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8/22/2009

ELE211
Electric Circuit I
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
PPT by the Author
Modified by
Dr. Habib
Habib--ur Rehman

Fundamental of Electric
Circuit
Dr. Habib-ur Rehman

Chapter 1
Week # 1, Lecture 1
Basic Concepts

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Basic Concepts - Chapter 1

1.1 Systems of Units.


1.2 Electric Charge.
1.3 Current.
1.4 Voltage.
g
1.5 Power and Energy.
1.6 Circuit Elements.
• Test text
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1.1 System of Units


Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere
p A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
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1.1 System of Units


The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

Decimal multiples and


submultiples of SI units 5

1.2 Electric Charges

• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic


particles of which matter consists, measured in
coulombs (C).
• The charge e on one electron is negative and
equal in magnitude to 1.602 × 10-19 C which is
called as electronic charge. The charges that
occur in nature are integral multiples of the
electronic
l t i charge.
h

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1.3 Current
• Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of
ampere
p can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
/
• A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
• An alternating current (ac) is a current
that varies sinusoidally with time.
(reverse direction).

Electron Charge = 1.602 × 10 −19 C


1 A Current = 1C / S
= 1 / 1.602 × 10 −19 electrons/s
= 6.244 × 1018 electrons/s
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1.3 Current

• The direction of current flow

Positive ions Negative ions

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Class Activity 1
Example 1: A conductor has a constant
current of 5 A. How many electrons pass a
fixed point on the conductor in one minute?

Class Activity 2
• Example 1.2: The total charge entering a terminal is
given by q=5t sin4πt mC. Calculate the current at
t=0.5 S.

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8/22/2009

Fundamental of Electric
Circuit
Dr. Habib-ur Rehman

Chapter 1
Week # 1, Lecture 2
Basic Concepts

1.4 Voltage
• Voltage (or electromotive force (emf) potential difference) is
the energy required to move a unit charge from a to b.
Mathematically,

vab = dw / dq volt
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton - meter/coulomb

• Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or


between two points in a circuit.
– vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential
of b.
– vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential
of b.

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1.4 Voltage

• Like electric circuit, a constant voltage is called dc


V lt
Voltage and d is
i represented
t d by
b V,
V whereas
h a
sinusoidally time-varying voltage is called an ac
voltage and is represented by ν.
• A dc voltage is commonly produced by battery; ac
voltage is produced by an electric generator.

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1.5 Power and Energy


• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).

• Mathematical expression:

i dw dw dq i
p= = ⋅ = vi
+
dt dq dt +

v v
– –

Passive sign convention


P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power I supplying power
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1.5 Power and Energy

Example: Calculate the power supplied or absorbed in


each case:

P Absorbed: When current enters into +ve terminal or


comes out of –ve terminal.
P Supplied: When current enters into –ve terminal or
comes out of +ve terminal.
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1.5 Power and Energy

• The law of conservation of energy


∑p=0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules
(J).
t t
• Mathematical expression w = ∫ pdt = ∫ vidt
t0 t0

• The electric power utility companies measure energy in


watts-hour(wh), where:

1Wh=3,600 joules
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Class Activity 3
• Example 1.5: Find the power delivered to an element
at t=3 ms if the current entering its positive terminal is

i = 5 cos 60πt A
& volatge is
(a) v = 3i
(b) v = 3 di
dt

Class Activity 4
• Example 1.6: How much energy does a 100-W electric
bulb consumes in two hours. How much will it cost if
the rate is 15 cents per Kwh.

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1.6 Circuit Elements


• An Active Element is capable of generating
energy while a Passive Element is not;
Generators and batteries are examples of
active
ac e elements
e e e s whilee resistors,
es s o s, capacitors
capac o s
and inductors are passive element.
• An ideal Independent Voltage/current Source is
an active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely independent
of other circuit elements.
• An ideal Dependent ( or Controlled) source is an Symbol for
Independent
active
ti element
l t in
i which
hi h th
the source quantity
tit iis
voltage source
controlled by another voltage or current.
• Both symbols (a) and (b) can be used to
represent an independent dc voltage source
while (a) is used only for time varying
independent voltage source. 19

1.6 Circuit Elements


Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active


element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

• They have four different types: VCVS,


CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
sources sources 20

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Class Activity 5
Example 2: Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in for i2 = 1A.

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Class Activity 6
• Example 1.7: Calculate the power supplied or absorbed
by each element

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Fundamental of Electric
Circuit
Dr. Habib-ur Rehman

Chapter 1
Week # 1, Lecture 3
Basic Concepts
Problems Solving Session

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