Content

1. Introduction 1-2
2. Raw Material 3-7
3. Manufacturing process of Umbrella 8-13
4. Assembly Process of an Umbrella 14-18
5. Product drawing of an Umbrella 19-23
6. Alternative and Disadvantages 24-35
7. Conclusion 26

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Introduction

In the past recent years, human has created a lot of gadget to fulfil man desired. More
and more gadget has created to make our life more comfortable and feel secured when
whether changes. An Umbrella has come to the scientist mind. In the 18th and 19th centuries,
A kersey‟s Dictionary ( 1708) describes an umbrella as a “ screen commonly used by women
to keep off rain. In the oldest day, an umbrella are used liturgically to show honour to a
person or a holy object. An umbrella or knows as parasol is a canopy designed to protect
against precipitation or sunlight. Do u know about parasol? The parasol word which come
from French. It is a word that combine by using two terms. Para in the French which mean
protecting against sole which mean Sun. So when the two words combine it become parasol
which mean protecting against sun. The term parasol usually refers to an item designed to
protect from the sun, and umbrella refers to a device more suited to protect from rain.
Meanwhile some umbrella have the advantaged to protect our skins from radiation. Parasols
are often meant to be fixed to one point and often used with patio tables or other outdoor
furniture, or on the beach for shelter from the sun. Umbrella are almost exclusively hand-held
devices. However, parasol can also be hand held. Now, umbrellas can be held as fashion
statement in the twenty first century for some men and women are some simple accessories
that complete an outfit.

Types of Umbrella

There are two different types of umbrellas. The first

type of umbrella is the personal-used umbrella which is
generally used for providing protection against rain.
This type of umbrella however can be divided into two
different umbrellas. They are the long umbrella, folding
umbrella, square umbrella and five folding super light
umbrella. While the second type of umbrella is called as Outdoor umbrella. Outdoor umbrella
can be further classified as patio umbrella, golf umbrella, sand beach umbrella and beach
umbrella. While Patio umbrellas are mainly used for decorating gardens, house people use
beach umbrella to protect themselves from excessive heat at the beaches. Golf umbrellas on
the other hand are used to protect golfers, top executives from wind, rain while they are
playing golf. In this assignment, we are going to discuss fully on the personal-used umbrella.

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 Important of the product

Umbrella is used to protect us from sunlight and avoid us from getting wet when it is rain.
Umbrella is important because it can make us feel more comfortable when we are walking
under the heat of sunlight in order to keep our body temperature down. On the other hand, its
prevent us from getting wet. Meanwhile, it also can use as a tool to defend our self and to
keep hostile strangers away.

Type of Umbrella

Personal-Used
Umbrella Outdoor Umbrella

Folding
Umbrella Golf Umbrella
Square Umbrella Patio Umbrella

Sand Beach
Beach
Umbrella
Long Umbrella Lady Umbrella Umbrella

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Raw Materials

They are many materials can be used to make the canopy of umbrellas. They are the nylon, or

the plastic. A “U” shaped steel rod was however then conceived for the ribs and stretchers to

make a lighter, stronger frame. Previously, umbrellas had been made from either cane or

whalebone. Whalebone umbrellas especially were bulky and awkward. Rounded ribs and

stretchers are frequently seen today only on parasols and patio umbrellas. Advancements in

metal-producing technology have made rounded metal ribs and stretchers more feasible. The

ribs and stretchers are usually made from "U" shaped or channeled steel or other metal. The

shaft however is made up either from steel, aluminum, plastics, wood or fiberglass. The

handle can be plastic, metal, or any combination of desired ingredients. Below be the picture

of raw materials that we use it for making umbrella.

Plastic Nylon

Aluminum Fiberglass

Wood Steel

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Characteristic of Raw Materials and Reasons of choosing.

Plastic

Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic

amorphous solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products. It can use to

make many product such as bottle, chair and many. However, in order to making bottle,

plastic also can be used in making canopy or the handle of umbrella. The main reason to use

plastic in making canopy or handle umbrella is because plastic is actually a good insulators of

heat and electricity. Mostly people will using umbrella when the moment that the sun is

shinning very brightly or when it is raining. According to this reason, plastic be the one of the

material for making canopy and handle umbrella. This is because when the sun shines

brightly, the umbrella needs to be good in insulating heat and when there is thunder and

lightning during the rain, then the umbrella must be a good in insulating electricity. Besides,

plastic is also one of the best material that have gently weight, this can help people easy to

bring around from one place to another place. Moreover, plastic also will not absorb the

water. This can help the canopy of the umbrella easy dry. Plastic is also make us easy to

shape and colour it.

Nylon

Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as

polyamides. It is one of the most commonly used polymers. The characteristics of nylon is

exceptionally strong and elastic. Nylon also have an excellent abrasion resistance and at the

same tome a lustrous material. With these characteristic, it make nylon suitable for making

the conopy of the umbrella because it can be pre-colored or dyed in wide range of colors.

Besides, nylon is also low in moisture absorbency. This characteristic is extremely important

because no one will be buying an umbrella which will absorb a lot of water.

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Aluminium

Aluminium is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It

has the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. The charateristic of aluminum is soft,

durable, lightweight, malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull grey,

depending on the surface roughness. Aluminium is nonmagnetic and nonsparking. It is also

insoluble in alcohol, though it can be soluble in water in certain forms. Aluminum is an

excellent heat and electricity conductor and in relation to its weight is almost twice as good a

conductor as copper. Therefore, the aluminum can only be used in making the shaft of the

umbrella. This is because if aluminum is used to make the canopy, when there is thunder or

lightning, the canopy which is made out of aluminum will conduct electricity and this is does

harm the safety of the user. Besides, it is can be also used in making the ribs and stretchers.

Fiberglass

Fiberglass is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing

agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-

reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is called "fiberglass" in popular

usage. Fiberglass is strong, durable, and impervious to many caustics and to extreme

temperatures. For those qualities, fabrics woven from the glass threads are widely used for

industrial purposes. Fiberglass fabrics can also be made to resemble silks and cotton and are

used for curtains and drapery. A wide variety of materials are made by combining fiberglass

with plastic.

Wood

Wood is an organic material produced as secondary xylem in the stems of woody plants,

notably trees and other woody plants. In a living tree it conducts water and nutrients to the

leaves and other growing tissues, and has a support function, enabling plants to reach large

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sizes. Wood may also refer to other plant materials and tissues with comparable properties,

and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. Wood has always been and

continues to be a material of great importance to mankind. It is highly versatile. It is

relatively light in weight, yet has good strength in both tension and compression; and

provides rigidity, toughness and insulating properties. It can be bent or twisted into special

shapes, and it is readily worked, fastened and finished. The finished surface is pleasant to the

touch and the visual patterns provided can be of great beauty.

Steel

Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by

weight (C:110–10Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying

material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium,

vanadium, and tungsten. Steel is a metal composed of iron plus varying amounts of carbon as

well as other elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, zirconium, vanadium,

tungsten, and so on. Different types of steel are produced by adjusting the chemical

composition and adapting any of the different stages of the steel making process, such as

rolling, finishing and heat treatment. As each of these factors can be modified, there is

potentially virtually no limit to the number of different steels that can be made. Steel has the

highest strength to weight ratio of any building material. It also provides consistent material

quality because it is produced in strict accordance with national standards and therefore there

is no regional variance in quality. Besides, it is also inorganic. Basically, steel can be used in

making the ribs, stretchers, and the shaft of the umbrella. This is because steel will not rot,

split, crack or creep. The ribs, stretchers and shaft must be strong enough in order for the user

to open and close the umbrella efficiently.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF UMBRELLA

Step 1: Fabric Selection and cutting fabric for Umbrella

A variety of fabrics had been used for making umbrellas that included linen, cotton,
leather, taffeta variety of silk, lace and the
special fabric that was first made for
umbrellas only- the Gloria (a plain weave of
silk and wool, and silk and cotton). For an
umbrella making, rayon and acetate were
widely used. For nowadays, the fabric that
generally used is nylon taffeta with an
acrylic coating on the underside and a
scotch-guard type finish on top. But in the
latest technology, microfiber fabrics with
new water repellent finishes are also being used by the umbrella manufacturers. After the
suitable fabric has been selected, fabric has
to cut in a suitable size. There are two types
of cutting, which is small cut and large cut.
Large cut usually known as first cut and it
uses machinery hang-cutting to cut fabric
into rectangle shape from pile of fabric.
Large cut is the pre-stage of small cut. The
purpose of small cut is to cut the fabric from
rectangle into triangle shape of flame. In the
triangle shape of flame, wood has been used.
The mold is placed on the rectangle fabric and hand cut the fabric in triangle shape.

Step 2: Printing patterns on the fabric

There are few types of method printing patterns on the fabric. These include:

- Silkscreen

- Rotary printing

- Laser engraving

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 Silkscreen is a piece of mesh fabric held taut in a frame. Some of the holes in the
fabric‟s mesh are clogged up to prevent ink from passing through. Silkscreen printing is the
lowest in cost but it can only print in solid color and cannot print graphics like photo.

Rotary screen printing gets its name because it uses a cylindrical screen that rotates in
a fixed position. These machines are designed for roll-to-roll printing on flexible materials
ranging from narrow web films to wide- format roll textiles. The web travels at a consistent
speed between the screen and a steel or rubber impression roller immediately below the
screen. The squeegee on a rotary press is in a fixed position with its edge making contact with
the inside surface of the screen precisely at the point where the screen, substrate, and
impression roller come together. Ink is automatically fed into the center of the screen and
collects in a wedge-shaped "well" formed by the leading side of the squeegee and the screen's
interior surface. The motion of the screen will forces the ink into stencil openings, essentially
flooding the screen without requiring a flood bar. The squeegee then shears the ink as the
stencil and substrate come into contact, allowing the ink to transfer cleanly to the material.
CMYK or commonly known as offset printing employees the four-colour process which
included the used of cyan, magenta, yellow and black to create a wide spectrum of colours,
giving life to the fabric.

The practise of using lasers to engrave or mark the „lacerable‟ materials such as metal,
copper or aluminum is called laser engraving. Laser engraving can be very technical and
complex. Normally a computer system is used to drive the movement of laser head. The
beam emitted from laser engraving machine, it can make a clean and very precise engrave
patterns onto the surface.

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Step 3: The making of canopy making

After the printed gores are ready, assemblies the canopy. The canopy of the umbrella
is hand sewn to the ribs in form of individual panels. Each panel is cut separately from piles
of materials called gores. Machine cutting of several layers at once is also possible which is
less cumbersome. Usually rain umbrella has eight panels but there can be in six panels also in
smaller umbrella such as parasols and children umbrellas. The largest umbrella can have as
many as twelve panels too. A metal ferrule may or may not be forced over and glued to the
tip of the umbrella that passes through the canopy.

Step 4: The making of shaft

It is usually made from wood, steel, or aluminum and sometimes, fiberglass and other
plastic are used, which commonly be seen in larger golf umbrellas. Approximately 3/8 inch
0.95 centimeter thick. The best material of the making of shaft is fiberglass because its light
weight and not easy to break. And umbrella which is made from metal and wood is heavy and
not long lasting. When consisting of wood, shaft are made with the help of wood-shaping
machines such as turning machines and lathes. Although aluminum is light weight but its
easy to break. Metal and plastic shafts are drawn or extruded for giving them the required
shape.

Step 5: The making of rib and stretcher

Ribs run underneath the canopy of the

umbrella and stretchers join the ribs with the
shaft of the umbrella. As the rib and stretcher
arrived at the factory in a comparatively
unfinished state, the first thing to be done is to

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cut them to the required length, then to fix in the springs which are required to hold the
umbrella when open or closed. This operation is performed by a small circular saw, against
which the workman presses the stick, and by intuition apparently the slot is made to the exact
depth required. The ribs are usually made of steel or some other thing such as metal. The ribs
are attached to the shaft by fitting it into a top notc. The stretchers are connected to the shaft
of the umbrella with a plastic or metal runner, the piece that moves along the shaft of the
umbrella when it is opened or closed. The ribs and stretchers are interconnected with a joiner,
which is usually a small joiner metal hinge. When the umbrella is opened or closed, the joiner
opens or closes simultaneously through an agnle of more than 90 degrees. Then there are two
catch springs in the shaft of each umbrella. Metal shaft are generally hollow so that the catch
spring can be inserted in it without much efforts. Meanwhile, a wooden shaft requires to be
hollowed out to make space for the catching spring.

Steps 6: The installation of tip

The function of tip is to stable the canopy with the ribs. Tip is pieces of metal or plastic that
stick at one end of each ribs. In the process of tip installation, a special sewing machine is
used to sew the tips on the fabric and the number of installed tips is same as number of ribs.

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Reason for choosing the steps of the umbrella been manufactured.

Process of an umbrella been manufactured:

Fabric Selection and cutting fabric for Umbrella

Printing patterns on the fabric

The making of canopy making

The making of shaft

The making of rib and stretcher

The installation of tip

The reason we choose our umbrella been manufactured in this process because we think that
its very efficient in terms of cost, time and material management. If we choose printing
patterns on the fabric as our first process in fact of selecting and cutting fabric, its not suitable
because it might be a waste of material if the pattern that we print not match with the fabric
that we are going to cut. In additional, it also will be a waste of time because have to redo and
it will directly raise up the cost of manufactured an umbrella.

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ASSEMBLY PROCESS OF UMBRELLA

Step 1: Assembly of ribs and stretcher

The ribs and stretchers are assembled first. Ribs run underneath the top or canopy of
the umbrella while stretchers connect the ribs with the shaft of the umbrella. The ribs are
attached to the shaft of the umbrella by fitting into a top notch. A notch is a thin, round nylon
or plastic piece with teeth around the edges, and then held with thin wire. The stretchers are
connected to the shaft of the umbrella with a plastic or metal runner, the piece that moves
along the shaft of the umbrella when it is opened or closed. Next, the ribs and stretchers are
connected to each other with a joiner, which is usually a small jointed metal hinge. As the
umbrella is opened or closed, the joiner opens or closes through an angle of more than 90
degrees. There are two catch springs in the shaft of each umbrella. These are small pieces of
metal that need to be pressed when the umbrella is slid up the shaft to open, and again when
the umbrella is slid down the shaft for closing. Metal shafts are usually hollow, and the catch
spring can be inserted, while a wood shaft requires that a space for the catch spring be
hollowed out. A pin or other blocking device is usually placed into the shaft a few inches
above the upper catch spring to prevent the canopy from sliding past the top of umbrella,
when the runner goes beyond the upper catch spring.

Step 2: Join the frame and the canopy

The cover or canopy of the umbrella is hand sewn in individual panels to the ribs.This
process cannot use machine, it is totally hand-assembly. Because each panel has to be shaped
to the curve of the canopy, therefore the cover cannot be cut in one piece. Panels are sewn at
the outer edges of the ribs, and there are also connections between the ribs and the panels
about one-third of the way down from the outer edge of the canopy. Each panel is cut
separately from piles of materials called gores; machine cutting of several layers at once is
possible, although hand-cutting is more typical. The typical rain umbrella has eight panels,
although some umbrellas with four, six, seven, twelve, sixteen and even twenty-four panels
can occasionally be found.

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Step 3: Umbrella Tip install

Tip is a pieces of metal or plastic stick at the end of each ribs to stable the canopy
with the ribs. The tip of the umbrella is to protect the shaft. In this process, use a special
sewing machine to sew the tips on the fabric. The number of installed tips is same as number
of ribs. It that passes through the canopy can be covered with metal (a ferrule) that has been
forced over and perhaps glued to the tip, or left bare, depending on the desire of the
manufacturer. The end tips of the umbrella, where the ribs reach past the canopy, can be left
bare or covered with small plastic or wood end caps that are either pushed or screwed on, or
glued, and then sewn to the ends of the ribs through small holes in the end caps. It is a
temporary assembly as when the umbrella is broken, the repair person can open up the
umbrella and repair it.

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Step 4: Handle install

The handle is connected to the shaft at the end of the process. There are several
methods to install the handle with the shaft. The methods are screwed on, heat up the shaft, or
glue to secure the handle. Better-quality umbrellas normally use glue to secure the handle
more tightly. This is because screwed on is just temporary and sooner or later the screw will
go loose and thus this method is not secure as gluing up the handle.

Step5: Quality checking

Quality Control is the most important area on each process. Therefore we appointed
QC staff in each production line in each process. After all assemble and production process
finished, all the umbrella will send to the quality control department to have the final quality
checking process before packaging.

Step 6: Packaging

All umbrellas which passed the quality control test will send to the packaging
department to pack into the carton. Normally, there are 5 inner cartons in each outer carton.
Each inner carton contains 60 pieces of umbrellas. Umbrellas that passed quality control test
will be packaged and sent to the customers.

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Packaging umbrella

Selling umbrella

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The reason we choose this process be our assembly process.

Assembly of ribs and stretcher

Join the frame and the canopy

Umbrella Tip installed

Handle install

Quality checking

Packaging

Our assembly will be a bit hanging and abnormal without this assembly process. For
example, we cannot install tip of umbrella before join the frame and the canopy. If we tip the
umbrella before joining to the frame and the canopy, we cannot continue other step because
this process is not suitable. We can easily assembly umbrella with this assembly process step
by step. In my opinion this process is most suitable for assembly process to making umbrella,
because it is very efficient and save cost and time in assembly process.

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The Manufacturing Process of Umbrella ( Drawing)

1. To make the shaft, extruction process has been used to create a long and hollow shaft.

Ram Container

Final Work Shape

v, F

Mandrel

Work Bilet Die

2. The Shaft had completed the extraction process.

Shaft

3. After the process , the shaft was fitted with the runner.

Runner

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4. In order to make the ribs and stretcher, a rolling process is needed.

Roll

Work

Roll

5. Once the work is done from rolling process, a drawing process is needed to punch a hole in
the ribs and stretchers.

F,v

Blank Holder

Punch

Work

Die

6. Below is the results, of the above process.

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7. Edge Bending process has been used to bend the ribs of an umbrella.

Work F V

Die

F F

Die

Die

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8 Ribs and stretches will be combine together to make the canopy of an umbrella.

9 The frame of the umbrella will be combine with the shaft.

Ribs and Strenches

Shaft

10 Below is the results of the above process.

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11. Cutting and Sewing of the Canopy .

12. A umbrella is made.

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Alternative and Disadvantages

We have choose personal used umbrella as our product. On the other hand, we had also come
out raincoat as an alternative for umbrella. It is because raincoat also play an important role
when it is rain.

Criteria Umbrella Raincoat

Product
Design

Basic Umbrella is a canopy designed to Raincoat is a waterproof or water

Description protect against precipitation or sunlight. resistant coat worn to protect the
body from rain.

Raw Material Below are the raw material that used in Below are the raw material that
the process to make the umbrella: used in the process to make
- Wood raincoat :
- Fiberglass - Breathable
- Nylon - Waterproof Fabrics
- Plastic - Gore-Tex
- Steel - Coated Nylons
- Aluminium
- Fabric

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Cost Easily available and price is reasonable
Weight An umbrella will be heavier than
raincoat because an umbrella actually
fix with a solid structure and metal.
Characteristic Inconvenience
User need to manually hold the
umbrella when it is raining and this
cause inconvenience for those who ride
motorcycle or bicycle.
Not User Friendly
Sometime it is difficult to keep an
umbrella inside our bag because it taken
up alot of
space and heavy. On the other hand, the
user‟s leg will be wet and splash by
drainage water.
Price is uncertain because it
depends of the quality of
materials.
Meanwhile, a raincoat definitely
will be lighter than umbrella
because it is only involve fabrics
and nylons.
Convenience
User just need to wear the raincoat
when it is raining at the same time
can continue their journey.
User Friendly
Raincoat is very user friendly
because it can be used for
motorcycle rider and even
pedestrians. At the same time, it
can fully covered the body and
won‟t get wet easily.
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Conclusion

As a conclusion, an umbrella has been widely used in the market and dominated half
of the market. Hence, an umbrella actually going through alot of process before it sell in the
market. From cutting fabric, printing patterns on the fabric, making of the canopy, making of
shaft,rib and stretcher and reach the final process that is installation of the tip. Produced an
umbrella which need a lot of materials and steps. An umbrella actually make our life more
comfortable and can let us continue the journey when it is raining.However we should deny the
ability of raincoat. A raincoat actually that have the special ability which manage to cover the
user from head to toe where else an umbrella cant make it At the same time, it also provided a
lot of safety features for the user. For example, Motorcyclist can where the raincoat on the
raining day at the same it can increase the visibility of other road user. So that, they can
detected them more easily. As we know, Raincoat is yellow in colour. Thus, every creation of
mankind which actually bring advantages and disadvantages to the users. Its depends on how
we use it.

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