Chapter – 02

Introduction to Tourism and Travel

2:1 FLASHBACK: Travel is as old as human existence; it was first undertaken by man in search of
greener. The history of travel may be traced in the southern region of ancient Mesopotamia in
Iraq by Sumerian period. Travel for trade of commerce was given importance when different
civilization flourished across the ancient world. Time to time many inventions made travel easy
and economical. Travel to distant places was mostly undertaken by ferry, over rivers, long and
tedious trekking in the plain and strenuous hiking in mountain. The first journey is trailed to be
made by a queen in the land of Punt on the east coast of Africa in 1480 bc. The invention of the
wheel by Sumerians helped build heavy wagon that would be pulled by oxen, ponies or males,
it is believed that highways were constructed for royal chariots, Marco Polo who traveled to
China from Italy in the 13th century, was probably the first explorer and travel writer to write an
exhaustive travel account, ancient history mention the existence of ‘silk route’ which is believed
to be connected China in the east to Persia, Syria and Greece in the west, many authors
hesitate to call the silk route a road because they feel that it was more of a direction across
deserts and mountains, taken by traders in various item, silk products, than on actual route.
The Old Testament contains numerous references to caravan and traders who travelled far
trade religion, education and festival from 2000 b.c. to 500 b.c.
In 776 b.c. citizen of city-states in the middle Asia used to get together once every four
years to humor the Greek god Zeus at the athletic mats, which led to four national festivals, the
Olympic games, the Nemea games, Herodotus, the father of history was a great traveler and
covered a wide stretch from Greece, Italy, North Africa travel by Greeks is evident from the
commercial accommodation with refreshment facilities that were available for traveler. Greeks
were probably the first people do make provision for inns in the ancient period.
HISTORY OF THOMAS COOK
On June 1841 a 32 year old cabinet-maker named Thomas Cook walked from his home
in market Harborough to the nearby town of Leicester to attend a temperance meeting. A
former Baptist preacher, Thomas Cook was a religious man who believed that most Victorian
social problems were related to alcohol and that the lives of working people would be greatly
improved if they drank less and became better educated. As he walked along the road to
Leicester, he later recalled, ‘the thought suddenly flashed across my mind as to the
practicability of employing the great powers of railways and locomotion for the furtherance of
this social reform’.
At meeting, Thomas suggested that a special train be engaged to carry the temperance
supporters of Leicester to a meeting in Loughborough about four weeks later. The proposal was
received with such enthusiasm that, on the following day, Thomas submitted his idea to the
secretary of the Midland Railway Company. A train was subsequently arranged, and on 5th July
1841 about 500 passengers were conveyed in open carriages the enormous distance of 12 miles
and back for a shilling. The day was great success and, as Thomas later recorded, ‘thus was
struck the keynote of my excursions, and the social idea grew upon me’.
2:2 DEFINITION OF TOURISM AS STATED BY UNWTO
Mcintosh and Gardner defined tourism as the sum of the phenomena and relationship
arising from the interaction of tourists, business, host government and host communities in the
process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors.
The UNWTO (1995) defined tourism as comprising the activities of persons traveling to
and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year
for leisure, business and other purposes.
The categories of traveler as per the definition by the UNWTO are as follows:
a) Visitors who spend at least one night in the country visited.
b) Foreign airline or ship crews who dock at the country visited and use its accommodation
establishment.
c) Visitors who do not spend even one night in the country visited but might visit the country
for a day and return to their ship or train to sleep.
2:3 TYPES OF TOURISM (Culinary & Wine Tourism Printout)
PILGRIMAGE TOURISM: It also known as spiritual tourism. The evolution of tourism would also
be attributed to journey undertaken since ancient times considered as sacred. People travelled
for the purpose of spiritual benefit or to attain salvation or MOKSHA.
In India, since time immemorial, tourism has been associated with places of pilgrimage
significance; these destinations are scattered al after the country.
 VARANASI:
a) The oldest living cities in the world.
b) The holiest of Hindu pilgrimage.
c) Pilgrims take a ritual dip in the scared river ganga, as it is believed that, it will clean their
soul of sin.
d) It is the old part of Indian mythology and finds mention in the epics of Ramayana and
Mahabharata.
e) Hindu belief, ‘dying at Kashi or Varanasi ensure release from the eternal cycle of birth
and rebirth.
 HARIDWAR:
a) It is one of the important city of pilgrim, which is also known as the ‘Gateway of the
Gods’.
b) Two great events takes place here.
i) Kumbh Mela, which happens one every 12 years.
ii) Ardh Kumbh Mela, which happens once every six years.
 c) It also stand gateway to the four pilgrims of Uttarakhand also known as the Char Dhams,
Gangotri, Yamnotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath.
d) Char Dham was found by Shankaracharya.
e) Char Dham are lockated in four corners of the country namely Rameshwaram, in south,
pure in the east, Dwarka in the west and Badrinath in the north.
 MECCA:
a) Every muslims wishes to visit Mecca. Islams holiest city once in lifetime.
b) The journey is known as Hajj and the pilgrims are known as Haji’s.
c) The pilgrims performs several prays at the Kabba shrine located at the centre of the
masjid at Haram or the Grand Mosque.
d) The sufi sant Kwaja Mainuddin Chisti’s dargah at Ajmer and Haji Ali at Mumbai.
 CHURCH:
a) The church of Basilica of Bom Jesus at Goa and at Velankanni, TN are holy in India.
b) Rome is recognized as the holy city for the tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul and so is the
Vatican City.
II. BUSINESS TOURISM: The business traveler’s main motive for travel is work. They visit particular
destination for various seasons pertaining to work. (Meeting, conference, convention, trade
fair, selling product, meeting clients etc.)
Many travel and tour operator specialize in business tourism. Business travel is the most
important segment for reurenues for the hotel industry. 50% of occupancy of large hotel in
many countries comes from the business travel segment. They are the lifetime of the tourism
industry.
Majority of tourist visiting India, are business traveler, the federation of hotel and
restaurant association of India, 60% of all guest in the Indian hotel industry comprise of
business guests. Many convention center have emerged in keeping up with the growing
demand of business traveler.
A business traveler looks for the best and not the cheapest, as they are not worried
about the cost, for most travel experiences of the traveler are from trarne by their company,
which they represent, sometime their strips are decided at the last minute they have less time
and needs comfort during travel. Therefore they need of a business. Business traveler are
different from those of a regular tourist.
Business trips are also shorter in duration. Most business traveler are frequent and
experienced traveler and thus more demanding customer. Their expectation and demands are
also more than that of an average tourists.
At times the services are specially designed for business traveler such as prouision of
convention facilities etc, special facilities are often made available in existing room for the
business traveler like internet access point in guestroom.
 Many countries are witnessing the revolution in business tourism, as a large member of
corporate employees are travelling round the globe. Many IT and BPO companies send their
executive abroad for project and new assignments.
III. HEALTH TOURISM: people have been travelling for centuries to improve and rebuild their
health and stamina. There is a growing increase in the travelto spas and health clinics for
curative bath and medical treatment. Hotel and resorts offer health service because inspite of
busy schedules. People take time out to relax and distress. People all over the world are seeking
good health through the various techniques offered by yoga and other alternative therapies
and a lot of foreigners are coming to India for learning more about them.
The term ‘Spa’ stands for samus per aquain, which means good health through water.
It’s a place where one can find time to relax, reflect, revitalize, rejoice and discover one’s inner
self. They are interesting combination of ancient traditions and modern mechanical wonders
through the use of thermal and mineral water treatment.
They are gaining popularity because they are natural stress relaxants. People visit spa
for many reason.
Some tourist visits a destination because of the medical treatment available at the
destination. India is an ideal stop for medical treatments because it has would class hospitals,
state of the art technology competent doctors. Professional management top quality nursing
and paramedical staff. The ministry of health of subtanate of omron has signed a contract with
leading state of the art hospital in Pune for treating patients with orthopedic and spiral cord
related disorders. Visitors from western countries find medical treatment in India cost effective
and less time consuming as compared to their own homeland. The traveler can choose from
various system of medicine most hotels and resorts in India have their own spa and ayurvedic
centers that further encourage such alternative forms of medical tourism.
ADVENTURE TOURISM: it is a different type of tourism, because it takes the tours tinted region
which are less frequently visited and may not have easy access. It is a package of recreation
enjoyment, education and the thrills of participating in an adventure. Young people are
attracted to this form of travel because of the excitement and risks involeved. It is a form
wherein recreation has a revitalizing effect because all activities are outdoor recreational
activities with the unpredicatability of nature, adding thrill and spice to the tour.
There are various forms of adventure tourism:
a) ADVENTURE ON LAND: it is available in many forms which may be natural or man made.
Adventure on land could be in the form of a safari travelling carawan style over a long
specified distance or wildlife excursion, or travelling through a desert or jungle where the
element of adventure could be experienced.
Popular forms of land based adventure sports are mountain or wall climbing, trekking
and camping mountain biking and rock climbing. Trained instructors, safety adventure
sports are available.
b) WATER ADVENTURE: water or aqua adventure sports are available at seashore. Guesting
waterfalls, springs glacial lakes and man made water parks, diving is the most popular water
 adventure sport especially in areas with coral reefs. Scuba diving and snorkeling are popular
underwater sports to observe the beautiful creatures of the water would on the ocean
floor.
Flatwater adventure sports, such as water skiing and wind surfing and white water
rafting and canoeing through rapids are some of the popular water adventure sports.
River originating from glaciers of snowcapped mountain, based on boulders and
caverns to create sails of white water and lots of rapid before they reach the plains.
c) AERIAL ADVENTURE: this form of adventure helps people realize their dreams of flying
without wings and has gained popularity ever since the invention of the aircraft. The oldest
form of aerial adventure is ballooning. Balloons are filled with a light gas like either
hydrogen or helium gas and can accommodate two or more people depending on the size
of the balloon and basket. Paragliding is a simpler sport and similar to parachute jumping
except for the shape of the canopy.
SPORT TOURISM: the concept of sport tourism has become more prominent in the current
decade. People have been travelling to participate in a water sporting event for centuries.
Sports however share a symbolic relation when people are attracted to a particular destination
for active or passive participation.
STANDEVEN & DE KNOP (1993), have defined sports tourism as “all forms of active &
passive involvement in sporting activity, participated in casually or in an organized way
for non commercial or business or commercial reason that necessitates travel away
from home and work locality.
Sports tourism is a worldwide phenomenon belled in several dollars. According to Sports
Tourism International Council (STIC) sports tourism could well account for 32% of the total
tourism market interest in sport among Indian was generally restricted to cricket, but now
other sports have also started gaining popularity. India is becoming a destination for sports
tourist from all over the world.
Ex: An adventure sports such as whitewater rafting on the river Ganges at Rishikesh is popular
among tourists, both foreign and domestic.
Sports tourism has also given an impetus to tourism in India. The ministry of tourism has
set up a National Institute of water sport in Goa to promote water sport throughout the
country. The state government assists in procuring water sport equipment.
CULINARY TOURISM: According to the international culinary tourism association. Culinary
tourism is defined as ‘the pursuit of unique and memorable eating and drinking experiences’,
what this means is there is a particular audience of people who are willing to travel the world in
order to sample and experience authentic international cuisine.
Food has an undeniable importance for holiday makers. As such, food tourism has
gained and enormous potential in recent years. A high percentage of travelers, consider dining
and food as relevant activities during their travels. However, the role of food in the marketing
of destination has until recently received very little attention globally and locally. All indications,
though, are that local food holds much potential to enhance sustainability in tourism,
contribute to the authenticity of the destination; strengthen the local economy; and provide for
the environmentally friendly infrastructure. Food also holds a key place in the “think globally,
act locally” debate. Some buyers are keen to support local businesses, or protect the
environment by avoiding foods which have been transported long distances.
Culinary tourism tends to be largely a domestic tourism activity, with consumers travelling to
places to eat and drink specific (usually local) produce.
 Food and drink festivals constitute the sole instance where the decision to travel is taken
solely on the grounds of the gastronomic experiences offered. These are becoming more
prevalent. In Europe. Whilst this segment is growing, at present there are estimated to be
no more than one million international culinary tourists travelling each year.
 Gastronomic consumers tent to be couples that have above average income, are usually
professionals and are aged 30 to 50. This correlates closely to the demographics of the
cultural tourist.
WINE TOURISM:
 Wine tourism refers to tourism whose purpose is or includes the tasting consumption or
purchase of wine, often at or near the source. Whine tourism can consist of visits to
wineries. Vineyards and restaurants known t offer unique vintages, as well as organized
wine tours, whine festivals or other special events.
 Many wine regions around the world have found it financially beneficial to promote such
tourism; accordingly, growers association and others in the hospitality industry in wine
regions have spent significant amounts of money to promote such tourism.
Winery tasting room is no longer simply venues to taste and purchase wine. Many offer a
complete tourism experience including services such as restaurants, accommodation, tours,
picnic facilities and recreational facilities. Today’s tasting room is a place where visitors can
interact with the product, the winemaker and experience firsthand, the rich diversity that the
wine region has to offer. The tasting room is simply an essential interface between your brand
and your customers, by passing traditional retail channels and allowing for development of a
direct relationship with this objective in mind, winery cellar doors aim to offer services that
meet – and exceed – expectations. Considerable efforts are put into design elements that
create a relaxed and friendly environment, conducive to the visitors need.
The tasting room is therefore and essential interface between your brand and your customer –
make it work to your advantage. Tasting rooms no longer simply offer a place to taste and buy
wine – they can offer food, accommodation, tours, picnic and recreational facilities. Your staff is
your brand ambassadors – make sure they know your product, your region and effectively
represent your brand.
DEFINE TRAVEL:
The term travel originates from the old French word travail which meant heavy labor. Travel
refers to the movement of people or objects such as airplanes, boats, trains and other
conveyances between various distant geographical locations.
 Another “etymologically for the word tour as suggested by Theobald in 1994 is that it is derived
from the Latin, ‘tornare’ and the Greek, ‘tornos’, meaning ‘a lathe or circle and the movement
around a central point or axis’. This meaning changed in modern English to represent ‘one’s
turn’ and they suggest the action of movement around a circle. Argument is that a circle
represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a
circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a round –trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then
returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be call
a tourist
For canacing, RayaRing. However crafting. Wind surfing, river rafting etc.
Some of the popular tour operators and travel agent who specialize in dealing with
sports package are:
 SOTC sport abroad, specializing in cricket, golf, formula1 racing, tennis and soccer (FIFA)
world cup.
 Get Lional India, specializing in cricket, tennis, f1 and soccer.
2:4 DEFINATION OF TRAVEL (printout).
2:5 VARIOUS MODES OF TRANSPORT
LAND TOURISM:
 RAIL TRANSPORT: Railway are the principle carriers specially suited for long distance level.
The railbroad was invented in the 17th century in Germany with wooden track. The railways
revolutionized transportation and mass movement of people was seen in the 19 th and 20th,
it plays vital role in economic development which plays a significant role in the tourism
system under one management. The Indian railway is Asia’s largest and world’s second
largest railway system under one management. It vast country like India, stretching from
Kashmir to Kanyakumari. The majority among the domestic tourist one primarily dependent
on railway for long hour travel. The steam engines have keen replaced by diesel and electric
engines which has helped in ingeasing mobility toy trains running between Kalka and Shimla
or New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling are major attraction for the tourist. ‘Palace on Wheels’
which takes the tourist to major historical places in Rajasthan via Agra was introduced to
offer a package tour for tourist.
 Advantages:
1) The train operate at higher speed than that of road vehicles.
2) Railway are more suitable for bulky and heavy goods.
3) They are economical for long distance.
4) They change uniform rates. There are fixed rate for fixed station.
5) They create less pollution more train operate on electricity or power.
 Disadvantages:
1) They require huge investment.
 2) They incur high overhead cost, because of maintenance of train and track.
3) They do not provide door to door service.
4) It operates in urban, semi urban, industrial towns and cities.
5) They are expensive for short distance. It is the road transport that is economical for
short distance.
ROAD TRANSPORT: it is one of the most promising and potent means suitable for short and
medium distances. These road eane constructed with the main motive of military use beside
trade and sightseeing. It has of vital role in the opening up of interior and remote area and is
relatively cheaper and less capital intensive.
Road transport is dominated by the automobile, which provides views of the landscape and the
freedom to travel. Roads are classified into five categories:
a) NATIONAL HIGHWAYS: they are the alterial routes connecting the union capital with state
capital, major ports and various highways.
b) STATE HIGHWAY: it connects to aistrict headquarters, important cities and towns within in
state, the national highway and the highway adjacent states.
c) DISTRICT ROADS: takes the traffic from the main road to the interior of each district and to
rural area.
 Advantages:
1) It is economical for short distances. It is door to door service, it collect and transport
the goods from the sellers warehouse and deliver it.
2) The money spent on maintenance of roads is comparatively less as compared to
maintenance of track along the railway times.
3) The road transport is more suitable in the case of perishable items like fruits,
vegetable and milk etc.
4) They provide a wider coverage. They operate not only in urban areas but in the
remotest of the rural area.
 Disadvantage:
1) Not suitable to carry bulky and heavy goods.
2) It is costlier for long distance. Railways are more convenient and economical for long
distance.
3) It creates a lot of air pollution because of carbon that emi from the vehicles.
 WATER TRANSPORT: Travel by ship was the only means for traveling oversea till the middle
of the 20Th century. Water transport carries goods and persons from one place to another.
The bridge construction over river, still has relevance because of environmental
consideration and use cost. The cunard stearnship company was formed in 1838 with
regular steamship service operating on the north Atlantic. After world war - I, the steamship
 luxury linens again started their operation and over the world and carried passengers and
holiday makers. Ss trance and and ss queen mary - II are two great Atlantic luxury vessels,
operating . water transport plays two main role in travel and tourism namely ferrying and
cruising.
 FERRIES: ferries are comfortable and have an extensive network. They are widely used on
shorter crossing in many parts of the world. The demand is highly seasonal because of
holiday. The modern vessels such as the wailes – piercing catamaran, the water transport
and used for short distance route. Hydrofoil are lifted by action through the water and are
comparatively faster. Hovercrafts are lifted by propeller induced pressure and sum on a
cushion of air, eight feet above the water with a speed of 125 km an hour hovercraft
operate on short routes.
 CRUISE SHIP: A cruise ship is a passenger ship used for pdeasure voyage itself and the
amenities offered onboard the ship are an attraction and ent of the experience. Cruise ship
operate mainly on circular routes where the passengers return to their originating port.
Ocean lines to ‘line voyages’ and normally transport passengers from one paint to another.
Rather than on round trip that may not return back to the same port for some months.
The cruise lines have the advantage of combining accommodation and
transportation along with excursion at the different ports, they visit. Water transport in
important; not only as a means of transportation but also as a visitor attraction.
 Advantages:
1) It is economical in case of overseas shipping. These are no cost in respect of
maintenance of the waterways.
2) Use to carry heavy machinery from one place to another.
3) Cess accident as compared to road transport.
4) The goods are protected from sum, rain, wind and dust.
5) It creates less pollution.
 Disadvantages:
1) It requires heavy investment.
2) Cannot provide door to door transport.
3) Ships and tankus requires high maintenance cost.
4) Water transport works on a slow speed as compared to air transport.
5) It cover limited maintenance cost.
Air: due to the growth of air transport in recent years, long distance travel has become much
simpler and affordable. Distance is now measured in hours and not in kilometers. The world has
indeed shrunk and become a small village. In the year 1958, Pan American introduced the
boving 707 service between Paris and New York. Due to the introduction of jet flights, the year
1958 onwards saw a tremendous increase in air traffic. The concept of chartered flight was also
introduced during this period . jumbo jet have revolutionized travel. A large number of people
travel by air because of the speed, safety, comfort and terms of time saved. After toad
transport, air travel is the most popular mode of travel particularly for international travel and
business traveler tends air transport is more convenient as it saves their precious time and
offers a luxurious and hassle free travel. Airlines also offer special facilities to the business
tourist such as internet on board.
There are two types of airlines – scheduled and chartered scheduled airlines operate as
per the regular schedules, chartered airlines operate only when there is a demand. The
international air transport association (IATA) regulates international air travel, it has more than
105 major airlines of the world as its member. IATA regulates the pria of ticket on different
sectors of travel in the world. The international civil aviation organization (ICAO) is an
international organization established in 1945. The government have to enter into a bilatual
agreement for the frequency of flight for operating commercial airlines between them.
Airlines are classified into two broad categories normally small carriers and large
carriers. The small carriers also known as commuter airlines have less than 30 years seats. The
larger carriers also know as major airlines fly direct routes between the major cities and seat
100 to 800 passengers.
 Advantage:
1) It operates at a very high speed. The high speed makes the air transport the fastest of all
the other form of transport.
2) Suitable to carry passengers who wants lot of comfort and conveniena. The passenger
can save lot of time.
3) Airways are no experience in maintaining them.
4) They do not create pollution as compared to road transport.
5) Air transport is safer as compared to all other transport system.
 Disadvantage:
1) Air transport require huge investment. An aeroplane costs core of rupees.
2) They have limited carrying capacity as compared to water transport and railway.
3) Air transport is subject to certain international rustication. Aeroplanes of other nations
are not allowed to fly over certain areas or sensitive zones.