Developing Good General Study Habits

As you might expect, students who do well on their spelling tests also tend to be those who have
taken the time to develop a solid understanding of the basic study habits necessary for academic
success. Good study habits include:
• Create a regular schedule to determine how to handle schoolwork. For example, many
parents require their children to complete all schoolwork immediately after dinner and
before playing with friends or engaging in other recreational activities.
• Write down assignments in a special notebook that is not used for any other purpose.
• Sort through schoolwork regularly to keep projects neatly organized.
• Ask questions when appropriate to make sure the teacher's expectations are clear.
• Create a special place for schoolwork, preferably a desk with a comfortable chair and
adequate light source.
• Gather pencils, paper, textbooks, and other supplies before the study session.
• Eliminate distractions such as music, television shows, or conversations among friends
during the designated study time.

The Word Mapping Approach to Developing Spelling

Skills
When studying spelling word lists, it's important to help your child avoid thinking of the words as
random strings of arbitrary letters. For this reason, the traditional practice of simply studying
spelling words by copying each word 10-30 times is no more effective than requiring your child
to memorize every number in the phone book! Good spellers are those who look for patterns in
their lists of spelling words.
Word mapping is a procedure that many educators believe can help students develop good study
habits for spelling tests. The steps are as follows:
1. Say the word clearly.
2. Stretch the word to emphasize each syllable.
3. Segment the phonemes, working by individual syllables if necessary.
4. Count the phonemes. See the Reading Genie's article on How to Count Phonemes in
Spoken Words for a detailed explanation of this process.
5. Draw blank spaces on a piece of paper for each phoneme, adding slashes where the
syllables help divide the word.
6. Work out the spelling of the word phoneme by phoneme.
7. Write the word several times in your best handwriting.
8. Look for features that are unique or difficult in the spelling of the word. Ask the teacher
questions if necessary.
9. Look up the meaning of the word and try to use it in a sentence.

Mix it Up with Fun Spelling Activities

While games can't replace regular study sessions, there are plenty of fun ways students can
work in extra practice for an upcoming spelling list. For example:
• Make a word search.
• Play a game of Hangman.
• Make pairs of matching word cards and play a memory game with your spelling list.
 • Cut letters out of an old magazine to make an artistic collage of the words on the spelling
list.
• Write a story using a favorite television character that incorporates all the words on the
spelling list.
• Spell words using the sign language alphabet.
Kids who enjoy playing online games may also want to check out the Gamequarium Web site.
This helpful spelling resource has links to several different educational games. Most focus on
building general spelling skills, but there are a few games which allow parents to enter words
from an assigned spelling list to customize the learning experience.
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The Importance of Regular Review Sessions

While your child may think his or her spelling lesson is finished once the teacher grades the test,
regular review sessions are an important part of developing strong spelling skills. Consider
keeping copies of your child's old spelling lists in a special notebook. You can practice these
words while driving to soccer practice, play a game of Scrabble as a family, or look for spelling
words in your child's favorite library books. The best way to encourage a love of written language
is to provide regular opportunities for your child to demonstrate his achievements in reading,
writing, and spelling.

Technology Transfer
IP management and consulting Online patents portfolio
www.fist.fr
An educational device for broadening one's vocabulary and for developing spelling skills. The
device includes a generally rectangular board member that is divided by printed, colored lines
into several rectangular sections. Each rectangular section includes a pictorial representation of
an object, along with the spelled word corresponding with the name of that object, and a series of
side-by-side tile positioning indicia next to the spelled word associated with the illustrated
object. A plurality of letter tiles of substantially uniform shape are provided, each letter tile
bearing the same color as that of the dividing lines on the board member with which it is to be
used, and also bearing a letter of the alphabet on at least one surface. The letter tiles are of a
shape and size to conform with the shape defined by the tile positioning indicia carried by the
board member, to enable one using the device to spell the name of the object, either with only the
pictorial representation of an object displayed, or with both the pictorial representation and the
spelled word exposed to the user. Pairs of words on the board member are anagrams, to
demonstrate that different words can be spelled by using the same letters.
Use the following procedure to teach spelling words:
1. Be sure the student is looking at you.
2. Pronounce the word clearly, then have the student pronounce it.
3. Use the word in a sentence and have the student use it in a sentence.
4. Write the word on the chalkboard in manuscript or printing, not cursive. When working
with s single student, write the word on a piece of paper. Have the student wrote the
word on a card.
5. Have the student spell the word on her card by pointing to each letter with her pencil,
marker, or finger while she says it.
6. The student can use the card for further study. These cards should be kept in a file such
as an old shoebox.
B. Increase the spelling vocabulary by adding previously missed words to new lists, as well as
some words with which students are more familiar. Most students can learn more words than
those normally assigned to them in a spelling book.
C. Teaching the following spelling rules will be helpful; however, keep in mind there will be
numerous exceptions to rules in the English language. Whenever possible, teach spelling rules
inductively. An example of teaching rules inductively would be to list a number of words that
exemplify a particular generalization and then let students develop the rule for themselves. This
will take time, but students are more likely to remember the rules. Also, it is better to show
students certain exceptions to a rule when they learn it than to let them discover exceptions for
themselves. At least make clear that there will be exceptions to nearly all of the rules.
1. Writeiewhen the sound is /ee/, except after c, or when sounded as /a/ as in neighbor and
weigh.
2. When the prefixesil-, im-, in-, un-, dis-, mis-, and over- are added to a word, the spelling
of the original word remains the same.
3. When the suffixes -ness and -lyare added to a word, the spelling of the the word remains
the same. Examples: mean + ness = meanness,final + ly = finally.
4. When a word ends in a consonant + y, change the y to i before adding all suffixes except
those beginnng with i. Do not change the y to i in suffixes beginning with i or those that
begin with a vowel + y.
 5. Drop the final e before a suffix beginning with a vowel. Examples: care + ing =
carrying, write + ing + writing. (Exceptions: noticeable, courageous, dyeing. Dyeing is
spelled as it is to prevent confusion with dying).
6. Keep the final e in a suffix beginning with a consonant. Examples: care + ful =
careful,care + less = careless. (An exception is argue + ment = argument.)
7. In words that are accented on the last syllable and the ending a single consonant + a
single vowel, the final consonant should be doubled when adding a suffix beginning with
a vowel. (examples: beginning, fanning.)
Note" Some of the rules noted here are very difficult fore even good spellers to comprehend.
Keep in mind that not all students learn effectively by the use of rules.
D. Make lists of common prefixes and suffixes, as well as families of sounds.
E. Teach students how to use the dictionary in locating unfamiliar words. Practice this usage on
difficult words that can be found by the sounds of the first few letters. Discuss possible spellings
for certain words and sounds. Also teach the use of the diacritical markings in the dictionary.
F. Have students exchange papers and proofread each other’s written work. The habit of
proofreading will carry over into their ownwriting.
G. Have students correct their own papers after taking a spelling test. Use steps 1 through 4
under recommendation A when students correct their spelling tests. Some students are much
more adept than others at correcting their own work. You will need to make periodic checks to
determine if students are having difficulty finding and correcting their own errors.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

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Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

‫ذوالفقارعلیب ھٹو‬
‫ذوالفقارعلی ُڀٽو‬
 Prime Minister of Pakistan

In office
14 August 1973 – 5 July 1977

President FazalIlahiChaudhry

Preceded by Nurul Amin

Succeeded by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

President of Pakistan

In office
20 December 1971 – 13 August 1973

Prime Minister Nurul Amin

Preceded by Yahya Khan

Succeeded by FazalIlahiChaudhry
 Minister of Foreign Affairs

In office
20 December 1971 – 28 March 1977

President FazalIlahiChaudhry

Preceded by Yahya Khan

Succeeded by Aziz Ahmed

In office
15 June 1963 – 12 September 1966

President Ayub Khan

Preceded by Muhammad Ali Bogra

Succeeded by Syed SharifuddinPirzada

5 January 1928(1928-01-05)
Born Larkana, Bombay Presidency, British
India

4 April 1979 (aged 51)

Died
Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan

Political party Pakistan Peoples Party

Spouse(s) Nusrat Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto
Murtaza Bhutto
Children
Sanam Bhutto
Shahnawaz Bhutto

University of Southern California

University of California, Berkeley
Alma mater
Christ Church, Oxford
Lincoln's Inn

Religion Muslim-Shia[1]
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: ‫ذوالفقارعلیبھٹو‬, Sindhi: ‫ذوالفقارعلي ُڀٽو‬ ,
IPA: [zʊlfɪqɑːɾɑlibʱʊʈːoː]) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistanipolitician who
served as the fourthPresident of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the ninthPrime Minister of
Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest
and most influential political party in Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as
prime minister. She was assassinated on December 27, 2007.
Educated at the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States and University of Oxford
in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his economic initiatives and authoring Pakistan's
nuclear programme. He was executed in 1979 after the Supreme Court of Pakistan sentenced him
to death for authorizing the murder of a political opponent,[2][3] in a move that many believe was
done under the directives of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[4][5]

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Early life
• 2 Political career
○ 2.1 Foreign Minister
• 3 Pakistan Peoples Party
• 4 Leader of Pakistan
○ 4.1 President of Pakistan
○ 4.2 Father of the Nuclear program
○ 4.3 Ordering military operation in Balochistan
○ 4.4 Prime Minister of Pakistan
○ 4.5 Popular unrest and military coup
○ 4.6 Trial of the Prime Minister
• 5 Re-arrest and trial
• 6 Death sentence and appeal
• 7 Criticism and legacy
• 8 Works
• 9 Books on Bhutto
• 10 See also
• 11 References
• 12 External links

[edit] Early life

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born to Khursheed Begum néeLakhiBai and Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto. He
was born in a prominent Sindhi Muslim family.[6] Bhutto's father was a prominent political figure
in the Indian colonial government. Bhutto was born in his parent's residence near Larkana in
what later became the province of Sindh. He was their third child — their first one, Sikandar Ali,
died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914 and the second child, Imdad Ali, died of cirrhosis at
the age of 39 in 1953.[7] His father was a wealthy landlord, a zamindar, and a prominent
politician in Sindh, who enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the British Raj.
As a young boy, Bhutto moved to WorliSeaface in Bombay (now Mumbai) to study at the
Cathedral and John Connon School. During this period, he also became a student activist in the
League's Pakistan Movement. In 1943, his marriage was arranged with Shireen Amir Begum
(died January 19, 2003 in Karachi). He later left her, however, in order to remarry. In 1947,
Bhutto was admitted to the University of Southern California.
In 1949, Bhutto transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned an
honours degree in political science. Here he would become interested in the theories of
socialism, delivering a series of lectures on the feasibility of socialism in Islamic
countries.During this time, Bhutto's father, Sir Shahnawaz, played a controversial role in the
affairs of the state of Junagadh (now in Gujarat). Coming to power in a palace coup as the
dewan, he secured the accession of the state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian
intervention in December, 1947.[8] In June, 1950 Bhutto travelled to England to study law at
Christ Church, Oxford. Upon finishing his studies, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in the
year 1953 (the same school at which Muhammad Ali Jinnah studied law) .
Bhutto married his second wife, the Iranian-Kurdish Begum NusratIspahani who was a Shi'a
Muslim,[9] in Karachi on September 8, 1951. Their first child, his daughter Benazir, was born in
1953. She was followed by Murtaza in 1954, a second daughter, Sanam, in 1957, and the
youngest child, Shahnawaz Bhutto, in 1958. He accepted the post of lecturer at the Sindh Muslim
College, from where he was also awarded an honorary law degree by the then college President,
Mr. Hassanally A. Rahman before establishing himself in a legal practice in Karachi. He also
took over the management of his family's estate and business interests after his father's death.
[edit] Political career
In 1957, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to the United
Nations. He would address the United Nations Sixth Committee on Aggression on October 25,
1957 and lead Pakistan's deputation to the first United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
in 1958. In the same year, Bhutto became the youngest Pakistani cabinet minister when he was
given charge of the energy ministry by President Muhammad Ayub Khan, who had seized power
and declared martial law. He was subsequently promoted to head the ministries of commerce,
information and industries. Bhutto became a close and trusted advisor to Ayub, rising in
influence and power despite his youth and relative inexperience in politics. Bhutto aided Ayub in
negotiating the Indus Water Treaty with India in 1960. In 1961, Bhutto negotiated an oil
exploration agreement with the Soviet Union, which also agreed to provide economic and
technical aid to Pakistan.
[edit] Foreign Minister
Sheikh Abdullah with Ayub Khan and Z.A.Bhutto 1964.
In 1962, he was appointed Pakistan's foreign minister. His swift rise to power also brought him
national prominence and popularity.
As foreign minister, Bhutto significantly transformed Pakistan's hitherto pro-Western foreign
policy. While maintaining a prominent role for Pakistan within the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization and the Central Treaty Organization, Bhutto began asserting a foreign policy
course for Pakistan that was independent of U.S. influence. Bhutto criticised the U.S. for
providing military aid to India during and after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which was seen as
an abrogation of Pakistan's alliance with the U.S. Bhutto worked to establish stronger relations
with the People's Republic of China.[10] Bhutto visited Beijing and helped Ayub negotiate trade
and military agreements with the Chinese regime, which agreed to help Pakistan in a large
number of military and industrial projects. Bhutto also signed the Sino-Pakistan Boundary
Agreement on March 2, 1963 that transferred 750 square kilometres of territory from Pakistan-
administered Kashmir to Chinese control. Bhutto asserted his belief in non-alignment, making
Pakistan an influential member in non-aligned organisations. Believing in pan-Islamic unity,
Bhutto developed closer relations with nations such as Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and other Arab
states.
Bhutto advocated hardline and confrontational policies against India over the Kashmir conflict
and other issues. A 17 day war broke out between Pakistan and India on 6 September 1965
known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. This war was an aftermath of brief skirmishes that
took place between March and August 1965 on the international boundaries in the Rann of
Kutch, Kashmir and Punjab. Bhutto joined Ayub in Tashkent to negotiate a peace treaty with the
Indian Prime MinisterLalBahadurShastri. Ayub and Shastri agreed to exchange prisoners of war
and withdraw respective forces to pre-war boundaries. This agreement was deeply unpopular in
Pakistan, causing major political unrest against Ayub's regime. Bhutto's criticism of the final
agreement caused a major rift between him and Ayub Khan. Initially denying the rumours,
Bhutto resigned in June, 1966 and expressed strong opposition to Ayub's regime.[10]
[edit] Pakistan Peoples Party
Further information: Pakistani general election, 1970
Following his resignation, large crowds gathered to listen to Bhutto's speech upon his arrival in
Lahore on June 21, 1967. Tapping a wave of anger and opposition against Ayub, Bhutto began
travelling across the country to deliver political speeches. In a speech in October, 1966 Bhutto
declared the PPP's beliefs, "Islam is our faith, democracy is our policy, socialism is our
economy. All power to the people."[11] On November 30, 1967 Bhutto founded the Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP) in Lahore, establishing a strong base of political support in Punjab, Sindh
and amongst the Muhajir communities. Bhutto's party became a part of the pro-democracy
movement involving diverse political parties from all across Pakistan. PPP activists staged large
protests and strikes in different parts of the country, increasing pressure on Ayub to resign.
Bhutto's arrest on November 12, 1968 sparked greater political unrest. After his release, Bhutto
attended the Round Table Conference called by Ayub in Rawalpindi, but refused to accept
Ayub's continuation in office and the East Pakistani politician Sheikh MujiburRahman'sSix point
movement for regional autonomy.
Following Ayub's resignation, the new president Gen. Yahya Khan promised to hold
parliamentary elections on December 7, 1970. Bhutto's party won a large number of seats from
constituencies in West Pakistan.[11] However, Sheikh Mujib'sAwami League won an outright
majority from the constituencies located in East Pakistan. Bhutto refused to accept an Awami
League government and famously promised to "break the legs" of any elected PPP member who
dared to attend the inaugural session of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Capitalising on West
Pakistani fears of East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded that Sheikh Mujib form a
coalition with the PPP.[11] Under substantial pressure from Bhutto and other West Pakistani
political parties, Yahya postponed the inaugural session of the National Assembly after talks
with Sheikh Mujib failed.[11] Amidst popular outrage in East Pakistan, Major ZiaurRahman
declared the independence of "Bangladesh" on March 26, 1971 after Mujibur was arrested by the
Pakistani Army, which had been ordered by Yahya to suppress political activities. .[12] While
supportive of the army's actions and working to rally international support, Bhutto distanced
himself from the Yahya regime. He refused to accept Yahya's scheme to appoint Bengali
politician Nurul Amin as prime minister, with Bhutto as deputy prime minister. Indian
intervention in East Pakistan led to the very bitter defeat of Pakistani forces, who surrendered on
December 16, 1971. Bhutto and others condemned Yahya for failing to protect Pakistan's unity.
Isolated, Yahya resigned on December 20 and transferred power to Bhutto, who became the
president, army commander-in-chief as well as the first civilian chief martial law administrator.
[11]

[edit] Leader of Pakistan

Bhutto speaking in Simla.

As president, Bhutto addressed the nation via radio and television, saying "My dear countrymen,
my dear friends, my dear students, labourers, peasants… those who fought for Pakistan… We
are facing the worst crisis in our country's life, a deadly crisis. We have to pick up the pieces,
very small pieces, but we will make a new Pakistan, a prosperous and progressive Pakistan." He
placed Yahya under house arrest, brokered a ceasefire and ordered the release of Sheikh Mujib,
who was held prisoner by the army. To implement this, Bhutto reversed the verdict of Mujib's
court trial that had taken place earlier, in which the presiding Brigadier-GeneralRahimuddin
Khan (later 4-star General) had sentenced Mujib to death. Appointing a new cabinet, Bhutto
appointed Lieutenant General GulHasan as Chief of Army Staff. On January 2, 1972 Bhutto
announced the nationalisation of all major industries, including iron and steel, heavy
engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals, cement and public utilities.[13] A new labour
policy was announced increasing workers rights and the power of trade unions. Although he
came from a feudal background himself, Bhutto announced reforms limiting land ownership and
a government take-over of over a million acres (4,000 km²) to distribute to landless peasants.
More than 2,000 civil servants were dismissed on charges of corruption.[13] Bhutto also dismissed
the military chiefs on March 3 after they refused orders to suppress a major police strike in
Punjab. He appointed General Tikka Khan as the new Chief of the Army Staff in March 1972 as
he felt the General would not interfere in political matters and would concentrate on
rehabilitating the Pakistan Army. Bhutto convened the National Assembly on April 14, rescinded
martial law on April 21 and charged the legislators with writing a new constitution.
Bhutto visited India to meet Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and negotiated a formal peace
agreement and the release of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war. The two leaders signed the
Shimla Agreement, which committed both nations to establish a new yet temporary Cease-fire
Line in Kashmir and obligated them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks.[13][14]
Bhutto also promised to hold a future summit for the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir dispute
and pledged to recogniseBangladesh.[14] Although he secured the release of Pakistani soldiers
held by India, Bhutto was criticised by many in Pakistan for allegedly making too many
concessions to India. It is theorised that Bhutto feared his downfall if he could not secure the
release of Pakistani soldiers and the return of territory occupied by Indian forces.[15] Bhutto
established an atomic power development programme and inaugurated the first Pakistani atomic
reactor, built in collaboration with Canada in Karachi on November 28. On March 30, 59
military officers were arrested by army troops for allegedly plotting a coup against Bhutto, who
appointed then-Brigadier Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to head a military tribunal to investigate and
try the suspects. The National Assembly approved the new constitution, which Bhutto signed
into effect on April 12. The constitution proclaimed an "Islamic Republic" in Pakistan with a
parliamentary form of government.[16] On August 10, Bhutto turned over the post of president to
FazalIlahiChaudhry, assuming the office of prime minister instead.[13]
Bhutto officially recognized Bangladesh in July. Making an official visit to Bangladesh, Bhutto
was criticized in Pakistan for laying flowers at a memorial for Bangladeshi "freedom fighters."
Bhutto continued to develop closer relations with China as well as Saudi Arabia and other
Muslim nations. Bhutto hosted the Second Islamic Summit of Muslim nations in Lahore between
February 22 and February 24 in 1974.
Bhutto, however, faced considerable pressure from Islamic religious leaders to declare the
Ahmadiya communities as non-Muslims. Failing to restrain sectarian violence and rioting,
Bhutto and the National Assembly amended the constitution to that effect. Bhutto intensified his
nationalisationprogramme, extending government control over agricultural processing and
consumer industries. Bhutto also, with advice from Admiral S.M. Ahsan, inaugurated Port
Qasim, designed to expand harbour facilities near Karachi. However, the performance of the
Pakistani economy declined amidst increasing bureaucracy and a decline in private sector
confidence. In a surprise move in 1976, Bhutto appointed Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to replace
Gen. Tikka Khan, surpassing five generals senior to Zia.[17]
[edit] President of Pakistan
Richard Nixon and Bhutto in 1973
A Pakistan International Airlines flight was sent to fetch Bhutto from New York, who at that
time was presenting Pakistan's case before the United Nations Security Council on the East
Pakistan Crises. Bhutto returned home on December 18, 1971. On December 20, he was taken to
the President House in Rawalpindi where he took over two positions from Yahya Khan, one as
President and the other as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Thus he was the first civilian Chief
Martial Law Administrator of the dismembered Pakistan.
The new President inherited a disheartened war-weary nation. In this dark hour, he addressed the
nation and promised to fight back. Bhutto's intentions to restore national confidence were in
several shapes. He spoke about democracy, a new Constitution, and a modified federal and
parliamentary system. He reached out to opposition leaders Abdul Wali Khan and Mufti
Mahmud, signing an agreement regarding lifting the emergency and allowing opposition
governments to be formed. He took steps to stabilize the situation by successfully negotiating the
return of the 93,000 prisoners of war and a peaceful settlement with India. He took steps to
ameliorate poverty and to revitalize the economy, industry and agriculture.
He gave the third Constitution to the country and established civilian authority over the armed
forces in the political setup. In early 1972, Bhutto nationalized ten categories of major industries
and withdrew Pakistan from the Commonwealth of Nations and S.E.A.T.O. On March 1, he
introduced extensive land reforms. On July 2, 1972, he signed the Simla Agreement with India
for exchange of the occupied territories and release of Prisoners of War.
After the 1973 Constitution was promulgated, Bhutto was elected by the House to be the Prime
Minister, and he was sworn in on August 14, 1973.
[edit] Father of the Nuclear program
Further information: Project-706
Bhutto meeting with IranianQueenFarah Pahlavi, 1972
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the founder of Pakistan's nuclear programme. In October, 1965, the
then-Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Vienna when Munir Ahmad
Khan informed him of the status of India's nuclear program and the options Pakistan had to
develop its own nuclear capability. Both agreed on the need for Pakistan to develop a nuclear
deterrent to meet India's nuclear capacity.
After India's nuclear test on May 1974. Bhutto sensed a great danger for Pakistan. In a press
conference held on May, 1974, shortly after India's nuclear test. Prime Minister Bhutto said
"even if we have to eat grass, we will make nuclear bombs". On the January 20 of 1972, Prime
Minister Bhutto rallied a conference of nuclearscientists and nuclear engineers at Multan. At the
Multan Conference, where 283 scientists attended, Prime Minister Bhutto said:" Look, we're
going to have the bomb. He asked them "Can you give it to me? And how long will it take it to
make a bomb?". The scientists replied: "Oh, yes, yes, You can have it." There was a lively debate
on the time needed to make the bomb, and finally one scientist dared to say that maybe it could
be done in five years. Prime Minister Bhutto smiled, lifted his hand, and dramatically thrust
forward three fingers and said: "Three years, I want it in three years". The atmosphere suddenly
became electric. It was then that one of the junior scientist-dr. S.A.Butt (a nuclear chemist), who
under Munir Ahmad Khan's guiding hand would come to play a major role in making the bomb
possible - jumped to his feet and clamoured for his leader's attention. Dr. S.A Butt Replied: "It
can be done in three years". Prime Minister Bhutto was very much amused and he said: "Well,
much as I appreciate your enthusiasm, this is a very serious political decision, which Pakistan
must make, and perhaps all Third World countries must make one day, because it is coming. So
can you do it?" And the scientist replied, "Yes, we can do it, given the resources and given the
facilities". ”Bhutto's answer was simple, "I shall find you the resources and I shall find you the
facilities".[18]
Its militarisation was initiated in January 1972 and, in its initial years, was implemented by
General Tikka Khan. The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was inaugurated by Bhutto during his
role as President of Pakistan at the end of 1972. Long before, as Minister for Fuel, Power and
National Resources, he has played a key role in setting up of the Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission. Wanting a capable administrator, Bhutto sought Lieutenant GeneralRahimuddin
Khan to chair the commission, which Rahimuddin declined.[19] Instead Prime Minister Bhutto
chose a U.S trained nuclear engineer Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission (PAEC), Munir Ahmad Khan was a close friend of his. The Kahuta facility
was also established by the Bhutto Administration, and brought under nuclear scientist Dr. Abdul
Qadeer Khan and the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers' Lieutenant GeneralZahid Ali Akbar
Khan.
A book written by MaulanaKausarNiazi, a close confidant of Bhutto, gives a somewhat different
perspective. The Atomic Energy commission officials had misguided Bhutto and he sought on
aalong journey to try to get Nuclear fuel reprocessing plant from France. It was on a later advice
of A.Q.Khan that no fuel existed to reprocess, Bhutto tried to show he was still interested in that
expensive route and was relieved when Kissinger persuaded the French to cancel the deal. By the
time Bhutto was ousted little had been done and Pakistani nukes were actually made under Zia's
era, under the watchful eyes of several generals including Ishaq Khan.
It has been speculated recently in the press that Qadeer Khan's uranium enrichment designs were
used by the Chinese in exchange for Uranium Hexafluoride and some weapons grade uranium .
Later on this weapons grade uranium was offered back to the Chinese as the Pakistanis used their
own materials.
[edit] Ordering military operation in Balochistan
Main article: Baloch insurgency and Rahimuddin's stabilization
Following the secession of East Pakistan, calls for the independence of Balochistan by Baloch
nationalists grew. Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two
provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors and
forty-four MNAs and MPAs, obtained an order from the Supreme Court banning the National
Awami Party on the recommendation of Akbar Bugti, and charged everyone with high treason to
be tried by a specially constituted Hyderabad tribunal of handpicked judges. In January 1973,
Bhutto ordered the army to suppress a rising insurgency in the province of Balochistan and
dismissed the governments in Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province once more.[13]
Following the alleged discovery of Iraqi arms in Islamabad in February 1973, Bhutto dissolved
the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan. The operation, under General Tikka Khan, soon took
shape in a five-year conflict with the Baloch separatists. The sporadic fighting between the
insurgency and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September
1974. The Iranian military, fearing a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran, also aided
the Pakistani military.[20]Among Iran's contribution were 30 Huey cobra attack helicopters and
$200 million in aid. [21]
[edit] Prime Minister of Pakistan
File:Zia-bhutto.jpg
Prime Minister Bhutto with General Zia.
After the promulgation of the 1973 Constitution, the elections for the President, Prime Minister,
Chairman of Senate, Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly were to be
undertaken. The 1973 Constitution had adopted a federal parliamentary system for the country in
which the President was only a figurehead and the real power lay with the Prime Minister. Z. A.
Bhutto was sworn in as the Prime Minister of the country on August 14, 1973, after he had
secured 108 votes in a house of 146 members. FazalIlahiChaudhry was elected as the President
under the new Constitution. During his period, six amendments were carried out in the 1973
Constitution. The First Amendment led to Pakistan's recognition and diplomatic ties with
Bangladesh. The Second Amendment in the constitution declared the Ahmadis as non-Muslims,
and defined the term non-Muslim.[22] The rights of the detained were limited under the Third
Amendment while the powers and jurisdiction of the courts for providing relief to political
opponents were curtailed under the Fourth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment passed on
September 15, 1976, focused on curtailing the power and jurisdiction of the Judiciary. This
amendment was highly criticized by lawyers and political leaders. The main provision of the
Sixth Amendment extended the term of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court and the High
Courts beyond the age of retirement. This Amendment was made in the Constitution to favor the
then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who was supposed to be a friend of Bhutto.
The Bhutto Government carried out a number of reforms in the industrial sector. His reforms
were twofold; nationalization, and the improvement of workers' rights. In the first phase, basic
industries like steel, chemical and cement were nationalized. This was done in 1972. The next
major step in nationalization took place on January 1, 1974, when Bhutto nationalized all banks.
The last step in the series was the most shocking; it was the nationalization of all flour, rice and
cotton mills throughout the country. This nationalization process was not as successful as Bhutto
expected. Most of the nationalized units were small businesses that could not be described as
industrial units, hence making no sense for the step that was taken. Consequently, a considerable
number of small businessmen and traders were ruined, displaced or rendered unemployed. In the
concluding analysis, nationalization caused colossal loss not only to the national treasury but also
to the people of Pakistan.
During his period as the Prime Minister, a number of land reforms were also introduced. The
important land reforms included the reduction of land ceilings and introducing the security of
tenancy to tenant farmers. The land ceiling was fixed to 150 acres of irrigated land and 300 acres
of non-irrigated land. Another step that Bhutto took was to democratize Pakistan's Civil Service.
Bhutto introduced socialist economic reforms while working to prevent any further division of
the country. Absolute poverty was sharply reduced, with the percentage of the population
estimated to be living in absolute poverty falling from 46.50% by the end of military rule to
30.78% by 1979-80. The land reform programme provided increased support to landless tenants,
and development spending was substantially, particularly on health and education, in both rural
and urban areas, and provided ‘material support’ to rural wage workers, landless peasants, and
urban wage workers[23].
[edit] Popular unrest and military coup
Main article: Hyderabad tribunal
Further information: Federal Security Force
Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed.[24]
Initially targeting leader of the opposition Abdul Wali Khan and his opposition National Awami
Party (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties the clash of egos both inside
and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce and started with the Federal
governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan for alleged
secessionist activities[25] and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its
leadership after the death of Hayat Khan Sherpao, a close lieutenant of Bhutto, in a bomb blast in
the frontier town of Peshawar.
Dissidence also increased within the PPP and the murder of dissident leader Ahmed
RazaKasuri's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of
masterminding the crime. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly
condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the NWFP
and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended and an estimated 100,000
troops deployed there were accused of human rights abuses and killing large numbers of
civilians.[13]
On January 8, 1977 many opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan National
Alliance (PNA).[13] Bhutto called fresh elections and the PNA participated in those elections with
full force and managed to contest the elections jointly even though they had grave differences in
their opinions and views. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, accusing their
opponents of rigging the election. They first claimed rigging on 14 seats and finally on 40 seats
in the national assembly and boycotted provisional elections turn out in national elections was of
highest degree. Provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition
boycott, violent PNA declare the newly-elected Bhutto government as illegitimate. Muslim
leaders such as MaulanaMaududi called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime.[24] Intensifying
political and civil disorder prompted Bhutto to hold talks with PNA leaders, which culminated in
an agreement for the dissolution of the assemblies and fresh elections under a form of
government of national unity.[26] However on July 5, 1977 Bhutto and members of his cabinet
were arrested by troops under the order of General Zia.[13] It is generally believed that the coup
took place on the pretext of unrest despite Bhutto having reached an agreement with the
opposition.
General Zia announced that martial law had been imposed, the constitution suspended and all
assemblies dissolved and promised elections within ninety days. Zia also ordered the arrest of
senior PPP and PNA leaders but promised elections in October. Bhutto was released on July 29
and was received by a large crowd of supporters in his hometown of Larkana. He immediately
began touring across Pakistan, delivering speeches to very large crowds and planning his
political comeback. Bhutto was arrested again on September 3 before being released on bail on
September 13. Fearing yet another arrest, Bhutto named his wife, Nusrat, president of the
Pakistan People's Party. Bhutto was imprisoned on September 17 and a large number of PPP
leaders and activists arrested and disqualified from contesting in elections.
[edit] Trial of the Prime Minister
Bhutto's trial began on October 24 on charges of "conspiracy to murder" Ahmed RazaKasuri.[27]
On July 5, 1977 the military, led by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, staged a coup. Zia relieved
prime minister Bhutto of power, holding him in detention for a month. Zia pledged that new
elections would be held in 90 days. He kept postponing the elections and publicly retorted during
successive press conferences that if the elections were held in the presence of Bhutto his party
would not return to power again.[28]
Upon his release, Bhutto traveled the country amid adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. He used
to take the train traveling from the south to the north and on the way, would address public
meetings at different stations. Several of these trains were late, some by days, in reaching their
respective destinations and as a result Bhutto was banned from traveling by train. The last visit
he made to the city of Multan in the province of Punjab marked the turning point in Bhutto's
political career and ultimately, his life. In spite of the administration's efforts to block the
gathering, the crowd was so large that it became disorderly, providing an opportunity for the
administration to declare that Bhutto had been taken into custody because the people were
against him and it had become necessary to protect him from the masses for his own safety.
[edit] Re-arrest and trial
On September 3 the Army arrested Bhutto again on charges of authorizing the murder of a
political opponent in March 1974. A 35-year-old politician Ahmed RazaKasuri tried to run as a
PPP candidate in elections, despite having previously left the party. The Pakistan Peoples Party
rebuffed him. Three years earlier, Kasuri and his family had been ambushed, leaving Kasuri's
father, Nawab Mohammad Ahmad Khan, dead. Kasuri claimed that he was the actual target,
accusing Bhutto of being the mastermind. Kasuri later claimed that he had been the victim of 15
assassination attempts.
Bhutto was released 10 days after his arrest due to a judge, Justice KMA Samadani, finding the
evidence "contradictory and incomplete." Justice Samadani had to pay for this; he was
immediately removed from the court and placed at the disposal of the law ministry. Three days
later Zia arrested Bhutto again on the same charges, this time under "martial law." When the PPP
organized demonstrations among Bhutto's supporters, Zia cancelled the upcoming elections.
Bhutto was arraigned before the High Court of Lahore instead of in a lower court, thus
automatically depriving him of one level of appeal. The judge who had granted him bail was
removed. Five new judges were appointed, headed by Chief Justice of Lahore High Court
MaulviMushtaq Ali, who denied bail. The trial lasted five months, and Bhutto appeared in court
in a dock specially built for the trial.
Proceedings began on October 24, 1977. MasoodMahmood, the director general of the Federal
Security Force (since renamed the Federal Investigation Agency), testified against
Bhutto.Mahmood had been arrested immediately after Zia's coup and had been imprisoned for
two months prior to taking the stand. In his testimony, he claimed Bhutto had ordered Kasuri's
assassination and that four members of the Federal Security Force had organized the ambush on
Bhutto's orders.
The four alleged assassins were arrested and later confessed. They were brought into court as
"co-accused" but one of them recanted his testimony, declaring that it had been extracted from
him under torture. The following day, the witness was not present in court; the prosecution
claimed that he had suddenly "fallen ill".
Bhutto's defense challenged the prosecution with proof from an army logbook the prosecution
had submitted. It showed that the jeep allegedly driven during the attack on Kasuri was not even
in Lahore at the time. The prosecution had the logbook disregarded as "incorrect." During the
defense's cross-examination of witnesses, the bench often interrupted questioning. The 706-page
official transcript contained none of the objections or inconsistencies in the evidence pointed out
by the defense. Former U.S. Attorney GeneralRamsey Clark, who attended the trial, wrote:
The prosecution's case was based entirely on several witnesses who were detained until they
confessed, who changed and expanded their confessions and testimony with each reiteration,
who contradicted themselves and each other, who, except for MasoodMahmood... were relating
what others said, whose testimony led to four different theories of what happened, absolutely
uncorroborated by an eyewitness, direct evidence, or physical evidence.[citation needed]
When Bhutto began his testimony on January 25, 1978, Chief Justice MaulviMustaq closed the
courtroom to all observers. Bhutto responded by refusing to say any more. Bhutto demanded a
retrial, accusing the Chief Justice of bias, after Mustaq allegedly insulted Bhutto's home
province. The court refused his demand.
[edit] Death sentence and appeal

Funeral prayer for Z.A Bhutto

On March 18, 1978, Bhutto wasn't declared guilty of murder but was sentenced to death. Bhutto
did not seek an appeal. While he was transferred to a cell in Rawalpindi central jail, his family
appealed on his behalf, and a hearing before the Supreme Court commenced in May. Bhutto was
given one week to prepare. Bhutto issued a thorough rejoinder to the charges, although Zia
blocked its publication. Chief Justice S. AnwarulHaq adjourned the court until the end of July
1978, supposedly because five of the nine appeals court judges were willing to overrule the
Lahore verdict. One of the pro-Bhutto judges was due to retire in July.
Chief Justice S. AnwarulHaq presided over the trial, despite being close to Zia, even serving as
Acting President when Zia was out of the country. Bhutto's lawyers managed to secure Bhutto
the right to conduct his own defense before the Supreme Court. On December 18, 1978, Bhutto
made his appearance in public before a packed courtroom in Rawalpindi. By this time he had
been on death row for 9 months and had gone without fresh water for the previous 25 days. He
addressed the court for four days, speaking without notes.
The appeal was completed on December 23, 1978. On February 6, 1979, the Supreme Court
issued a guilty verdict, a decision reached by a bare 4-to-3 majority. The Bhutto family had
seven days in which to appeal. The court granted a stay of execution while it studied the petition.
By February 24, 1979 when the next court hearing began, appeals for clemency arrived from
many heads of state. Zia said that the appeals amounted to "trade union activity" among
politicians.
On March 24, 1979 the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. Zia upheld the death sentence.
Bhutto was hanged at Central jail, Rawalpindi, on 4 April 1979,[29] and is buried in Village
Cemetery at GarhiKhudaBaksh.[30]
[edit] Criticism and legacy
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto remains a controversial figure in Pakistan. While he was hailed for being a
nationalist, Bhutto was roundly criticised for opportunism and intimidating his political
opponents. He gave Pakistan its third constitution, oversaw Pakistan's nuclear programme, held
peace talks with neighbourIndia and was more of an Internationalist with a secular image.[13] His
socialist policies are blamed for slowing down Pakistan's economic progress owing to poor
productivity and high costs. Bhutto is also criticised for human rights abuses perpetrated by the
army in Balochistan.[13] Many in Pakistan's military, notably the former president Gen. Pervez
Musharaf condemn Bhutto for having caused the crisis that led to the Bangladesh Liberation
War. In spite of all the criticism—and subsequent media trials—Bhutto still remains the most
popular leader of the country.[13][31] Bhutto's action against the insurgency in Balochistan is
blamed for causing widespread civil dissent and calls for secession.[32]Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Institute of Science and Technology is named for him; his daughter was chairman of its board of
trustees.[33] His family remained active in politics, with first his wife and then his daughter
becoming leader of the PPP political party. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto, was twice prime
minister of Pakistan, and was assassinated on December 27, 2007, while campaigning for 2008
elections.
[edit] Works
• Peace-Keeping by the United Nations, Pakistan Publishing House, Karachi, 1967
• Political Situation in Pakistan, VeshasherPrakashan, New Delhi, 1968
• The Myth of Independence, Oxford University Press, Karachi and Lahore, 1969
• The Great Tragedy, Pakistan People's Party, Karachi, 1971
• Marching Towards Democracy, (collections of speeches), 1972
• Politics of the People (speeches, statements and articles), 1948–1971
• The Third World: New Directions, Quartet Books, London, 1977
• My Pakistan, BiswinSadi Publications, New Delhi, 1979
• If I am Assassinated, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979
• My Execution, Musawaat Weekly International, London, 1980
• New Directions, Narmara Publishers, London, 1980
[edit] Books on Bhutto
• Ali, Tariq (2006). Leopard and the Fox.
• Burki, S. J. (1980). Pakistan Under Bhutto.
• Wolpert, Stanley (1993). Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan.
• Fallaci, Oriana (1988). Interview with History. ISBN 0395252237.
• Mody, Piloo. Zulfi My friend.
• The Mirage of Power, DrMubashirHasan
• Bhutto, Trial and Execution, Victoria Schofield
• The Great Tragedy, Jang Publishers Press (1993)
• Raza, Syed Mehdi (2003). Zulfi My Inspiration.
• Nasr, Vali (2006). The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future.
• MeraLahoo, Mr. FarrukhSohailGoindi
• Bhutto Key Akhri 323 Din, Colonel Rafi
[edit] See also
• Movement for Restoration of Democracy
 • Benazir Bhutto
• Murtaza Bhutto
• Ghinwa Bhutto
• Hyderabad tribunal
• Constitution of Pakistan
• Asghar Khan
• Mufti Mahmud
• Malik Anwer Ali Noon
• SherbazMazari
[edit] References
1. ^Asr, Vali (2007). The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. W. W.
Norton. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-0393062113.
2. ^ Blood, Peter Blood (editor) (1994). "Pakistan - ZIA UL-HAQ". Pakistan: A Country Study.
Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/21.htm.
Retrieved 2007-12-28. "... hanging ... Bhutto for complicity in the murder of a political
opponent..."
3. ^"Deposed Pakistani PM is executed". BBC On This Day (British Broadcasting Corporation).
1979-04-04.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2459000/2459507.stm. Retrieved
2007-12-28. "sentenced to death for the murder of a political opponent"
4. ^"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto". Britannica Concise. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9357207/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
"Gen. Zia-ul-Haq seized power and had Bhutto imprisoned and later executed."
5. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2000-02-19). "Bhutto: the final act". Dawn (Karachi).
http://www.victoriaschofield.com/Excerpt21.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-29. "flimsy murder charge"
6. ^Benazir Bhutto: Pakistani prime minister and activist By Mary Englar
7. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica 2006. He is hailed by many to have been the greatest leader that
Pakistan has ever had - a true people's politician, hero, leader - selfless and brave till the very
end.."Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali" (PHP). http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079077/Zulfikar-Ali-
Bhutto. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
8. ^Gandhi, Rajmohan (1991). Patel: A Life. India: Navajivan. pp. 291–93. ASIN B0006EYQ0A.
9. ^Interview with Vali Nasr
10.^ ab US Country Studies. "Ayub Khan" (PHP). http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm. Retrieved
2006-11-07.
11.^ abcde US Country Studies. "Yahya Khan and Bangladesh" (PHP).
http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/19.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
12.^ Blood, Archer, Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex, Department of State, United States
13.^ abcdefghijk US Country Studies. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP).
http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
14.^ abFrank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 346. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
15.^Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 347. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
16.^ Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP).
http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A072. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
17.^ In the summer of 1976, General Zia, who had superseded seven senior lieutenant-generals, told
Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: "Sir I am so grateful to you for appointing me Chief of Army
Staff. Not only myself, but may future generations will be eternally grateful to you for singling
me out for such a great honor, and this is a favour which I can never forget." The Herald, July
1992
18.^Shabbir, Usman (May 2004). "Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmed Khan". Defence
Journal. http://www.pakdef.info/nuclear&missile/munirahmad1.html. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
19.^MaulanaKausarNiaziThe Last Days of Premier Bhutto p.61
20.^ BBC, News page (2005-01-17). "Pakistan risks new battlefront". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4182151.stm. Retrieved 2006-04-08.
21.^Waiting for the Worst: Baluchistan, 2006
22.^"Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974".
http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html. Retrieved 30 May
2010.
23.^ Trade liberalization and regional disparity in Pakistan by Muhammad Shoaib Butt and
Jayatilleke S. Bandara
24.^ ab Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP).
http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
25.^Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention by Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde
Diplomatique, October 1977)
26.^Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment
27.^Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 438. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
28.^Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Biography and Analysis
29.^"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto News & Articles on washingtonpost.com".
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto?tid=informline. [dead link]
30.^Zulifikar Ali Bhutto's Memorial Page at Find A Grave. Retrieved on December 16, 2008.
31.^Taheri, Amir (2006-10-18). "In the Line of Fire: A Memoir" (PHP).
http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=8&id=6746. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
32.^Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 438 He also enacted tax relief for the country’s poorest agricultural workers and placed
ceilings on land ownership. During his tenure there was a massive transfer of resources towards
the dominant rural economy by setting higher prices for agricultural products. [1]. ISBN 0-395-
73097-X.
33.^"Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST)".
http://www.szabist.edu.pk/about.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-29. "The ShaheedZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) is a fully Chartered Institute established through
a Legislative Act of the Pakistan Assembly (Sindh Act No. XI of 1995) and is approved and
recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan, as a degree granting
institution."
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

• Shaheed Bhutto's Official Web Site

• Pakistan Peoples Party Official Website
• Pakistan Peoples Party Official Website
• Bhutto Speeches Video (Only for broadband viewers)
• Video clip speech of Prime Minister Z A Bhutto's after the Indian nuclear explosion of
1974
• Video in UN Security Council
• Audio---History Channel
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founder of Pakistan Peoples Party
• The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• Biography
• Video of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
• Video news report after Bhutto's execution - BBC
• Alter Ego Productions: The Leopard and The Fox
• Annotated bibliography for Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from the Alsos Digital Library for
Nuclear Issues
• The Phenom; ShaheedZulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Tragedy of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Political offices

Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs Succeeded by

Muhammad Ali Bogra 1963–1966 SharifuddinPirzada

President of Pakistan Succeeded by

1971–1973 FazalIlahiChaudhry

Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs Succeeded by

Yahya Khan 1971–1977 Aziz Ahmed

Minister of Defence Succeeded by

1971–1977 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
 Preceded by Minister of the Interior Succeeded by
SardarAbdur Rashid Khan 1971–1972 Abdul Qayyum Khan

Preceded by Speaker of the National Assembly Succeeded by

Abdul Jabbar Khan 1972–1973 FazalIlahiChaudhry

Preceded by Prime Minister of Pakistan Succeeded by

Nurul Amin 1973–1977 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Preceded by Minister of the Interior Succeeded by

Abdul Qayyum Khan 1977 InamulHaq Khan

Party political offices

Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples

Succeeded by
New office Party
Nusrat Bhutto
1967–1979

[show]
v•d•e
Presidents of Pakistan(List)

I.Mirza ·A.Khan ·Y.Khan ·Z.A.Bhutto ·F.I.Chaudhry ·Z. ul-

Haq ·G.I.Khan ·W.Sajjad(Acting) ·F.Leghari ·W.Sajjad(Acting) ·M.R.Tarar ·P.Musharraf ·
M.M.Soomro(Acting) ·Zardari

Italics indicate military rulers

[show]
v•d•e
Prime Ministers of Pakistan(List)

L.A. Khan ·K. Nazimuddin ·M.A. Bogra ·C.M. Ali ·H.S. Suhrawardy ·I.I.
Chundrigar ·F.K. Noon ·N. Amin ·Z.A. Bhutto ·M.K. Junejo ·B. Bhutto ·G.M. Jatoi ·N.
Sharif ·B.S. Mazari(Caretaker) ·N. Sharif ·M.A. Qureshi(Caretaker) ·B. Bhutto ·M.M.
Khalid(Caretaker) ·N. Sharif ·Z.K. Jamali ·C.S. Hussain ·S. Aziz ·M.M.
Soomro(Caretaker) ·Y.R. Gillani

[show]
v•d•e
Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan

C Gen Ayub Khan · Gen Yahya Khan ·Zulfikar Ali Bhutto · Gen Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ·
h Gen Pervez Musharraf(unstyled)
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Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan

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Chaudhry ·Abdul Jabbar Khan ·Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ·Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry ·Sahibzada
Farooq Ali ·Malik Meraj Khalid ·Syed Fakhar Imam ·Hamid Nasir Chattha ·Gohar Ayub
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Death of Zia-ul-Haq
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The President of Pakistan, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash on August 17,
1988, about which several conspiracy theories exist.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Crash
• 2 Investigation
○ 2.1 US conclusions
○ 2.2 Pakistani conclusions
• 3 Theories
○ 3.1 KGB or CIA Assassination
○ 3.2 Pakistan
○ 3.3 Pilot
○ 3.4 Mossad
○ 3.5 Military Generals
• 4 References

[edit] Crash
On August 17, 1988, General Zia and five of his generals visited a test site to observe a
demonstration of the M1 Abrams main battle tank, which the US was trying to persuade Pakistan
to buy. He and his entourage flew to Bahawalpur, about 330 mi (530 km) south of Islamabad in
the president's C-130 Hercules aircraft, then flew to the test site by helicopter. Afterwards, they
returned to Bahawalpur for lunch, then boarded the C-130 for the return flight to Islamabad.[1]
The aircraft departed Bahawalpur early, ahead of a storm. The president's C-130 had been fitted
with an air-conditioned VIP capsule where Zia and his American guests were seated. It was
walled off from the flight crew and a passenger and baggage section in the rear. The plane was
packed with Pakistani army officers, including General AkhtarAbdurRehman, chairman of the
Pakistani Joint Chiefs of Staff, as well as American Ambassador to PakistanArnold Raphel and
General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the U.S. Military aid mission to Pakistan.
Shortly after takeoff, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses cited in Pakistan's
official investigation said that the C-130 began to pitch "in an up-and-down motion" while flying
low shortly after take-off before going into a "near-vertical dive", exploding on impact, killing
all on board.
[edit] Investigation
Washington sent a team of USAF officers to assist the Pakistanis in the investigation, but the two
sides reached sharply different conclusions.
[edit] US conclusions
Mrs Ely-Raphel and Brigadier-General Wassom's widow were both told by US investigators that
the crash had been caused by a mechanical problem common with the C-130, and that a similar
incident had occurred to a C-130 in Colorado which had narrowly avoided crashing.
Robert Oakley, who replaced Arnold Raphel as US ambassador following the crash and helped
to handle the investigation has also expressed this view. He has pointed out that 20 or 30 C-130s
have suffered similar incidents. He has identified the mechanical fault as a problem with the
hydraulics in the tail assembly. Although USAF pilots had handled similar emergencies, the
Pakistani pilots were less well equipped to do so, lacking C-130 experience and also flying low.
[2]

[edit] Pakistani conclusions

Some weeks after the crash, a 27-page summary of a secret 365-page report was produced by
Pakistani investigators in which they said that they had found evidence of possible problems with
the aircraft's elevator booster package, as well as frayed or snapped control cables. Analysis by a
US lab found "extensive contamination" by brass and aluminium particles in the elevator booster
package, but the report said "failure of the elevator control system due to a mechanical failure...
is ruled out". It cited the aircraft-maker Lockheed as saying that "even with the level of
contamination found in the system, they have not normally experienced any problems other than
wear".[2]
The report concluded that the contamination of the elevator booster package might at worst have
caused sluggish controls leading to overcontrol but not to an accident. In the absence of a
mechanical cause, the Pakistani inquiry concluded that the crash was due to an act of sabotage.
They found no conclusive evidence of an explosion on the aircraft, but said that chemicals that
could be used in small explosives were detected in mango seeds and a piece of rope found on the
aircraft. They also added that "the use of a chemical agent to incapacitate the pilots and thus
perpetuate the accident therefore remains a distinct possibility".[2]
[edit] Theories
Barbara Crossette, bureau chief of The New York Times in South Asia from 1988 to 1991 has
written that, "Of all the violent political deaths in the twentieth century, none with such great
interest to the U.S. has been more clouded than the mysterious air crash that killed president (and
Army Chief General) Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan in (August) 1988, a tragedy that also
claimed the life of the serving American ambassador and most of General Zia’s top
commanders".[3]
No evidence has come to light to prove a conspiracy, although several theories do exist. The
United States, India, followed by Afghanistan and the Soviet Union have all been suspected. In
addition, Zia had enemies at a high level within Pakistan's own government.
[edit] KGB or CIA Assassination
A common suspicion within Pakistan, although with no proof, is that the crash was a political
assassination carried out by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) or by the Soviet
KGB. One theory had it that the CIA had spiked mangos with VX gas to eliminate Zia because
of his unreliable commitment to a more democratic government and his loyalty to Afghan
Mujahidin.
Another theory, also with little supporting evidence, is that the KGB was involved, as retaliation
for the US-Pakistani support for the Afghan insurgency against the USSR throughout the 1980s.
Considerable evidence exists that the Soviet Union knew about the US-Pakistan support for the
Mujahideen, and the KGB might have seen this as an opportunity to punish both Pakistan and the
United States. The existence of a motive, however, is not sufficient to prove KGB involvement.
General HameedGul, the head of Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence agency at the time,
suggested that the US might be responsible, even though the US Ambassador and military
attaché were also killed. He told The Times that the Pakistani President was killed in a
conspiracy involving a "foreign power".[2]
Early reports suggested that Raphel had only been summoned to join the flight at the last minute,
which fueled conspiracy theories blaming the US. However, Raphel's widow has stated that her
husband always planned to join General Zia on the aircraft, and that it was General Wassom who
was added at the last minute.[2]
A recently published book, refers to the murder of President Zia as linked to the CIA. ref:The Zia
Protocols.
[edit] Pakistan
Some have suspected the anti-Zia group al-Zulfikar, led by Murtaza Bhutto, brother of Benazir
Bhutto, the Pakistani politician who would ultimately gain most from Zia's departure. General
Zia's son Ijaz-ul-Haq told Barbara Crossette a year after the crash that he was "101 percent sure"
that Murtaza was involved. Benazir Bhutto suggested that the fatal crash might well have been
an "act of God".[1] She was also accused of having rejoiced at Zia's death, because Zia had
ordered her father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged.
People have also pointed to some senior dissatisfied generals of the Pakistan Army itself.[4]
General MirzaAslam Beg, who became Chief of Army Staff following General Zia's death,
witnessed the crash from his aircraft, which had just taken off. Instead of returning to
Bahawalpur, he headed for Islamabad, an action which later caused controversy and led some to
allege that he was involved in the incident since he had reportedly been scheduled to fly with Zia
in the flight, but had changed his plans at the last minute. He was later accused by Zia's son Ijaz-
ul-Haq as being behind the attack
[edit] Pilot
It was mentioned in a piece in The Sunday Times on August 24, 2008 that the pilot of the C-130,
Wing Commander Mash'hood Hassan, had previously confided to an associate of Abdul Qadeer
Khan that he hated Zia, and held him responsible for the murder of a local religious figure,
saying that "The day Zia flies with me, that will be his last flight".[5]
[edit] Mossad
In the Fall 2005 World Policy Journal[1], John Gunther Dean, a former US ambassador to India,
blamed the Mossad, the Israeliintelligence agency, for orchestrating Zia's assassination in
retaliation for Pakistan developing a nuclear weapon to counteract India, and to prevent Zia, an
effective Muslim leader, from continuing to influence US foreign policy.
[edit] Military Generals
It has also been postulated[who?] by some sources that Gen.Zia's mysterious death benefited the
then Top brass of Pakistani Military,especially the person who became the head of the Pakistani
military after the death of Gen.Zia.why he was using another plane instead of boarding Pakistan-
1? entails the mist of conspiracy theory. ".[6] The role of chief of first armored division, Maj.Gen.
Mehmood Ali Durrani, remains suspicious who persuaded/tempted Gen.Zia to watch over the
tank exercise at Bahawalpur.
[edit] References
1. ^ abcCrossette, Barbara (Fall 2005), "Who Killed Zia?", World Policy JournalXXII (3)
2. ^ abcde Bone, James; Hussain, Zahid (August 16, 2008), "As Pakistan comes full circle, a light is
shone on Zia ul-Haq's death", The Times (London),
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4543628.ece
3. ^http://www.nogw.com/download/2005_mossad_hit_non-news.pdf
4. ^Edward Jay Epstein's Home Page at www.edwardjayepstein.com
5. ^ Simon, Henderson (August 24, 2008), "Pakistan's Dr Nuke bids for the presidency", Sunday
Times (London), http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4595628.ece
6. ^Crossete, Barbara (fall 2005), "Who Killed Zia?", World Policy Journal,
http:////www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-3/crossette.html
[show]
v•d•e

The Regime ofZia-ul-Haq

D
o
m
e
s
t
i
c
Ascent by coup ·Islamization ·Trial of Bhutto ·'80s economic boom ·Rahimuddin's
i
governorship of Balochistan ·Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan ·Nuclear
n
program consolidation ·Ojhri Camp disaster ·Assassination of Zia ·1988 elections
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
s

A Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ·Muhammad Khan Junejo ·Ghulam Ishaq Khan ·Mirza Aslam
d Beg ·Akhtar Abdur Rahman ·Hamid Gul ·Sahabzada Yaqub Khan ·Khalid Mahmud
m Arif ·Sharifuddin Pirzada ·Nawaz Sharif ·Mahbub ul Haq
i
n
i
 s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

N AlliesPakistan Muslim League ·Jamaat-e-Islami ·MohajirQaumi Movement

a
t
i OppositioPakistan Peoples Party ·Al-Zulfiqar ·Movement for Restoration of Democracy
o n
n
a Pakistan Muslim League (N) ·Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ·Pakistan Muslim
l Platform
League (Z) ·
successors
IslamiJamhooriIttehadnow defunct
p
a
r
t
i
e
s

F Soviet war in Afghanistan ·Subsidization of mujahideen ·Siachen

o Involvementconflict ·Indian allegations of aiding Khalistan ·Refusal to sign Non-
r in eventsProliferation Treaty ·Geneva Accords signing ·Theories of external
e involvement in Zia crash
i
g
n United States ·Carter administration ·Reagan Administration ·Central Intelligence
AlignedAgency ·
entitiesUnited Kingdom ·Thatcher government ·Saudi Arabia ·People's Republic of
f China ·Afghan mujahideen
r
o
n Republic of Afghanistan ·People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ·KHAD ·
t Disputers
India ·Soviet Union ·Amnesty International

[show]
v•d•e
← 1987 · Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988 · 1989 →

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BOLD SMALLCAPS.

[show]
v•d•e
Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

C Cabal ·Conspiracy (civil) ·Conspiracy (crime) ·Conspiracy fiction ·Conspiracy

o (political) ·Conspiracy thriller
r
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t
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o bias ·Locus of control ·Paranoia ·Psychological projection
l
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A
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a Eric V of Denmark (1286) ·Abraham Lincoln (1865) ·Franz Ferdinand (1914) ·Phar Lap
s (1932) ·Sergey Kirov (1934) ·Joseph Stalin (1953) ·Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) ·Marilyn
s Monroe (1962) ·John F. Kennedy (1963) ·Malcolm X (1965) ·Robert F. Kennedy
i (1968) ·Martin Luther King Jr. (1968) ·Juscelino Kubitschek (1976) ·Pope John Paul I
n (1978) ·Olof Palme (1986) ·Zia-ul-Haq (1988) ·Kurt Cobain (1994) ·Yitzhak Rabin
a (1995) ·Diana, Princess of Wales (1997) ·David Kelly (2003) ·Alexander Litvinenko
t (2006) ·Benazir Bhutto (2007) ·Michael Jackson (2009)
i
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n

E
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Babington Plot ·Bye Plot ·Essex Rebellion ·Gowrie conspiracy ·Gunpowder Plot ·Main
t
Plot ·Ridolfi plot ·Throckmorton Plot
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E
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F
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Sinking of the RMS Lusitania (1915) ·Reichstag fire (1933) ·Operation Gladio ·USS
s
Liberty incident (1967) ·Pan Am Flight 103 (1988) ·Oklahoma City bombing (1995) ·Port
e
Arthur massacre (1996) ·TWA Flight 800 (1996) ·Russian apartment bombings
(1999) ·9/11 attacks (Advance knowledge ·WTC collapse) ·Madrid train bombing
f
(2004) ·London bombings (2005)
l
a
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N
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w

W
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Bilderberg Group ·Black helicopters ·Bohemian Grove ·Club of Rome ·Council on Foreign
r
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l
Elders of Zion ·Freemasons ·North American Union ·ODESSA ·Skull and Bones ·Trilateral
d
Commission
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Alien abduction ·Area 51 ·Bermuda Triangle ·Majestic 12 ·Men in Black ·Project

General
Serpo ·Reptilians
U
F
O IncidentList of alleged UFO crashes ·Tunguska event (1908) ·Roswell incident
(1947) ·Mantell incident (1948) ·Rendlesham Forest incident (1980) ·Phoenix
s
Lights (1997)

U Apollo moon landing (1969) ·Barack Obama's citizenship / religion ·CIA drug
. trafficking ·CIA-Osama bin Laden link ·Dulles' Plan ·HAARP ·Montauk Project ·October
S surprise (1980) ·Philadelphia Experiment (1943) ·Redemption movement ·Vietnam War
. POW/MIA issue ·Waco Siege (1993)

G
o
v
e
r
n
m
 e
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t

2012 phenomenon (Nibiru collision) ·AIDS origins ·AIDS denialism ·Armenian genocide
O denial ·Bible conspiracy theory ·Chemtrails ·Dominionism ·Elvis Presley's survival
t (1977) ·Estonia ferry sinking (1994) ·Fluoridation conspiracy ·Free energy
h suppression ·Gay/Lavender Mafia ·Holocaust denial ·Homintern ·Global warming ·Jesuit
e conspiracy ·Jonestown (1978) ·Mind control ·New Coke (1985) ·Overthrow of Sukarno
r (1966) ·Paul McCartney's death (1966) ·SARS (2003) ·Scottish mafia ·Satanic ritual
abuse (Blood libel) ·Soviet space program (1957–1966) ·Titanic alternative theories (1912)

P
r
o
v Dreyfus affair (1894) ·Affaire Des Fiches (1904–1905) ·Gleiwitz incident
e (1939) ·Operation Ajax (1953) ·Lavon Affair (1954) ·Operation Northwoods
n (1962) ·Watergate (1972) ·Project MKULTRA (1975) ·COINTELPRO ·Operation
INFEKTION ·Operation Mockingbird ·Iran-Contra affair (1986) ·Swiss secret files scandal
t (1989) ·Niger uranium forgeries (2001)
r
u
e
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Who killed Zia-ul-Haq?

Khalid Hasan

More than ten years ago Vanity Fair published what remains the best investigated report on
the air crash that killed Gen Zia-ul-Haq and everyone else on board minutes after their C-
130 took off from Bahawalpur on August 17, 1988, for Islamabad. The report by Edward Jay
Epstein has never been printed in Pakistan as far as I know.
Having ruled out Benazir Bhutto and her brother, the late Murtaza Bhutto and his Al-Zulfikar,
as being behind the crash, Epstein examined the case against the then Soviet Union.
Earlier, in August 1988, the Soviet Union had temporarily suspended troop withdrawals from
Afghanistan in protest against what it said were Zia’s violations of the Geneva accords. Zia,
charged Moscow, was not only continuing to arm the Afghan mujahideen in blatant
disregard of the agreement but was directing a sabotage campaign in Kabul. The Soviets
took the extraordinary step of summoning US ambassador Jack Matlock and informing him
that the Soviet Union intended to teach Zia a lesson. The KGB had trained and effectively
run KHAD, the Afghan intelligence service which was responsible for bombings in Pakistan
that had already killed 1,400 people. Epstein absolved Moscow because in his view it would
not have risked killing the American ambassador Arnold Raphael as it could have
jeopardised its detente with Washington. It should be noted however that neither Raphael
nor Gen Wassom, head of the US military mission, was supposed to fly back with Zia. So a
question mark hangs over Soviet involvement.
What about the Indians? Rajiv Gandhi had warned Pakistan on August 15 that it would have
“cause to regret its behaviour” in arming Sikh separatists. Ijaz-ul-Haq, then living in Bahrain,
told Epstein that Zia had been persuaded to go to Bahawalpur for the tank demonstration
despite misgivings. Gen Akhtar Abdul Rehman’s sons said their father had been
“manipulated” into going. This, the writer concluded, raised the possibility that it could have
been the work of a “faction in the army bent on an invisible coup d’état”.
The United States too was unhappy with Zia for diverting a good deal of aid and weapons to
GulbuddinHekmatyar whom it considered an anti-American extremist. They were also
worried about Zia’s nuclear programme. After the crash the FBI was told to “keep out of
Pakistan” by Secretary of State George Schultz, though it had the authority to investigate
suspicious plane crashes involving US citizens. The special team it assembled to look for
forensic evidence was not deployed. The US experts assigned to the official board of inquiry
appointed by Pakistan included six air force accident investigators but no criminal, counter-
terrorist, or sabotage experts. Epstein thought the reason behind the US decision to “stay
away” was its fear of the “uncontrollable consequences” of the investigation, such as the
involvement of a superpower, a neighbour or elements from within the house. The US even
distanced itself from the official Pakistani finding of sabotage by saying that “the Pakistani
findings were not the same as findings by American experts” who said it was a “malfunction”
that caused the crash. This story was leaked to the New York Times on October 14, 1988,
three days before the official Pakistani report was released.
Interestingly, the head of the US team, Col DE Sowada, told a congressional committee
later that no evidence of a mechanical failure had been found. The official Pakistani report
had said the same thing, that section having been written by the American experts. Epstein
said the US findings were contained in a 365 page report, sections of which were read to
him by a Pentagon official. The report established that the plane had not exploded in midair
but hit the ground intact. It had not been hit by a missile either, nor had there been an
onboard fire. No autopsies were performed, except one on the US general who was sitting
with Zia. The Pakistani report also ruled out engine failure or the use of contaminated fuel.
The plane’s electric power was found working normally and pilot error was ruled out.
Mechanical failure was also discounted.
The Pakistani inquiry found traces of certain chemicals used as explosives by saboteurs. Or
it could have been poison gas which incapacitated the pilots. The report recommended a
criminal investigation and suggested the handing over of the case to a competent agency.
Epstein wrote that when he met Gen Hamid Gul, then head of ISI, he told him that “at the
request of the government, the agency had called off its inquiry” and transferred it to a
“broader-based” authority headed by FK Bandial, a senior civil servant.
When the crash occurred, there were three other planes in the area whose crews Epstein
interviewed. The last words heard by the control tower were “Stand by” and then a faint
voice saying “Mash’hood, Mash’hood”, the name of the captain. The voice was that of Zia’s
military secretary, Brig Najib Ahmed, as one of the pilots told Epstein. It is impossible that if
the plane was in trouble, the captain would not have communicated with the tower or one of
the three planes. There was a long silence between “Stand by” said by Mash’hood and
Najib calling the pilot’s name. Tapes of the crew’s last minutes may exist with the US
National Security Agency which routinely sucks in radio and electronic signals from all parts
of the world, but they have not surfaced. Eyewitnesses saw the plane pitching up and down
as if on a roller coaster. Lockheed told Epstein that this phugoid pattern was characteristic
of a pilotless plane, which meant that the pilots were either dead or unconscious. This could
have been caused by a gas bomb placed in the air vent in the C-130 which went off when
pressurised air was fed into the cockpit.
Epstein, who went to Bahawalpur, also concluded that it would not have been difficult for
any of the mechanics, including civilians, who worked on Pak-I’s door for two hours to have
planted a gas bomb. A chemical warfare expert told him that chemical agents which could
instantaneously knock off a crew were “extremely difficult” to obtain but not beyond the
reach of an intelligence service. Such a gas had been used in Afghanistan by the Soviets.
There was also VX, a US-made gas, which could cause paralysis and loss of speech within
30 seconds. If used, it left behind phosphorus. Intriguingly, traces of phosphorus were found
in Pak-I. Autopsies could have determined the cause, but were not carried out on the
grounds that Islam required the dead to be buried within 24 hours. However, the bodies
were not returned to the families until two days after the crash. A PAF doctor told Epstein
that autopsies were routinely performed on pilots after crashes. The remains came to CMH,
Bahawalpur, in plastic bags but before US and Pakistani pathologists could arrive on
August 18, they were put into sealed coffins and sent away.
Police investigation of those who had access to Pak-I was also curtailed. Their questioning
was not “methodical”, said a Pakistani official who was present. No one was interrogated.
The American team only asked technical questions through a translator. A policeman at the
airstrip was found murdered after the crash. This was not investigated nor was the mystery
solved. The theory that it was revenge against the killing of a Shi’a cleric in Peshawar – the
pilots of both Zia’s plane and the standby C-130 were Shi’a – was abandoned after a couple
of months during which Flt-Lt Sajid, the other pilot, was interrogate and, wrote Epstein, even
tortured. The PAF protested that even if the pilot had crashed Zia’s plane deliberately, he
simply could not have caused it to behave the way it did. “The Shiite red herring theory was
only one of several efforts to limit the investigation into the crash and divert attention from
the issue of sabotage,” wrote Epstein. The families said that the records of calls made to Zia
and Akhtar Abdul Rehman prior to the crash were destroyed. Military personnel in
Bahawalpur at the time of the crash were transferred.
“Taken together, these details add up to a well-organised cover-up. And if this is so, then
the crash of Pak-I has to have been an inside job,” Epstein argued. “Only powerful elements
inside Pakistan had the means to orchestrate what happened before and after the crash.
But the eeriest aspect of this whole affair is the speed and effectiveness with which it was
consigned to oblivion. No matter how well intentioned this cover-up might have been, the
one uncounted casualty in the crash of Pak-I was the truth,” he added sardonically.
Now that Ijaz-ul-Haq is a minister and can gain access to classified information, is it not
incumbent upon him, first as a son and then as a citizen of Pakistan and an elected official,
to determine once for all who killed Gen Zia-ul-Haq?
This entry was posted on Friday, June 18th, 2004 at 12:25 pm .
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