, hallways and passageways—see Corridors
Other parts—
1 and 2 storey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.8 concentrated load
over 2 storeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.8 concentrated load
DORMITORIES (see Note 2)—
1 and 2 storey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.8 concentrated load
over 2 storeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.8 concentrated load
DRILL ROOMS AND DRILL HALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 To be determined but not
less than 9.0 concentrated
load on 0.010 m 2
DRIVEWAYS AND CAR RAMPS other than in garages for
car parking only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined but not
less than 5.0 less than 31 concentrated
load on 0.025 m 2
FILE ROOMS—
See Office Buildings
FACTORIES (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined
less than 5.0
FOOTPATHS, PUBLIC (in roads, streets and the
like) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refer to appropriate —
authority
FOOTPATHS, TERRACES AND PLAZAS, leading
from ground level—
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No obstruction to vehicular traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined but not

less than 5.0 less than 31 concentrated
load on 0.025 m 2
Used for pedestrian traffic only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 —
FOUNDRIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not —
less than 20.0
GARAGES (see Rule 3.3)—
Car parking only, including driveways and ramps . . . . 3.0 13 concentrated load on
0.010 m2
All repair workshops and parking for all types of
vehicles exceeding 2.5 t tare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined but not
less than 5.0 less than 31 concentrated
load on 0.025 m 2
GRANDSTANDS—
Areas with fixed seating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 —
Areas with movable seating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 —
All cantilevered portions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 —
Corridors and passageways—see Corridors
Toilet rooms—see Toilet Rooms
GYMNASIUMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 —

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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981 14

Uniformly distributed Concentrated load

Classification load or loads
kPa kN
HALLS—
Corridors, hallways and passageways—See Corridors
Dressing rooms, Fly galleries, Grids, and Projection
rooms—see Theatres
Other parts—see Assembly Buildings, Stages and
Toilet Rooms
HOSPITALS—
Bedrooms and wards—see Bedrooms
Corridors, Hallways, and Passageways—see Corridors
Dining rooms—see Dining Rooms
Kitchens—see Kitchens
Laundries—see Laundries
Toilet rooms—see Toilet Rooms
Utility rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 4.5 concentrated
X-ray rooms and operating theatres . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 except where the mass 4.5 concentrated
of any piece of equip-
ment exceeds 1000 kg,
when actual floor loading is
to be calculated
HOTELS AND MOTELS—
Bars and vestibules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0
Bedrooms—see Bedrooms
Corridors, hallways, and passageways—see Corridors
Dining rooms and lounges—see Dining Rooms
Kitchens—see Kitchens
Laundries—see Laundries
Toilet rooms—see Toilet Rooms
INDOOR SPORTING FACILITIES (see Note 1)
Areas for equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not less To be determined
than 2.0
Areas for participants only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 —
Areas for spectator assembly—see Assembly
buildings
Gymnasiums—see Gymnasiums
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS—
Accessed by BLUESCOPE STEEL LIMITED on 10 Jun 2005 [OBSOLESCENT]

Bedrooms—see Bedrooms
Corridors, hallways, and passageways—see Corridors
Dining rooms—see Dining Rooms
Dormitories—see Dormitories
Kitchens—see Kitchens
Laundries—see Laundries
Toilet rooms—see Toilet Rooms
KITCHENS other than in domestic buildings, including
normal equipment (see Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 —
LABORATORIES, including equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined but not
less than 3.0 less than 6.7 concentrated
load on 0.010 m 2
LAUNDRIES other than in domestic buildings, but
excluding equipment (see Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 4.5 concentrated load
LIBRARIES—
Corridors Hallways and passageways (see Corridors)
Reading rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 4.5 concentrated load
Stack rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 for each clear metre —
of height of room
Toilet rooms—see Toilet Rooms
LOUNGES (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.7 concentrated load

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 15 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

Uniformly distributed Concentrated load

Classification load or loads
kPa kN
MOTOR ROOMS, FAN ROOMS, and the like,
including mass of machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined
less than 5.0
OFFICE BUILDINGS— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 except as hereunder 6.7 concentrated load
File rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined
less than 5.0
Public spaces—see Corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spaces for business machines or to be used for
mobile storage units To be calculated See also Clause 3.3
Toilet rooms—see Toilet Rooms
PLACES OF WORSHIP—
Aisles, corridors, and passageways—see Corridors
Areas for seating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.7 concentrated load
PLANT ROOMS—see Motor Rooms
PRINTING PLANTS—
Paper storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 for each clear metre To be determined
of height of room
Other parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined
less than 12.5
PUBLIC HALLS—see Halls
PUBLIC LOUNGES—see Lounges
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS such as Apartment
houses, Boarding houses, Guest houses, Hostels,
Lodging houses, and Residential clubs, but excluding
Hotels and Motels—
Corridors, hallways and passageways—see Corridors
Other parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.8 concentrated load
RESTAURANTS (see Note 1) 2.0 2.7 concentrated load
RETAIL SHOPS (see Note 1) To be determined but not —
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less than 5.0

ROOFS OF ALL BUILDINGS—see Clause 3.8
SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITIES—
Assembly rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 2.7 concentrated load
Class and lecture rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.7 concentrated load
Corridors, hallways and passageways—see Corridors
Dining rooms and kitchens—see Dining rooms and
Kitchens
Dormitories—see Dormitories
Gymnasiums—see Gymnasiums
Laboratories—see Laboratories
Staff bedrooms—see Bedrooms
Toilet rooms—see Toilet rooms
STAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 4.5 concentrated load
STAIRWAYS AND LANDINGS—see also Clause
3.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 —
STORAGE—see also Cold storage (see Note 2) . . . . . To be calculated but not To be determined
less than 2.4 for each
clear metre of height of
room

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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981 16

Uniformly distributed Concentrated load

Classification load or loads
kPa kN
TELEVISION STUDIOS—
Halls—see Halls
Studios used as stages—see Stages
Other parts—see Theatres
THEATRES AND PARTS OF PUBLIC HALLS—
Corridors, hallways and passageways—see Corridors
Dressing rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.8 concentrated load
Fly galleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 kN per running metre
distributed uniformly over
width
Foyers and lobbies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 —
Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 over the area pro-
scenium width by stage
depth
Halls—see Halls
Projection rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 —
Stages—see Stages
Toilet rooms—see Toilet Rooms
TOILET ROOMS in all buildings other than domestic
buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.8 concentrated load
UNIVERSITIES—see Schools
VAULTS AND STRONG ROOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To be calculated but not —
less than 5.0
WAREHOUSES—see Storage

NOTES:
1. Engineers, architects, and buil ding owners are advised to give special thought to the possibili ty of later
changes of occupancy involving loading heavier than was originally contemplated. They should not
necessaril y select in every case the lower loading appropriate to the fir st occupancy. In doing this they
might intr oduce considerable restri ctions in the use of the building at a later date, and thereby reduce
it s util it y.
Attention is drawn also to the possibil it y of temporary changes in the use of a building, as in the case
of cleari ng a dormit ory for a dance or other recreational purpose.
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2. Where there is the possibil it y of the use of mechanical stacking machines, e.g. fork lif t trucks, special
provision should be made in the design of the fl oors.
3. In the design of kitchens and laundri es, the uniformly distri buted live load is suffi cient to cover ordinary
loads for working spaces. The designer should, however, ascertain the actual loads to be applied to the
fl oor system by the permanentl y install ed equipment and design such bay or bays of the fl oor system
that wil l carr y this equipment for the actual loads to be superi mposed.

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 17 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

APPENDIX C
DENSITY OF DENSE-AGGREGATE CONCRETE
(Ref: Appendix A)
Water/Cement
Densit y (no added
Densit y of the rati o by mass
air—entrapped air
Typical coarse aggregates coarse aggregate (Concentrate 335 kg
cement per m3) 1.5%-2.0%)

kg/m 3 kg/m 3

2500 0.50 2323

Adelaide quart zite 0.70 2195
Brisbane gravel
Pert h granite
Sydney gravel 0.50 2403
2700
0.70 2275
Melbourne basalt
Sydney basalt
0.50 2483
2900
0.70 2355
Hobart dolerit e
0.50 2563
3100
0.70 2435

NOTES:
1. This table may be used to obtain density for dif ferent values of water/ cement ratio and density of the
coarse aggregate. The tabulated density values apply to normal concrete having no added air, and their
accuracy is approximately ± 41 kg/m3.
2. The tabulated densit y values do not include any allowance for reinforcement,’ for reinforced concrete
the values should be increased by 64 kg/m3 for each 1 percent by volume of main reinforcement.
3. For concrete mixes wit h more than 335 kg of cement per cubic metre, the tabulated densit y values
should be decreased by 32.48 kg/m3 for each 47 kg of cement used per cubic metr e.
4. For concrete mixes in which a water- reducing agent and/or cement-r educing agent is used, the tabulated
densit y values should be modifi ed as necessary.
5. For high-strength concretes a retarding agent is often used but this does not cause any reduction in
values for concrete density.
6. For concrete mixes in which an air- entr aining agent is used the tabulated density should be decreased
by 80 kg/m3 .
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 AS 1170, Part 1—1981 18

APPENDIX D
LIVE LOAD REDUCTIONS ON BEARING WALLS

D1 SCOPE. This Appendix is provided for the guidance of structural designers in

the determination of the areas from which floor live load shall be assumed to be
received by a given panel of loadbearing walling for purposes of applications of
Clause 3.9.2.2.
D2 AREAS USED TO OBTAIN REDUCTION. For loadbearing walls the area at
the relevant floor which, when multiplied by the live load per square metre gives the
live load on the bearing wall (including its supports or footings) for that floor, shall
be taken as—
(a) the area supported by the length of wall between loadbearing cross walls (see
Fig. D1); or
(b) the area supported by the length of wall between the centre lines of major
openings in that wall (such as doorways, archways or windows extending to
more than half the storey height) with the termination of a wall being treated
as the centreline of an opening (see Fig. D2); or
(c) an area equal to the product of the mean of the adjoining spans and this figure
plus one-half the storey height (see Fig. D3);
whichever is least. Walls with only small openings which extend to less than one-half
the storey height shall be assessed as for (a) or (c).
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 19 AS 1170, Part 1—1981

Fig. D1. WALLS BOUN DE D BY LOA DBE ARING CRO SS -WALLS

(Walls supporting two-way slabs)
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Fig. D2. WALLS WITH MAJOR OP ENING S

(Principal reinforcement in one direction only)

Fig. D3. LONG WALLS WITH NIL OR SMALL OPE NINGS

(Principal reinforcement in one direction only)

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Accessed by BLUESCOPE STEEL LIMITED on 10 Jun 2005 [OBSOLESCENT]