1, The endotoxin is the key pathogenicity factor

Gram negative bacteria

2, Average life expectancy at birth was extended by 30 years in XXth Century . What was the
contribution of Public Health system vs therapeutic care systems to the extension?

- Vaccination, - quality of work environment, - quality of drinking water (chlorine), - sewage systems, -
waste water treatment.

3, which public health tool has been shown to be the most effective in the infectious diseases control.

Vaccination

4, The “Black Death” was medieval term for Plague

5, During Spanish flu (1918-1920) high mortality rates were among: 50 million, healthy adults

6, The constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within
a geographic area mean that the distribution of disease is: endemic

7, Epidemiologic triad consists of: agent, host, environment

8, The components of chain of infection are:

infectious agent , the reservoir, site of exit ,transmission, site of entry ,the susceptible host

9, Global trends in human infectious disease are: 1) The Black Death (Plague, 14-th c., Europe) 2)
Spanish Flu 3) HIV/AIDS 4) The Plague of Justinian 5) The Antonin Plague

10, Prevention refers to: it refers to measures that are applied to prevent the occurrence of a disease,

11, Healthcare-associated infections (nosocomial infections) are: WHO –infections that are not present
in the patient at the time of admission to hospital but develop during the course of the stay in hospital.

1) Endogenous infection, self-infection, or auto-infection. 2) Cross-contamination followed by

cross-infection.
1) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)2) Central line-associated blood-stream
infections (CLABSI)3) Surgical site infections (SSI)4) Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

12. the most prevalent health-care associated infections (accounting for one third of HAI in developed
countries according to the ECDC) are: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)

13. The most important measure for preventing the spread of pathogens in the health-care facilities is:
Infection control addresses factors related to the spread of infections within the healthcare setting
(whether patient-to-patient, from patients to staff and from staff to patients, or among-staff), including
prevention (via hand hygiene/hand washing, cleaning/disinfection/sterilization, vaccination,
surveillance), monitoring/investigation of demonstrated or suspected spread of infection within a
particular health-care setting (surveillance and outbreak investigation), and management (interruption
of outbreaks). It is on this basis that the common title being adopted within health care is "infection
prevention and control."

14. Which Type of Acquired Immunity is produced by the vaccine?

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

15. Primary immune response induced by vaccine is characterized by: Mainly IgM antibody

16. What is specific for vaccines:

–
patient is often healthy infant or
child
Very few generic products
Small, targeted sales force
Limited advertising
Key role for government
agencies
Industrialization

17. What are the main characteristics of the third world countries?

High natality and mortality rates, most of all among infants (under 1 year) and children Short average
men’s length of life High access of humans High illiteracy rate and low number of inhabitants with
higher education Low national entire rate High percentage of malnutrition, infectious and parasitary
diseases at the whole morbidity and mortality Low level of health services Rare public transport
networks

18. What is the best index to access the acute malnutrition?

BMI

19. What are the four main health problems of the developing countries?

Malnutrition, acute respiratory diseases, diarrhea, measles and malaria

20. Non-communicable diseases are: Non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,

cancers and chronic respiratory diseases account for most deaths globally and are the main drivers of
morbidity, disability and health-care costs

21. Main risk factors of chronic diseases are: tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure poor diet,
low in fruits and vegetables and high in sodium and saturated fats (eg, artificial trans fats) physical
inactivity (strongly associated with obesity) high body-mass index (BMI) excessive alcohol
consumption uncontrolled high blood pressure hyperlipidaemia

22. What are the main strategies of prevention of chronic diseases?

Concern to longer period of time Take into account different aspects ofphysical or mental health,
and have wide field of action Strategies must take into account the strengths and
weaknesses of health care system and the possibilities, that offters the country or certain region
Stratgies concern to financing, costs, legislation, human rights and human sources All the
important factors must be complex avaluated from different points of views.

23. What are the main characteristics of person, population in epidemiology?

•age•sex •education•employment•marital status•ethnicity•other characteristics

24. What is a definition of Epidemiology?

Epidemiology is a part of medicine that deals with the disease occurrence and causes in certain places at
certain times.

25. The aim of analytical epidemiological studies is:

quantify the association between exposure and occurrence of disease.

26. Mortality rate is an Indicator of: Indicators of Disease occurrence

27. The interval prevalence is: prevalence in specific time ,

Prevalence : is number of new and ongoing cases / number of exposed at a certain time and place x
100,000

28. The lethality is: number of deaths / number of all patients at certain time and place x 100

Lethality is indicator of disease outcome

29. Secondary prevention means: Pre-symptomatic diagnosis of disease and treatment

30. Cohort in epidemiological studies is:

One of 10 divisions of a Roman legion

Group of individuals

-sharing same experience

-followed up for specified period of time

Examples

-birth cohort
-cohort of guests at barbecue

-occupational cohort of chemical plant workers

-the cohort of this class….

it starts with a population that is free from the disease

then participants are followed

the study populationequals thepopulation where the cases are coming from (source population)

the distribution of exposure is measured in the source population

the incidence of the disease is measured in the different exposure groups