Human Immunodeficiency Acquired Immune Deficiency

Virus Syndrome

Human: Infecting human Acquired: To come into

beings possession of something
new
Immunodeficiency:
Decrease or weakness in the HIV AIDS Immune Deficiency:
Decrease or weakness in the
body’s ability to fight off
infections and illnesses body’s ability to fight off
infections and illnesses
Virus: A pathogen having
the ability to replicate only Syndrome: A group of signs
inside a living cell and symptoms that occur
together and characterize a
particular abnormality

 This virus causes HIV infection and AIDS
The HIV infected person may, or may not
have AIDS.
 They may, or may not, have signs or
symptoms of illness but are still infectious to
others.
 AIDS is a disease which has the following
elements:
 A confirmed positive test for HIV/AIDS.
 Immuno-compromised status
(demonstrated by a low T cell count).
 The presence of either an opportunistic
infection or AIDS related cancer.

S/S
Usually – none The Clinical Syndrome - HIV
 Early warning signs might include  Immune deficiency
fever, skin rash, diarrhea, swollen  Opportunistic Infections
glands, night sweats, fatigue, cough,  Pneumocystis Carini
oral problems, repeated vaginal Pneumonia(PCP), /
infections, and/or weight loss. Cytomegalovirus /
 (Remember, other illnesses can cause Herpes
similar symptoms.)  Malignancies
 Kaposi’s Sarcoma(KS),
/Lymphomas
 Neurological Deficits
 Dementia
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
From Infection to Disease

Infected body fluids are introduced into the body of an uninfected person
 The HIV virus crosses into the T-4 White Cell (Immune Cells)
 The virus uses the genetic mechanisms of the cell to produce millions of new viruses
 The cell dies and the new viruses are released into the blood to infect new un-infected
cells
 The T-4 are killed and the patient becomes immunodeficient
 The person becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections or AIDS related cancers.

How is HIV Transmitted? The Risk of HIV Transmission

 Unprotected sexual contact with an is dependant on:
infected partner  The concentration of HIV in
 Exposure of broken skin or wound to the infected fluid
infected blood or body fluids  The QUANTITY of fluid
 Transfusion with HIV-infected blood introduced into the body
 Injection with contaminated objects  The ACCESS of the infected
 Mother to child during pregnancy, fluid to the T4 cell
birth or breastfeeding

Fluids with LOW Concentration

Fluids with HIGH Concentration of
of HIV
HIV
(& LOW risk of transmission)
(& HIGH risk of transmission)  Pus
 Semen  Saliva
 Blood & Blood components
 Tears
 Menstrual Flow
 Urine
 Vaginal Secretions
 Feces
 Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid
 Vomit
 Breast Milk  Nasal Mucous
 Cerebral Spinal Fluid
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

Medications – Triple drug therapymost effective

NURSING MANAGEMENT

 No cure exist
 Effective, complex, expensive drug treatments are available
 Maintenance of healthy lifestyle improves quality of life
 Psychological, family planning, economic, and social counseling are very important
 Counseling required
 Safer SEX & healthy lifestyle crucial
 Education about Risk Behaviors

Epidemiology of HIV
Psychological Aspects of HIV
Worldwide trends: Infection
 Massive numbers still being infected
 Large numbers dying in developing countries
 Disruption of family units and national economies HIV infection has a major
 Effective therapy not available in developing psychological impact on:
countries  The infected person
 HIV/AIDS awareness increasing in more countries  The infected person’s family
 Governments starting to address the AIDS epidemic  The infected person’s friends
National Trends  The economic status of
 Rates in youth are increasing affected persons
 Heterosexual transmission is increasing
 Rates of infection amongst minority females is
increasing
 Effective treatments increasing life span of infected Myths and misconceptions
people You cannot get HIV if you:
 Funding has remained constant or has decreased  Stand up during sex
 Effective treatments have caused an inappropriate  Have unprotected oral sex
decrease in the concern about HIV transmission  Have sex for the first time
Local Trends (S. FLA.)  Have sex with a virgin
 People over 50 demonstrate double the national  Are not gay/bisexual
average for the number of new HIV cases reported  Do not have sex during a
 Half of new HIV infections are 25 or younger woman’s period
 Rates in youth, minority women, and heterosexuals  If you douche/cleanout/pee
reflect the national trends after sex
 Special challenges exist in HIV education and  Do a little bit of sex and pull
prevention in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing out
population  Already have HIV or AIDS
 Rates of new HIV infection amongst minority  Do not have an orgasm
populations is
 greater than their percentage in the general
population
 Legal Considerations:
 AIDS is a “disability” under ADA (Americans with
 Disabilities Act)
 The Following are mandated by law
 Confidentiality of test results & HIV status
 Reporting and follow up by Public Health Department
 􀂄 Criminal liability for knowingly transmitting infection

See: www.onlinesunshine.org
www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes

NCP

ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS PLANNING INTERVENTION EVALUATION

SUBJECTIVE: Fatigue may be After 8 hours or Independent: After 8 hours of
related to nursing nursing
“I always feel decrease in interventions, the  Assess sleep interventions, the
tired and lately metabolic energy patient will: patterns and patient was able
I’m prone to production, other factors to:
infections” as increased energy  Report that may be
verbalized by the requirements, improved sense aggravating  Report
patient. overwhelming of energy fatigue improved sense
psychological and  Participate in  Encourage of energy
OBJECTIVE: emotional desired timely
 Participate in
demands, and activities at level evaluation of
 Overwhelming altered body of ability; and fatigue if new desired
lack of energy chemistry such as  Identify medications activities at level
 Inability to side effects of individual areas have been of ability; and
maintain usual medication or of control; and added to the  Identify
routines insulin resistance. Engage in energy regimen. individual areas
 Decreased conservation  Discuss reality of control; and
performance techniques. of patient’s
feelings of Engage in energy
 V/S taken as exhaustion and conservation
follows: identify techniques.
limitations
T: 36.5 °C imposed by
P: 65 fatigue state.
R: 16  Assist patient
BP: 100/80 to set realistic
activity goals,
determining
individual
 priorities and
responsibilities.
 Discuss energy
conservation
techniques
such as sitting
instead of
standing for
activities, as
appropriate.
 Encourage
adequate rest
periods during
the day.
 Instruct in
stress
management
techniques,
such as
breathing
exercises,
visualization,
and music and
light therapy.

Collaborative:

 Administer
intravenous
fluid as
prescribed
 Identify
available
resource and
support
systems.

 REFERENCES
 www.flaaids.com
 World Health Organization
 www.cdc.gov
 www.myflorida.org
 http://aidseducation.dadeschools.net