Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial

Channel Model for MIMO Mobile-to-

Mobile Communication Environment

M. Yaqoob Wani & Noor M. Khan

Wireless Personal Communications

An International Journal

ISSN 0929-6212

Wireless Pers Commun

DOI 10.1007/s11277-017-4479-6

1 23
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1 23
 Author's personal copy
Wireless Pers Commun
DOI 10.1007/s11277-017-4479-6

Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model

for MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile Communication
Environment

M. Yaqoob Wani1 • Noor M. Khan1

 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017

Abstract In this paper, we develop three dimensional (3D) elliptical cylindrical geo-
metrical channel model for multiple-input–multiple-output mobile-to-mobile communi-
cation environments. It is assumed that both the mobile nodes are surrounded by uniformly
distributed infinite number of scatterers sprinkled over the surfaces of an elliptical-based
cylindrical shapes. The mobile nodes are located at the centers of the bottom surfaces of
elliptical cylinders and both the mobile nodes are equipped with low-elevated multiple
antenna arrays. The proposed model is designed for urban areas, where mostly the mobile
subscribers reside and are on the move. This model takes into account the effect of multiple
antenna array attributes, roadside infrastructure, the dimensions of the propagation med-
ium, transmit–receiver distance and the velocity of mobile nodes. Using the proposed
channel model, expressions for the joint and marginal cross correlation functions are
derived for non-isotropic scattering environments. The derived expression are simulated
for various parameters to verify their effect on the antenna correlations. The obtained
correlation graph is compared with measured data that confirms a close agreement with it.
Finally, by changing various parameters of the proposed channel model, some existing 2D
and 3D channel models are deduced.

Keywords Mobile-to-mobile channels  Correlation function  MIMO

channels  M2M  Wireless channel modeling  Elliptical geometry  Antenna
correlations

& M. Yaqoob Wani

yaqoobwani@arwic.com
Noor M. Khan
noor@ieee.org
1
Acme Center for Research in Wireless Communications (ARWiC), Department of Electrical
Engineering, Capital University of Science and Technology, Kahuta Road, Zone-V,
Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

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1 Introduction

High capacity wireless links with better quality of service (QoS) are the fundamental
demands of all mobile subscribers in every aspect of the life. Therefore, providing high
capacity data links to mobile subscribers with limited resources is a constant driving force
in the research arena. Mobile-to-mobile (M2M) communication technology give rise to
various innovative advancements over a short span of time in vehicular, railway and
defense sectors to provide audio, data, live video streaming, teleconferencing and other
value added applications without any centralized static base station (BS) [9, 43]. However,
hazardous situation for these high speed, communicating nodes can arise when they are on
the move in scattering-rich urban areas [49]. In such propagation environments, the
channel characteristics are unpredictable and multipath components cause the received
signal in deep fading. Therefore, traditional single-input–single-output (SISO) communi-
cation link may not provide the required capacity with QoS in such communication sce-
narios. Recently, the rich scattering environment has been recognized feasible situation for
the high data-rate applications, if multiple antenna arrays are employed instead of a single
antenna structure at both ends of the wireless link [20]. Multiple-input and multiple-output
(MIMO) systems, therefore, exploit this rich scattering environment in a constructive
manner and provide spatial multiplexing that can guarantee astonishing increase in
throughput [13, 20, 22, 24, 48]. Promised large capacity gain of a MIMO system can be
achieved contingent upon a good understanding of spatial characteristics of the radio
fading channel [24]. In this regard, various techniques are adopted to model the wireless
channel to estimate its statistics on the basis of communication scenario and the distri-
bution of the scattering objects in the propagation environments. Mostly, communication
channels are modeled in the literature using empirical, deterministic, stochastic and
geometry-based stochastic channel modeling (GBSCM) approaches [2, 8, 29]. Empirical
channel models are based on experimental measurements and observations for a particular
communication scenario. Hence, these models are valid only for specific sites under par-
ticular circumstances [18]. The deterministic channel modeling approach is applicable
when the transmitter, receiver, scattering objects are static and other channel characteristics
are known. The stochastic channel modeling (SCM) approach is based on the PDFs of
various channel parameters and is also site specific [12]. Since, in Mobile-to-mobile
(M2M) communication environment, both communicating nodes are assumed to be on the
move; therefore, previously discussed channel modeling approaches are incongruous to
model M2M propagation channels. Such non-stationary propagation environments can be
modeled perfectly by GBSCM approaches under the assumption of quasi-stationary
scattering [28]. GBSCM approach is based on fundamental laws of wave propagation and
on the physical geometry of propagation environment [16]. In addition, geometrical
channel models may be utilized for various propagation scenarios just by adjusting the
model input parameters [25]. On the basis of physical dimensions of propagation envi-
ronments, probability distribution functions of various parameters of the M2M wireless
channel may be derived geometrically. Various 2D and 3D versions of GBSCM’s, have
been proposed in the literature for fixed-to-mobile (F2M) and M2M communication sce-
narios with both SISO and MIMO antenna structures. In case of F2M framework, mostly
researchers have derived mathematical expressions for PDFs of angle-of-arrival (AoA) and
time-of-arrival (ToA), and space-time correlation functions among MIMO elements
[1, 19, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35]. Besides F2M, Akki and Haber proposed geometrical channel
model for SISO and M2M land communication channels and developed closed-form

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Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model…

expressions for some statistical characteristics of propagation channel [6, 7]. Authors in
[10, 11, 14, 16, 38–39, 41, 54] have extended precursory research by assuming the scat-
tering objects along circular or elliptical loci with isotropic and non-isotropic distributions
for both SISO and MIMO environments. The authors have derived expressions for dif-
ferent propagation parameters like AoA, ToA, Doppler spread, level crossing rate, average
fade duration and space-time correlation among MIMO antenna elements. In the above-
mentioned 2D geometrical channel models, signal propagation has been considered only
along the azimuth plane, ignoring the elevation plane. In the previously reported geo-
metrical channel models, the effect of azimuth angle of wavelets were considered for the
channel statistics. Hence, 2D geometrical channel models may be appropriate in some of
the rural areas, but may not decorous for streets, canyons, urban or metropolitan areas.
Because in such areas the source of communication is predominantly with scattered waves
that are diffracted, reflected down the streets or canyons by the edges of the surrounding
infrastructure. Therefore, geometrical channel models that consider the effect of elevation
angle of the wavelets are suitable models for such urban environments. The aspect of
elevation angle of the wavelets is introduced in [15, 32, 33, 52, 55, 57, 58] by presenting
3D geometrical channel models for SISO and MIMO M2M communication systems, where
the authors have assumed that mobile stations are located at the centers of cylinders,
spheres, semi-spheres or ellipsoids. In these proposed 3D channel models, authors have
ignored the propagation-distance traveled by the wavelets from the scatterer located in the
transmitter scattering-region to the scatterer located in the receiver scattering-region. The
authors derived closed-form expressions for Doppler spread, PSD and joint space-time
correlation functions among MIMO coefficients while assuming non-isotropic scattering
environments. Moreover, the authors in [45] have derived the transmit, receive antenna
correlations as separate identity under the context of Kronecker model while ignoring the
effect of distances between transmitter and receiver on the antenna correlations. These
models may be favorable in such urban areas where the mobile nodes reside in close
proximity to each other and the scattering objects surround the mobile nodes in a cylin-
drical manner. Whereas, in reality the physical layout of streets, canyons, deep-cut railway
tracks and highways are mostly narrow in width and longer in length that have close
resemblance to the elliptical shape than circular ones. High-rise buildings, vegetation and
other infrastructure present along the roadside premises are the sources of multipaths in the
azimuth and elevation planes. Understanding this usefulness of elliptical shape, Riaz
et al. [46, 47] proposed an ellipsoid geometrical channel model for SISO M2M environ-
ments, where they derived expressions for the PDFs of ToA and AoA both in azimuth and
elevation planes. The authors assumed that the signals are equally likely from all directions
of the ellipsoid, which contradicts the realistic propagation environment. Because the
probability of AoA of scattered signals from the sky-top of urban areas is almost zero,
Ahmed et al. [5] proposed modified geometrical channel model of [46, 47] with top surface
open and derived PDFs for AoA and AoD. These proposed M2M communications models
can be made more beneficial for high data rate applications if they are equipped with
MIMO systems. This motivates us to propose a geometrical channel model for MIMO
M2M communication environments that can relegate all the above-mentioned impairments
of previously suggested channel models.
In this paper, we propose an eccentricity-based elliptical cylindrical channel model for
MIMO M2M communication environments. We derive expressions for the marginal and
joint correlation functions among the antenna elements. These correlation functions are
further simulated to analyze the impact of different system parameters on the correlations
among antenna-array element. Furthermore, different 2D and 3D existing channel models

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are deduced, by changing the parameters of proposed geometry. The correlation curves of
proposed geometry are compared with the results of these previously published geomet-
rical channel models. Finally, simulation result of space-time correlation function is
compared with measurement campaign.
Rest of the paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 describes the geometry of the pro-
posed eccentricity-based elliptical cylindrical channel model for MIMO M2M. Section 3
presents the derivations of the reference model. Section 4 presents derivation of the close-
form expressions of correlation functions for the proposed geometry. Section 5 provides
the comprehensive discussion of the simulation results. Finally, Sect. 6 provides some
concluding remarks.

2 System Model

In this section, we present the system architecture of the proposed elliptical cylindrical
geometrically-based channel model for MIMO M2M communication environment as
shown in Fig. 1. In this proposed channel model, transmitting and receiving mobile sta-
tions (MSs) are denoted by MSt and MSr respectively. These MSs are assumed to be
located at the centers bottom surface of the elliptical cylinders, having major axes at and ar
and minor axes bt and br with eccentricities t and r , respectively. The mobile nodes are
moving independently with the velocities of vt and vr making angles at and ar with the x-
axis. The center to center distance between the two elliptical cylindrical is represented by d
(such that d  at þ ar ) and to avoid the channel may not experience the keyhole behavior
the distance should not be greater than 4Rt Rr Hr =ðkðTr  1ÞðHt  1ÞÞ [21]. The azimuth
plane dimension of the physical propagation channel around the MSs are adjusted in the
system model by eccentricities t and r of the ellipses. Whereas, the surrounding scatter
hight around transmitter and receiver are represented by ht and hr respectively. The scatters

z z

dpm ST(m) dmn

dnq SR(n)
AT (p)
AR(q)
ψT(p) βT(m)
ψR(q) βR(m) dnq∼
CT dp∼m
CR
∼
AT(p)
vR ∼
AR(q)
vT

AT(p) γT γR
αT(m) AR(q)’ αR(n)
∼ ∼
Rt
C’T π−θT AT(p) Rr C’R AR(q) x
π−θR

d
y

Fig. 1 Proposed 3D elliptical channel model for MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile channels with Ht ¼ Hr ¼ 2
antenna elements

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present in the close vicinity of mobile nodes are assumed to be uniformly distributed on the
surfaces of elliptical cylinders. Moreover, the elliptical cylinders are rotatable congruous to
the directions of motion of the MSs such that their major axes at and ar make angles at (or
ar ) respectively, with the x-axis. Mobile nodes are equipped with low hight antennas arrays
with configuration Ht  Hr , where Ht and Hr are the number of antennas mounted on MSt
and MSr , respectively. For simplicity, we take Ht = Hr = 2. However, the results can be
derived for any configuration. The transmit and receive antenna array elements are denoted
ðpÞ
by At and ArðqÞ , and the distance between the antenna array elements are denoted by dt and
dr , which are very small as compared to the minor axes of the surrounding ellipses
respectively. The description of the other parameters involved in the proposed geometrical
model are narrated in Table 1.

3 Derivation of the Reference Model

The derivations of the various characteristic of the MIMO M2M fading channel are based
on the reference model depicted in Fig. 1. It can be observed that a signal that is trans-
ðpÞ ðpÞ
mitted from the transmit antenna array element At , first strikes at the scatterer St present
on the surface of elliptical cylindrical surrounding the transmitter node and then travels

Table 1 Definitions of the channel parameters used in the system model

Symbols Description

d The distance between center to center of elliptical cylinders surrounding MSt and MSr
Rt ; Rr The dynamic radius of the transmitter and receiver ellipses, respectively
at ; ar The major axes of the transmitter and receiver ellipses, respectively
bt ; br The minor axes of the transmitter and receiver ellipses, respectively
ht ; hr The hight of the scatterers at transmit and receive elliptical cylinder, respectively
Ht ; Hr Number of antenna array elements at transmitter and receiver, respectively
t ; r The eccentricities of the transmitter and receiver ellipses, respectively
dt ðp; p~Þ The spacing between pth and p~th antenna elements at Tx
dr ðq; q~Þ The spacing between qth and q~th antenna elements at Tx
hðpÞ ðqÞ
t ; hr
The azimuth angle of pth transmit and qth receive antenna
element (relative to x-axis), respectively
wðpÞ ðqÞ
t ; wr
The elevation angle of pth transmit and qth receive antenna
element (relative to x–y plane), respectively
vt ; vr The velocities of the Tx and Rx, respectively
ct ; cr The moving directions of the Tx and Rx, respectively
ðmÞ The azimuth angles of departure (AAoD) and the azimuth
at ; aðnÞ
r
angles of arrival (AAoA), respectively
bðmÞ ðnÞ
t ; br
The elevation angle of departure (EAoD) and the elevation
angle of arrival (EAoA), respectively
         
dpm dpm
~ dmn dnq dnq~ ðpÞ ðmÞ ðpÞ
~
The distances d At ; St , d At ; St
ðmÞ ðmÞ
, d St ; SðnÞ , d SðnÞ ðqÞ
, and d SðnÞ ðqÞ
~
r r ; Ar r ; Ar
pq
dmax dpm þ dmn þ dnq
p~q~
dmax ~ þ dmn þ dnq~
dpm

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towards the scatter SðqÞ

r located on the surface of elliptical cylindrical surrounding the
receiver node, and then finally reaches the receiving antenna array element AðqÞ
r . During
ðpÞ ðpÞ
~
propagation, the distances covered by the wavelets from At to AðqÞ r and At to AðrqÞ
~
, are
pq p~q~
denoted by dmax and dmax , respectively. Therefore, the phase change due to the distance
pq p~q~
traveled by the wavelet can be written as ð2p=kÞdmax and ð2p=kÞdmax , where 2p=k is called
wavenumber. Moreover, the joint gain and phase shift due to the collision of the wavelet
ðpÞ ðqÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
with St and St cab be expressed as 1= MN and /mn respectively. Other sources of
phase shift in M2M communication  is due to the motion of transmitter and receiver, which
ðmÞ 
can be expressed as 2pfTmax cos at  ct cos bðmÞ t t and 2pf Rmax cos aðnÞ
r  c r cos bðnÞ
r t.
Where, fTmax ¼ vt =k and fRmax ¼ vR =k represents the maximum Doppler frequency caused
by the motion of mobile nodes. Moreover, for the ease of derivations of the different
expressions of the proposed channel model, following valid assumptions are considered
1. Each multipath component of the propagating signal undergoes two bounces while
traveling from the transmitter mobile node to the receiver mobile node.
2. Infinite number of scatterers are uniformly distributed on the elliptical cylindrical
surfaces with uniformly distributed phases.
3. Equal distributed power is reflected from all the scatterers.
4. All the waves reaching at the receiver antenna elements are equal in power.
5. The scatterers are fixed and MSs are quasi-stationary for a short period of time.
Finally, with the help of above assumptions the diffused components of the transmission
ðpÞ
link from At to AðqÞ
r can be expressed as,

1 X M X N
ej k ðdpm þdmn þdnq Þþj/mn
2p
hpq ðtÞ ¼ lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
M;N!1 MN ð1Þ
m¼1 n¼1
ðmÞ ðmÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ
j2ptfTmax cosðat ct Þ cos bt j2ptfRmax cosðar cr Þ cos br
e e

The expressions of the distances dpm , dpm

~ , dnq and dnq~ are obtained by solving the geometry of
the proposed model as shown in Fig. 1. It is observed that these distances are the functions of
random angles of azimuth and elevation of transmit antenna arrays, receive antenna arrays
and scatter. The 3D polar coordinates
 of pth
 transmit and qth receive
 antenna elements in 3D
ðpÞ ðpÞ ðpÞ ðqÞ ðqÞ ðqÞ ðpÞ ðpÞ
space are denoted by dTx ; dTy ; dTz and dRx ; dRy ; dRz , where dTx ¼ dðAt ;
ðpÞ ðpÞ ðpÞ ðpÞ ðqÞ
Ct Þ cos hðpÞ ðpÞ ðpÞ ðpÞ ðpÞ
t cos wt , dTy ¼ dðAt ; Ct Þ sin ht cos wt , dTz ¼ dðAt ; Ct Þ sin wt , dRx ¼
ðqÞ ðqÞ ðqÞ ðqÞ ðqÞ ðqÞ ðqÞ
dðAðpÞ
r ; Cr Þ cos hr cos wr , dRy ¼ dðAðpÞ ðpÞ
r ; Cr Þ sin hr cos wr ; dRz ¼ dðAr ; Cr Þ sin wr .
Similarly,
 the coordinates
 of mth and nth scatterer
 in 3D space are denoted by
ðm=mÞ
~ ðm=mÞ
~ ðm=mÞ
~ ðn=nÞ
~ ðn=nÞ
~ ðn=nÞ
~ ðm=mÞ~ ðm=mÞ
~ ðm=mÞ
~
dAx ; dAy ; dAz and dAx ; dAy ; dAz , where dAx ¼ Rt cos at , d Ay ¼
ðm=mÞ
~ ðm=mÞ
~ ðn=nÞ
~ ðn=nÞ
~ ðn=nÞ
~
Rt sin at , dAz ¼ Rt tan bðm=
t
~
mÞ
, dAx ¼ d þ Rr cos aðn=
r
~
nÞ
, dAy ¼ Rr sin aðn=
r
~
nÞ
, dRz ¼
Rr tan bðn=
t
~
nÞ
.
These polar coordinates depend upon the orientation and configuration of the
antenna arrays. The dynamic radii Rr and Rt of the transmit and receive ellipses can be written
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
in terms of minor ai and major bi axis as, ai bi = a2i sin2 ai þ b2i cos2 ai [44]. Using the
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
distance formula, and binomial approximation ð1 þ xÞ  1 þ x=2 if ðx  1Þ, the
approximated distances can be expressed as,

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Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model…

Rt      
ðpÞ ðpÞ ðmÞ
~ 
dp=p;m  d At ;Ct sinwðpÞ ðmÞ ðpÞ ðmÞ ðpÞ
t sinbt  d At ;Ct coswt cosbt cos at  ht
cosbðmÞ
t
ð2Þ

Rr      
ðqÞ ðnÞ ðqÞ ðnÞ ðqÞ
dn;q=q~   d AðpÞ ðpÞ ðnÞ
r ;Cr sinwr sinbr  d Ar ;Cr coswr cosbr cos ar  hr
cosbðnÞ
r
ð3Þ
ðpÞ ðqÞ
The propagation path length, dmn , from St to St is greater than maxðdpm ;dnq Þ and
contributes significantly in the phase shift to the received signal. It is the function of
ðmÞ
random angles bðmÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ
t ;at ;br ar , br , bt
ðqÞ ðpÞ
and dynamic radii of the ellipses and can be
obtained by solving the geometry as shown in Fig. 2. With the help of approximations used
in (2) and (3), the simplified form of dmn can be expressed as,
 
ðnÞ ðmÞ
R 2
R 2 R r R t cos a r  a t ðmÞ
dmn  d þ r þ t   Rt cos at þ Rr cos aðnÞ
r
2d 2d d
 2  2 ð4Þ
Rt tan bðpÞ
t R r tan b ðqÞ
r
ðpÞ ðqÞ
Rt tan bt Rr tan br
þ þ  :
2d 2d d
 
ðmÞ
Rr Rt cos aðnÞ r  at ðmÞ
dmn  d   Rt cos at þ Rr cos aðnÞ r
d ð5Þ
2 2 ðpÞ 2 2 ðqÞ ðpÞ ðqÞ
Rt sec bt Rr sec br Rt tan bt Rr tan br
þ þ  :
2d 2d d
Substituting values of dpm , dnq and dmn in (1), we get,

1 X M X N
hpq ðtÞ ¼ lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ap;m bn;q cp;q ej/mn
M;N!1 MN ð6Þ
m¼1 n¼1
ðmÞ ðmÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ
 ej2p½fTmax cosð
at ct Þ cos bt þfRmax cosð ar cr Þ cos br t :

St(m)

dmn

z
dpm
Sr(n)

x
ht
dqn hr
y

At(p) Rt
βt βr Rr
αt
Ar(q)
at αr
(0,0,0) d ar (d,0,0) x
bt br

Fig. 2 2D view of proposed elliptical channel model for MIMO M2M channels

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where
 
jp d 2Rt
k 2þ ðmÞ ðmÞ ðmÞ ðmÞ
j2p
ðmÞ ðmÞ
j2pd p cos at k dT sin at cos bt
ej k ðRt cos at Þ e k Tx
cos b 2p cos bt p
ap;m ¼ e t e y

ðpÞ
ðmÞ ðRt sec br Þ2
j2pdT p sin bt þ
e k z 2d

 
jp d 2Rr
k 2þ ðnÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ
j2p
ðnÞ ðnÞ
j2pd q cos ar k dR sin ar cos br
þ ej k ðRr cos ar Þ e k Rx
cos br 2p cos br q
bn;q ¼ e e y

j2p
ðnÞ ðRr sec bðqÞ
r Þ
k dR sin br þ
q
e z 2d

 
ðqÞ R R cos aðnÞ aðmÞ
jp
ðpÞ
Rt tan b Rr tan br
t þ
r t r tð Þ
k d d
cp;q ¼ e

The proposed geometrical can be also extended for Ht  Hr antenna arrays structure. The
ðp=qÞ ðp=qÞ ðp=qÞ ðp=qÞ
polar coordinates of antenna elements is denoted by ðdTx =Rx ; dTx =Rx ; dTx =Rx Þ where, dTx =Rx ¼
  ðp=qÞ ðp=qÞ ðp=qÞ  
dðt=rÞ 0:5Hðt=rÞ  :5  pðqÞ cos ht=r cos wt=r ; dTx =Rx ¼ dðt=rÞ 0:5Hðt=rÞ  :5  pðqÞ
ðp=qÞ ðp=qÞ ðp=qÞ   ðp=qÞ
sin ht=r cos wt=r ; dTx =Rx ¼ dðt=rÞ 0:5Hðt=rÞ  :5  pðqÞ sin wt=r : The parameter p; p~ 2
f1; . . .; Ht g and q; q~ takes values from f1; . . .; Hr g. The coordinates for p~ element and q~
element can be obtained by replacing dðt=rÞ with dðt=rÞ . Where, dðt=rÞ is the spacing
between two adjacent elements of transmitter (receiver) antenna arrays.

4 Derivation of Space-Time Correlation Function of the Proposed Model

The normalized space-time correlation function between diffused channel coefficients

hpq ðtÞ and hp~q~ðtÞ for the proposed 3D model can be found using the following relation,
E½hpq ðtÞh p~q~ðt þ sÞ
Rpq;p~q~½s ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð7Þ
E½jhpq ðtÞj2 þ E½jhp~q~ðtÞj2

where, E½ is the statistical expectation operator and can be applied only to all random
variables and ðÞ symbolizes as the complex conjugate operation. Using (6) and (7), the
space-time correlation function can be formulated as,

1 XM X N h
Rpq;p~q~½s ¼ lim E ap;m bn;q cp;q a p;m
~ bn;q~cp~q~
M;N!1 MN
m¼1 n¼1 ð8Þ
ðmÞ ðmÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ
i
2jpsðfTmax cosðat ct Þ cos bt þfRmax cosðar cr Þ cos br Þ ;
e

It is assumed that infinite number of scattering objects reside around each mobile station,
which implies that the scattering distributions may be transformed from discrete to con-
ðmÞ
tinuous that in turn forces to change the discrete random variables (e.g., at , bðmÞ t ) into
continuous random variables (at , bt ). Furthermore, we assume that azimuth and elevation
angles are independent of each other, therefore, f ðat ; bt Þ and f ðar ; br Þ can be written in
product form as f ðat Þf ðbt Þ and f ðar Þf ðbr Þ, respectively. Hence, for the continuous time
random variables, the above equation can be written in integration form as,

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Z bRm Z bTm Z p Z p
Rpq;p~q~ðsÞ  e2jpsðfTmax cosðat ct Þ cos bt Þ
bRm bTm p p
j2p
 ðp;pÞ
~ ðp;pÞ
~ ðRt sec bt Þ2
 j2p ðp;pÞ
~
dTx cos at cos bt þdTz sin bt þ dTy sin at cos bt
 ek 2d ek ð9Þ
 
j2p ðp;pÞ
~ ðq;qÞ
~ ðRr sec br Þ2
dTy sin at cos bt þdRz sin br þ
 e2jpsðfRmax cosðar cr Þ cos br Þ e
k 2d

j2p ðp;pÞ
~
sin ar cos br
 e k dRx f ðat Þf ðbt Þf ðar Þf ðbr Þdat dbt dar dbr

where bRm , bTm represents the maximum elevation angles of the scatters present around
ðp;pÞ
~ ðpÞ ðpÞ
~ ðp;pÞ
~ ðpÞ ðpÞ
~
transmit and receiver mobile nodes and dTx ¼ dTx  dTx , dTy ¼ dTy  dTy ,
ðp;pÞ
~ ðpÞ ðpÞ
~ ðq;qÞ
~ ðqÞ ðqÞ
~ ðq;qÞ
~ ðqÞ ðqÞ
~ ðq;qÞ
~ ðqÞ ðqÞ
~
dTz ¼ dTz  dTz , dRx ¼ dRx  dRx , dRy ¼ dRy  dRy , dRz ¼ dRz  dRz .
Furthermore, different scattering distribution have been proposed in the literature for
isotropic and non-isotropic environments [30]. In urban areas streets, canyons and high-
ways are more likely non-isotropic environments. So, in this proposed research work, we
have used eccentricity-based (i.e., i ) modified von Mises distribution for azimuth AoA/
AoD [50]. The PDF of azimuth AoA/AoD at each MS can be written as,
2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
f ðai Þ ¼ 2pI01ð2 Þ ei cos ai ; i ¼ t; r, where, i ¼ 1  b2i =a2i , the azimuth angle ai 2 ðp; pÞ
i
and I0 ðÞ is the zeroth-order modified Bessel function of the first kind. Similarly, It has
been observed from the experiments that the elevation AoA of incoming signals ranges
from 0
to 20
[51] and the distance between two mobile stations is much larger than each
of their antenna heights; therefore, using the small angle approximation sin bi  bi ,
cos bi  1, sec2i b ¼ 1 þ bi =2 and substituting PDF of elevation AoA/AoD, i.e., f ðbi Þ ¼
 
p p bi
4b cos 2 b
im im
as proposed in [36], where, the absolute values of elevation angles
(bim ; i 2 T; R ) lies in the range 00  bim  200 , in Eq. (9) we get,
Z p Z p
1
Rpq;p~q~½s  2 exp ½c t cos at þ dt sin a t dat exp ½cr cos ar þ dr sin ar dar
4p Io ð2t ÞpIo ð2r Þ p p
Z Z  2
  2

bRm bTm j2p ðp;pÞ
~
dTz þ 4dt bt
R j2p ðq;qÞ
~
dRz þ 4dr br
R
k k
 e e
bRm bT
m   
p pbt p pbr
 cos cos dbt dbr
4bTm 2bTm 4bRn 2bRn
ð10Þ
where
ðp;pÞ
~
j2pdTx
ct ¼  2jpsfTmax cos ct þ 2t ;
k
ðp;pÞ
~
j2pdTy
dt ¼  2jpsfTmax sin ct ;
k
ðq;qÞ
~
j2pdRz
cr ¼  2jpsfRmax cos cr þ 2r ;
k
ðq;qÞ
~
j2pdRw
dr ¼  2jpsfRmax sin cr :
k

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M. Y. Wani, N. M. Khan

Equation (10) can be further simplified by introducing trigonometric transformation and

Rp pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the equality p exp ½ci cos ai þ di sin ai dai ¼ I0 ð2p c2i þ di2 Þ [26].
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z   j2p ðp;pÞ~ R2t 
Io ð2p c2t þ dt2 Þ bTm p pbt k dTz bt þ 4d bt
Rpq;p~q~½s  cos e dbt
2pIo ð2t Þ bTm 4bTm 2b Tm
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z    2
 ð11Þ
Io ð2p c2r þ dr2 Þ bRm p pbr j2pk dRzðq;qÞ~ br þR4dr br
 cos e dbr
2pIo ð2r Þ bRm 4bRn 2bRn

It is seen that the joint correlation function in (11) is the product of transmit and receive
correlation functions, that can be written as,

Rpq;p~q~½s  qð/t ; bt ; dt ; sÞqð/r ; br ; dr ; sÞ ð12Þ

where
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z   j2p ðp;pÞ~ R2t 
2pIo ð c2t þ dt2 Þ bTm p pbt dTz bt þ 4d bt
qð/t ; bt ; dt ; sÞ  cos e
k
dbt ð13Þ
2
2pIo ðt Þ bTm 4bTm 2bTm

Integrating (13) with respect to bt , and introduce approximations for the complex error
function as in [4], the simplified expression can be written as,
0  ðp;pÞ~ 1
2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d2 k2 cos pð4dTz dþRt ÞbTm
2pIo c2t þ dt2 B B
2dk C
C
qð/t ; bt ; dt ; sÞ  2 @ ðp; ~
pÞ A ð14Þ
2pIo ðt Þ 2 2 2
d k  ðRt þ 4dTz dÞ bTm 2 2

0 1
 
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi B ðp;pÞ
~ pbTm R2t
Io 2p c2t þ dt2 Bcos k bTm dTz þ 2dk C
2p
C
qð/t ; bTm ; dt ; sÞ  B  2 C ð15Þ
2pIo ð2t Þ @ 2
R b 4b d
ðp;pÞ
~ A
1  tdkTm þ Tmk Tz

0 1
 
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi B ðq;qÞ
~ pbRm R2r
Io 2p c2r þ dr2 Bcos k bRm dRz þ 2dk C
2p
C
qð/r ; bRm ; dr ; sÞ  B  2 C ð16Þ
2pIo ð2r Þ @ R2r bRm
ðq;qÞ
4bRm dRz
~ A
1 dk þ k

The closed-form expression for the receive space-time correlation function can be obtained
by replacing the index t with index r, and the joint space-time correlation function (12) can
be written as
0 1
 
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi B ðq; ~
qÞ pb R 2

Io 2p c2t þ dt2 Io 2p c2r þ dr2 Bcos k bRm dRz þ 2dk C

2p Rm r
C
Rpq;p~q~½s  B  2 C
2pIo ð2t Þ 2pIo ð2r Þ @ R2r bRm
ðq;qÞ
4bRm dRz
~ A
1 dk þ k
0 1 ð17Þ
 
ðp;pÞ
~ pbTm R2t
Bcos k bTm dTz þ 2dk C
2p
B C
B  2 C
@ 2
R b 4b d
ðp;pÞ
~ A
1  tdkTm þ Tmk Tz

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Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model…

The existing 3D cylindrical channel model [56] can become the spacial case of our pro-
posed geometrical channel model. By using the assumption that is the radii are much
smaller than the distance d (i.e., maxfRr ; Rt g  d) moreover,to avoid keyhole behavior of
the wireless channel the distance d\4Rt Rr Lq =ðkðLp  1ÞðLq  1ÞÞ. Using this assumption
the expression (17) can be reduced to space-time correlation function (34) of [56] for
isotropic propagation environments.
   
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p ðq;qÞ~ ðp;pÞ~
Io 2p c2t þ dt2 Io 2p c2r þ dr2 cos k bRm dRz cos 2p
k bTm
d Tz
Rpq;p~q~½s   2  2 ð18Þ
2pIo ð2t Þ 2pIo ð2r Þ ðq;qÞ
4bRm dRz
~ ðp;pÞ
4bTm dTz
~
1 k 1  k

When mobile stations reside on such highways where the low elevated scattering objects
are non isotropically distributed around transmitter and receive. The probability of ele-
vation plane waves cab be negligible. In that case the elevation angles bRm ; bTm can be
illuminated in the proposed space- time correlation functions (17). The resultant expression
is the space-time correlation function given by Wani et al. [50], which is the special case
of the proposed channel model.
 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Io 2p c2t þ dt2 Io 2p c2r þ dr2
Rpq;p~q~½s  ð19Þ
2pIo ð2t Þ 2pIo ð2r Þ
The expression (19) can be further explored for the space-time correlation functions in
isotropic scattering environments, that is proposed by Pätzold et al. [39] by keeping
eccentricity r ; t ¼ 1.

5 Results and Description

In this section, we describe the theoretical results obtained from the derived correlation
functions (19) and its impact on the MIMO channel capacity. It can be observed that the
derived joint correlation expressions (19) is the function of various parameters that are
linked with physical MIMO system and the propagation channel environment. For the ease
of discussion our focus is mainly on the receive correlation function (16), the receive
correlation can be directly obtained by replacing subscript index t with r. In all simulations,
a normalized sampling period fRmax Ts ¼ :01, is used (where fRmax ; fTmax are the maximum
Doppler frequencies and Ts is the sampling period). Furthermore, the orientation angle of
the antenna arrays, elevation angle of scatterers and other parameters are mentioned on the
respective plots for each simulation. Different 2D and 3D plots of the correlations among
MIMO channel coefficients are obtained for observation and discussion. The simulation
plots of space-time correlation among receive antenna array elements is shown in Figs. 3
and 4. It is observed from the graph that the correlation decays rapidly in both space and
temporal domains by increasing distance (dr ) between antenna array elements and nor-
malized time delay. The temporal correlation is dependent on the velocity vr , AoA/AoD of
multipaths, carrier frequency fc and the speed of light c. Therefore, for the design of MIMO
M2M communication system in the rich scattering environment, antenna spacing, and
velocity of the mobile stations are the constraints that have significant impact on the
system performance.
Similarly, the correlations among receive antenna elements are obtained by varying the
eccentricity (r ) of the receiver ellipse as shown in Fig. 5. It is observed from the graph that

123
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M. Y. Wani, N. M. Khan

0.8
[ Correlation ]

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0
1 8
6
2 4
τ fRmax 2
3 0 σr / λ

Fig. 3 3D space-time correlation function qr ðdr ; sÞ of 22 MIMO M2M channel,

ðbr ¼ 20
; ar ¼ 60
; wr ¼ 30
; hr ¼ 60
; ar ¼ 100 m; br ¼ 50 mÞ

1
δr=λ
δr=λ/2
0.8
δr=λ/4
δr=λ/5
Receive Correlation

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
τ fRmax

Fig. 4 Effect of spacing between antenna elements on correlation function. The curves are obtained using
the parameter ðbr ¼ 20
; ar ¼ 60
; wr ¼ 30
; hr ¼ 60
; ar ¼ 100 m; br ¼ 50 mÞ

the correlation has a decreasing trend as of eccentricity is decreased from 0.9 (elliptical
channel model) to 0 (circle model). This indicates that the capacity is degraded when the
mobile units resides in the narrow streets or canyons, similar findings were observed by
Abouda et al. [3]. Therefore, for the design and implementation of MIMO M2M com-
munication system for such propagation environments, the simulation results based on
elliptical channel model are more appropriate than circular channel model. Correlation
among antenna elements is also evaluated for different relative velocities of the mobile
nodes. It is discerned from the simulation results as shown in Fig. 6, that the correlation has
a decreasing trend with the increasing relative velocity of the mobile nodes. Similar
observations were reported in [17, 23]; however, increasing velocity leads to other severe
constraints in the wireless channel that degrade the system throughput.

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Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model…

Fig. 5 3D space-time correlation function with respect to eccentricity, ðdr ¼ 0:5k; br ¼ 20

; ar ¼ 60
;
wr ¼ 30
; hr ¼ 60

1
Vr = 120km/h
Vr = 100km/h
Vr = 90km/h
0.8
Vr = 60km/h
Receive correlation

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
τ fRmax

Fig. 6 2D space-time correlation function for different velocities, ðdr ¼ 0:5k; br ¼ 20

; ar ¼ 60
; wr ¼
30
; hr ¼ 60
; ar ¼ 100 m; br ¼ 50 mÞ

The proposed channel model is transformed into existing 3D circular-based cylindrical

geometrical channel model [56] by adjusting ai ¼ bi where, i ¼ r; t. The comparison of
correlation functions of the deduced 3D geometrical channel model and the proposed
model is depicted in Fig. 7. It is observed from the correlation curves that the space-time
correlations using circular-based channel model is lower as compared to elliptical-based
channel model. Since, the streets and canyons can be modeled more appropriately
exploiting elliptical shape as discussed earlier in introductory section. Therefore, the
theoretical results, based on the elliptical geometry can predict more appropriately the
achievable capacity of MIMO M2M communication systems in streets and canyons.
By adjusting the parameters of the proposed model the correlation curves are validated
by comparing with the measurement results obtained from experimental campaigns carried

123
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M. Y. Wani, N. M. Khan

1
Circular-based Cylindrical Model
0.8 Elliptical-based Cylindrical Model

0.6
Receive Correlation

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
τ fRmax

Fig. 7 Comparison of space-time correlation function of circular-based cylindrical model with the proposed
channel model, ðdr ¼ 0:5k; ar ¼ 60
; wr ¼ 30
; hr ¼ 60
; br ¼ 20
Þ

1
Measurement
Proposed
0.8
Space−time correlation

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
λ [m]

Fig. 8 Comparison of space-time correlation function with the measurement results

out for COST2100 channel model in the outdoor communication environment [59]. It is
observed from Fig. 8 that the proposed model is in close agreement with the measurement
data.
Furthermore, the proposed model is more dynamic in nature, i.e. various other existing
geometrical channel models can become the special cases of it. By adjusting the appro-
priate values for ai ; bi ; wi ; bi ; di ; ði ¼ t; rÞ parameters in Eq. (17) of the proposed channel
model. The 2D and 3D geometrical channel models listed and depicted in Table 2 can be
deduced,

123
 Table 2 Generalization of proposed geometrical channel model
Scattering model Communication Corresponding substitutions Respective scattering models Geometry of scattering
scenarios regions
z z

dmn
Proposed MIMO M2M – 3D elliptical-based AT(p)
dpm ST(m)

AR(q)
dnq SR(n)

ψT(p) βT(m)
ψR(q) βR(m) dnq∼
CT dp∼m
CR
∼
AT(p)
cylindrical model vR ∼
AR(q)
vT

AT(p) γT γR αR(n)
αT(m) AR(q)’
Rt ∼ ∼
C’T π−θTAT(p) Rr C’R AR(q) x
π−θR
d
y
z z

dpm ST(m) dmn

dnq SR(n)
AT(p) AR(q)
ψT(p) βT(m)
ψR(q) βR(m) dnq∼
CT dp∼m
CR
∼
AT(p)
vR ∼
AR(q)
vT

AT(p) γT γR αR(n)
αT(m) AR(q)’
Rt ∼ ∼
C’T π−θTAT(p) Rr C’R AR(q) x
π−θR
d
y

Zajić et al. [56] MIMO M2M ar ¼ br , at ¼ bt 3D circular-based cylindrical

model
Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model…

Pätzold et al. [39], Stüber et al. [27] and MIMO M2M at ¼ bt , ar ¼ br , bt ¼ br ¼ 0o 2D circular model
Author's personal copy

Zajić et al. [53]

Wani et al. [50] MIMO M2M at 6¼ bt , ar 6¼ br , bt ¼ br ¼ 0

2D elliptical model

123
 Table 2 continued

Scattering model Communication Corresponding substitutions Respective scattering models Geometry of scattering
scenarios regions

123
Baltzis et al. [11] SISO M2M at ¼
6 bt , ar 6¼ br , bt ¼ br ¼ 0
, 2D elliptical model
dr ¼ dt ¼ 0

Paul et al. [40] SISO M2M at ¼ bt , ar ¼ br , dt ¼ dr ¼ bt ¼ br ¼ 0

2D circular model

Baltzis et al. [30] SISO F2M ar ¼ br , at ¼ bt ¼ 0, 2D model

bt ¼ br ¼ dt ¼ dr ¼ fTmax ¼ 0o
Author's personal copy

Abidi et al. [42] F2M MIMO at ¼ bt , ar ¼ br ¼ 0, bt ¼ br ¼ 0o 2D circular model

M. Y. Wani, N. M. Khan
 Author's personal copy
Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model…

6 Conclusion

In this article, 3D eccentricity based elliptical cylindrical geometrical model for MIMO
M2M communication scenario is proposed. The geometry of the proposed model is
rotatable along x–y plane and its dimensions are adjustable in all axes corresponds to the
physical propagation scenario. Based on the proposed model, joint and marginal PDFs of
correlation functions among transmitter and receiver antenna array elements is formulated.
The expression of correlation function is simulated by changing various parameters of the
proposed channel model and obtained correlation results are meticulously described.
Correlation results obtained using proposed model show close agreement with the mea-
surement data. Moreover, the proposed model is versatile in nature, by varying the system
parameters different existing 2D and 3D geometrical channel models are obtained.

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M. Y. Wani, N. M. Khan

Mohd Yaqoob Wani received his B.Sc. degree in electronics from the
University of Kashmir, Srinager, India, in 1991 and MS Telecommu-
nication and Networking from the Iqra University, Islamabad Pakistan
in 2008. At present, he pursues his Ph.D. degree in electrical engi-
neering at Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST),
Islamabad, Pakistan. He is currently with the Acme Center for
Research in Wireless Communications (ARWiC) at CUST. Currently,
he is also working as Assistant Professor with the University of
Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan. His research interests include channel
modeling and characterization, cellular mobile communication
networks.

Noor M. Khan was born in Pakistan in 1973. He received the B.Sc.

degree in electrical engineering from the University of Engineering
and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 1998 and the Ph.D. degree from
the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, in 2007. From
2002 to 2007, he was a casual academic with the University of New
South Wales. He is currently Professor with the Capital University of
Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. His research
interests include smart antenna systems, adaptive multiuser detection,
mobile-to-mobile communications, wireless sensor networks, channel
characterization and estimation, and physical channel modeling for
mobile communications.

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