Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Technical Standards and Operating Procedures For FM Broadcasting Stations - Page 1 To 8 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Karl Neil Jay Agno
    49 views10 pages

    Original Title

    Technical-Standards-and-Operating-Procedures-for-FM-Broadcasting-Stations-–-Page-1-to-8.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    49 views10 pages

    Technical Standards and Operating Procedures For FM Broadcasting Stations - Page 1 To 8 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Karl Neil Jay Agno

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 10
    ‘TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS FOR FM BROADCAST STATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES {4994 Revised Edition) By: TECHNICAL STANDARDS COMMITTEE. of the KAPISANAN NG MGA BRODKASTER SA PILIPINAS ARCADIO CARANDANG, JR. LEONCIO GALANG CARLOS SALIUAN, JR. ROMUALDO LINTAG .. SALVADOR CASTILLO ‘ALFREDO CERALDE. FILOMENO BABAS .. ROLANDO AGBAY ERNESTO CLAUDIO Chairman, ‘Vice-Chairman NTC Representative Member Member Member Member Member Member ENDORSED BY: Kihara 1g) Na Mea Kapisanan Ng Mga Brodkaster ‘sa Piipinat 82 Pilipinas APPROVED BY: aA a Mi E. BENEDICTO Il Commissioner ‘National Telecommunication Commission TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 3. Allocation of Frequencies for FM Broadcast Stations 4. Classes of FM Broadcast Stations... 5. Technical Requirements . 6. Broadcast Auxiliary Services 7. Operating Requirements ... B 9. FM Broadcast Translators and Signal Boosters .... |. Public Information File 10. Annexes .. FM BROADCAST STANDARDS 4. INTRODUCTION The Increasing Importance of the rate of FM. broadcasting in the Philippines has encour aged broadcast enginears and the National ‘Telecommunications Commission topool thelr resources together and come up with tochni- cal Standards and rules and regulations relat- Ing to FM broadcast. ‘These technical standards and regulations were derived from CCIR recomendations, relevant engineering data and rules and regu- lations of the Federal Communications Com mission, and other data supplied by manufac: ‘turers of radio equipment and by licensees of FM broadcast stations. These standards and regulations shall be revised from time to time tobe effective and compatible with technical progress. 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS 2.1 FM broadeast band ‘That portion of the radio frequency spectrum from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. ‘The band Is divided into 100 channels. 2.2 FM broadcast channel ‘A band of frequencies 200 kilohertz wide and is designated by its center frequency. Channels for FM broadcast stations begin at 88.1 megahertz and continue in successive steps of 200 ilohertz to and including 107.9 megs- hertz. 2.3 FM broadcast station ‘Astation employing frequency mody- lation in the FM broadcast band and Intended to be received by the general public, 2.4 Frequency Modulation A system of modulation where the Instantaneous frequency varies in pro- portion tothe instantaneous amplitude Of the modulating signal, and the in- stantaneous radio frequency is inde- Pendent of the frequency of the modu- Jauing signet. 25 Center frequency ‘The camer frequency allocated by ‘the Authority, 2.6 Frequency Swing The instantaneous departure ofthe frequency of the emitted wave from the center frequency resulting from mocu: lation. 2.7 Antenna heignt above average terrain (HAAT) means a. The heightof the radiation centor of the antenna above the terrain 3 to 46 kilometers from the an- tena. (Generaily,a different an- tena height will be determined for each radial direction from the antenna. ‘The average of these various heights is considered as the antenna helght above aver- ‘age terrain). b. Where circular or elliptical polari- zation is empleyed the antenna height above average terrain shall bbe based upon the helght of the radiation center of the antenna which transmits Ue horizontal ‘components of radiation. 2.8 Antenna fieid gain ‘The ratio of the effective free space field Intensity produced at 1.6 Kilometers in the hortzontal plane ex- ‘pressed in milivalts per meter for one (1) Kilowatt antenna input power, to 137.6 millivolts per meter. 29 Antenna power gain The square of the ratlo of the raot- ‘mean-square free space field strength produced at 1.6 kilometers inthe hori- zontal plane, in millivolts per meter for fone (2) Kilowatt antenna power, to 137.6 millivolts per meter. This ratio ‘should be expressed in decibels (a8). AI specified for a particular direction, ‘antenna power gain is based on the fleld strength in that drection ony). 2.40 Effective radiated power (ERP) ‘The product of te wansmitterpower (Wensmitter output power less trans- mission line loss) multiped by (a) the antenna power gan of (b) the antenna fleld gain squared, Where circular or elliptical polarization is employed, the term “effectve radiated power” Is 244 2.42 2.13 244 2.45 2.16 247 applied separately to the horizontal and vertical components of radiation. Field intensity “Field Intensity’* es used in these: ‘standards shall mean the electric field intensity in the horizontal direction. Free space fleld Intensity ‘The field intensity that would exist at 2 point, in the absence of waves re- ‘lected from the earth or other reflect ing objects. Service area ‘As applied to FM broadcasting, means the service resulting from an assigned etfective radiated power and anterina height above everage terrain. Radio-frequency (R.F.) Protection Ratio The value of the radiofrequency wantedto-interfering signal rao tat enables, under specified conditions, the radiofrequency protection ratio 0 ‘be obtained atthe output of a revever. Percentage modulation ‘The ratio of the actual frequency ‘swing to the frequency swing defined ‘98100 percent modulation, expressed in percentage. For FM broadcasting stations, a frequency swing of +75 Kilohertz is defined as 100 percent ‘modulation. Multiplexing In its simplest sense, muttiplexing implies that two or more independent sourees of Infotmatlon are combined for cariage over a shigle medium, namely, the radio frequency “‘cartier", andthen are separated at the receiving end. Instereophonic broadcast, for ‘example, program information consist- ing of left and right audio signals are ‘multiplexed onto anFMcamteror rans- missiontorevelvers which subsequently reoover the original audio signals. FM Stereophonic Broadcast ‘The transmission of a stereophonic program by a single FM broadcast station utilizing the main channel and a stereophonic subchannel. 248 2.19 2.20 221 2.22 223 2.24 2.25 Ghannet A transmission path. The distinc- ton between the concept of a “*Chan- nel" and a “signal” are not always clear. The usage herein distinguishes between transmissionchannels ;€.€., main channel, _stereophonic subchannel, ete., and left and right Composite Baseband Signal ‘A signal which Is the sum of all signals which frequency modulates the main camer. The signal can be repre- ‘sented by a formula which includes all signal components: the main channel signal, the modulated stereophonic subcamtier, the pilot subcarier and the SCA suboarrer(s). FM Baseband The frequency band from 0 Hertr (Hz) to a specified upper frequency which contains the composite baseband signal. Main Channel The band of frequencies from 50 (or fess) Hz to 15,000 Hz on the FM baseband which contains the main channel signal. Main Channel Signal Aspecified combination ofthe mono- ‘Bhonic or left and right audio signals which frequencpmodulates the main carrier. ‘Stereophonic Sound ‘The audio Information carried by plurality of channels arranged to afford the listener a sense of the spatial distribution of sound sources. Stere- ‘phonic sound Includes, but is not limited to,biphonic (two channel), ‘tiphonie (three channel) and quadro- phonic (four channel) services. Stereophanic Sound Subcarter Asubcarierwithin the FM broadcast baseband used for transmitting sie nals for stereophonic sound reception ofthe mainbroadeast program service. Stereopnonic Sound Subchannel ‘The band of frequencies from 23 2.26 227 2.28 229 230 2.34 2.32 2.33 KHz to 99 KHz containing sound subcarriers and their associated sidebands, ‘Subchannel A transmission path specified by a subchannel signal occupying a speci- fled band of frequencies, ‘Subchannel Signal Subcarrier(s) and associated ‘sidebandis) which frequency modulate ‘the main carrier. itis synonymous with “subcartier”, as In the stereophonic subcarrier or SCA subcarrier, Pilot sub-carrler A pilot subcarrier serving 26 a con- ‘Vol signal foruse in the reception of FM stereophonic broadcast. Left (or Right) signal The clectical output of @ micro- Phone or a combination of microphones placed S0 as 10 convey the intensity, ‘ime, and location of sounds originat- ing predominantly to the listener's left (orright) of the center of the performing rea. Left (or Right) stereophonie channel The left (or right) signal as electr- cally reproduced in the reception of an FM stereophonic broadcast. ‘Stereophonic separation ‘The ratio of the electical signal ‘caused in the ight (orlefY) stereophonic channel, tothe electrical signalcausod {In the left (or right) stereophonic chan- Fel, by the transmission of only a right (or left) signal. Frequency Deviation ‘The peak difference between the Instantaneous frequency of the modu lated wave and the carrier frequency. Injection Ratio The ratio of the frequency swing of the FM canter by a subchannel signal tothe frequency swing defined as 100 percent modulation, expressed in per: centage. The total injection of more ‘han one subchannel signal is the arithmetic sum of each subchannel. 2.34 2.35 2.36 237 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 Crosstalk Anundesired signal occuring.in one channe! caused by an electrical signal in another channel. Linear Crosstalk A form of “erosstalk” in which the undesired signal{s) iscteated by phase ‘or gain inequalities in another channel ‘or channels. Such crosstalk may be ‘due to causes extemal to the stere- ‘phonic generator, consequent it is sometimes referred to as “system crosstalk”. Nonlinear Crosstalk ‘A form of crosstalk In which the undesired signals) is eroated by har ‘monic distortion or intermodulation of electrical signal(s) In another channel or channels. Such crosstalk may be ‘due to distribution within the stere- ‘ophonic generator or FM vansmitier, ‘consequently itis sometimes referred to as “transmitter crosstalk’ SCA ‘The term SCA Is an acronym for a “Subsidiary Communications Author zation."" Index of cooperation As applied to facsimile broadcast Ing, 1S the product of the number of lines per inch, the avaliable length in Inches, and the reciprocal of the line- Use ratio (e.g. 105 x 82 x 8/7 = 984 ). Line-use ratio As applied to facsimile broadcast- Ing Is the ratio of the available line to the total length of scanning tine. Avallable tine ‘Means the portion of the total length of scanning line that can be used specifically for plture signals. Rectllinear scanning The process of scanning an area in a predetermined sequence of narrow ‘staignt parallel strips. Optical density ‘The logarithm (tothe base 10) of the Table 1. ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES FOR FM BROADCAST STATIONS. Channeldesignation of FM broadcast fre- quercies are shown in the table below. (uz) (Miz) Channel No. ‘Frequency Channel No. Frequency 201 88.1 254 202 33.3 252 203 38.5 253 204 38,7 254 205 38.9 255 206 29.4. 256 207 29.3 257 208 80. 258 209 29.7 259 210 89.9 260 24a 90.1 264 212 90.3 262 213 90.5 253 244 90.7 264 215 20.9 205 246 OL. 266 247 13 287 218 915 268 219 O17 269 220 91.9 270 224 924 274 22 923 212 23 925 273 224 927 274 225 929 275 226 934 276 227 93.3 27 ‘ 228 935 278 403.5 228 937 273 103.7 230 93.9 280 103.9 234 94.4 281 104.1 232 943 282 104.3 233 945 283 104.5 234 94.7 284 104.7 235 94.9 285 104.9 236 95.4 286 105.1 237 95:3 287 105.3 238 95.5 288 105.5 239 95.7 239 105.7 240 95.9 290 105.9 Ban 96.4 204 106.4 282 96.3 292 106.3 243 96.5 293 106.5 244 96.7 294 106.7 245 96.9 295 106.9 246 97.4 296 107.4 247 97.3 297 107.3 248 97.5 298 107.5 249 97.7 299 107.7 250 97.9 300 107.9 ratlo of incident to transmitted or re- flected light. 2.43. Experimental Period ‘The period between 12 midnight to 5:00 a.m, local standard time (1660- 2100 GMT). This period may be used for experimental purposes in testing ‘and maintaining apparatus bythe licen ‘see of any FM broadcast station on Its assignedfrequency and not in excess of Its authorized power, provided no interference is caused to other sta- ons maintaining a regular operating schedule within such period. 2.44 Operating Power This is the product of the plate voltage Ep) and the plete currert(p) of the last radio stage end efficiency factor, F, expressed: Operating Power = EpxlpxF. This is the indirect method of determining the operating power of ‘each FM station for the purpose of specifying the operating power rang of FM transmitters, The factor F shall be established by the transmitter mans facturer for each type of vensmitter ‘andshall be specifiedinthe instruction book (8) supplied to each customer with each transmitter. 2.45 Last radio stage The oseillator or radiofrequency- Power amplifier stage which supplies ower to the antenna, 2.46 Qualified technician ‘As applied to FM broadcasting means a person who is @ holder of any ‘ass of Radio Telephone Operator's. License or its equivalent except those mentioned in Section 7.4 as issued by the existing regulatory body. ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES FOR FM BROADCAST STATIONS (See Table 1.) ‘CLASSES OF FM BROADCAST STATIONS. 4.1 Class-A Stations A Class station shall have an au- thorized transmitter power not exceed- Ing 25 kilowatts and an Effective Radi ‘ated Power (ERP) not exceeding 125 ‘ilowatts and limited in antenna height ‘of 2,000 feet above average terrain. The minimum transmitter power shall be 10 KW. Glass A station shall only be allowed In MetroMenila and Metro-Cebu, 4.2 Class-B station A Class B station shall have an ou thorized transmitter power not exceed. Ing 10 kilowatts and an Effective Radl- ated Power not exceeding 30 kilowatts, andlimited in antenna height of 500 feet above average terrain. The minimum, ‘transmitter power shall be 1 KW. 4.3 Class stations A Class-C station Is a noncommer. lal, community station having an au- thorized radiated power not exceeding 1,000 watts (ERP). 44 Class-D Station A class-D station shall have an au. thorized transmitter power not exceed Ing 10 watts. Educational stations shall be allowed to operate with Class- D vansmitter power. 4.5 All classes of FM stations shall be protected to the 1 mV/m contour or 6

    You might also like