1.

0 Introduction

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established as 25 countries with three observer

countries attended the first conference of the Conference Heads of State or Government of
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in Belgrade, Yugoslavia began on September 1 to 6, 1961.

NAM was founded by President Tito (Yugoslavia), President Nasser (Egypt) and
Prime Minister Nehru (India) and supported by Indonesian President Soekarno and
President of Ghana is Nkrumah. Movement as a result of the Cold War in the late 1940s until
Early 1990s The purpose of the NAM, declared after the declaration of Havana in 1979 is to
ensure the independence, sovereignty, integrity and security of independent countries in the
fight against imperialism, colonised, neo-colonisme, the separation of race and racial hostility
from foreign nations, personnel and dominate of power and political groups.

NAM was founded in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955 despite a neutral term comes from
the idea of Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru in his speech in Colombo, Ceylon (Sri
Lanka). DI Colombo, Nehru introduced five basic pillars of international relations in which it is
also known as Panchseel the integrity respect of, each other not invaded the country, does
not interfere with the inter-local relations

Have 53 member countries. Not all members recognize the British queen, Queen
Elizabeth II as head of state. The countries that take a head of state known as the
Commonwealth Government or Commonwealth Realm. However, the majority of members
are republics, and others have their own king. Such as Malaysia, Brunei, Tonga, with King
as its own monarchy. However, all members consider Queen Elizabeth II as Head of the
Commonwealth.

After the British colonial countries achieved independence, the Commonwealth was
formed to unite the countries are former British colonies. Commonwealth established in
1926 the idea of Lord Rosebury. The participation of Malaysia started as soon as achieving
independence in 1957. The main goal of the Commonwealth body is to create friendship and
unity, economic development, education, defence, agriculture and good legislation. Terms
and conditions of membership of the Commonwealth must be an independent, common
standard and allegiance to the King of Britain.

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2.0 Relation with the International Organization of Malaysia

2.1 Background of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was created and founded during the collapse of the
colonial system and the independence struggles of the peoples of Africa, Asia, Latin America
and other regions of the world and at the height of the Cold War. During the early days of the
Movement, its actions were a key factor in the decolonization process, which led later to the
attainment of freedom and independence by many countries and peoples and to the
founding of tens of new sovereign States. Throughout its history, the Movement of Non-
Aligned Countries has played a fundamental role in the preservation of world peace and
security.

While some meetings with a third-world perspective were held before 1955,
historians consider that the Bandung Asian-African Conference is the most immediate
antecedent to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement. This Conference was held in
Bandung on April 18-24, 1955 and gathered 29 Heads of States belonging to the first post-
colonial generation of leaders from the two continents with the aim of identifying and
assessing world issues at the time and pursuing out joint policies in international relations.

The principles that would govern relations among large and small nations, known as
the "Ten Principles of Bandung", were proclaimed at that Conference. Such principles were
adopted later as the main goals and objectives of the policy of non-alignment. The fulfillment
of those principles became the essential criterion for Non-Aligned Movement membership; it
is what was known as the "quintessence of the Movement" until the early 1990s.

In 1960, in the light of the results achieved in Bandung, the creation of the Movement
of Non-Aligned Countries was given a decisive boost during the Fifteenth Ordinary Session
of the United Nations General Assembly, during which 17 new African and Asian countries
were admitted. A key role was played in this process by the then Heads of State and
Government Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Shri Jawaharlal
Nehru of India, Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia and Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, who later
became the founding fathers of the movement and its emblematic leaders.

Six years after Bandung, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries was founded on a
wider geographical basis at the First Summit Conference of Belgrade, which was held on
September 1-6, 1961. The Conference was attended by 25 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria,
Yemen, Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana,

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Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. The Founders of NAM have preferred to declare it as
a movement but not an organization in order to avoid bureaucratic implications of the latter.
The membership criteria formulated during the Preparatory Conference to the Belgrade
Summit (Cairo, 1961) show that the Movement was not conceived to play a passive role in
international politics but to formulate its own positions in an independent manner so as to
reflect the interests of its members.

Thus, the primary of objectives of the non-aligned countries focused on the support
of self-determination, national independence and the sovereignty and territorial integrity of
States; opposition to apartheid; non-adherence to multilateral military pacts and the
independence of non-aligned countries from great power or block influences and rivalries;
the struggle against imperialism in all its forms and manifestations; the struggle against
colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, foreign occupation and domination; disarmament; non-
interference into the internal affairs of States and peaceful coexistence among all nations;
rejection of the use or threat of use of force in international relations; the strengthening of the
United Nations; the democratization of international relations; socioeconomic development
and the restructuring of the international economic system; as well as international
cooperation on an equal footing.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries played a key
role in the struggle for the establishment of a new international economic order that allowed
all the peoples of the world to make use of their wealth and natural resources and provided a
wide platform for a fundamental change in international economic relations and the
economic emancipation of the countries of the South. During its nearly 50 years of
existence, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries has gathered a growing number of
States and liberation movements which, in spite of their ideological, political, economic,
social and cultural diversity, have accepted its founding principles and primary objectives
and shown their readiness to realize them. Historically, the non-aligned countries have
shown their ability to overcome their differences and found a common ground for action that
leads to mutual cooperation and the upholding of their shared values.

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The ten principles of NAM (Principles of Bandung)

1. Respect of fundamental human rights and of the objectives and principles of the
Charter of the United Nations.
2. Respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
3. Recognition of the equality among all races and of the equality among all nations,
both large and small.
4. Non-intervention or non-interference into the internal affairs of another -country.
5. Respect of the right of every nation to defend itself, either individually or collectively,
in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
6. Non-use of collective defence pacts to benefit the specific interests of any of the
great powers.
7. Non-use of pressures by any country against other countries.
8. Refraining from carrying out or threatening to carry out aggression, or from using
force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
9. Peaceful solution of all international conflicts in conformity with the Charter of the
United Nations.
10. Promotion of mutual interests and of cooperation.
11. Respect of justice and of international obligations.

2.2 Role And Duties Of Non-Aligned Movement With Malaysia

2.2.1 The issue of Antarctic

Malaysia considers the continent of Antarctica as important in terms of its influence on the
ecology and the environment and global climate. In Antarctica, for example 90 percent of the
world's fresh water available in the form of new water and snow. It also contains the potential
supply of food materials and mineral raw materials such as coal, iron, uranium, nickel,
cobalt, lead, copper, gold, silver, platinum, chromium, oil and gas. In Antarctica there are
plants and animals that are rarely found elsewhere. This means that Antarctica has a higher
value, the Antarctic continent is considered strategic because of its position, surrounded by
four seas. Based on the facts, Malaysia call for Antarctic continent as a heritage to stick with
mutual benefits for the whole world.

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 But what is at issue when the results of the distribution of natural resources found in
Antarctica is only made by 16 countries, members of the original agreement, although 12
other countries is a member of the joint. In contrast, only 12 countries are only allowed to
make any study without having the power to vote or make decisions. This is contrary to the
original goals of the Antarctic treaty should be managed by an international regime for the
benefit of all. According to Malaysia, minerals regime was an attempt by members of an
agreement to expand their power. The objective of the concept of common heritage has
been expressed by Malaysia is that all that is in Antarctica could be used by the entire world.
Malaysia wants the benefits enjoyed with fairly. Malaysia wants to ecology and the
environment in Antarctica maintained and conserved for future generations. Things are
raised by Malaysia to the NAM. Not only for the NAM, but also for the United Nations.

2.2.2 Malaysia has state to help the developing countries in terms of Financial,
Investment and Monetary Issues.

Statement by Tan Sri Syed Hamid Albar, former Foreign Minister of Malaysia on behalf of
the NAM at the Ministerial Meeting of the Asian-African Sub-Regional Organization
Conference (AASROC). He clearly state that the rapid development of the developing
countries requires an enabling economic and financial environment at the international level,
beginning with a reform and restructuring of the international economic and financial
system.  There is obviously an urgent need to address systemic concerns such as the need
to ensure the effective and full participation of the developing countries in the norm-setting
and decision-making processes of the system.

In the wake of the Asian financial crisis, a more transparent and democratic structure
should be in place that would protect developing countries against the excessive volatility of
short-term capital flows and international speculation.  Transparency of capital flows, more
effective regulation of the operation of financial institutions, early warning system and an
enhanced crisis management system must be in place to ensure greater stability and
predictability of the financial markets thereby mitigating the possible adverse impact of
financial crises among developing countries that might occur in the future.   Clearly, the bitter
lessons learnt from the Asian financial crisis can be shared with African countries so that
they could exercise greater vigilance against the possibility of it occurring in Africa. What
happened in Asia could also happen in Africa, unless regulations are put in place.

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 During the era of the reign of Tun Dr. Mahathir, he maintained his support for a
neutral policy. NAM seen to be a sound platform with a third world country. Critics of the first
world country of Malaysia are under the leadership of Tun Dr. Mahathir when he was a
spokesman for upholding the rights and position of the third world. Tun Dr. Mahathir is also
the only Asian leader who consistently championed the issues of third world.

This is clearly seen when at the Seventh Conference of NAM in New Delhi on 1984,
Malaysia has proposed to defend the interests of developing countries. Malaysia has been
praised because of his Tun Dr. Mahathir on his courage to condemn the Vietnamese for
Transgressors in Cambodia. Action in Vietnam was blatant breach of Principle Independent.
Reports received said the Foreign Minister of Vietnam has been out of the conference hall
after Tun Dr. Mahathir condemns the actions of his country. Tun Dr. Mahathir urges Vietnam
to come out of Cambodia. Criticism of Tun Dr Mahathir has praised the President of
Pakistan, Zia ul-Haq on the courage.

2.2.3 Expresses its opposition to terrorism.

NAM Summit in Jakarta in 1992, former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir had expressed
criticism of the military repression against the people of Bosnia and Serbia. Far Eastern
Economic Review has become a critic Tun Dr. Mahathir as the front page and sees her as "a
new voice for the Third World" or "little Sukarno."

Some examples of atrocities committed by the Serbian forces were slaughtering for
three years starting in 1992. The number of Muslims killed by Serb forces in the past three
years is not less than 200,000 people. About 2 million Muslims were driven from their
homes. Muslims sent to concentration camps owned by Serbs have been beaten with a very
horrible.

At the XIII Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned

Movement (NAM), meeting on Kuala Lumpur from 20-25 February 2003, considered with
grave concern the precarious and rapidly deteriorating situation arising from the looming
threat of war against Iraq. Malaysia and millions countries are expressed their concerns and
reject war.

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 In the NAM meeting, Malaysia has condemned the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Tun
Mahathir has stated that;

“The westerners claim to have great civilization but they behave like
stone-age people whenever they are confronted with problems. They kill
and overthrow governments to achieve their goals”

2.2.4 Putrajaya Declaration: Declares NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) Institute

Empowering of Women.

Putrajaya Declaration is a continuation of the Nairobi Declaration and the Beijing

Declaration. Putrajaya Declaration proclaimed the NAM Ministerial Meeting the
Advancement of Women from 7 to 10 May 2005 in Kuala Lumpur. The establishment of a
gender development center for NAM member countries is the result of the proposed ex-
Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato 'Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in his speech during the
opening stages of the Meeting of Ministers of NAM members on the empowerment of
women in 2005.

To realize this vision, NIEW was officially established on 1 July 2006 under the
ministry of women, family and community, Malaysia. This conference, organized by the NAM
(Non-Aligned Movement) Institute for the Empowerment of Women, seeks to address the
impact of conflict and displacement on the health and well-being of women. It also provides
a platform to explore more effective Measures and programs to protect them as well as
design more strategic programs to enhance their well-being and health.

The objective of the declaration:

i) Empowering Women

ii) Encouraging Women to Participate in Various Sectors

iii) Strengthen the Position of Women

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In this declaration, has discussed and lists nine things that can empower women in the era
of globalization and the 21st century. The nine matters are:

i) Women, poverty and economic development.

ii) Women in power and decision making.
iii) Women and education.
iv) Women and health.
v) Women, media and ICT.
vi) Women and armed conflict (relating to violations and violence committed by Israel
against Palestinian women and Syria).
vii) Violence against women.
viii) Women and the situation.
ix) Mainstream gender equality in

Ultimately, the conference hopes to be able to set the wheels in motion towards
engaging displaced women in decision-making regarding their safety and well-being, as well
as see their participation post-conflict reconstruction. Through a series of expert group
meetings, panel discussions, round table discussions and workshops, this conference will
bring together field workers, women front-liners, NGOs, international and regional
organizations, government authorities, academics and other resource people committed to
enhancing the lives which have been disrupted by conflict, natural disasters and social and
political upheaval. Together, these participants hope to highlight relevant issues and
concerns, build momentum for change by focusing on critical issues and finally, take steps
towards including women in decision-making and peace-building efforts.

2.2.5 Establish a South-South Commission/ cooperation

In September 1986, South-South Commission was established during the Conference of the
Non-Aligned Movement of the then Prime Minister, Dr. Mahathir Mohammad. The
Commission is working to formulate policy and practical interests of developing countries. A
country south of the country’s poor. Many poor countries and developing situated in the
southern hemisphere. Thus, the term "South" is used for these countries. Southern countries
with low living standards and often suffer poverty, famine, and epidemic diseases. Most of
the southern countries are rich in raw materials and supply it to countries to the industrial
north.

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 As a poor country, the southern countries are not able to process raw materials into
finished goods. Plus, the price of raw materials is controlled by the northern countries.
Northern countries refuse to see progress in the southern states because of fears they will
provide competition. Therefore, the establishment of South-South Commission, the southern
countries will be developed with the assistance of the NAM. The importance that countries of
the developing south will be championed by NAM.

Malaysia has carried out cooperation with the private South-South Commission.
Consistent concept of Pakistan, the private sector has implemented several measures to
complement government efforts in the south-south cooperation. In the plan, the South-South
Association (MASSA) has 86 individual members and corporate investment MASSA, namely
South-South Corporation Berhad (MASSCORP). Several joint projects have been
implemented including the Industrial Zone in Danang in Vietnam, Micasa Hotel in Yangon,
Myanmar, housing and commercial development project in Santiago, Chile, and leather
industry in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

2.2.6 Approve Boycott of Israel Goods and Products.

At the XIV Ministerial Conference of The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) on 2004 at

Putrajaya has impose sanctions on Israel. The members of the NAM Committee on
Palestine are Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Cuba, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Palestine,
Senegal, South Africa and Zimbabwe while Angola, Chile, Pakistan and the Philippines are
NAM Caucus members of the UN Security Council. Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Sri
Lanka are invited guests as they play an important role towards solving the Palestinian
issue.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) called on its member states to bar all products
and goods emanating from Israeli settlements at the end of the fourteenth Ministerial
Conference of the Non-Alignment Movement (Mid-Term Review) in Durban, South Africa.
The call for measures was issued by the Committee on Palestine of the Non-Alignment
Movement. The NAM declaration called for its members to "decline entry to Israel settlers
and to impose sanctions against companies and entities involved in the construction of the
wall.

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 With regard to member states, the ministers called upon them to undertake
measures, including by means of legislation, collectively, regionally and individually, to
prevent any products of the illegal Israeli settlements from entering their markets," said the
declaration. The International Court of Justice, the UN's highest legal body, ruled last month
that parts of the Separation Barrier built on occupied Palestinian territory were illegal and
should be torn down.

2.2.7 Declaration of Palestine

At the XIV Ministerial Conference of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), headed by the prime
minister at that time, Dato’ Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the conference has discussed
about Palestine. The Ministers considered the developments regarding the critical issue of
the construction by Israel, the occupying power, of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, including the Advisory Proceedings of the
International Court of Justice, undertaken pursuant to the request for an advisory opinion
from the Court made by the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly in its
resolution ES-10/14 of 8 December 2003.

The Ministers received the Advisory Opinion with the highest respect, fully accepted
the authoritative findings and conclusions of the Court and considered this strong and
comprehensive Opinion to represent an historic opportunity for a necessary return to the rule
of international law in all efforts to justly and peacefully address the question of Palestine
and resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Ministers recalled in particular the Court's
conclusion that "the construction of the wall being built by Israel, the occupying Power, in the
Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its associated
regime, are contrary to international law".

In this regard, the Ministers underscored the Court's findings regarding the violations
of international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law, by Israel,
the occupying Power, including, inter alia, the finding that the construction of the wall and its
associated regime: create a 'fait accompli' on the ground which would be tantamount to de
facto annexation; severely impede the exercise by the Palestinian people of its right to self-
determination and therefore violate that right; have led to the destruction or requisition of
properties in contravention of relevant provisions of the Hague Regulations and the Fourth
Geneva Convention; and violate the Palestinian people's freedom of movement and the right
to work, to health, to education and to an adequate standard of living.

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 The Ministers turned their consideration to the overall plight of the Palestinian people
and their prolonged struggle to achieve their inalienable rights, including the right to self-
determination. The Ministers stressed that the main danger to the realization of the national
rights of the Palestinian people and the achievement of the two-State solution is the settler
colonialism and the construction of the Wall being carried out by Israel, the occupying
Power, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. They reiterated that
the complete cessation of all settlement activities and of the construction of the Wall is
essential for the survival of the Road Map. The Ministers reaffirmed the many relevant
Security Council resolutions on such illegal Israeli measures, including measures taken by
the occupying Power to change the status, character and demographic composition of
Jerusalem, which are null and void, and called for the full implementation of those
resolutions and as well as full compliance with the Advisory Opinion of the International
Court of Justice in this regard.

The Ministers condemned the confinement of President Yasser Arafat for more than
two and half years by the occupying Power and the repeated threats against his life, safety
and well-being. They expressed solidarity with the democratically-elected President of the
Palestinian Authority and stressed the necessity for ending both the confinement and
threats, which are contrary to the right of the Palestinian people to freely choose their own
leader and are severely hampering the proper functioning of the Palestinian Authority and
potential progress in the peace process. The Ministers determined to undertake another visit
to the Occupied Palestinian Territory by a delegation of the Committee on Palestine in the
near future.

The Ministers stressed that a vital role should continue to be played by the
Movement and entrusted the Chair, assisted by the Committee on Palestine, to lead the
efforts of the Movement with regard to the question of Palestine and peace in the region.
They stressed the importance of ongoing contact and dialogue at the Ministerial level with
the members of the Quartet as well as the permanent members of the Security Council. In
this regard, they expressed their appreciation to the members of the NAM Caucus of the
Security Council for their efforts in the Council with regard to the question of Palestine. They
further reaffirmed the need to undertake the necessary contacts with the relevant parties in
the peace process with a view to facilitating the achievement of a just, durable and
comprehensive peace.

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 The Ministers reaffirmed the need for early convening of a special meeting of
regional and international groupings aimed at building a broad partnership for achieving a
peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, further mobilizing the international
community in support of the two-State solution, based on the pre-1967 borders and on
international law, and the right of all states and peoples in the region to live in peace and
security free from violence and terrorism. They underlined the importance of the work of
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), Civil Society Organizations and Peace Groups in
the region and encouraged the work of these, in particular on the Palestinian and Israeli
sides.

The Ministers concluded by reiterating their commitment to a peaceful solution to the

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and by reaffirming their unwavering support for the realization of
the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self-determination and
to sovereignty in their State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital.

2.3 The Benefit of NAM in Malaysia

2.3.1 NAM dominate World Power

Summit on the 13th Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) with all 116 members of the movement
who expressed concern over the dominance of a single world cannot afford more in control.
Some of the country, the government and the representatives of NAM member countries
also pledged to strengthen the organization so that it remains relevant to the challenges of
the new world order. What is clear, during the summit that the level of senior officials, foreign
ministers and heads of state and government, is not difficult for them to achieve results in a
variety of issues including the conflict in Iraq, Palestine and North Korea.

Field ended with a pass and receive Kuala Lumpur Declaration on NAM Re-
nourishment, the Final Document and the Statement on Iraq and Palestine. Questions NAM
are not relevant to the question, but the movement is more relevant to defending and
protecting the interests of Southern countries. What is clear in Kuala Lumpur Declaration,
NAM leaders to reject any form of violence but called for dialogue and diplomacy to maintain
world peace.

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 Declaration which outlines a strategy for continued proliferation of the NAM Summit
in conjunction with the 13 movement and the emphasis on strengthening the solidarity of
NAM to help the UN as the sole world governing body contain U.S. power, especially in
terms of political, social, economic, and military. It also outlines the need to defend and
promote the relationship various parties to ensure that the new world order that is fair,
balanced, and resilient to the developing countries can be formed.

Malaysia initiatives who want to discuss specifically the question of Iraq was
approved by unanimous consent that the Iraq conflict is not resolved by the U.S. military
alone, but must go through the UN. NAM Statement on Palestine passed decided boycott
Israeli products in protest against the occupation and the violent actions of the Zionist regime
in Palestine. The NAM leaders also urged the International Criminal Court (ICJ), which act
against war crimes committed by the regime since the occupation of Palestine in 1967.

The Declaration also states that NAM must respond to current global developments
in ways that will ensure it remains relevant and useful to member countries. In addition, the
declaration also stressed the need for a new technological innovation is more easily
accessible to developing countries in their efforts to modernize and enrich all to achieve
economic development targets.

3.0 Relations with the International Organization of Malaysia

3.1 Background of the Commonwealth Association

Malaysia has been a member of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957.Once the
Commonwealth has become the second most important organization in Malaysia's foreign
policy after the United Nations (UN). But by the 1980s, it has become the fourth. History of
relations between Malaysia and the Commonwealth may be unique in that although
Malaysia has few was critical of the role and integrity in public, but Malaysia is still one of the
most active members of the Commonwealth in conferences organized by the
Commonwealth. In fact, Malaysia has played host to the Conference of Heads of
Government of the Commonwealth or a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
(CHOGM) in 1989 and the Commonwealth Games in 1998. Thus, outside policy since
independence has been affected by the membership in the Commonwealth.

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 At the time of the Cold War, when hostilities between East and West blocks,
especially in the 1960s relations between Malaysia and the Commonwealth is strong. This
relationship includes three main aspects, namely security, economy and development.
However, the current relations between Malaysia and the Commonwealth are more focused
in terms of economic cooperation. In addition, the Commonwealth also serves as an
international forum for developing countries to speak.

In addition, the Commonwealth Association serves as a platform for Malaysia to

voice his opinion at the international level. The main issue that has been voiced by Malaysia
in the Commonwealth of the Apartheid policy of resistance, drugs, environment, and
relations between developing countries to developed countries. This chapter discusses the
role of the Commonwealth as a platform for Malaysia in the voice of international
issues. Malaysia would like to create a positive image and is seen as a "champion" among
developing countries. Thus, the Commonwealth is one track that has been used to achieve
this objective.

Therefore, the purpose of the Commonwealth Association was established are:

i. Strengthening ties and solidarity among member states.

ii. Forming the integration under one organization and cooperate in various fields
among member.
iii. Welfare of member countries to develop member countries.
iv. Convenience and good service from the British Government, particularly to market
products in the British Commonwealth countries.
v. Experts in various fields to discuss to improve the expertise of the members.
vi. Provide educational facilities to member countries through the Commonwealth
Education Plan.

3.1.1 List of member countries of Association of the Commonwealth:

1. Antigua and Barbuda 9. Cameroon

2. Australia 10. Canada
3. The Bahamas 11. Cyprus
4. Bangladesh 12. Dominica
5. Barbados 13. The Gambia
6. Belize 14. Ghana
7. Botswana 15. Grenada
8. Brunei Darussalam 16. Guyana

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 17. India 36. Samoa
18. Jamaica 37. Seychelles
19. Kenya 38. Sierra Leone
20. Kiribati 39. Singapore
21. Lesotho 40. Salomon Islands
22. Malawi 41. South Africa
23. Malaysia 42. Sri Lanka
24. Maldives 43. Swaziland
25. Malta 44. Tonga
26. Mauritius 45. Trinidad and Tobago
27. Mozambique 46. Tuvalu
28. Namibia Nauru 47. Uganda
29. New Zealand 48. United Kingdom
30. Nigeria 49. United Republic
31. Pakistan 50. United Republic of Tanzania
32. Papa New Guinea 51. Vanuatu
33. St Kitts and Nevis 52. Rwanda
34. St Lucia 53. Zambia
35. St. Vincent and the Grenadines

3.2 The role and duties of Malaysia in the Association of Commonwealth

3.2.1 Expresses dissatisfaction and opposition to the Apartheid policy

Policy of Apartheid is a policy that occurred in South Africa. This policy is a policy that
damned because it involves the suppression of the highest level where the original
indigenous rights denied in whole by immigrants. This is a discriminatory policy that
distinguishes people based on skin colour. Apartheid policies widely implemented by the
seventh Prime Minister of South Africa, which Hendricks Frensch Verwoerd who is
white. This policy assumes that black people have lower standards than white people in
terms of political, economic, social, educational and cultural.

As such, Malaysia was hard against the policies carried out by the government of
South Africa this. First Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj was

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the leader of Association of Commonwealth countries who opposed Policy of Apartheid by
launching economic sanctions against the government of South Africa. However, Malaysia is
not an effective proposal to the Commonwealth countries as major powers; Britain did not
support the struggle of Malaysia. This action has led South Africa to act to leave the
Commonwealth Association in 1961.

Otherwise, the policy applies to the Commonwealth especially in Trade Policy, in

favour of developed countries. Malaysia relationship with the Commonwealth (Britain) a cold
since 1982 when former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad criticized
the strident way that society as well as the Commonwealth of economic action "Buy British
Last". This is because Canada and Britain refused to hold economic sanctions against South
Africa because the policy Apartheid

In 1989, the government has once again condemned the apartheid policy in the
Conference on the Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) held in Kuala
Lumpur. At the conference, the fourth Prime Minister in Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir bin
Mohamad has urged countries in the Organisation of the Commonwealth to impose
economic sanctions on South Africa to end the country's Apartheid policy. This policy was
abolished in 1994 when Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South
Africa. However, the impact of Apartheid policy has resulted in a significant income gap
between white people with black people in this country.

3.2.2 Encouraging developed countries to give attention to the Association of

Commonwealth

Association of Commonwealth has 49 member countries and is all over the continent,
including Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania. This
entire region involves a number of developed countries, developing countries and the poor
and backward country. It's among the developed countries that do not involve themselves
directly in this Commonwealth Association. This can be seen from the participation of Britain
in the EU (European Union), better known as the European Union. This has resulted in
countries such as the backward country like South Africa, Ghana and Pakistan do not have
the necessary defence of the developed countries like the United States. Malaysia also has
objected to the entry of the United States in the European Union to eliminate the tax
deduction on goods brought from that country.

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 At the Conference the Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) in 2009 in
Trinidad and Tobago, Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak with other
Commonwealth leaders attended a discussion about global climate change. He said many
Commonwealth countries; especially developing countries are victims of small islands to
climate change. This was caused by global warming may cause a small island chain would
be flooded and water to disaster to bring great. Therefore, the Prime Minister has expressed
an opinion in which the small island countries should get a larger allocation from the
Commonwealth Association for the fight against global warming. Malaysia is concerned in
this global warming by joining the Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen. In this
conference, Malaysia has pledged to reduce carbon emissions by 40 percent with transfer of
technology subject to the receipt of adequate funding and developed countries and industrial
economies. 

3.2.3 Organising Conference Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) in

Kuala Lumpur

Every two years, Heads of Government Conference to be held in Commonwealth member

countries. The conference is often held to discuss matters of common interest among
member countries. As such, Malaysia has also hosted the Conference on the
Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) held in Kuala Lumpur in 1989. In this
conference, Malaysia has been vocal in raising issues related to environmental and human
rights. The issues presented in accordance with the production of the Langkawi
Declaration. Langkawi Declaration is the agreement signed in Langkawi on the responsibility
of the Commonwealth countries to control and overcome the problem of pollution. In
addition, as a result of the deterioration and environmental pollution, the Heads of
Commonwealth Member States has identified several programs or actions include:

i. The establishment of an international fund for environmental protection.

ii. Forestry management and agriculture in developed countries and developing world.
iii. Reduction of marine pollution.
iv. Overcome the problem of ozone layer depletion.

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3.2.4 Provide information on latex to member countries such as Sri Lanka

Since the participation of Malaysia at the Commonwealth Games Association, which has
given many contributions to Malaysia to member countries such as providing information on
how to grow rubber trees and gives examples of good rubber tree seeds to Sri Lanka.

Rubber industry is a result of export crops important in Malaya in the 20th

century. This is due to drop in coffee prices in world markets due to pest attack. Rubber
cultivation in Malaysia is actually coming from Brazil and brought to England by Henry
Wickham to sow in Kew Gardens. Rubber seeds were taken to several countries such as
Malaysia and Sri Lanka. In 1920, Malaya became the world's largest rubber producer, and
this has helped member countries to seek advice from Malaysia in terms of planting and a
good selection of seeds for rubber trees are planted to ensure the quality and produce more
milk rubber.

3.2.5 To organize the Commonwealth Games 1998

Commonwealth Games is a sports organized by the Commonwealth Association and

supported by member countries of the Commonwealth Association. Commonwealth Games
were introduced by the Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891 for the British Empire only. In 1911,
the Feast of the British Empire was done in London to celebrate the coronation of King
George as king of the United Kingdom. This celebration was attended by Australia, Canada,
South Africa and United Kingdom. Later the name was changed to British Empire and
Commonwealth Games in 1954. The name was again changed to British Commonwealth
Games in 1970 and finally changed the name to the Commonwealth Games in 1978 and
remains so to this day.

Freeport has a variety of sporting events. The games are held every four years
involving the elite athletes from the Association of Commonwealth countries. Attendances at
the Commonwealth Games are usually more than 5.000 athletes. Commonwealth Games
Federation (CGF) is the organization responsible for the direction and authority of the
Commonwealth Games. Commonwealth Games held four years in any member country by
rotation, alternate host.

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 Some countries do not want to participate in this sport with the British government
that had invaded their country. Consequently, the Commonwealth Games were boycotted by
many countries. Nigeria has boycotted the Commonwealth Games in 1976 because New
Zealand has acted to support apartheid policies in South Africa. In addition, 32 countries
from 59 countries from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean islands to boycott the Commonwealth
Games in 1986 as British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher supported apartheid policy in
South Africa. Isolation also occurred in 1974, 1982 and 1990 because of South Africa.

1998 XVI Commonwealth Games were held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 11 to 21
September 1998 which was the first host nation in Asia in the 20th century. The 16th games
were officiated by Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Marhum Tuanku Ja'afar Ibni Al-Marhum
Tuanku Abdul Rahman on 11 September 1998 and were officially closed by Queen
Elizabeth II. A total of 70 countries participated in the games and a total of 3638 athletes
were participating in a sport full of grand and glorious. 15 sports were contested and
Malaysia has managed to collect 10 gold medals. 

3.2.6 To be Chairman of the Commonwealth Partnership Programme for Technology

Management (CPTM)

Apart from expressing strong opinions on international issues such as the issue of apartheid
in South Africa, Malaysia has also participated in several activities of the Commonwealth,
including the chairman of the committee to review the role and future of this Commonwealth
Association. In addition, Malaysia is also member of the Commonwealth Secretariat in
collaboration to develop technical cooperation program comprehensive in the
Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC). In addition, Malaysia has chaired
the Commonwealth Consultative Group on Management of Technology since its inception in
1989 and continues to chair the Commonwealth Coalition for Technology Management
(CPTM), which replaced the Consultative Group in 1995. As such, Malaysia offers training
facilities to train scientists from other developing countries in the Commonwealth of
agricultural, environmental and remote sensing.

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3.3 Benefits of Organization of Commonwealth Relations in Malaysia

Malaysia is a country that is not a policy of closing the door as practiced by a number of
other countries in the world. As such, Malaysia has relationship with many countries to
improve their countries and to ensure development in line with the modernization of the
world. In addition, the inclusion of Malaysia to the Organisation of the Commonwealth in
1957 after Malaysia achieved independence in the first; the Commonwealth was many
benefits to Malaysia especially in the defence and economic issues. On this day, a total of
53 member states have entered including the Commonwealth Association of Malaysia.
Therefore, the interest earned by Malaysia upon entering this establishment are of interest in
the field of defence, trade, environment and the benefits derived from the Colombo Plan. 

3.3.1 Line of Defence

During the Second World War, Malaysia received many threats from the communist ideology
which was brought by the Chinese people at that time due to the many set up evening
classes to spread propaganda and the communist Chinese national. Thus, by the British
Malayan Defence Agreement in 1957, Indonesia received assistance from British defence
because Malaysia is a member of the Commonwealth. In addition, Malaysia has also
received help from troops from New Zealand and Australia during the Indonesia-Malaysia
confrontation. The Australian Government has sent three Royal Australian Regiment and
Australian Special Air Service Regiment at the request of Malaysia to seek military aid.

Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation began when Malaya, Malaysia declared on 16

September 1963. Confrontation is an Indonesian opposition to the formation of
Malaysia. This is because, President Sukarno who was the President of Indonesia at that
time wants to join Malaysia and Indonesia to make a region called the Indonesia
Raya. Malaysia does not want to join with Indonesia because of the communist movement
was strong in the countries of Asia and especially Indonesia, which is a country with a strong
communist ideology of the Communist Party of Malaya. It has prompted Malaysia to become
a country that is pro-Western and anti-communist. This is because Malaysia is a newly
independent country at the time and desperately need help from the West, especially in the
field of defence.

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3.3.2 Trade Area

As one member of the Commonwealth body, also a lot of benefits, including benefits in the
areas of trade. Malaysia is a new independent country certainly need a strong economy to
lead the country and is still subject to the British in charge of economic interest. As such,
Malaysia is a sterling bloc member countries conducting trade in the currency of pounds
sterling. This is because the currency is the pound sterling currency is very strong at that
time.

In addition, Malaysia also benefited in terms of export markets. This is because

Malaysia's exports of goods were subject to lower tax rates in the United Kingdom. This has
been beneficial for the Malaysian economy is not burdened with the tax produced by the
British. In return, Australia has given priority to the activities of British trade. This can be
seen in two of the main export of tin and rubber. Demand from Western countries is caused
by the Industrial Revolution, which increased significantly at the time. Raw material
resources are not available there to be forced to import their goods and raw materials in
Malaysia. Therefore, Malaysia will also benefit by using the goods produced and finished
goods are exported by the British. 

3.3.3 Colombo Plan

Colombo Plan was established in Sri rare and a plan made by the Commonwealth
Association in 1950. This plan aims to provide technical assistance by the Commonwealth
countries to the developed countries of the Commonwealth to develop and backward. The
plan also outlines several key goals is to provide financial assistance, education and
technical training to the members of the Commonwealth body.

Therefore, the Colombo Plan has many benefits to the member which includes:

i. Australia, New Zealand, Britain and Canada have given scholarships to Malaysian
students studying in institutions of higher learning in their place.
ii. Donor countries were member financial assistance to Malaysia to set up technical
training centers.
iii. British sending insurance experts and tax to help Malaysia in developing the national
economy.
iv. Assistance from New Zealand to Malaysia in the form of funds for opening new
lands.

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 In addition, the program has also funded several projects in Malaysia such as project
east-west highway, road and bridge networks in Sabah and Sarawak as well as several
educational institutions in Sabah and Sarawak. This project has assisted countries in
improving the quality of communication and education in Sabah and Sarawak. As is the
case, as the exchange, Malaysia has been providing research facilities to any member of the
Commonwealth countries who wish to conduct research on rubber, history and languages
under a program known as the Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP). 

4.0 Conclusion

Malaysia's foreign policy in the membership of the Commonwealth can be considered as a

whole. Many benefits have been derived from the participation of Malaysia in the
Commonwealth. Besides that Malaysia could be heard in public in discussing the hot issues
internationally. In fact, Malaysia is also said to be very brave to express opinions that are
important for certain issues. Malaysia's contribution is very much in the membership of the
Commonwealth.

Malaysia also has an important role in highlighting any issues related only since
Prime Minister Dato' Seri Dr. Mahathir again. It is hoped that the Commonwealth can play an
important role on issues related to development and environmental. In addition to the
Commonwealth is also expected to help the poor in developing member countries.

With membership from 53 countries around the world, from every continent and with
1.6 billion populations, Commonwealth countries believe that they can shows a constructive
example of an important multinational approach to peace and development of the modern
world.

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