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SYN O PSIS: After review ing the rockfill material m odeling methods, the effects o f oversize rock content and
com paction m ethod on the dry density o f rockfill materials, and the laboratory determination o f m axim um dry
density o f a prototype rockfill materials using the geom etric similar gradation m ethod were investigated. In
addition, construction com paction criteria for rockfill embankments are recommended.
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geom etric sim ilar gradation method produces testing sites. Further testing by Feng and Y ang (1 9 9 2 )
acceptable results and w as used in this research. also indicated that three com paction layers were
required to produce good reference dry density
Another m ethod available for rockfill material uses compared with field measurements.
a set o f em pirical equations known as the “R ock
Correction Equations” (W alsh, et al., 1994), w hich are
used to adjust the laboratory dry densities. H ow ever, it
has been found that these equations can significantly
overestim ate dry densities for materials with oversize
fraction in excess o f 30% (U SC O LD 1988). In these
cases a correction coefficient concerning the content o f
rock fraction and plasticity o f fines should be
considered w hen using these equations.
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4.75 mm is w ithin 6 5 -7 5 % for any o f the com paction rockfill material can be determined by the
m ethods. extrapolation o f the above relationship since the
prototype rockfill material has a M r = 1. Therefore, the
D ay (1995) also studied the effect o f increased m aximum dry densities o f the prototype rockfill
gravel percent in a coh esion less soil and found that as materials can be read directly from Figure 4 for both
the gravel content increased the dry density also the B eijing and Hubei rockfill materials, g iv in g 2.34
increased up to a gravel percent o f 74%. M g/m 3 and 2.27 M g/m 3, respectively.
Unfortunately, additional tests at higher gravel
percents were not conducted to determine the The relationship betw een the minimum dry density
m axim um dry density. In addition, Garga and and the geom etric sim ilar gradation m odel ratio, M,,
Madureira (1 9 8 5 ) studied the com paction o f river w as also investigated for the Hubei rockfill material. A
terrace gravel containing clayey sand with a PI = 5 similar relationship betw een the m inim um dry density
to 15% and obtained the m aximum dry density at a and M r, however, w as not found. Therefore, a relative
gravel content o f 6 5 -7 0 % for a gravel contents up to density determination, D r, for the rockfill material was
70% using an impact com paction method. However, not obtained.
only a 100% gravel sam ple w as tested using a
vibrating table com paction method resulting in a lower
: 2.35
dry density than at the 65 to 70% gravel content. H ilf f)
(1 9 9 1 ) presented data from the Bureau of L 2.3
I'
R eclam ation’s Earth Manual that also show s that the ; 2.25
(b)
Figure 3. The E ffect o f R ock Content and Compaction
Figure 4. R elationship o f pdmax vs. M, (a) B eijing
M ethod on Dry D ensity.
rockfill material, (b) Hubei rockfill material.
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T a b l e 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f L a b o r a to r y a n d I n - s i t u R e s u l ts
R ockfill Field Vibrating R oller Tests Data3 Est. Max. R elative
Material Dry D ensity C om paction
M ax. Part. Size Lift Depth R oller Insitu Dry Den. Pdmax
dmax. (mm ) Ah, (cm ) Passes pd, (M g/m 3) (M g/m 3) K , (%)
B eijing 200 40* 4 2 .1 0 -2 .2 1 2.27 9 2 .5 -9 7 .4
200 60** 4 2 .0 5 -2 .1 1 9 0 .3 -9 3 .0
Hubei 400 80*** 6 2 .1 2 -2 .2 3 2.34 9 0 .6 -9 5 .3
3: In the Beijing rockfill construction field, the self-propelled vibrating roller of 12 ton static weight was used; in the Hubei rockfill
construction field, the towed vibrating roller of TZP-12t was used.
*: This lift depth is used in the upper part ( i.e., within 30-150 cm. As for the top layer of 0~30mm, the -60 mm rockfill material was
used.) of the constructed embankment.
**: This lift depth is used in the lower part (deeper than 150 cm) of the embankment.
***: This maximum particle size and lift depth is used in the main rockfill zone of the rockfill dam.
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