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• Understand how Nyquist plots are constructed and what each point in the plots represents.
• Draw Nyquist plots for simple transfer functions (possible detour to Bode plots).
• Create a Nyquist plot based on a Bode plot and vice versa (qualitatively).
• Apply the Nyquist theorem to find the number of unstable poles of a closed loop system.
• Follow the reasoning why Nyquist theorem applies.
• Check the Nyquist condition on a Bode plot.
• Calculate the gain margin and phase margin from a Bode plot.
s−z ω02
L(s) = k · ·β· 2 (1)
s−p s + 2 · δ · ω0 · s + ω02
and we use the same parameter values as in the last exercise set:
Background:
• The gain margin k ∗ is the number with which we can multiply our open-loop transfer
function at 180◦ (mod 2π) to reach point −1. More mathematically:
• The phase margin ϕ∗ is defined as the angular distance of ∠L(jωc ) to −180◦ , where ωc
is the frequency where |L(jωc )| = 1.
a) Check the stability of the closed-loop seesaw system using the Nyquist criterion.
b) Sketch the Bode plot and indicate the gain margin and the phase margin.
c) Explain the Nyquist criterion based on the previous Bode plot.
Exercise 2 (Bode-Nyquist Practice)
Consider the loop transfer function
(0.1s + 1)
L(s) = . (5)
(s + 1)(10s + 1)
a) Sketch the Bode Plot. Use the empty Bode plot templates provided at the end of the exercise
set.
c) Now sketch the same plots for 10 · L(s). What do you notice? Use the empty Bode plot
templates provided at the end of the exercise set.
(s + 10)(s + 15)
L(s) = 10, 000 · . (6)
(s + 1)(s − 50)(s − 100)(s − 100)
(s+10)(s+15)
Figure 1: Nyquist plot of the transfer function L(s) = 10, 000 · (s+1)(s−50)(s−100)(s−100) .
q
|e−jω | = | cos(ω) + j sin(ω)| = cos2 (ω) + sin2 (ω) = 1 (7)
∠e−jω = −ω (8)
3 3 3
i) L(s) = iii) L(s) = v) L(s) =
s+1 (s + 1)2 s(s + 2)
3 3 −3s + 3
ii) L(s) = iv) L(s) = · e−s vi) L(s) =
−s + 1 s+1 (s + 1)2
4 2 20
Imaginary Axis
Imaginary Axis
Imaginary Axis
2 1 10
0 0 0
−2 −1 −10
−4 −2 −20
−5 0 5 −2 0 2 4 −1 −0.5 0
Real Axis Real Axis Real Axis
2 4 2
Imaginary Axis
Imaginary Axis
Imaginary Axis
1 2 1
0 0 0
−1 −2 −1
−2 −4 −2
−5 0 5 −2 0 2 4 −2 0 2 4
Real Axis Real Axis Real Axis
a) Sketch the pole and zero locations for L(s) on the complex plane.
d) Using root locus sketching techniques, will the system be stable if we close the loop?
e) Using bode plot sketching techniques, plot the approximate magnitude and phase of L(s)
for s along the jω-axis (i.e. the imaginary axis). Use the empty Bode plot templates
provided at the end of the exercise set.
Figure 3: |L(s)| of some system.
g) Does L(s) satisfy the Nyquist criterion? What does this tell us about closed loop stability?
1
L(jω) = k · p ∈ R>0 k>0
s−p
Judge if a P controller can stabilize the system and if yes for what values of k.
Bode Plot Templates for Drawing
Σ2
80
60
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
−100
90
45
0
Phase (deg)
−45
−90
−135
−180
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)
Σ2
80
60
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
−100
90
45
0
Phase (deg)
−45
−90
−135
−180
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)
Σ2
80
60
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
−100
90
45
0
Phase (deg)
−45
−90
−135
−180
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)
Σ2
80
60
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
−100
90
45
0
Phase (deg)
−45
−90
−135
−180
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)