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Class D Audio Amplifier Design

• Class D Amplifier Introduction


Theory of Class D operation, topology comparison

• Gate Driver
How to drive the gate, key parameters in gate
drive stage

• MOSFET
How to choose, tradeoff relationships, loss calculation

• Package
Importance of layout and package, new packaging
technology

• Design Example
200W+200W stereo Class D amplifier
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Prepared Oct.8 2003 by Jun Honda and Jorge Cerezo
Trend in Class D Amplifiers

• Make it smaller!
- higher efficiency
- smaller package
- Half Bridge

• Make it sound better!


- THD improvement
- fully digitally processed modulator

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Traditional Linear Amplifier

Feed back

• Vcc

• •
Error amp Bias

• Vcc

Class AB amplifier uses linear regulating transistors to


modulate output voltage. η = 30% at temp rise test condition.
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
How a Class D Amplifier Works

Feed back

Triangle +V C C
Nch
Level Shift

• • COMP Dead Time


Nch
Error Amp

-V C C

Class D amplifier uses MOSFETs that are either


ON or OFF.
PWM technique is used to express analog audio
signals with ON or OFF states in output devices.www.irf.com
Basic PWM Operation

The output signal of comparator


goes high when the sine wave is
higher than the sawtooth.

Class D
COMP LPF
switching stage

Using fPWM=400KHz to modulate 25KHz sinusoidal waveform www.irf.com


System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Topology Comparison: Class AB vs Class D

η Temp rise test condition η

Efficiency

Output Output

Constant over Vbus Gain Proportional to


Vbus

Good PSRR 0 dB

Both way
Always from Direction of Creates Vbus pumping
supply to load phenomena
energy flow
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Analogy to Buck DC-DC Converter
Buck Converter Class D Amplifier
Fc of LPF is above
Gate Driver
Gate Driver
20KHz
Q1
MOSFET
Q1
MOSFET
U1A

8
U1A L1
3
8

+
L1 1
3 2
+
1 - INDUCTOR
2 ERROR AMP
- INDUCTOR

4
R1
ERROR AMP C1 LOAD
4

R1 CAPACITOR
C1 LOAD Q2

Vref
CAPACITOR
MOSFET
Q2
MOSFET

Audio signal input as


a reference voltage

Load Current Direction Both current directions


Î Influence of dead time is different
Î Dead time needs to be very tight

Duty ratio is fixed Duty varies but average is 50%

ÎIndependent optimization for HS/LS ÎSame optimization for both MOSFETs

ÎLow RDS(ON) for longer duty, low Qg ÎSame RDS(ON) required for both sides
for shorter duty www.irf.com
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Loss in Power Device Loss
2
VCC
Pc = 0.2 ⋅
8 ⋅ RL
Loss in class AB
π
Vcc
PC =
1
⋅∫ (1 − K sin ω ⋅ t ) Vcc K sin ω ⋅ t • dω ⋅ t
2 ⋅π 0 2 2 ⋅ RL
Vcc 2  2K K 2 
= ⋅  −  Regardless of output
8π ⋅ RL  π 2  device parameters. K=2/π K=1

Loss

Loss in Class D Efficiency can be


improved further!
PTOTAL = Psw + Pcond + Pgd
RDS (ON )
Pcond = ⋅ Po Pgd = 2 ⋅ Qg ⋅ Vgs ⋅ f PWM
RL
K=1
2
Psw = COSS ⋅ VBUS ⋅ f PWM + I D ⋅ VDS ⋅ t f ⋅ f PWM K is a ratio of Vbus and output voltage.
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Half Bridge vs Full Bridge
Supply voltage 0.5 x 2ch 1
Current ratings 1 2
MOSFET 2 MOSFETs/CH 4 MOSFETs/CH
Gate Driver 1 Gate Driver/CH 2 Gate Drivers/CH
Linearity Superior (No even order HD)
DC Offset Adjustment is needed Can be cancelled out
PWM pattern 2 level 3 level PWM can be implemented
Notes Pumping effect
Suitable for open loop design
Need a help of feed back

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Major Cause of Imperfection
Perturbation
Zo
Pulse width error Bus Pumping +V C C Non linear inductance /
Quantization error Capacitance
DCR

Audio source PWM Gate Driver

-V C C
Dead time
Delay time Finite RDS(on)
Vth and Qg
Body diode recovery
R DS(ON)

ON delay OFF delay

Finite dV/dt
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
THD and Dead Time
High Side Dead Time
Low Side Dead Time
ON

High Side
OFF

ON

Low Side
OFF

Dead Time 40nS Dead Time 15nS


40
34

30

20 High Side edges


10

Vout( t ) 0 Falling edges


10
THD=2.1% THD=0.18%
20
Note: THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) is a means to
30 measure linearity with sinusoidal signal.
V2 + V3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2 2
− 34 40
Low THD =
0.001Side edges
V fundamental
4
0 5 .10 0.0015 0.002
0 t 0.0021

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Shoot Through and Dead Time
Q s t a s a f u n c t io n o f O v e r la p T im e & R g
V b u s = 6 0 V , Id = 2 A , V g s = 1 2 V
High side Vgs ( O v e r la p t im e m e a s u r e d f r o m 5 0 % V g s h ig h s id e f a ll t o 1 0 % V g s lo w s id e r is e )

Rg=10 ohm 120

Low side Vgs


100

80

R g=1O hm s
60 R g=5O hm s
rg=10O hm s

40

Shoot through current


20
2A/div

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

O v e r la p tim e (n s )

-Shoot through charge increases rapidly as dead time gets shorter.


-Need to consider manufacturing tolerances and temperature characteristics.
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Power Supply Pumping
Supply voltage Pumping
effect
Load Current
+Vcc

Vo

-Vcc
Commutation VBUS
current ∆VBUS max =
8 ⋅ π ⋅ f PWM ⋅ RLOAD ⋅ C BUS

Half Bridge Full Bridge


Load Current

-Significant at low frequency output


-Significant at low load impedance
-Significant at small bus capacitors
-Largest at duty = 25%, and 75% Commutation
current
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
EMI consideration: Qrr in Body Diode

1• 2 3•

1. Low side drains inductor current


2. During dead time body diode of low side
conducts and keep inductor current flow
3. At the moment high side is turned ON after
dead time, the body diode is still conducting to
wipe away minority carrier charge stored in the
duration of forward conduction.
ÎThis current generates large high frequency
current waveform and causes EMI noises.
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Gate Driver: Why is it Needed?
• Gate of MOSFET is a capacitor to be charged and discharged. Typical
effective capacitance is 2nF.

• High side needs to have a gate voltage referenced to it’s Source.

• Gate voltage must be 10-15V higher than the drain voltage.

• Need to control HS and LS independently to have dead time.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Functional Block Diagram Inside Gate Driver
International Rectifier's family of MOS gate drivers integrate most of the
functions required to drive one high side and one low side power
MOSFET in a compact package.
With the addition of few components, they provide very fast switching
speeds and low power dissipation.

Input Logic
High side well

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Boot Strap High Side Power Supply
Charge Discharge

ON

ON

When Vs is pulled down to ground through the low side FET, the bootstrap capacitor (CBOOT)
charges through the bootstrap diode (Dbs) from the Vcc supply, thus providing a supply to
Vbs.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Boot Strap High Side Power Supply (Cont’d)
• Boot Strap Capacitor Selection

To minimize the risk of overcharging and further reduce ripple on the Vbs voltage the
Cbs value obtained from the above equation should be should be multiplied by a factor
of 15 (rule of thumb).

• Boot Strap Diode Selection


The bootstrap diode (Dbs) needs to be able to block the full power rail voltage,
which is seen when the high side device is switched on. It must be a fast recovery
device to minimize the amount of charge fed back from the bootstrap capacitor
into the Vcc supply.
VRRM = Power rail voltage, max trr = 100ns, IF > Qbs x f
For more details on boot strap refer to DT98-2
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Power Dissipation in Gate Driver

• Whenever a capacitor is charged or discharged through a resistor, half of energy


that goes into the capacitance is dissipated in the resistor. Thus, the losses in
the gate drive resistance, internal and external to the MGD, for one complete
cycle is the following:

PG = V ⋅ f SW ⋅ QG
For two IRF540 HEXFET® MOSFETs operated at 400kHz with Vgs = 12V, we
have:
PG = 2 • 12 • 37 • 10-9 • 400 • 103 = 0.36W
R3 R3
High Side High Side
SW1

SW1
R2 C1 R2 C1
Low Side Ciss Low Side Ciss

For more details on gate driver ICs, refer to AN978 www.irf.com


System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Power Dissipation in Gate Driver (Cont’d)

•The use of gate resistors reduces 150.00


200 100
the amount of gate drive power 125.00
that is dissipated inside the MGD
100.00
by the ratio of the respective 10

Junction Tem perature (C )


resistances. 75.00

50.00
•These losses are not
25.00
temperature dependent.
0.00
1.E +03 1.E +04 1.E +05 1.E +06
Frequency (H z)

Figure 32: IR 2010S Tj vs Frequency


R G ATE = 10 O hm , V cc = 15V w ith IR FP E50

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Layout Considerations

• Stray inductance LD1+LS1 contribute to undershoot of the Vs node


beyond the ground

IR2011

As with any CMOS device, driving any of


parasitic diodes into forward conduction or
reverse breakdown may cause parasitic www.irf.com
SCR latch up.
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Gate Driver for Class D Applications

Key Specs
IR2011(S)

• Fully operational up to +200V


• Low power dissipation at high switching frequency
• 3.3V and 5V input logic compatible
• Matched propagation delay for both channels
• Tolerant to negative transient voltage, dV/dt immune SO-8
• SO-8/DIP-8 Package

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
How MOSFETs Work
• A MOSFET is a voltage-controlled power switch.
A voltage must be applied between Gate and
Source terminals to produce a flow of current in
the Drain.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
MOSFET Technologies (1)
• IR is striving to continuously improve the power MOSFET
to enhance the performance, quality and reliability.

• Hexagonal Cell Technology

• Planar Stripe Technology

• Trench Technology

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
MOSFET Technologies (2)
• Power MOSFET FOMs (R*Qg) have significantly improved
between the released IR MOSFET technologies

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Key Parameters of MOSFETs (1)
• Voltage Rating, BVDSS

This is the drain-source breakdown voltage (with


VGS = 0). BVDSS should be greater than or equal
to the rated voltage of the device, at the specified
leakage current, normally measured at Id=250uA.
This parameter is temperature-dependent and
frequently ∆BVDSS/∆Tj (V/°C) is specified on
datasheets.
BVDSS MOSFET voltages are available from tens
to thousand volts.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Key Parameters of MOSFETs (2)
• Gate Charge, Qg
This parameter is directly
related to the MOSFET speed
and is temperature-
independent. Lower Qg results
in faster switching speeds and
consequently lower switching
losses.
The total gate charge has two
main components: the gate- Basic Gate Charge Waveform
source charge, Qgs and, the
gate-drain charge, Qgd (often
called the Miller charge). www.irf.com
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Key Parameters of MOSFETs (3)
• Static Drain-to-Source On-Resistance, RDS(ON)

This is the drain-source


resistance, typically
specified on data sheet at
25°C with VGS = 10V.
RDS(ON) parameter is
temperature-dependent, and
is directly related to the
MOSFET conduction losses.
lower RDS(ON) results in
lower conduction losses. Normalized On-Resistance vs. Temperature

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Key Parameters of MOSFETs (4)
• Body Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics, Qrr, trr, Irr
and S factor.
Power MOSFETs inherently have an
integral reverse body-drain diode. This
body diode exhibits reverse recovery
characteristics. Reverse Recovery
Charge Qrr, Reverse Recovery Time trr,
Reverse Recovery Current Irr and
Softness factor (S = tb/ta), are typically
specified on data sheets at 25°C and
di/dt = 100A/us.
Reverse recovery characteristics are
temperature-dependent and lower trr, Irr
and Qrr improves THD, EMI and
Efficiency η. Typical Voltage –Current Waveforms
for a MOSFET Body Diode
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Key Parameters of MOSFETs (5)
• Package
MOSFET devices are available in several
packages as SO-8,TO-220, D-Pak, I-Pak, TO-
262, DirectFET™, etc.
The selection of a MOSFET package for a
specific application depends on the package
characteristics such as dimensions, power
dissipation capability, current capability, internal
inductance, internal resistance, electrical
isolation and mounting process.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Choosing the MOSFET Voltage Rating for Class D applications (1)

• MOSFET voltage rating for a Class D amplifier is


determined by:
– Desired POUT and load impedance (i.e. 250W on 4Ω)
– Topology (Full Bridge or Half Bridge)
– Modulation Factor M (80-90%)

2 * POUT * RLOAD
VBDSS min = * 1.5
M

Typical additional factor due to stray


resistance, power supply fluctuations and
MOSFET Turn-Off peak voltage
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Choosing the MOSFET Voltage Rating for Class D Applications (2)

• Full-Bridge Topology Class D amplifier

• Half-Bridge Configuration Class D amplifier

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Note 1. Modulation Factor M = 85%
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Calculation of Switching Loss (1)
• Switching Losses are the result of turn-on and
turn-off switching times

MOSFET Turn-On MOSFET Turn-Off


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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Calculation of Switching Loss (2)

• Gate resistance Rg, and gate charge Qg, have a significant


influence on turn-on and turn-off switching times

↑ Rg ⇒ ↓ Ig ⇒ ↑ tSWITCHING ⇒ ↑ PSWITCHING

RG

↑ Qg ⇒ ↑ tSWITCHING ⇒ ↑ PSWITCHING

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Estimation of Switching Losses (1)
• Switching losses can be obtained by calculating
the switching energy dissipated in the MOSFET
t

Esw = ∫ VDS(t) * ID(t) dt


0

Where t is the length of the switching pulse.

• Switching losses can be obtained by multiplying


switching energy with switching frequency.

PSWITCHING = ESW * FSW


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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Estimation of Conduction Loss (2)
• Conduction losses can be calculated using
RDS(ON) @ Tj max and ID RMS current of MOSFET

PCONDUCTION = (ID RMS)2 * RDS(ON)

ID RMS is determined using amplifier specifications:


POUT
ID RMS =
RLOAD
RDS(ON) data can be obtained from the MOSFET
data sheet.
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Thermal Design
• Maximum allowed power
dissipation for a MOSFET
mounted on a heat sink:

Pmax = ∆Tj / Rthja max

Pmax = (Tamb – Tjmax ) / (Rthjc max + Rthcs max + Rths max + Rthsa max)
Where: Tamb = Ambient Temperature
Tjmax = Max. Junction Temperature
Rthjc max = Max. Thermal Resistance Junction to Case
Rthcs max = Max. Thermal Resistance Case to Heatsink
Rths max = Max. Thermal Resistance of Heatsink
Rthsa max = Max. Thermal Resistance Heatsink to Ambient www.irf.com
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
RDS(ON) vs Qg
• There is tradeoff between Static Drain-to-Source On-
Resistance, RDS(ON) and Gate charge, Qg
Higher RDS(ON) ⇒ Lower Qg ⇒ Higher PCONDUCTION & Lower PSWITCHING
Lower RDS(ON) ⇒ Higher Qg ⇒ Higher PSWITCHING & Lower PCONDUCTION

Gen 7.5 100V MOSFET Platform


RDS(ON) vs. Qg

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Die Size vs Power Loss (1)
• Die size has a significant influence on MOSFET power
losses
Smaller Die ⇒ Higher PCONDUCTION & Lower PSWITCHING
Bigger Die ⇒ Higher PSWITCHING & Lower PCONDUCTION
Gen 7 100V MOSFET Platform – Power Losses @ 384kHz

Total Loss

Conduction
Loss Switching
Loss
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Die Size vs Power Loss (2)
• Die size is directly related with RDS(ON) and RTHjc of the
MOSFET
Smaller Die ⇒ Higher RDS(ON) and Higher RTHjc
Bigger Die ⇒ Lower RDS(ON) and Lower RTHjc
55V Trench Technology MosFET 55V Trench Technology MosFET
Die Size vs. RDS(ON) Die Size vs. RTHjc

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Choosing the Right MOSFET for Class D Applications (1)
• The criteria to select the right MOSFET for a Class D amplifier
application are:
– VBDSS should be selected according to amplifier operating voltage,
and it should be large enough to avoid avalanche condition during
operation
– Efficiency η is related to static drain-to-source on-resistance, RDS(ON).
smaller RDS(ON) improves efficiency η. RDS(ON) is recommended to be
smaller than 200mΩ for mid and high-end power, full-bandwidth
amplifiers
– Low gate charge, Qg, improves THD and efficiency η. Qg is
recommended to be smaller than 20nC for mid and high-end power,
full-bandwidth amplifiers

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Choosing the Right MOSFET for Class D Application (2)
– Amplifier performance such as THD, EMI and efficiency η are also
related to MOSFET reverse recovery characteristics. Lower trr, Irr
and Qrr improves THD, EMI and efficiency η
– Rthjc should be small enough to dissipate MOSFET power losses
and keep Tj < limit
– Better reliability and lower cost are achieved with higher MOSFET
Tj max
– Finally, selection of device package determines the dimensions,
electrical isolation and mounting process. These factors should be
considered in package selection. Because cost, size and amplifier
performance depend on it.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Development of Class D Dedicated Devices

• Performance of the Class D amplifying stage


strongly depends on the characteristics of
MOSFETs and ICs.

• Designers of driver IC and MOSFET silicon need


to keep the special requirements of the Class D
application in mind.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example

Influences of Stray Inductance

• PCB layout and the MOSFET internal package


inductances contribute to the stray inductance (LS)
in the circuit.

• Stray inductances affect the MOSFET performance


and EMI of the system.

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Influences of Stray Inductance

• Drain and source stray inductances reduces the gate voltage during
turn-on resulting in longer switching time.
• Also during turn-off, drain and source stray inductances generate a
large voltage drop due to dID/dt, producing drain to source over-
voltage transients.
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
DirectFET™ Packaging
Use a single multiple-finned heat sink
to dissipate heat from devices
passivated die DirectFET devices
copper ‘drain’ clip die attach material

gate connection source connection


copper track on board Both Side
Circuit board Cooling Thermal interface gap
filler material or pad

• Remove wirebonds from package and


replace with large area solder contacts
• Reduced package inductance and
resistance
4. • Copper can enables dual sided cooling
8m
m
~
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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
DirectFET™ Packaging
DirectFET waveform SO-8 waveform

• 30A VRM output current


• 500 kHz per phase
• Silicon of the near identical active area, voltage and generation used in both
packages
• Inductance related ringing greater in case of SO-8

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Class D Amp Reference Design

• Specs

Topology: Half Bridge


IR Devices: IR2011S, IRFB23N15D
Switching frequency: 400kHz (Adjustable)
Rated Output Power: 200W+200W / 4 ohm
THD: 0.03% @1kHz, Half Power
Frequency Response: 5Hz to 40kHz (-3dB)
Power Supply: ~ ±50V
Size: 4.0” x 5.5”

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Class D Amp Reference Board: Block Diagram

Feed back

+V C C

Integrator Level Shifter


+ LT1220 2N5401
LPF
GND IR2011S
Gate Driver

Comparator
74HC04 IRFB23N15D
-V C C

-VCC

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System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Circuit Diagram
1 2 3 4

D
R1
CH1 Feed Back Path
R3 +50V
D

47K 1K
C1
220pF, 100V

+5V GNDP Over Current J3

C8 Level Shift 1
2
3
0.1uF, 50V

R37
Q2 C25 47mOHM, 2W MKDS5/3-9.5
0.01uF R12

Integrator R35 10K

470 GNDP
GNDP
C17 MMBT5401
TP3 R28 -50V
1000pF, 100V PROTECT
R11 PAD 22K GNDP
R23 10K
TP

100 R26
1K

Input analog
C C18 C31 C38 C

2
MA2YD23

LPF
1

1000pF, 100V C9 C30

0.22uF, 100V
R21 R82 VDD_1
D6

470uF, 50V
J1 5K 1uF, 16V 10K Q5

0.22uF, 100V
U2 U4 U6
7

1418-ND C3 1 8 1 8 3 R31 1 D10


1
8

R10 C6 HO
3 GNDP Q1 2 7 2 7 9.1 R39 CH1 OUT
R4 C23 IRFB23N15D
10K U1 6 3 6 3 6 2 0.33uF, 25V 1
VB RLY1A
R8 10uF, 50V D1 D2 2 1K 4 5 4 5 MURS120 GNDP GNDP
L1

3
1N4148

1N4148

330K 6 4 J5
dummy

LT1220CS8 Lin VS
MMBT5401 TC7WH04FU TC7WH08FU 8 5
1
1 18uH
VCC 255-1054 (1) 2
4

R49 C51
GNDP 5 7 4.7 R61 MKDS5/2-9.5
1

0.47uF, 100V
C42 Hin COM MA2YD23 C49
GNDP Q9 10, 1W

0.1uF, 100V
R13 B MMBT3904 TP4 8 D7 Q6
LO
TP

C26 10K PAD GNDP

Quantize Gate Driver Speaker output


0.1uF,50V 3.3uF, 35V IR2011 R50 1 D11
GNDP C? R41 R64 9.1 GNDP C33
IRFB23N15D MURS120 0.22uF, 100V
.01uF, 50V 100K 10
E

GNDP D14 R53 R54 R55 R56

3
MURS120DICT dummy
dummy
dummy
dummy GNDP

B B
-5V
R44 SD1 R47
4.7K 10 C44
1uF, 16V
Snubber
C19

dummy
R14 C32 C39
10K

0.22uF, 100V

470uF, 50V
-50_1
-50+VCC

GNDP GNDP GNDP


A A

Title CLASS D REFERENCE BOARD --- CHANNEL 1

www.irf.com
Sheet 2 of 4 Number: Revision:1.0
INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER
Drawn by: Approved by: EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA, USA

File: 1. ClassD_Refbd_R2-0_CH1.~ch Date: 23-Sep-2003 Time: 15:13:04


1 2 3 4
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Class D Amp Reference Board: Layout

Modulator Protection
Analog Input

MOSFET
Gate Driver
(CH1) Speaker

HeatSink
(CH1) LPF
(CH1) (CH1)

Bus Capacitor
±5V
Regulator
Gate Driver

MOSFET
Modulator Speaker
LPF
Analog Input
(CH2) (CH2) (CH2)
(CH2)

+12V DC/DC

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Power Supply
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Performance
50W / 4Ω, 1KHz, THD+N=0.0078%
THD+N v.s. Output Power
10
9.35 HP8903B
CH1, f=1KHz, RL=4Ω
VCC=±50.0V
1
fPWM=426KHz

THD 0.1

0.01
342W / 4Ω, 1KHz, THD+N=10%

−3
7.5×101 .10 3
3
0.1 1 10 100 1 .10
0.16 Output_Power 342.3

•Peak Output Power (f=1KHz)


120W / 8Ω / ch, THD=1%
180W / 8Ω / ch, THD=10%
245W / 4Ω / ch, THD=1% www.irf.com
344W / 4Ω / ch, THD=10%
System Î Gate Drive Î MOSFET Î Design Example
Performance (Cont’d)
Switching waveform THD+N v.s. Frequency
10
10 HP8903B
CH1, Po=50W, RL=4Ω
1 VCC=±50.0V

fPWM=364KHz

THD 0.1

0.01

−3
7.1×101 .10 3
3 4 5
10 100 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10
20 Frequency 4
LPF
2×10

Residual Noise: 62.5µVrms, A-Weighted,


30KHz-LPF

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Conclusion

• Highly efficient Class D amplifiers now provide similar


performance to conventional Class AB amplifiers -
If key components are carefully selected and the layout takes
into account the subtle, yet significant impact due to parasitic
components.

Constant innovation in semiconductor technologies helps the


growing Class D amplifiers usage due to improvements in
higher efficiency, increased power density and better audio
performance.

www.irf.com

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