Valves-

A valve is an device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of fluid by opening,
closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.

Simply valves are device which used to control flow of fluid through pipe.

Functions of valves-
 To stop and start flow of fluid.
 Throttling the amount of flow.
 To control the direction of flowing fluid
 To relieving component or piping over pressure.

Classification of valves-

1. Linear motion valves

Valve in which the closure member as in gate , globe , diaphragm , are moves in linear
motion in straight line to allow or close flow of fluid.

2. Rotary motion valves

When the valve closure member travels along an angular or circular path to control flow
of fluid motion . e.g. ball valve , butterfly valves.

Basic parts of valve system-

 HANDLE

ACTUATOR

STEM

GLAND PACKING

BONNET

DISC (VALVE)

SEAT

BODY
 1. Body-
It is also called as shell. It is primary pressure boundary of a valve. It serves as principle
element of valve assembly because it is the framework that holds everything together.

It also carries fluid from inlet to the outlet . also it have to withstands fluid pressure

2. Bonnet-
It is an cover of the opening in the body.

Features-

 It is an second pressure boundary of the valve system

 It is made up of same material as made up of body and it is connected to the body
by using threaded , welded , or bolted joint.
 Weld or bolts which holds the body and bonnet together they also working as a
pressure retaining parts.

3. Disc
Disc is an third primary principle pressure boundary. It provide the capability for
allowing and stopping the fluid flow . disc is pressure retaining part. It is made by forging
process in some times and heat treated to increase its hardness capability.

It is made up of material which does not react with fluid which has to flow through valve
body. i.e. material which have to selected for manufacturing of disc element should less
reactive and also less prone to corrosion.

4. Seat or seat rings-

Seating arrangement is most important part of valve structure. It allow to seat the disc
element over surface of seat to avoid passing of fluid through valve body. It is heat
treated to avoid wearing of seat surface.

There is an some degree (angular) contact between both element due to which it restrict
passage of fluid flow.

5. Stem-
It connects the actuator and disc. It is responsible for opening and closing of disc.
It is having screw threads over cylindrical surface of stem body which is then meshes
with screw thread integral with bonnet and does reciprocating movement.

6. Actuator-
It operates stem and disc assembly. Actuator may be operated manually or automatically.

Normally it is operated by pneumatic or electrical circuit.

Types of valves-

 Ball valve-
Ball valves are rotational motion valves that use a ball shaped disc to stop or start fluid
flow. It maintains and regulates high volume, high pressure, and high temperature flow.it
is available in low cost and low maintenance cost. It can use for throttling service also it
can able to handle fluid with suspended solids. They are difficult to clean.
Sr.no. Element Material
1 Body A105, WCB, CF8
2 Pipe end A105, WCB, CF8
3 Gland SS410, 304 ,316
4 Ball SS410, 304 ,316
5 Stem SS410, 304 ,316
6 Seat PTFE, CFT
7 Stem seal GFT
8 Gland packing PTFE, grafoil
9 Body seal PTFE, grafoil
10 Gland nut Carbon steel
11 Body stud/nut B7/2H
12 Belleville spring Spring steel
13 Antistatic spring SS304
Globe valve-
Globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid flow. It
contains disc element which is connected to stem reciprocated in up and down
movement.it allow and restrict the flow of fluid through valve body by reciprocates over
seat arrangement. Disc makes metal to metal contact with seat and avoids leakage.

Sr.no. Element Material

1 Body CS, SS, Cr-Mo
2 Bonnet CS, SS, Cr-Mo
3 Plug SS , stainless steel with hardfacing
4 Seat ring SS , stainless steel with hardfacing
5 Stem SS
6 Cage SS
7 Guide bushing SS
8 Gaskets Stainless steel with flexible graphite filler
9 Packing PTFE , flexible graphite

Gate valve-
Flow is controlled by raising or lowering the valving element. Gate valves are not usually
used to regulate flow because the valving element can be damaged when in partially open
condition. Similarly they also limit the pressure drop across the valve when fully open.

These types of valves are normally used for opening and closing of the flow and not for
throttling.
Gate valves open or close slowly which prevents fluid hammer and subsequent damage to
the piping system

They need a long operation time for setting valve to fully open or fully closed position. It
requires handle to turn many times.

It allows bidirectional flow.

Check valves-
Check valves are designed to prevent the backflow of fluid in piping system. These
valves activated by flowing material in pipeline. The pressure of fluid which is passing
through body opens the valve while the reversal of the flow will close the valve. Closure
is accomplished by the weight of the integral mechanism which is pivoted to body
surface. Also disc element can be operated by using spring element.
Selection of valves-

Selection of the valves is depending on following factors:

 Pressure.
 Temperature.
 Type of fluid- liquid , gas, corrosive, dirty or abrasives integrated.
 Flow considerations.
 Operating conditions: 1) frequency of operations.

2) Overall size /space available.

3) Manually or automatically operated.

4) Fire safe design

Selection of material-

Selection of the material for valves depends on following-

 Corrosion resistance requirement
 Thermal shock.
 Piping stress
 Fire hazard

Types of materials typically available for:

 Ductile iron
  Carbon steel
 Stainless steel
 Brass
 Bronze

Valve end connections-

Mainly valve ends connections are available in three types

1. Threaded ends
2. Welded ends
3. Flanged/bolted ends

Welded end

Threaded end

Flanged end
Inspection methods-

On/off test-
This test is carried out on valve to calculate time required to flow fluid through valve
when valve is fully opened or partially opened. Also it is carried to check whether pump
is able to withstand required (operating) pressure or not.

First valve is mounted on test setup and valve is opened and closed using actuator. And
calculate time required to fully open the valve by using stopwatch. This test is carried out
2-3 times and time calculates. Check time required to open valve for each time is equal or
not.

Display indicates opening of valve

in form of percentage.

At 100% valve is fully opened and

at0% valve is fully closed
 Test setup by which
test is carried out

valve which has to inspect is mounted on test setup. And pneumatic pressure is applied
through inlet of valve body. High Pressure is maintained for some time in valve. So it
ensures that valve is manufactured as to sustain required operating pressure.

Hydro test-
Hydro test is carried out to check whether there is any leakage in between disc element
and seat available or not.

In this test fluid is passing through valve when valve is in fully closed condition and
check that is it fluid is passing through outlet or not.