Final Industrial Training Report

Training REPORT (14pt.)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF (12pt.)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
(Civil Engineering) (14pt.)

Submitted by

Sandeep Kumar

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL

ENGINEERING

SHOOLINI UNIVERSITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
SOLAN, H.P., INDIA
JULY, 2018
Here Certificate will be attached, certified by an Industry
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this “Industrial Training Report” submitted in partial fulfillment
for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology to Shoolini University of
Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (H.P.) is original work carried out by
me under the guidance and supervision of Ar. Deepak Verma. No part of this thesis has
been submitted for any other degree or diploma to this or any other university.

Sandeep Kumar

Place:

Date:
 School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
Shoolini University, Solan-173229

CERTIFICATE – I

This is to certify that the Industrial training report entitled submitted in partial fulfillment
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology to Shoolini University of
Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan (H.P.) is original research work carried
out by Sandeep Kumar (1651302041) under my supervision. No part of this report has
been submitted for any other degree or diploma to this or any other university.

The assistance and help received during the course of investigation has been duly
acknowledged.

(Name and Signature of Chairperson)

Countersigned By:

Head of School, School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering

Place:

Date………
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
NOMENCLATURE ii-iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v-viii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-17
1.1 General 1
1.2 Renewable energy 3
1.3 The sun 5
CHAPTER 2 ENGINE REPAIR SHOP 18-40
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Classification of Engines 18
2.3 Types of Engines at Engine Workshop 31
2.4 Engine testing Lab 35
Upgradation of Infrastructure of Engine Repair
2.4.1 Shop 40
CHAPTER 3 TRANSMISSION SHOP 41-50
3.1 Introduction 41
Parts and subassembly of a hydraulic shift
3.2 automobile transmission 44
3.3 Types of transmission in transmission shop 46
3.4 Transmission testing bench 50
CHAPTER 4 MACHINE SHOP 51-54
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Machining processes at machine shop 54
CHAPTER 5 HEAT TREATMENT SHOP 55-57
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Heat treatment at the shop 57
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
____________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 58-59

REFERENCES 60-61
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the onset, I'd like to start by thanking Dr. Mark Taylor (Assistant Professor, Mechanical
Engineering Department, Shoolini University) and Dr. Rajeev Mehta (Head, Quality Head,
BMW, Bangalore). They have always been so cooperative. Without their cooperation, the
training report couldn't have been what it evolved to be.

Word of thanks to Mr. Bhaskar Goel (Head, Mechanical Engineering Department, Shoolini
University) and the distinguished faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department, Shoolini
University for their supportive and helping custom. I'd like to thank my colleagues, who
helped me in the write-ups at times and suggested a few ideas.

Above all, thanks to almighty for always being around us and helping without asking.

Akshay
Akshay@abc.com

i
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
No. No.
1.1 Region-wise installed generating capacity of India 4
1.2 Grid interactive renewable power capacity in India 5
3.1 Range of parameters 47
3.2 Uncertainty associated with experimentation 51
5.1 Control factors and levels of operation 71
5.2 Experimental design (L16 orthogonal array) and set of parameters 72
5.3 Experimental data of the criterions 75
5.4 Criterion weight calculated by entropy method 76
5.5 Utility measure, regret measure, VIKOR index and ranking 76
5.6 Validation of the optimal set of control factors 77

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
No. No.
1.1 Change in world fossil energy annual growth rates 1800-2010 2
1.2(a) Shares of global anthropogenic GHG 2010 3
1.2(b) World CO2 emissions by sector in 2013 3
1.3 Structure of the sun 6
1.4 Solar energy process system 7
1.5 Evacuated tube solar thermal collector 8
1.6 Parabolic Trough concentrating solar collector 9
1.7 Flat plate solar thermal collector 10
1.8 Natural circulation type flat plate solar thermal collector 12
1.9 Forced circulation type solar flat plate thermal collector 13
1.10 Two-pass solar air channel 13
1.11 Simple flat plate collector 14
1.12 Corrugated plate collector 14
1.13 Finned plate collectors 15
2.1 Delta winglet with ribs in air heating channel 21
2.2 Curved trapezoidal winglet configuration 21
2.3 Fins and baffles attached over single pass upward type solar air 24
channel
2.4 Top view of solar absorber channel with fins and baffles 24
2.5 Channel geometry and computational domain of periodic flow 25
2.6 Test section with V-shape BVG 27
2.7 Test section with in-phase and out-phase Z-shaped baffle 28
2.8(a) Schematic of baffle duct 29
2.8(b) Sketch of the baffle with perforation 29
2.9 Formation of secondary flow and mixing 31
2.10 Solar assisted ground source heat pump 34
2.11 Solar air channel with angled ribs 35
2.12 V-down perforated baffles
3.1 Experimental setup (a) Schematic representation, (b) Actual 42
photographic view

iii
ABSTRACT

iv
Chapter 1 Introduction

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this chapter is to provide background information on the issues

related to energy and their environmental impact. Further, the renewable energy
technologies, an alternate for reliable and sustainable development have been discussed.
A brief review on solar energy technology and its applications has been presented
followed by review on solar thermal collectors and thermal analysis of flat plate solar
collector with the thermal losses taking place from the collector. The solar air flow
channel, a fundamental type of solar thermal collector possesses low thermal efficiency
due to low thermo-physical properties of the carrier fluid. Modifications in the flow
channel are therefore required to be carried out so as to make the system efficient enough
with material and operation. The designs and improvements in solar air channels have
been discussed in order to emphasize their relevance in the present study. At last, an
overview of the thesis has been presented which covers the overall study and addresses all
the issues relevant to study the performance of discrete V obstacles in a solar air channel.

1.1. General
Energy has been the major requirement of the people since existence of life on
earth. Energy in the biological form is essential for human body. By the time, human
incepts to make machines which reduce the human work on the expense of, energy
consumption in other forms. In the early times, most of the machines were driven by
mechanical forces which were provided by human or other animal but since the empirical
reality of electricity most machines are invented by focusing on electricity driven
mechanisms. The most conventional way to generate electricity is, by fossil fuels. It
provides about 80 % of total power with oil accounting for 31.1%, coal for 28.9% and
natural gas for 21.4% of total generated energy (IEA, 2015). Hydroelectricity is also
becoming prominent source of energy which shares 16 % of world’s electricity
production (IHA, 2015). It has been reported that world population has been doubled in
the last five decades. More population complies with more power requirement. Fossil
fuels are currently most conventional source for power generation. It took millions of
years to form fossil fuel but human is using these resources so rapidly that, if the usage
will continue in the same rate, they will last not more than 40-50 years. Fig.1.1 outlines

School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 1

Chapter 1 Introduction

the annual fossil energy growth rate along with the annual fossil energy output. It shows a
maximum growth of about 20-30% in the early nineteenth century. Fig. shows an overall
decline in the growth of fossil energy. There are two major depressions in the curve due
to juvenility in industrial revolution in the 1820-1840 and the second major depression is
recorded during the time of world war from 1820 to 1850. According to International
Energy Agency, oil and gas reserves will decline by 40-60% in the next 20 years. Fig.
also dictates the ascending of the annual fossil energy output which directly effects the
availability of fossil energy and shows that these sources are becoming scarce. As fossil
fuels are becoming deficient, another major problem associated with the usage of these
resources is its non-ecofriendly combustion.

Fig. 1.1: Change in world fossil energy annual growth rates (Hook et al., 2012)

Fig. 1.2(a) depicts that contributes about 90% of total global warming and leading
GHG. Fig. 1.2(b) shows the contribution of fossil fuel combustion to the emission
and it is found that fossil fuels are responsible for 65% (electricity and heat; and
transportation) of total emission. So, global warming and climate change caused by
GHG emissions are strongly linked to fossil energy production. It is clear from above that
fossil fuel energy is not available in that much abundance so that, it could provide energy
to future generations and its usage also produce GHGs which are responsible for ruining

School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 2

Chapter 1 Introduction

of environment. So, it becomes essential for the human being to find alternative resources
which could produce power in sustainable way, by means of creating less waste and
lowering emission. The best option with the mankind is renewable energy which is
available in abundance and is also ecofriendly.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.2: (a) Shares of global anthropogenic GHG 2010, (b) World emissions by
sector in 2013 (IEA, 2015)

1.2 Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is that form of energy which is cultivated from those categories
of resources which are available in abundant amount i.e. sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves
geothermal heat. Due to association of various problems with the usage of fossil energy,
renewable energy is gaining much research attention in recent years. Conventional energy
is being replaced by the renewable energy in various areas such as electricity generation,
water heating, space heating, motor fuels, etc. Usage of these resources facilitates with
various social, environmental and economic advantages like energy security, replacing
coal, water management, reduced health impact via reduced air pollution, energy access
and bioenergy (IPCC, 2014). Apparently, India is also figuring the use of renewable
energy sources. In India a Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) was
established which is later infer as Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(DNES) in 1982. After a decade in 1992, this department promoted to Ministry of Non-
conventional Energy Sources (MNES) and since 2006 it is known as Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE, 2016).
India meets out its energy requirement from various resources. Manifestly, major
furnishers are the conventional sources which provide about 85% of total power to the
country. Table 1.1 depicts the total power generating capacity of India which shows that
13.17% of total power comes from renewable energy sources. It can also be seen that the

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

growth rate of harnessing renewable energy source is the largest among all power
generating energy sectors.

Table 1.1: Region-wise installed generating capacity of India (MSPI, 2016)

Sr. Indian Hydro Thermal Nuclear New & Growth Rate
No. geographic (GW) (GW) (GW) Renewable 2013-14 to
region energy 2014-15
(GW)
1 North region 17.07 41.61 1.62 7.15 6.68
2 West region 7.45 78.69 1.84 12.79 14.08
3 South region 11.40 34.46 2.32 15.12 10.67
4 East region 4.11 32.28 0.00 0.44 9.70
5 NER 1.24 1.86 0.00 0.26 15.52
Total 41.27 188.90 5.78 35.77 10.79
Percentage (%) 15.19% 69.52% 2.12% 13.17%

At present the renewable energy capacity of India is about 35,774 MW which is about
13% of total production. This renewable energy source includes mainly solar energy,
wind energy, biomass energy. Currently India stands at fifth position of total renewable
energy capacity and utilization (excluding hydropower) in which it stands at fifth position
in wind energy utilization after China, US, Germany and Spain. In solar energy
utilization India stands at 10th position. Only the United States and India added CSP
facilities in 2014 (REPN, 2015). The detailed description of contribution of all these
resources in power generation in India has been shown in the table 1.2 (MSPI, 2016). It
shows that most of the power is produced by wind energy which is about 65% of total
renewable energy capacity of the country. Growth rate of solar power in India is also
recorded as highest with 85.37%. So, it is clear that solar power and wind power has
attracted the attention of Indian government and these sources are coming in front for
stimulating renewable energy as the prominent source of energy over fossil energy in the
near future.
 School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 4
References

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