TRADUZIR

FUNDAMENTOS E BIOLINGUÍSTICA
1) if language is to provide a springboard for the investigation of other problems of
human nature, it is these aspects of language to which we will have to turn our attention
[...] it is only these aspects that are reasonably well understood (PATEMAN;
CHOMSKY, 2005, p. 101)

2) language of tought

3) is founded on an extraordinary assumption: that human reason has within itself the
resources for discerning and understanding reality’s deepest fixtures” (HUENEMANN,
2008, p.147)

4) Rationalism and its opposite, empiricism, are – as Chomsky understands them –

methodological recommendations on how to proceed to construct sciences of the mind’s
parts.” (MCGILVRAY, 2014, p.38)

5) “[...] adopts the methods of the natural sciences [...] the scientist of mind adopts a
nativist and internalist approach” (MCGILVRAY, 2014, p.38-39)

6) empiricism insists that the brain is a tabula rasa, empty, unstructured, uniform at least
as far as cognitive structure is concerned” (CHOMSKY, 2007, p. 81)

7) La perspectiva biolingüística considera la lengua de una persona en todos sus aspectos –sonido,
significado, estructura– como un estado de cierto componente de la mente, entendiendo “mente” en el
sentido de los científicos del siglo XVIII que percibían que después de la demolición hecha por Newton de
la “filosofia mecanicista” basada en el concepto intuitivo de un mundo material ya no hay razón para un
problema mente-cuerpo y sólo podemos examinar aspectos del mundo “denominados mentales” como
resultado de una estructura orgânica “como la del cerebro”, como lo observó el filósofo químico Joseph
Priestley. (CHOMSKY, 2006, p.58).

8) demonstrating that one of the Cartesian substances—body—does not exist, thereby

eliminating the mind-body problem, at least in its Cartesian form, and leaving open the
question what the “physical” or “material” is supposed to be” (CHOMSKY, 2016a, p.30)

9) We do not assume a metaphysical divide when we speak of chemical events, processes

and states, and the same should be true of the domain of the mental, if we borrow
traditional terms for descriptive purposes” (CHOMSKY, 1993, p.41-42)

10) a matter of describing the hidden elements and processes that the theory postulates

11) explaining or making sense of puzzles posed by some observational generalizations

relevant to the domain under investigation

12) […] methodological naturalism is an approach which embraces empirical inquiry in order to evaluate
theoretical claims. It is a fallible approach that recognises the limitations of theoretical claims to truth and
knowledge. [...] Metaphysical naturalism, by contrast, evades empirical critique in its very formulation
which assumes certain ontological truths about the mental and the physical which are beyond empirical
testing. (WILKIN, 1997, p.5).
13) a subcomponent of a complex organism [...] it is a cognitive organ, like the systems
of planning, interpretation, reflection, and whatever else falls among those aspects of the
world loosely “termed mental.” (CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 56).

14) “Chomsky (1959) charged that behaviorist models of language learning cannot
explain various facts about language acquisition, such as the rapid acquisition of language
by young children, which is sometimes referred to as the phenomenon of “lexical
explosion.”” (RAHAM, 2018, p. 9).

15) “By the age of four or five (normal) children have an almost limitless capacity to
understand and produce sentences which they have never heard before” (RAHAM, 2018,
p. 9).

16) “a particular object of the biological world” (CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 53).

17) “the acquisition of the uniquely modern [human] sensibility1 was instead an abrupt
and recent event. […] Tattersall dates the abrupt and sudden event as probably lying
somewhere within the very narrow window of 50,000 to 100,000 years ago”
(CHOMSKY, 2016a, p. 3).

18) “el resultado de algún proceso genético que reestructuró el cerebro permitiendo el
nacimiento del lenguaje humano [...] se supone también generalmente fue el disparador
de la rápida migración desde África” (CHOMSKY, 2006, p. 61).

19) “The fundamental parametric properties of human language have remained fixed,
varrying only within prescribed limits” (CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 54).

1
“Sensibilidade” se refere a uma capacidade para linguagem.
DESCRIÇÃO DA FACULDADE DA LINGUAGEM

20) most commentators agree that, although bees dance, birds sing, and chimpanzees
grunt, these systems of communication differ qualitatively from human language”
(CHOMSKY, 2002, p.2).

21) “I- language – “I” standing for internal, individual, and intensional: we are
interested in the discovering the actual computational procedure”

22) “E-language, standing for external language”

23) “The inference of a biological trait’s “purpose” or “function” from its surface form
is always rife with difficulties” (CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 63)

24) “while it is true that bones support the body, […] they are also a storehouse for
calcium and bone marrow for producing new red blood cells, so they are in a sense part
of the circulatory system. What is true for bones is also true for human language”
(CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 63)

25) “[of] secondary interest from a scientific point of view, since language as you define
it is basically for internal cognition, not social communication?” (KNIGHT, 2018, p.2)

26) “I do not agree that I-language is “basically for internal cognition, not social
communication.” It is surely used for both, and it’s not “for” anything, any more than
hands are “for” typing on the computer, as I’m now doing.” (KNIGHT, 2018, p.2).

27) “these assumptions conflict with the commonsense conception of language.

According to that conception, languages are learned from parents and others; they are
human inventions, created to provide for effective communication” (MCGILVRAY,
2014, p.21).

28) “an organ of the mind/brain in the loose sense in which the term organ is used in
biology” (CHOMSKY, 2016a, p.5)

29) “complex linguistic rule systems are now a thing of the past, they have been
replaced by much simpler, hence more evolutionarily plausible, approaches”
(CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 2).

30) “Basic property: each language provides an unbounded array of hierarchically

structured expressions that receive interpretations at two interfaces, sensorimotor for
externalization and conceptual-intentional for mental processes.” (CHOMSKY, 2016a,
p.4).

31) “a theory of the language is by definition a generative grammar”

32) “Plato’s problem” formulado primeiramente como, “how we can know so much
given that we have such limited experience” (CHOMSKY, 1986, p. XXV)
33) “any residue of principles of language not reducible to Merge and optimal
computation will have to be accounted for by some other evolutionary process”
(CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 72).

34) “for externalization as production or parsing [...] includes much more than just
vocals/motor learning and production, encompassing at least aspects of language such
as word formation [...] and its relationship to language’s sound systems” (CHOMSKY,
2016b, p. 11)

35) “Conceptual-intentional” (Concepto-intencional) para “inference, interpretation,

planning, and the organization of action – what is informally called “tought”
(CHOMSKY, 2016b, p.11)

DESTRINCHANDO AS PROPRIEDADES LINGUÍSTICAS

36) “the principles of language are determined by efficient computation and language
keeps to the simplest recursive operation designed to satisfy interface conditions in
accord with independent principles of efficient computation” (CHOMSKY, 2016b, p.
71).

37) “language makes use of a property of minimal structural distance, never using the
much simpler operation of minimal linear distance [...] the rules are invariably
structure-dependent [...]” (CHOMSKY, 2016a, p. 10)

38) “[...] is not found in artificially constructed languages like computer programming
languages [...] (BOLHUIS, 2014, p. 2)

39) [...] the fact that we pronounce phrases in one position but interpret them somewhere else as well.
Thus, in the sentence Guess what John is eating, we understand what to be the object of eat, as in John is
eating an apple, even though it is pronounced somewhere else. This property has always seemed
paradoxical, a kind of “imperfection” of language [...] But it falls within the SMT, automatically.
(CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 72).

40) “also yields without further stipulation the familiar property of displacement found in
language”

41) “if we have Y = the expression corresponding to what, and X = the expression
corresponding to John is eating what, then Y is a part of X [...] then IM can add something
from within the expression. [...] corresponding to what John is eating what.”

42) “the two positions are required for semantic interpretation”

43) “[...] to pronounce what twice, [...] turns out to be a very considerable burden on
computation [...] With all but one of the occurrences of what suppressed, the
computational burden is greatly eased” (CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 74).

44) “an internal computational system (FLN) combined with at least two other organism-
internal systems which we call “sensory-motor” and “conceptual-intentional”
45) “the abstract linguistic computation system alone, independent of the other systems
with which it interacts and interfaces. FLN is a component of FLB, and the mechanisms
underlying it are some subset of those underlying FLB.”

46) “For example, lung capacity imposes limits on the length of factual spoken sentences,
whereas working memory imposes limits on the complexity of sentences if they are to be
understandable” (HAUSER, 2002, p. 1571)

47) “a key component of FLN is a computational system (narrow syntax) that generates
internal representations and maps them into the sensory-motor interface by the
phonological system, and into the conceptual-intentional interface by the (formal)
semantic system” (HAUSER, 2002, p. 1571)

48) The most elementary property our four shared language capacity is that it enables us to construct and
interpret a discrete infinity of hierarchically structured expressions: discrete because there are five-word
sentences and six-word sentences, but no five-and-a-half-word sentences; infinite because there is no
longest sentence. Language is therefore based on a recursive generative procedure that takes elementary
word-like elements from some store, call it the lexicon, and applies repeatedly to yield structured
expressions, without bound. (CHOMSKY, 2016b, p.66).

49) “animal signaling appears to be caused by circumstances, internal and external, while
for humans, appropriate production of words and more complex expressions is at most
incited or inclined.”

50) “the biological basis for vocal learning is well on the way to being understood as an
evolutionarily convergent system: identically but independently evolved in birds and us”
(CHOMSKY, 2016b, p. 12).

51) “interact with other constraints imposed by general body plan, mechanical
properties of building material” (CHOMSKY, 2005, p. 5).

CONSTITUIÇÃO DA NATUREZA HUMANA