We present a three-domain version of the classification of organisms.

Recently, DNA sequencing

brought many of these associations and groupings into question. Be aware that the classification of
organisms is dynamic, and it is a topic of ongoing scientific research and discussion. For example,
DNA sequencing techniques have shown that any archaebacterium is as genetically different from
any bacterium as a bacterium is from any eukaryote. These relationships suggest that there should
be only three kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. Check
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.html for the most current information on
classifications of life. The classification scheme presented in this appendix is not comprehensive.

Domain Archaebacteria

Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
Thermoplasma

Domain Bacteria

Proteobacteria
Gram positive bacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria

Domain Eukarya

Candidate Kingdom Archaezoa (Giardia and other diplomonads)

Candidate Kingdom Euglenozoa (Euglenoids and Kinetoplastids)

Candidate Kingdom Alveolata (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates)

Candidate Kingdom Stramenopila (diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, water molds)

Candidate Kingdom Rhodophyta (red algae)

Candidate Kingdom Green Algae

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 Kingdom Plantae

Division Charophyta (a group of green algae)

Division Bryophyta (mosses)

Seedless Vascular Plants

Division Lycophyta (club mosses)

Division Sphenophyta (horsetails)

Division Pterophyta (ferns)

Gymnosperms (naked seed plants)

Division Cycadophyta (cycads)

Division Ginkophyta (ginkos)

Division Gnetophyta (gnetae)

Division Coniferophyta (conifers)

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Division Anthophyta

Class Monocotyledones
(monocots; e.g., lilies, orchids, wheat)

Class Dicotyledones
(dicots; e.g., poppies, roses, melons)

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Kingdom Fungi
Division Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

Division Zygomycota (bread molds)

Division Ascomycota (sac fungi)

Division Basidiomycota (common fungi)

Lichens (symbiotic associations of algae and fungi)

Micorrhizae (mutualistic associations with legumes)

Yeasts (unicellular fungi)

Molds (asexual stages of some fungi)

Kingdom Animalia

Parazoa

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

Radiata

Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, hydrozoans, corals, sea anemones)

Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)

Phylum Placozoa (multicellular; lacks tissues; amoeboid)

Aceolomates

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Psuedocoelomates

Phylum Rotifera (rotifers)

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

Protostomes

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)

Phylum Arthropoda (arthropods)

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 Class Crustacea (shrimp, crabs, lobster, barnacles, copepods)

Class Insecta (insects)

Class Cilopoda (centipedes)

Class Diplopoda (millipedes)

Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions and ticks)

Phylum Mollusca (mollusks)

Class Polyplacophora (chitins)

Class Gastropoda (snails)

Class Bivalvia (clams, scallops, and oysters)

Class Cephalopoda (squid and octopus)

Lophophorates

Phylum Phoronida (phoronids)

Phylum Brachiopoda (lamp shells)

Phylum Bryozoa (bryozoans)

Dueterostomes

Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)

Class Crinoidea (sea lilies)

Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

Class Ophuroidea (brittle stars)

Class Echinoidea (sea urchins)

Class Holothuria (sea cucumbers)

Phylum Hemichordata (acorn worms and pterobranchs)

Phylum Chaetognatha (arrow worms)

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 Phylum Chordata (chordates)

Subphylum Urochordata (sea squirts: tunicates)

Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)

Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)

Class Agnatha (lampreys, hagfish)

Class Placodermi (first jawed fishes)

Class Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates)

Class Osteichthyes (jawed, bony fishes)

Class Amphibia (frogs, salamanders, worm-like caecilians)

Class Reptilia (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs)

Class Aves (birds)

Class Mammalia (mammals)

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