Beatrix Potter

Helen Beatrix Potter (British English /ˈbiːətrɪks/,[1] North American

Helen Beatrix Potter
English also /ˈbiːtrɪks/,[2] 28 July 1866 – 22 December 1943) was an
English writer, illustrator, natural scientist, and conservationist best known
for her children's books featuring animals, such as those in The Tale of
Peter Rabbit.

Born into an upper-class household, Potter was educated by governesses

and grew up isolated from other children. She had numerous pets and spent
holidays in Scotland and the Lake District, developing a love of landscape,
flora, and fauna, all of which she closely observed and painted.

Though Potter was typical of women of her generation in having limited

opportunities for higher education, her study and watercolours of fungi led
to her being widely respected in the field of mycology. In her thirties,
Potter self-published the highly successful children's bookThe Tale of Peter
Rabbit. Following this, Potter began writing and illustrating children's
books full-time.

In all, Potter wrote thirty books; the best known being her twenty-three
children's tales. With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an
aunt, in 1905 Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey, a village in the
Lake District, which at that time was in Lancashire. Over the following
decades, she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country
landscape. In 1913, at the age of 47, she married William Heelis, a
Potter in 1913
respected local solicitor from Hawkshead. Potter was also a prize-winning
Born Helen Beatrix Potter
breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in
July 28, 1866
land preservation. She continued to write and illustrate, and to design spin-
Kensington, London, United
off merchandise based on her children's books for British publisher Warne, Kingdom
until the duties of land management and her diminishing eyesight made it
Died 22 December 1943 (aged 77)
difficult to continue. Near Sawrey, Lancashire,
United Kingdom
Potter died of pneumonia and heart disease on 22 December 1943 at her
Occupation Children's author and
home in Near Sawrey at the age of 77, leaving almost all her property to the
illustrator
National Trust. She is credited with preserving much of the land that now
constitutes the Lake District National Park. Potter's books continue to sell
Nationality British
throughout the world in many languages with her stories being retold in Genre Children's literature
song, film, ballet, and animation, and her life depicted in a feature film and Notable The Tale of Peter Rabbit
television film.
works
Spouse William Heelis
(m. 1913–43; her death)

Contents
Biography
Early life
Scientific illustrations and work in mycology
Artistic and literary career
 Country life
Sheep farming
Lake District conservation
Later life
Legacy
Analysis
Adaptations
In film
Publications
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Biography

Early life
Potter's paternal grandfather, Edmund Potter, from Glossop in Derbyshire, owned what
was then the largest calico printing works in England, and later served as a Member of
Parliament.[3]

Beatrix's father, Rupert William Potter (1832–1914), was educated at Manchester

College by the Unitarian philosopher Dr. James Martineau.[4][5] He then trained as a
barrister in London. Rupert practised law, specialising in equity law and conveyancing.
He married Helen Leech (1839–1932) on 8 August 1863 at Hyde Unitarian Chapel, Gee
Cross. Helen was the daughter of Jane Ashton (1806–1884) and John Leech, a wealthy
cotton merchant and shipbuilder from Stalybridge. Helen's first cousins were Harriet
Lupton (née Ashton) and Thomas Ashton, 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde. It was reported in
July 2014 that Beatrix had personally given a number of her own original hand-painted
illustrations to the two daughters of Dr Arthur and Harriet Lupton, who were cousins to
both Beatrix and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.[4][6]
Potter at fifteen years with her
springer spaniel, Spot
Beatrix's parents lived comfortably at 2 Bolton Gardens, West Brompton, where Helen
Beatrix was born on 28 July 1866 and her brother Walter Bertram on 14 March 1872.[7]
Beatrix lived in the house until her marriage in 1913. The house was destroyed in the
Blitz. Bousfield Primary School now stands where the house once was. A blue plaque on the school building testifies to the former
site of The Potter home.[8]

Both parents were artistically talented,[9] and Rupert was an adept amateur photographer.[10][11] Rupert had invested in the stock
.[12]
market and by the early 1890s was extremely wealthy

Potter's family on both sides were from the Manchester area.[13] They were English Unitarians,[14] associated with dissenting
Protestant congregations, influential in 19th century England, that affirmed the oneness of God and that rejected the doctrine of the
Trinity.

Beatrix was educated by three able governesses, the last of whom was Annie Moore (née Carter), just three years older than Beatrix,
who tutored Beatrix in German as well as acting aslady's companion.[15] She and Beatrix remained friends throughout their lives and
Annie's eight children were the recipients of many of Potter's delightful picture letters. It was Annie who later suggested that these
letters might make good children's books.[16]

She and her younger brother Walter Bertram (1872–1918) grew up with few friends outside their large extended family. Her parents
were artistic, interested in nature, and enjoyed the countryside. As children, Beatrix and Bertram had numerous small animals as pets
which they observed closely and drew endlessly
. In their school room, Beatrix and Bertram kept a variety of small pets, mice, rabbits,
a hedgehog and some bats, along with collections of butterflies and other insects which they drew and studied.[17] Beatrix was
devoted to the care of her small animals, often taking them with her on long holidays.[18] In most of the first fifteen years of her life,
Beatrix spent summer holidays at Dalguise, an estate on the River Tay in Perthshire, Scotland. There she sketched and explored an
area that nourished her imagination and her observation.[19] Beatrix and her brother were allowed great freedom in the country and
both children became adept students of natural history. In 1887, when Dalguise was no longer available, the Potters took their first
summer holiday in the Lake District, at Wray Castle near Lake Windermere.[20] Here Beatrix met Hardwicke Rawnsley, vicar of
Wray and later the founding secretary of the National Trust, whose interest in the countryside and country life inspired the same in
[21][22]
Beatrix and who was to have a lasting impact on her life.

At about the age of 14, Beatrix began to keep a diary. It was written in a code of her own devising which was a simple letter for letter
substitution. Her Journal was important to the development of her creativity, serving as both sketchbook and literary experiment: in
tiny handwriting she reported on society, recorded her impressions of art and artists, recounted stories and observed life around
her.[23] The Journal, decoded and transcribed by Leslie Linder in 1958, does not provide an intimate record of her personal life, but it
is an invaluable source for understanding a vibrant part of British society in the late 19th century. It describes Potter's maturing
artistic and intellectual interests, her often amusing insights on the places she visited, and her unusual ability to observe nature and to
describe it. Started in 1881, her journal ends in 1897 when her artistic and intellectual energies were absorbed in scientific study and
in efforts to publish her drawings.[24] Precocious but reserved and often bored, she was searching for more independent activities and
wished to earn some money of her own whilst dutifully taking care of her parents, dealing with her especially demanding mother,[25]
and managing their various households.

Scientific illustrations and work in mycology

Beatrix Potter's parents did not discourage higher education. As was common in the
Victorian era, women of her class were privately educated and rarely went to
university.[26]

Beatrix Potter was interested in every branch of natural science save astronomy.[27]
Botany was a passion for most Victorians and nature study was a popular
enthusiasm. Potter was eclectic in her tastes: collecting fossils,[28] studying
archeological artefacts from London excavations, and interested in entomology. In
all these areas she drew and painted her specimens with increasing skill. By the
1890s her scientific interests centred on mycology. First drawn to fungi because of Beatrix Potter: reproductive system
their colours and evanescence in nature and her delight in painting them, her interest of Hygrocybe coccinea, 1897.

deepened after meeting Charles McIntosh, a revered naturalist and amateur

mycologist, during a summer holiday in Dunkeld in Perthshire in 1892. He helped
improve the accuracy of her illustrations, taught her taxonomy, and supplied her with live specimens to paint during the winter.
Curious as to how fungi reproduced, Potter began microscopic drawings of fungus spores (the agarics) and in 1895 developed a
theory of their germination.[29] Through the connections of her uncle Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, a chemist and vice-chancellor of the
University of London, she consulted with botanists at Kew Gardens, convincing George Massee of her ability to germinate spores
and her theory of hybridisation.[30] She did not believe in the theory of symbiosis proposed by Simon Schwendener, the German
[31]
mycologist, as previously thought; rather she proposed a more independent process of reproduction.

Rebuffed by William Thiselton-Dyer, the Director at Kew, because of her gender and her amateur status, Beatrix wrote up her
conclusions and submitted a paper, On the Germination of the Spores of the Agaricineae, to the Linnean Society in 1897. It was
introduced by Massee because, as a female, Potter could not attend proceedings or read her paper. She subsequently withdrew it,
realising that some of her samples were contaminated, but continued her microscopic studies for several more years. Her paper has
only recently been rediscovered, along with the rich, artistic illustrations and drawings that accompanied it. Her work is only now
being properly evaluated.[32][33][34] Potter later gave her other mycological and scientific drawings to the Armitt Museum and
Library in Ambleside, where mycologists still refer to them to identify fungi. There is also a collection of her fungus paintings at the
Perth Museum and Art Gallery in Perth, Scotland, donated by Charles McIntosh. In 1967, the mycologist W.P.K. Findlay included
many of Potter's beautifully accurate fungus drawings in hisWayside & Woodland Fungi, thereby fulfilling her desire to one day have
her fungus drawings published in a book.[35] In 1997, the Linnean Society issued a posthumous apology to Potter for the sexism
displayed in its handling of her research.[36]

Artistic and literary career

Potter's artistic and literary interests were deeply influenced by fairies, fairy tales and fantasy.
She was a student of the classic fairy tales of Western Europe. As well as stories from the Old
Testament, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress and Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's
Cabin, she grew up with Aesop's Fables, the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm and Hans
Christian Andersen, Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies,[37] the folk tales and mythology of
Scotland, the German Romantics, Shakespeare,[38] and the romances of Sir Walter Scott.[39]
As a young child, before the age of eight, Edward Lear's Book of Nonsense, including the
much loved The Owl and the Pussycat, and Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland had made
their impression, although she later said of Alice that she was more interested in Tenniel's
illustrations than what they were about.[40] The Brer Rabbit stories of Joel Chandler Harris
had been family favourites, and she later studied his Uncle Remus stories and illustrated
them.[41] She studied book illustration from a young age and developed her own tastes, but
the work of the picture book triumvirate Walter Crane, Kate Greenaway and Randolph First edition, 1902
Caldecott, the last an illustrator whose work was later collected by her father, was a great
influence.[42] When she started to illustrate, she chose first the traditional rhymes and stories,
"Cinderella", "Sleeping Beauty", "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves", "Puss-in-boots", and "Red Riding Hood".[43] But most often her
[44]
illustrations were fantasies featuring her own pets: mice, rabbits, kittens, and guinea pigs.

In her teenage years, Potter was a regular visitor to the art galleries of London, particularly enjoying the summer and winter
exhibitions at the Royal Academy in London.[45] Her Journal reveals her growing sophistication as a critic as well as the influence of
her father's friend, the artistSir John Everett Millais, who recognised Beatrix's talent of observation. Although Potter was aware of art
[46]
and artistic trends, her drawing and her prose style were uniquely her own.

As a way to earn money in the 1890s, Beatrix and her brother began to print Christmas cards of their own design, as well as cards for
special occasions. Mice and rabbits were the most frequent subject of her fantasy paintings. In 1890, the firm of Hildesheimer and
Faulkner bought several of her drawings of her rabbitBenjamin Bunny to illustrate verses byFrederic Weatherly titled A Happy Pair.
In 1893, the same printer bought several more drawings for Weatherly's Our Dear Relations, another book of rhymes, and the
following year Potter sold a series of frog illustrations and verses forChanging Pictures, a popular annual offered by the art publisher
[47]
Ernest Nister. Potter was pleased by this success and determined to publish her own illustrated stories.

Whenever Potter went on holiday to the Lake District or Scotland, she sent letters to young friends, illustrating them with quick
sketches. Many of these letters were written to the children of her former governess Annie Carter Moore, particularly to Moore's
eldest son Noel who was often ill. In September 1893, Potter was on holiday at Eastwood in Dunkeld, Perthshire. She had run out of
things to say to Noel and so she told him a story about "four little rabbits whose names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail and Peter". It
-artist-storyteller.[48]
became one of the most famous children's letters ever written and the basis of Potter's future career as a writer

In 1900, Potter revised her tale about the four little rabbits, and fashioned a dummy book of it – it has been suggested, in imitation of
Helen Bannerman's 1899 bestseller The Story of Little Black Sambo.[49] Unable to find a buyer for the work, she published it for
family and friends at her own expense in December 1901. It was drawn in black and white with a coloured frontispiece. Family friend
Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley had great faith in Potter's tale, recast it in didactic verse, and made the rounds of the London publishing
houses. Frederick Warne & Co had previously rejected the tale but, eager to compete in the booming small format children's book
market, reconsidered and accepted the "bunny book" (as the firm called it) following the recommendation of their prominent
children's book artist L. Leslie Brooke.[50] The firm declined Rawnsley's verse in favour of Potter's original prose, and Potter agreed
to colour her pen and ink illustrations, choosing the then newHentschel three-colour processto reproduce her watercolours.[51]

On 2 October 1902, The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published,[52] and was an
immediate success. It was followed the next year by The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin and
The Tailor of Gloucester, which had also first been written as picture letters to the
Moore children. Working with Norman Warne as her editor, Potter published two or
three little books each year: 23 books in all. The last book in this format was Cecily
Parsley's Nursery Rhymes in 1922, a collection of favourite rhymes. Although The
Tale of Little Pig Robinson was not published until 1930, it had been written much
earlier. Potter continued creating her little books until after the First World War,
when her energies were increasingly directed toward her farming, sheep-breeding
Potter used many real locations for
and land conservation.[53]
her book illustrations. The Tower
Bank Arms, Near Sawrey appears in
The immense popularity of Potter's books was based on the lively quality of her
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck.
illustrations, the non-didactic nature of her stories, the depiction of the rural
countryside, and the imaginative qualities she lent to her animal characters.

Potter was also a canny businesswoman. As early as 1903, she made and patented a Peter Rabbit doll. It was followed by other "spin-
off" merchandise over the years, including painting books, board games, wall-paper, figurines, baby blankets and china tea-sets. All
.[54]
were licensed by Frederick Warne & Co and earned Potter an independent income, as well as immense profits for her publisher

In 1905, Potter and Norman Warne became unofficially engaged. Potter's parents objected to the match because Warne was "in trade"
and thus not socially suitable. The engagement lasted only one month until Warne died of pernicious anaemia at age 37.[55] That
same year, Potter used some of her income and a small inheritance from an aunt to buy Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey in the English
Lake District near Windermere. Potter and Warne may have hoped that Hill Top Farm would be their holiday home, but after Warne's
[56]
death, Potter went ahead with its purchase as she had always wanted to own that farm, and live in "that charming village".

Country life
The tenant farmer John Cannon and his family agreed to stay on to manage the farm
for her while she made physical improvements and learned the techniques of fell
farming and of raising livestock, including pigs, cows and chickens; the following
year she added sheep. Realising she needed to protect her boundaries, she sought
advice from W.H. Heelis & Son, a local firm of solicitors with offices in nearby
Hawkshead. With William Heelis acting for her she bought contiguous pasture, and
in 1909 the 20 acres (8.1 ha) Castle Farm across the road from Hill Top Farm. She
visited Hill Top at every opportunity, and her books written during this period (such
Hill Top, Near Sawrey – Potter's
as The Tale of Ginger and Pickles, about the local shop in Near Sawrey and The Tale
former home, now owned by the
of Mrs. Tittlemouse, a wood mouse) reflect her increasing participation in village life National Trust and preserved as it
and her delight in country living.[57] was when she lived and wrote her
stories there.
Owning and managing these working farms required routine collaboration with the
widely respected William Heelis. By the summer of 1912 Heelis had proposed
marriage and Beatrix had accepted; although she did not immediately tell her parents, who once again disapproved because Heelis
was only a country solicitor. Potter and Heelis were married on 15 October 1913 in London at St Mary Abbots in Kensington. The
couple moved immediately toNear Sawrey, residing at Castle Cottage, the renovated farm house on Castle Farm, which was 34 acres
large. Hill Top remained a working farm but was now remodelled to allow for the tenant family and Potter's private studio and
workshop. At last her own woman, Potter settled into the partnerships that shaped the rest of her life: her country solicitor husband
and his large family, her farms, the Sawrey community and the predictable rounds of country life. The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
and The Tale of Tom Kitten are representative of Hill Top Farm and of her farming life, and reflect her happiness with her country
life.[58]

Rupert Potter died in 1914 and, with the outbreak ofWorld War I, Potter, now a wealthy woman, persuaded her mother to move to the
Lake District and found a property for her to rent in Sawrey. Finding life in Sawrey dull, Helen Potter soon moved to Lindeth Howe
(now a 34 bedroomed hotel) a large house the Potters had previously rented for the summer in Bowness, on the other side of Lake
Windermere,[59] Potter continued to write stories for Frederick Warne & Co and fully participated in country life. She established a
[60]
Nursing Trust for local villages, and served on various committees and councils responsible for footpaths and other rural issues.

Sheep farming
Soon after acquiring Hill Top Farm, Potter became keenly interested in the breeding and raising of Herdwick sheep, the indigenous
fell sheep. In 1923 she bought a large sheep farm in the Troutbeck Valley called Troutbeck Park Farm, formerly a deer park, restoring
its land with thousands of Herdwick sheep. This established her as one of the major Herdwick sheep farmers in the county. She was
admired by her shepherds and farm managers for her willingness to experiment with the latest biological remedies for the common
[61]
diseases of sheep, and for her employment of the best shepherds, sheep breeders, and farm managers.

By the late 1920s Potter and her Hill Top farm manager Tom Storey had made a name for their prize-winning Herdwick flock, which
took many prizes at the local agricultural shows, where Potter was often asked to serve as a judge. In 1942 she became President-
of [62]
elect of the Herdwick Sheepbreeders’ Association, the first time a woman had ever been elected, but died before takingfice.

Lake District conservation

Potter had been a disciple of the land conservation and preservation ideals of her long-time friend and mentor, Canon Hardwicke
Rawnsley, the first secretary and founding member of the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. She
supported the efforts of the National Trust to preserve not just the places of extraordinary beauty but also those heads of valleys and
low grazing lands that would be irreparably ruined by development. She was also an authority on the traditional Lakeland crafts,
period furniture and stonework. She restored and preserved the farms that she bought or managed, making sure that each farm house
had in it a piece of antique Lakeland furniture. Potter was interested in preserving not only the Herdwick sheep, but also the way of
life of fell farming. In 1930 the Heelises became partners with the National Trust in buying and managing the fell farms included in
the large Monk Coniston Estate. The estate was composed of many farms spread over a wide area of north-western Lancashire,
including the Tarn Hows. Potter was the de facto estate manager for the Trust for seven years until the National Trust could afford to
buy most of the property back from her. Her stewardship of these farms earned her wide regard, but she was not without her critics,
not the least of which were her contemporaries who felt she used her wealth and the position of her husband to acquire properties in
advance of their being made public. She was notable in observing the problems of afforestation, preserving the intake grazing lands,
and husbanding the quarries and timber on these farms. All her farms were stocked with Herdwick sheep and frequently with
Galloway cattle.

Later life
Potter continued to write stories and to draw, although mostly for her own pleasure.
Her books in the late 1920s included the semi-autobiographical The Fairy Caravan,
a fanciful tale set in her beloved Troutbeck fells. It was published only in the US
during Potter's lifetime, and not until 1952 in the UK.Sister Anne, Potter's version of
the story of Bluebeard, was written especially for her American readers, but Lake District
illustrated by Katharine Sturges. A final folktale, Wag by Wall, was published
posthumously by The Horn Book Magazinein 1944. Potter was a generous patron of
the Girl Guides, whose troupes she allowed to make their summer encampments on her land, and whose company she enjoyed as an
older woman.[63]
Potter and William Heelis enjoyed a happy marriage of thirty years, continuing their farming and preservation efforts throughout the
hard days of World War II. Although they were childless, Potter played an important role in William's large family, particularly
enjoying her relationship with several nieces whom she helped educate, and giving comfort and aid to her husband's brothers and
sisters.[64]

Potter died of complications from pneumonia and heart disease on 22 December 1943 at Castle Cottage, and her remains were
cremated at Carleton Crematorium. She left nearly all her property to the National Trust, including over 4,000 acres (16 km2) of land,
sixteen farms, cottages and herds of cattle and Herdwick sheep. Hers was the largest gift at that time to the National Trust, and it
enabled the preservation of the land now included in the Lake District National Parkand the continuation of fell farming. The central
office of the National Trust in Swindon was named "Heelis" in 2005 in her memory. William Heelis continued his stewardship of
their properties and of her literary and artistic work for the eighteen months he survived her. When he died in August 1945 he left the
remainder to the National Trust.[65]

Legacy
Potter left almost all the original illustrations for her books to the National Trust.
The copyright to her stories and merchandise was then given to her publisher
Frederick Warne & Co, now a division of the Penguin Group. On 1 January 2014,
the copyright expired in the UK and other countries with a 70-years-after-death
limit. Hill Top Farm was opened to the public by the National Trust in 1946; her
artwork was displayed there until 1985 when it was moved to William Heelis's
former law offices in Hawkshead, also owned by the National Trust as the Beatrix
Potter Gallery.[66]

Goody and Mrs. Hackee, illustration
to The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes, 1911
Potter gave her folios of mycological drawings to the Armitt Library and Museumin
Ambleside before her death. The Tale of Peter Rabbit is owned by Frederick Warne
and Company, The Tailor of Gloucester by the Tate Gallery and The Tale of the
Flopsy Bunnies by the British Museum.[67]

The largest public collection of her letters and drawings is the Leslie Linder Bequest
and Leslie Linder Collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. In the United States, the largest public collections are
those in the Rare Book Department[68] of the Free Library of Philadelphia, and the Cotsen Children's Libraryat Princeton University.

In 2015 a manuscript for an unpublished book was discovered by Jo Hanks, a publisher at Penguin Random House Children's Books,
in the Victoria and Albert Museum archive. The book The Tale of Kitty-in-Boots, with illustrations by Quentin Blake,[69] was
[70]
published 1 September 2016, to mark the 150th anniversary of Potter's birth.

In 2017, The Art of Beatrix Potter: Sketches, Paintings, and Illustrations by Emily Zach was published after San Francisco publisher
Chronicle Books decided to mark the 150th anniversary of Beatrix Potter's birth by showing that she was "far more than a 19th-
century weekend painter. She was an artist of astonishing range."[71]

In December 2017, the asteroid13975 Beatrixpotter, discovered by Belgian astronomerEric Elst in 1992, was named in her memory.

Analysis
There are many interpretations of Potter's literary work, the sources of her art, and her life and times. These include critical
evaluations of her corpus of children's literature, and Modernist interpretations of Humphrey Carpenter and Katherine Chandler. Judy
Taylor, That Naughty Rabbit: Beatrix Potter and Peter Rabbit(rev. 2002) tells the story of the first publication and many editions.[72]

Potter’s country life and her farming has also been widely discussed in the work of Susan Denyer and by other authors in the
publications of The National Trust.
Potter's work as a scientific illustrator and her work in mycology is highlighted in several chapters in Linda Lear, Beatrix Potter: A
Life in Nature, 2007; Beatrix Potter: The Extraordinary Life of a Victorian Genius. 2008.

Adaptations
In 1971, a ballet film was released, The Tales of Beatrix Potter, directed by Reginald Mills, set to music by John Lanchbery with
choreography by Frederick Ashton, and performed in character costume by members of the Royal Ballet and the Royal Opera House
orchestra. The ballet of the same name has been performed by other dance companies around the world.

In 1992, Potter's famous children's bookThe Tale of Benjamin Bunnywas featured in the filmLorenzo's Oil.

Potter is also featured in Susan Wittig Albert's series of light mysteries called The Cottage Tales of Beatrix Potter. The first of the
eight-book series is Tale of Hill Top Farm (2004), which deals with Potter's life in the Lake District and the village of Near Sawrey
between 1905 and 1913.[73]

In film
In 1982, the BBC produced The Tale of Beatrix Potter. This dramatisation of her life was written by John Hawkesworth, directed by
Bill Hayes, and starred Holly Aird and Penelope Wilton as the young and adult Beatrix, respectively. The World of Peter Rabbit and
Friends, a TV series based on her stories, which starred actress Niamh Cusack as Beatrix Potter, has been released on VHS by
Pickwick Video and later Carlton Video.

In 2006, Chris Noonan directed Miss Potter, a biographical film of Potter's life focusing on her early career and romance with her
editor Norman Warne. The film stars Renée Zellweger, Ewan McGregor and Emily Watson.

On February 9, 2018, Columbia Pictures releasedPeter Rabbit, directed by Will Gluck, based on the work by Potter.

Publications
The 23 Tales

1. The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902)

2. The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin (1903)
3. The Tailor of Gloucester (1903)
4. The Tale of Benjamin Bunny(1904)
5. The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1904)
6. The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle (1905)
7. The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan(1905)
8. The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher (1906)
9. The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit(1906)
10. The Story of Miss Moppet(1906)
11. The Tale of Tom Kitten (1907)
12. The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck(1908)
13. The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or, The Roly-Poly Pudding(1908)
14. The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies(1909)
15. The Tale of Ginger and Pickles(1909)
16. The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse (1910)
17. The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes (1911)
18. The Tale of Mr. Tod (1912)
19. The Tale of Pigling Bland (1913)
20. Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes(1917)
21. The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse (1918)
22. Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes(1922)
23. The Tale of Little Pig Robinson(1930)
Other books

1. Peter Rabbit's Painting Book(1911)

2. Tom Kitten's Painting Book(1917)
3. Jemima Puddle-Duck's Painting Book(1925)
4. Peter Rabbit's Almanac for 1929(1928)
5. The Fairy Caravan (1929)
6. Sister Anne (illustrated by Katharine Sturges) (1932)
7. Wag-by-Wall (decorations by J. J. Lankes) (1944)
8. The Tale of the Faithful Dove(illustrated by Marie Angel) (1955, 1970)
9. The Sly Old Cat (written 1906; first published 1971)
10. The Tale of Tuppenny (illustrated by Marie Angel) (1973)
11. The Tale of Kitty-in-Boots (2016)[69] (Illustrated by Quentin Blake.)

See also
Children's literature portal

Biography portal

References
1. "Free online Dictionary of English Pronunciation - How to Pronounce English words"
(http://howjsay.com/pronunciati
on-of-beatrix-potter#). howjsay.com.
2. "beatrix-potter - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at
OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"(http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/beatrix-potter?q=Beat
rix). www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com.
3. Lear 2007, pp. 10–14
4. Walker, Tim (22 July 2014). "Mandrake-The Duchess of Cambridge is related to Beatrix Potter , who once gave the
Middleton family her own original hand-painted illustrations"(https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamil
y/10980599/Kate-Middleton-is-related-to-Beatrix-Potter .html). Daily Telegraph. UK. p. 8. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
5. Taylor, Judy. "Beatrix Potter – Artist, Storyteller and Countrywoman"(http://www.e-reading.co.uk/bookreader.php/100
7152/Taylor_-_Beatrix_Potter_Artist,_Storyteller_and_Countrywoman.html). Frederick Warne, 1996. Retrieved
15 January 2014.
6. Evening Mail, NW (21 July 2014)."Cumbria author Beatrix Potter link to Prince George revealed"(https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20140728105712/https://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/cumbria-author-beatrix-potter-link-to-prince-george-rev
ealed-1.1149744). North-West Evening Mail. Archived from the original (http://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/cumbria-aut
hor-beatrix-potter-link-to-prince-george-revealed-1.1149744)on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
7. Lear 2007, pp. 13–24
8. "Beatrix Potter's London"(https://londonist.com/2016/01/beatrix-potter-s-london)
. Londonist.com. Retrieved
19 September 2017.
9. Lear 2007, p. 21
10. Lear 2007, pp. 35–36
11. Rupert Potter was a member of the Photographic Society , later Royal Photographic Societyfrom 1869 until 1912.
Information from Michael Pritchard, Director-General www.rps.org
/ (http://www.rps.org), 13 May 2014.
12. Lear 2007, p. 19. Rupert came into his father's estate over the course of several years, 1884, 1891 and 1905. The
Potters were comfortable but they did not live exclusively on inherited wealth; Lane, (1946)
The Tale of Beatrix Potter
1946, p. 1
13. Lear 2007, p. 10
14. Lear 2007, p. 9
15. Lear 2007, p. 55
16. Lear 2007, p. 142; Lane, 1978.The Magic Y ears of Beatrix Potter. Lane depicts Potter's childhood as much more
restricted than either or Potter's two later biographers. aylor,
T Beatrix Potter: Artist Story Teller, Ch 1.; Lear, 2007, pp.
25–48; Beatrix Potter, The Journal of Beatrix Potter: From 1881–1897 .
17. Lear 2007, p. 31, pp. 37–44, p. 458nn15
18. Judy Taylor, Joyce Irene Whalley, Anne Stevenson Hobbs and Elizabeth Battrick, (1987)Beatrix Potter, 1866–1943:
The Artist and Her World, pp.9–17, 35–48; Lear, pp. 25–48.
19. Lear 2007, pp. 26–8, 51
20. Lear 2007, pp. 51–2
21. Potter, The Journal, 1885–1897
22. Lear 2007, pp. 52–3
23. Lear 2007, pp.49–51 cf. also p. 463nn1
24. Potter, "The Journal, 1885–1897"
25. Lear 2007, p. 94 also cf. p. 474nn55
26. Taylor, Artist, Storyteller, pp. 59–61; Elizabeth E. Battrick, (1999)Beatrix Potter: The Unknown Years; Lynn Barber,
(1980) The Heyday of Natural History, Brian Gardiner, "Breatrix Potter’s Fossils and Her Interests in Geology", The
Linnean, 16/1 (January 2000), 31–47; Lear 2007, pp. 76–103; Potter , Journal, 1891–1897.
27. Lear 2007, p. 98
28. Brian G. Gardiner, "Beatrix Potter's fossils and her interest in Geology," The Linnean: Newsletter and Proceedings of
the Linnean Society of London16/1 (January 2000), pp. 31–47
29. Lear 2007, pp. 81–103
30. Lear 2007, p. 117
31. M.A. Taylor and R.H. Rodger, eds. (2003) A Fascinating Acquaintance: Charles McIntosh and Beatrix Potter ; Taylor,
et al. (1987) Artist and Her World, pp. 71–94; Lear 2007, pp. 104–129; Nicholas P . Money, "Beatrix Potter, Victorian
Mycologist", Fungi. 2:4 (Fall 2009); Roy Watling, "Helen Beatrix Potter: Her interest in fungi",The Linnean:
Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London , 16/1 (January 2000), pp. 24–31.
32. "Beatrix Potter and the Linnean Society"(http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=104). Linnean Society. Retrieved
1 November 2011.
33. Lear 2007, pp. 104–25
34. Watling, Roy (January 2000). "Helen Beatrix Potter: Her interest in fungi"(https://web.archive.org/web/20130513210
936/https://www.linnean.org/Resources/LinneanSociety/Documents/Publications/The-Linnaen/Lin%20V ol%2016_%2
0no%201_%20Jan%202000.pdf)(PDF). The Linnean: Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
London. pp. 24–31. Archived fromthe original (http://www.linnean.org/Resources/LinneanSociety/Documents/Public
ations/The-Linnaen/Lin%20Vol%2016_%20no%201_%20Jan%202000.pdf)(PDF) on 13 May 2013.
35. Walter Philip Kennedy Findlay, (1967) Wayside & Woodland Fungi
36. Lear 2007, p. 125, p.482nn58
37. Lear 2007, pp. 30–1
38. Lear 2007, p. 95. She liked to memorise his plays by heart.
39. Lear 2007, p. 35. Beatrix said she learnt to read "on" Scott
40. Lear 2007, p. 34
41. Lear 2007, p.131. She began eightUncle Remus drawings in the same year 1893 she began writing thePeter
Rabbit picture letters to Noel Moore, completing the last in 1896.
42. Lear 2007, p. 33
43. Lear 2007, pp. 127–8
44. Taylor, et al., The Artist and her World,pp. 49–70; Potter, Journal, 1884–1897; Humphrey Carpenter (1985),Secret
Gardens: The Golden Age of Children’s Literature.
45. Lear 2007, p. 47-8. J. M. W. Turner was the first artist to impress her.
46. Taylor, Artist, Storyteller, pp. 70–95; Taylor, ed. 1989, Beatrix Potters Letters.
47. Taylor, et al. 1987, pp. 107–148; Katherine Chandler
, "Thoroughly Post-Victorian, Pre-Modern Beatrix."Children's
Literature Quarterly. 32(4): 287–307.
48. Judy Taylor 1992, Letters to Children from Beatrix Potter.
49. Stevenson, Laura C. "A Vogue for Small Books": The Tale of Peter Rabbit and its Contemporary Competitors"[1] (htt
p://www.lauracstevenson.org/avogueoflittlebooks.htm)
50. Lear 2007, pp. 144–7
51. Hobbs 1989, p. 15
52. Taylor 1996, p. 76
53. Judy Taylor 2002, That Naughty Rabbit: Beatrix Potter and Peter Rabbit
; Lear 2007, pp. 207–247; Anne Stevenson
Hobbs, ed. 1989, Beatrix Potter’s Art: Paintings and Drawings.
54. See Judy Taylor 2002, "That Naughty Rabbit"
55. Lear 2007, pp.198- 201
56. Lear 2007, p. 207
57. Taylor, ed., (2002) Beatrix Potter's Letters; Hunter Davies, Beatrix Potter's Lakeland; W.R. Mitchell, Potter: Her Life in
the Lake District.
58. John Heelis, (1999) The Tale of Mrs William Heelis – Beatrix Potter; Lear, Ch. 13.
59. McDowell, Marta (2013).Beatrix Potter's Gardening Life: The Plants and Places That Inspired the classic children's
tales. Timber Press. p. 116. ISBN 1604693630.
60. Taylor et al. The Artist and Her World, pp. 185–194; Taylor, Artist Storyteller, pp. 105–144.
61. William Rollinson, (1981)How They Lived in the Lake District; Susan Denyer, 1993 Herdwick Sheep Farming; Geoff
Brown, (2009) Herdwicks: Herdwick Sheep and the English Lake District ; Judy Taylor, ed., (1998) Beatrix Potter’s
Farming Friendship. Lake District Letters to Joseph Moscrop, 1926–1943 .
62. Lear 2007, pp. 381–404
63. Jane Morse, ed., (1982)Beatrix Potter's Americans: Selected Letters; Susan Denyer, (2000) At Home with Beatrix
Potter: The Creator of Peter Rabbit.
64. Heelis, Mrs. William Heelis; Taylor, ed., Beatrix Potter's Letters.
65. Lear 2007, pp. 405–440; Taylor, ed., Beatrix Potter's Letters; Taylor, et al., The Artist and Her World.
66. Bruce L. Thompson, 'Beatrix Potter's Gift to the Public'.Country Life (3 March 1944), 370–371; Taylor, et al., The
Artist Storyteller, Ch. 6; Lear 2007, pp. 441–447.
67. "British Museum - Google Arts & Culture"(http://culturalinstitute.britishmuseum.org/asset-viewer/beatrix-potter-flopsy
-bunnies-a-drawing-in-pen-and-ink-with-watercolour/DQEnktGEHY ojdQ?hl=en). britishmuseum.org.
68. "Beatrix Potter Collection at the Free Library of Philadelphia"(https://libwww.freelibrary.org/ead/view.cfm?name=Pott
er).
69. "Beatrix Potter story Kitty-in-Boots discovered after 100 years"(https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-3540
7846). BBC News. BBC. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
70. Jones, Bryony (26 January 2016)."Long-lost Beatrix Potter tale, 'Kitty-in-Boots,' rediscovered"(http://www.cnn.com/2
016/01/26/entertainment/new-beatrix-potter-kitty-in-boots/index.html)
. CNN.
71. http://www.richmond.com/ap/entertainment/article_e2139de6-873f-514d-a2f0-b6029ee885c6.html
72. Taylor, et al., (2009) The Artist and Her World. Considers Potter's career and life in chapters arranged thematically;
The Pitkin Guide to Beatrix Potter.
73. "Cottage Tales" (http://www.cottagetales.com/books/index.shtml). Susan Wittig Albert. Retrieved 13 June 2010.

Further reading
Letters, journals and writing collections

Potter, Beatrix (1982). Jane Crowell Morse, ed.Beatrix Potter's Americans: Selected Letters. The Horn Book, Inc.
ISBN 978-0-87675-282-1.
Potter, Beatrix (1992). Judy Taylor, ed. Beatrix Potter's Letters. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-3437-1.
Potter, Beatrix (1992). Judy Taylor, ed. Letters to Children from Beatrix Potter. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-
4195-9.
Potter, Beatrix (1977). Margaret Crawford Maloney, ed. Dear Ivy, Dear June: Letters from Beatrix Potter. Toronto
Public Library. ISBN 978-0-8037-2050-3.
Potter, Beatrix. (rev. 1989). The Journal of Beatrix Potter, 1881–1897, transcribed from her code writings by Leslie
Linder. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-3625-2
 Potter, Beatrix (1987). Leslie Linder, ed. A History of the Writings of Beatrix Potter. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-
3562-0.

Art studies

Hobbs, Anne Stevenson (1989).Beatrix Potter's Art. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 0-7232-3598-8.
Hobbs, Anne Stevenson (1990).Beatrix Potter's Art. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-3598-9.
Hobbs, Anne Stevenson (2005).Beatrix Potter: Artist and Illustrator. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-5700-4.
Jay, Eileen, Mary Noble & Anne Stevenson Hobbs (1992). A Victorian Naturalist: Beatrix Potter's Drawings from the
Armitt Collection. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-3990-1.
Taylor, Judy, Joyce Irene Whalley, Anne Stevenson Hobbs & Elizabeth M. Battrick (1987).Beatrix Potter, 1866–1943:
The Artist and Her World. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-3561-3.

Biographical studies

Battrick, Elizabeth (1999).Beatrix Potter: The Unknown Years. Armitt Library and Museum and F.Warne & Co.
ISBN 978-0-7232-4608-4.
Delaney, Frank (23 July 2014). "The Tale of Beatrix Potter". The Public Domain Review. 4 (15). Retrieved 23 July
2014. "This year (2014), the works of one of the most successful and universal writers of all time came into the
public domain in many countries around the world. "
Denyer, Susan (2000). Beatrix Potter: At Home with Beatrix Potter: The Creator of Peter Rabbit . Harry Abrams.
ISBN 978-0-7112-3018-7.
Gristwood, Sarah (2016). The Story of Beatrix Potter. Pavilion Books. ISBN 9781909881808.
Heelis, John (1999). The Tale of Mrs William Heelis – Beatrix Potter. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-3432-9.
Lane, Margaret (2001).The Tale of Beatrix Potter: A Biography (Revised Edition). F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-
4676-3.
Lane, Margaret (1978).The Magic Years of Beatrix Potter. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-2108-1.
Lear, Linda (2007). Beatrix Potter: A Life in Nature. St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-36934-7.
Lear, Linda (2008). Beatrix Potter: The Extraordinary Life of a Victorian Genius. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-
100310-8.
MacDonald, Ruth K (1986).Beatrix Potter. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-6917-3.
Mitchell, W.R. (2010). Beatrix Potter: Her Lakeland Years. Great Northern Books Ltd.ISBN 978-1-905080-71-7.
Taylor, Judy (1996). Beatrix Potter: Artist, Storyteller and Countrywoman (Revised Edition) . F. Warne & Co.
ISBN 978-0-7232-4175-1.
Taylor, Judy (2002). That Naughty Rabbit: Beatrix Potter and Peter Rabbit . F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-7232-4767-8.
Taylor, Judy, ed. (1993). 'So I Shall Tell You a Story...': Encounters with Beatrix Potter. F.Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0-
7232-4025-9.
Taylor, Judy. "Potter, (Helen) Beatrix (1866–1943)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University
Press. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2007.

External links
Beatrix Potter’s fossils and her interest in geology – B. G. Gardiner
Works by Beatrix Potter at Project Gutenberg
Works by Beatrix Potter at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about Beatrix Potterat Internet Archive
Works by Beatrix Potter at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Collection of Potter materialsat Victoria and Albert Museum
Beatrix Potter online featureat the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences
Beatrix Potter Society, UK
Exhibition of Beatrix Potter's Picture Letters at the Morgan Library
Beatrix Potter Collection(digitized images from theFree Library of Philadelphia)

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