Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide

Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide
Boardworks A2 Chemistry
Organic Synthesis
34 slides
13 Flash activities
Optical isomerism
• Introduction to light waves
Animation illustrating the nature of polarized light
• Optically active compounds, enantiomers and chiral carbon atoms
Identifying chiral carbons
Animation illustrating how the optical activity of compounds can be measured
• Properties of optical isomers
Optically active compounds

Animation illustrating how nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds can lead to the
Organic
formation of optical isomers

• Optical isomers and drug manufacture, including the thalidomide tragedy
• Separating optical isomers and methods of obtaining optically pure compounds, including
chiral catalysts
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to optically active compounds
Synthetic routes
• The importance of organic synthesis
Overview of different functional groups
Activity to identify the different functional groups present in a compound
Overview of how compound properties can be predicted from the functional groups
present in its structure
Summary of organic reactions and synthetic routes
• Devising a synthetic route
Summary activities
Glossary of keywords in the presentation
Identifying the correct definition of selected keywords in the presentation
Multiple-choice quiz
January 2010 1/22

Carbonyl Compounds
38 slides
16 Flash activities
Aldehydes & ketones

• Introduction to the carbonyl group
• Representing and naming aldehydes and ketones
Identifying the names of aldehydes and ketones
Animations illustrating the synthesis of aldehydes and ketones from alcohols
• Properties of aldehydes and ketones
Animated graph comparing the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols and
alkanes of similar Mr
Reactions of aldehydes & ketones

• Overview of the polarity of the carbonyl group as the basis for the reactivity of carbonyl
compounds
Orgnaic
Animation illustrating the nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of cyanide and the
carbonyl group
Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of the reduction of aldehydes and
ketones with a reducing agent such as sodium tetrahydridoborate
Virtual experiments illustrating the use of Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s solution to
distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
Animation illustrating the use of 2,4-DNPH (Brady’s reagent) to identify an aldehyde or
ketone
Identifying the conditions needed for various reactions involving aldehydes and ketones
Identifying true-or-false statements about reactions involving aldehydes and ketones
Carboxylic acids
• Overview of the carboxyl group
Identifying the names of carboxylic acids
Animated graph comparing the boiling points of carboxylic acids with alcohols, aldehydes
and alkanes of similar Mr.
• Preparation of carboxylic acids by the oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes, and by
the hydrolysis of nitriles
Virtual experiment illustrating the preparation of carboxylic acids by the oxidation of
primary alcohols
January 2010 2/22

Reactions of carboxylic acids

• Overview of the type of reactions involving carboxylic acids
• Formation of the carboxylate ion, and the reaction of carboxylic acids with carbonates
and alkalis
Identifying missing words relating to carboxylic acids
Summary activities
January 2010 3/22

Acyl Compounds
38 slides
17 Flash activities
Esters
• Introduction to esters
Animation illustrating the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols
• Nomenclature of esters
Activity to identify the names of esters from their structures
Animations illustrating the hydrolysis of esters by hydrochloric acid and by sodium
hydroxide
• Uses of esters
Animation illustrating the structure of triglycerides in terms of glycerol and fatty acids
Identifying true-or-false statements about esters
Guide to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and the cis/trans configuration
• Trans fats, saturated fats, cholesterol and health
Animations illustrating the formation of soap and biodiesel from triglycerides
Organic
Acid chlorides & acid anhydrides

• Overview of acylation and acid derivatives
• Overview and nomenclature of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides
Identifying structures as being acid chlorides, acid anhydrides or esters
Activity to identify the names of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides from their structures
Addition–elimination reactions
• Overview of the reactivity of acid chlorides and acid anhydrides
Animation illustrating the reaction mechanism of acid chlorides and nucleophiles
Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of acid chlorides with water, alcohols,
ammonia and amines
Identifying the relative reactivity of nucleophiles in their reactions with acid chlorides
• Applications of acylation reactions
Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of the formation of paracetamol and
aspirin
Identifying missing words relating to acid derivatives
Summary activities
January 2010 4/22

Aromatic Chemistry
36 slides
15 Flash activities
Bonding in benzene
• The history of the structure of benzene
• The Kekulé structure of benzene and problems with the Kekulé structure: evidence from
hydrogenation, bromination and isomers of dibromobenzene
Animation illustrating the role of thermochemical data in determining the structure of
benzene: comparing hydrogenation enthalpies of benzene and cyclohexene
• Bond lengths in benzene: evidence from X-ray crystallography
Identifying missing words relating to problems with the Kekulé structure of benzene
Animation illustrating the delocalized structure of benzene
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to the structure of benzene
• The evolution of scientific knowledge as illustrated by the history of benzene
Organic
Properties of arenes
• Overview of the arenes: physical properties and nomenclature
Animation illustrating the conventions for naming aromatic compounds
Activity to identify the names of arenes from their structures
Reactions of arenes
• Overview of how delocalization affects the reactivity of arenes
Animation illustrating the general mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions
Animation illustrating the mechanism of the nitration of benzene
• Uses of nitrated arenes
• Overview of Friedel–Crafts reactions
Animations illustrating the reaction mechanisms of Friedel–Crafts alkylation and Friedel–
Crafts acylation
Animation illustrating the reaction mechanism of benzene with bromine
Animation illustrating the reaction of phenol and sodium
• Reaction of phenol with bromine
Identifying components of electrophilic substitution reactions involving arenes
Summary activities
January 2010 5/22

Amines
34 slides
10 Flash activities
Properties of amines
• Overview of amines: structure and shape
Identifying primary, secondary and tertiary amines from their structures
• Nomenclature of amines
Activity to identify the names of amines from their structures
• Physical properties of amines
Synthesis of amines
• Synthesis of amines from ammonia and halogenoalkanes
• Synthesis of amines via the reduction of nitriles
• The preparation of phenylamine
Organic
Identifying which conditions are needed to synthesize amines in different types of

reactions
Reactions of amines
• Aliphatic and aromatic amines
Animation illustrating the action of amines as Brønsted–Lowry bases
• Relative base strength of the amines, and the reactions of amines as bases to form salts
Animation illustrating the action of amines as nucleophiles: reaction with
halogenoalkanes to form secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines
• Uses of quaternary ammonium salts
Animations illustrating the reaction of amines with acyl compounds (acid chlorides and
acid anhydrides)
• The synthesis of diazonium salts and azo compounds, and uses of azo compounds
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to the reactions of amines
Summary activities
January 2010 6/22

Polymers and
Amino Acids
36 slides
16 Flash activities
Addition polymers
• Overview of different types of polymer
• Naming addition polymers
Guide to common addition polymers
Identifying addition polymers
• Disposal of addition polymers
Condensation polymers
• Overview of condensation polymers
Animation illustrating the formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols, and the
formation of polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diols, including the formation of PET
Organic
Animation illustrating the formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines, and the
formation of polyesters from dicarboxylic acids and diamines, including the formation of
nylon-6,6 and Kevlar
• Disposal of condensation polymers
• Acidic and basic hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides
Identifying statements as referring to either addition polymers or condensation polymers
Identifying types of polymer: addition, polyester or polyamide
Identifying polymers from monomers
Amino acids and proteins

• Overview of amino acids
Guide to the 22 proteinogenic amino acids
Animation illustrating the formation of zwitterions
• Overview of the acid–base nature of amino acids
Virtual experiment exploring the effect of changing pH on amino acids
Animation illustrating the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids
Animation illustrating the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
• The types of bonds in proteins
• The two main types of protein: fibrous and globular, including the structure of enzymes
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to amino acids and proteins
Summary activities
January 2010 7/22

Structure Determination
45 slides
21 Flash activities
Mass spectrometry
• Overview of mass spectrometry
Animation illustrating how fragmentation can help to identify compounds
Animation illustrating the fragmentation of carbonyl compounds
Activity to interpret mass spectra
• Uses of mass spectrometry
Infrared spectroscopy
• Overview of infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectra of different functional groups
Activity to interpret infrared spectra
• Uses of infrared spectroscopy
Organic
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Animation illustrating how NMR spectroscopy works
• Uses of NMR spectroscopy
Animation illustrating carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy
Activity to interpret 13C NMR spectra
• Chemical shift and the use of TMS as a reference compound
Activity to assign peaks on 13C NMR spectra
Animation illustrating proton NMR spectroscopy
Activity to interpret 1H NMR spectra
• Integration of 1H NMR spectra
Animation illustrating the process of spin coupling, including the n+1 rule
Activity to interpret splitting patterns on 1H NMR spectra
Activity to assign peaks on 1H NMR spectra
• Uses of NMR spectroscopy
Chromatography
• Overview of chromatography
Animation illustrating thin layer chromatography
Animation illustrating column chromatography
• Overview of high performance liquid chromatography
Animation illustrating gas–liquid chromatography
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to chromatography
January 2010 8/22

Summary activities
January 2010 9/22

Kinetics
26 slides
15 Flash activities
Introduction to rates of reaction

• Introduction to rate of reaction and activation energy
Guide to factors affecting the rate of reaction
Identifying true-or-false statements about rates of reaction
• Introduction to measuring rates of reaction
Animation illustrating three common methods for measuring rate of reaction
Identifying missing words relating to rate of reaction
Rate equations
• Introduction to the rate equation
Animations illustrating zero, first and second order reactions
Physical
Completing a table showing the effect of changing concentration on rate for zero, first and
second order reactions
• The effect of temperature on the rate constant, k
Identifying true-or-false statements about rate equations
Calculations and experiments

Example worked calculations relating to experimental data and the rate equation
Calculations relating to experimental data and the rate equation, including full working out
• Introduction to the rate-determining step
Animation explaining the rate-determining step in more detail
Guide to using the rate equation to suggest a possible mechanism for a reaction
Identifying the correct answer to questions about the rate-determining step
Summary activities
January 2010
10/22
Equilibria
33 slides
16 Flash activities
The equilibrium constant, Kc

• Recap of dynamic equilibria
Animated graph explaining the position of equilibrium
• Introduction to the equilibrium constant, Kc
Guide to calculating the units of Kc for a reaction, including full working out
Multiple choice quiz about Kc expressions and units
Animation illustrating how to calculate the value of Kc for a reaction
• Interpreting Kc values
Calculations involving Kc, including full working out
The equilibrium constant, Kp

• Overview of gas equilibria
Physical
Guide to calculating partial pressures of gases

Calculations involving partial pressures, including full working out
• Introduction to the equilibrium constant, Kp
• Units of Kp
Multiple choice quiz about Kp units
Animation illustrating how to calculate the value of Kp for a reaction
Calculations involving Kp, including full working out
Factors affecting equilibria

• Recap of Le Chatelier’s principle
• Overview of the effect of temperature and concentration on the value of Kc
Completing a table showing the effect of pressure changes on the equilibrium position
• The effect of a catalyst on Kc
Identifying true-or-false statements about Le Chatelier’s principle
Application of equilibria
Guide to the effect of different factors on the value of Kp in an industrial equilibrium
• Atom economy in industrial equilibria
Summary activities
January 2010
11/22
Acids and Bases

51 slides
31 Flash activities
Acid–base theory
Guide to definitions of acids and bases
• Monoprotic and diprotic acids
• Conjugate acids and bases
Identifying acids and bases, and conjugate acids and bases
pH, Ka and Kw
• Introduction to pH and strong and weak acids
Guide to calculating the pH of a strong acid
Calculations of the pH of strong acids, including full working out
• Calculating [H+] from pH
Physical
Calculations of [H+] from pH, including full working out

• Weak acids, Ka and pKa
Animation illustrating how to derive the equation for calculating the pH of a weak acid
Guide to calculating the pH of a weak acid
Calculations of the pH of weak acids, including full working out
• Introduction to Kw
Animation illustrating the use of Kw to calculate the pH of water and the variation of Kw
and pH with temperature.
Guide to calculating the pH of a strong base using Kw
Calculations involving the pH of strong bases, including full working out
Summary guide to the methods of calculating pH for strong and weak acids and strong
bases
Summary pH calculations, including full working out
pH curves and indicators

• Introduction to acid–base titration
Animations illustrating pH curves for the following titrations: strong acid vs. strong base,
weak acid vs. strong base, strong acid vs. weak base and weak acid vs. weak base
Example worked calculations from the results of titration experiments
• Selecting an appropriate indicator
Guide to selecting an appropriate indicator based on pH curves
Animation illustrating approximations that can be made at the half-neutralization point,
and how this can be used to find pH and Ka
Identifying missing words relating to titrations
Example worked calculations of pH for strong acid–strong base titrations
January 2010
12/22
Calculations of pH for strong acid–strong base titrations, including full working out
Buffer solutions
• Introduction to buffer solutions
Animations illustrating how acidic buffers work
• Buffers in the body
Example worked calculations of pH for buffer solutions
Calculations involving the pH of buffer solutions, including full working out
• Making a buffer from strong base and weak acid
Example worked calculations of pH for buffers made from strong base and weak acid
Step-by-step calculation of the pH for a buffer solution made from a strong base and a
weak acid, including full working out
• Changes in buffer pH when small amounts of acid or base are added
Example worked calculations of change in buffer pH when small amounts of acid or base
are added
Calculations involving the change in buffer pH when small amounts of acid or base are
added, including full working out
Summary activities
Guide to selecting the correct method to use for pH calculations
January 2010
13/22
Thermodynamics
43 slides
24 Flash activities
Enthalpy changes
• Introduction to enthalpy changes
Guide to different types of enthalpy change
Identifying the correct equation for various enthalpy changes
• Introduction to bond enthalpies
Calculations involving enthalpy change using bond enthalpies, including full working out
Born–Haber cycles
Animation explaining Born–Haber cycles
Guide to constructing a Born–Haber cycle for NaCl
• Born–Haber cycle for MgCl2
Completing Born–Haber cycles and calculations based on them
Physical
Identifying the correct answer to calculations based on Born–Haber cycles

• Lattice formation enthalpies
Animation illustrating polarizability, covalent character and their affect on lattice
enthalpies
Identifying missing words relating to polarization and lattice enthalpies
Enthalpies of solution
• Standard enthalpy of solution and standard enthalpy of hydration
Animation illustrating the use of Hess’s Law to calculate enthalpy of solution
Calculations involving enthalpies of solution
• Factors affecting enthalpy of hydration
Entropy
Guide to the need for another factor as well as enthalpy to explain spontaneous reactions
• Introduction to entropy
Animation illustrating entropy changes for melting and evaporation, and for reactions
involving changes in the complexity of molecules
Identifying whether entropy changes for particular reactions are positive or negative
• Calculating entropy change for a reaction
Example worked calculations of entropy changes for various reactions
Calculations involving entropy changes for various reactions, including full working out
Animation explaining what the entropy change for the surroundings is and how to
calculate it
Calculations involving the entropy change for the surroundings for various reactions,
including full working out
January 2010
14/22
• Introduction to Gibbs free energy
Example worked calculations of Gibbs free energy change for various reactions
Calculations involving Gibbs free energy change for various reactions, including full
working out
• Discussion of when a reaction is feasible and how to find the lowest temperature at which
a reaction will be feasible
Calculations involving temperatures at which various reactions become feasible,
including full working out
• Using ∆Gsol to work out whether a substance will be soluble in water at a particular
temperature
• Using both thermodynamic and kinetic considerations to decide whether a reaction will
occur
Summary activities
January 2010
15/22
Periodicity in Period 3
35 slides
16 Flash activities
Physical properties
Guide to the physical properties of period 3 elements
Identifying the physical properties of period 3 elements
Reactions with water and oxygen

Animations illustrating the reaction of sodium, magnesium and chlorine with water
• Summary of the reactions of period 3 elements with water
Animations illustrating the reaction of period 3 elements (Na–S) with oxygen
• Summary of the reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen
Calculating the oxidation states in reactions of period 3 elements and oxygen
Identifying missing words relating to the reactions of period 3 elements with water and
Inorganic
oxygen
Reactions of oxides
Guide to the physical properties of period 3 oxides
Virtual experiment investigating the reactivity of period 3 (Na–P) oxides with water
Virtual experiment investigating the reactivity of sulfur oxides with water
• Na2O and MgO as alkaline oxides
• Al2O3 and SiO2 as insoluble oxides
• P4O10, SO2 and SO3 as acidic oxides
Matching period 3 oxides to the pH of the solution they form after reacting with water
Identifying true-or-false statements about period 3 oxides and water
• The reactions of Na2O and MgO with bases
• The amphoteric nature of Al2O3
• The reactions of SiO2, P4O10 and SO2 with bases
Identifying missing substances in the reactions of period 3 oxides with acids and bases
Summary activities
Identifying key trends in period 3 elements and their oxides
January 2010
16/22
Redox Chemistry and

Electrode Potentials
35 slides
15 Flash activities
Redox reactions
Identifying reactions as being redox or not
Identifying statements as referring to either oxidation or reduction
Guide to the general rules for assigning oxidation states
Identifying the oxidation states of different elements
Identifying missing words relating to oxidation states
Balancing redox reactions

• Guide on how to combine and balance half equations
Inorganic
Balancing equations when given two half equations
Half cells
• Introduction to half cells
Animation introducing electrode potentials and the creation electrochemical cells using
two half cells, a salt bridge and a voltmeter
Virtual experiment to combine different half cells to create electrochemical cells
Animation introducing the standard hydrogen electrode
Virtual experiment to combine different half cells with a standard hydrogen electrode
• Cell diagrams and he electrochemical series
Guide on how to calculate Ecell by combining half cell equations
Activity to calculate Ecell for different combinations of half cells
Feasibility of reactions
• Guide on how to determine the feasibility of reactions using standard electrode potentials
Identifying whether different redox reactions are feasible or not feasible
Summary activities
January 2010
17/22
Applications of
Redox Chemistry
30 slides
16 Flash activities
Cells and batteries

• Overview of electrochemical cells
How an electrochemical cell works
• Introduction to primary cells
Guide to different types of secondary cells
Identifying the reactions in a zinc–carbon cell
Identifying primary and secondary cells
• Definition of a battery
Guide to a lead–acid battery
Calculating the e.m.f. of cells and batteries
Inorganic
Fuel cells
• Overview of fuel cells, and the reactions taking place in a hydrogen fuel cell
Animation illustrating how a hydrogen fuel cell works
Labelling species in a hydrogen fuel cell
• Methods of producing hydrogen gas
Guide to different methods of storing hydrogen
• Introduction to hydrogen-rich fuels
Animation illustrating how a direct methanol fuel cell works
Identifying the reactions taking place in a direct methanol fuel cell
• Development of an ethanol fuel cell
Identifying properties of fuel cell vehicles and conventional vehicles
Guide to different opinions about a hydrogen economy
• How fuel cell technology has been applied to modern breath alcohol testers
Summary activities
January 2010
18/22
Introducing
Transition Metals
33 slides
16 Flash activities
Properties of transition metals

• Definitions of a transition metal
Completing the electron configurations of transition metal atoms and ions
• Successive ionization energies as evidence of transition metal electronic structure
Graphs of successive ionization energies of vanadium, chromium and manganese
• Distinguishing between transition metals and d block elements
Identifying transition metals and d block elements
Variable oxidation states

Inorganic
• Variable oxidation states in transition metals

Ordering the oxidation states of transition metal compounds
Ordering the oxidation states of vanadium compounds
• How oxidation state affects bonding
Guide to common oxidation states of transition metals
Transition metal complexes

• Introduction to ligands
• Features of bidentate and multidentate ligands
Identifying the bonding atoms in ligands
Identifying unidentate, bidentate and multidentate ligands
• Co-ordination numbers
Guide to complex ions
Identifying properties of a complex ion from a structural diagram
Guide to the different shapes of complex ions
• Cis–trans and optical isomerism
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to transition metal complex ions
Identifying the shape and co-ordination number of complex ions
Summary activities
January 2010
19/22
Transition Metals:
Colours and Reactions
43 slides
14 Flash activities
Transition metal colours

• How we see colour
• Why transition metal ions absorb light
Animation of energy changes in d orbitals
• Factors affecting the colours of transition metal complexes
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to colours of complex ions
• Using UV–Vis spectroscopy to determine concentrations of complex ion solutions
Animation illustrating how to determine the concentration of a solution using
spectroscopy
• Improving UV–Vis spectroscopy by exchanging ligands
Inorganic
Hydrolysis reactions
• Overview of hydrolysis reactions
• Differing acidity of aqua ions
Ordering aqua ions by acidity, using charge and ionic radius
• Hydrolysis reactions of M2+ and M3+ ions
• Reactions with bases, including ammonia, hydroxide ions and carbonate ions
Virtual experiment exploring the reaction of bases with aqua ion solutions
Selecting the correct numbers to balance hydrolysis equations
• Amphoteric character
Matching reaction terms with their definitions
Ligand substitution reactions

• Introduction to ligand substitution reactions
Virtual experiment exploring ligand substitution reactions
Identifying reactants and conditions in acid–base and ligand substitution reactions
• An overview of stability constants
• The chelate effect
Predicting the direction of reversible ligand substitution reactions based on entropy
• Ligand substitution in haemoglobin
January 2010
20/22
Redox reactions
• Redox reactions in transition metals
• Oxidation of cobalt(II)
• Reduction of chromium(VI)
Identifying the type of reaction
Summary activities
January 2010
21/22
Uses of Transition Metals

40 slides
14 Flash activities
Catalysis
• Introduction to transition metals as catalysts; heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis
Animation illustrating the process of heterogeneous catalysis
• Improving catalytic efficiency
• Catalysts in the Haber and Contact processes, and the production of methanol
Identifying missing words relating heterogeneous catalysts
• Introduction to homogeneous catalysis
• Reaction of iodine and peroxodisulfate ions
• Introduction to autocatalysis
• Oxidation of ethanedioic acid
Matching industrial products to the catalysts used in their production
• Development of new catalysts
Inorganic
Identifying true-or-false statements relating to industrial catalysts
Redox titrations
• Introduction to redox titrations
Identifying missing words relating to the oxidation states of manganese
Virtual experiment exploring a potassium manganate(VII) titration
Guide to calculating potassium manganate(VII) titration results, including full working out
• Introduction to potassium dichromate(VI) titrations
Identifying missing numbers in ionic equations for the reaction of potassium
dichromate(VI) with Fe2+ ions
Guide to calculating potassium dichromate(VI) titration results, including full working out
• The reaction of iodine and thiosulfate ions
Calculations involving the reaction of iodine and thiosulfate ions, including full working out
Applications of transition metals

• Uses of transition metal in catalytic converters, polychromic sunglasses, chemotherapy
drugs – specifically cisplatin – paints and dyes and alloys
Matching transition metal properties to their uses
Summary activities
January 2010
22/22

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Boardworks A2 Chemistry Contents Guide

Optically active compounds

formation of optical isomers

January 2010 1/22

Aldehydes & ketones

Reactions of aldehydes & ketones

January 2010 2/22

Reactions of carboxylic acids

January 2010 3/22

Acid chlorides & acid anhydrides

January 2010 4/22

January 2010 5/22

Identifying which conditions are needed to synthesize amines in different types of

January 2010 6/22

Amino acids and proteins

January 2010 7/22

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

January 2010 8/22

January 2010 9/22

Introduction to rates of reaction

Calculations and experiments

The equilibrium constant, Kc

The equilibrium constant, Kp

Guide to calculating partial pressures of gases

Factors affecting equilibria

Acids and Bases

Calculations of [H+] from pH, including full working out

pH curves and indicators

Identifying the correct answer to calculations based on Born–Haber cycles

Reactions with water and oxygen

Redox Chemistry and

Balancing redox reactions

Balancing equations when given two half equations

Cells and batteries

Properties of transition metals

Variable oxidation states

• Variable oxidation states in transition metals

Transition metal complexes

Transition metal colours

Ligand substitution reactions

Uses of Transition Metals

Identifying true-or-false statements relating to industrial catalysts

Applications of transition metals

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