https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?

R=19930093938 2018-08-21T10:31:32+00:00Z

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 1292

LAWS OF FLOW IN ROUGH PIPES

By J. Nikuradse

Translation of "Stromungsgesetze in rauhen Rohren."

VDI-Forschungsheft 361. Beilage zu "Forschung auf dem Gebiete des
Ingenieurwesens" Ausgabe B Band 4, July/August 1933.

Washington
November 1950
(
1 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITl'EE FOR AEHONAUTICS

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 1292

LAWS OF FLOW IN ROUGH PIPES *

By J . Nikuradse

INTRODUCTION
Nunlerou s recent investigations (references 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)
have gre~atly increased our kno . . . ledge of turbu!en1; flo\tl in smooth tubes ,
channelB , and along plates so that there are no ..... a vailable satisfactory
data on velocity distribution , on the la"'s contrcllllng resistance , on
impact, and on mixing length . The data cover thE~ turbulent behavior of
these flow problems . The logical development would now indicate a
study of' the lavs governing turbulent flo ..... of fluids in rough tubes ,
channels:, and along rough plane surfaces . A study of these problems ,
because of their frequent occurrence in practice, is more important
than the study of flo ..... along smooth surfaces and is also of great
interest as an extension of our physical kno ....ledge of turbulent flo'W .

Turbulent flo .... of .... ater in rough tubes has been studied during the
last century by many investigators of 'Whom the most outstanding viII be
briefly mentioned here. H. Darcy (reference 6) D~de comprehensive and
very careful tests on 21 pipes of cast iron, lead , wrought iron,
asphalt-covered cast iron, and glass. With the exception of the glass
all pipes 'Were 100 meters long and 1.2 to 50 centtmeters in diameter.
He noted that the discharge ....as dependent upon the type of surface as
....ell as upon the diameter of the pipe and the slclpe . If his results
are expressed in the present notation and the resistance factor A is
considered dependent upon the Reynolds number Re', then it is found that
according to his measurements A, for a given rel.ative roughness k
r'
varies only slightly .... ith the Reynolds number (~ is the average depth
_d
of roughness and r is the radius of the pipe ; Reynolds number Re :: uy-
in 'Which u is the average velocity, d is the- pipe diameter , and v
is the kinematic viscostty) . The friction factor decreases with an
increasing Reynolds number and the rate of decres.se becomes slo....er for
greater relative roughness. For certain roughnesses his data indicate
that the friction factor A is independent of the Reynolds number.

*"StrOmungsgesetze in r auhen Rohren ." VDI- Forschungsheft 36l.

Beilage zu "Forschung auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens" Ausgabe B
Band 4, July/ AugUst 1933 .
2 NACA ~ 1292

For a co~stant Reynolds number, A increases markedly for an increasing

relative roughness. H. Bazin (reference 7), a relIover of Darcy, car- •
ried on the vork and derived from his own and Darcy's test data an
empirical f ormula in vhich the discharge Is dependent upon the slope
and diameter of the pipe . This formula vas used in practice until
recent time s .

R. v . Mlses (reference 8) in 1914 did a very valuable piece of

.....ork, treating all of the theD -knO'Jl1 test results f :['om the viewpoint of
similarlty~ He obtained , chiefly from the observations of Darcy and
Bazin .... !th circular pipes, the rolloving formula fo .r the friction fac -
tor ).. in terms of the Reynolds number and the reli9.tlve roughness :

). = 0 .0024

This formu l a for values of Reynolds numbers near thl~ critical , that is,
for small '/alues, assumes the following form:

The term "relative roughness" for the ratio k in 'IIhich k is the

r
absolute roughness was first used by v. Mises. Proof of similarity
for flow through rough pipes was furnished in 1911 by T . E . Sta.nton
(reference 9) . He studied pipes of two diameters into whose inner sur -
faces two intersecting threads had been cu~ . In order to obtain
geometrica1ly similar depths of roughness he varied the pitch and depth
of the threads in direct proportion to the diameter of the pipe . He
compared for the same pipe the largest and smallest Reynolds number
obtainable with his apparatus and then the velocity distributions for
various pipe diameters . Perfect agreement in the d:1mensionless velocity
profiles WHS found for the first case, but a small discrepancy appeared
in the immediate vicinity of the walls for the second case . Stanton
thereby proved the similarity of flow through rough tubes.

More recently L. Schiller (reference 10) made :further observations

regarding the variation of the friction factor )" 101ith the Reynolds
number and with the type of surface . His tests were made with dravn
brass pipeB . He obtained rough surfaces in the SBJIlI~ manner as Stanton
by using threads of various depths and inclinations on the inside of
the test pi pes . The pipe diameters ranged from 8 to 21 millimeters. His
observations indicate that the cr itical Reynolds nwnber is independent of
the type of' wall surface . He further determined that tor greatly
roughened !;urfaces the quadratic law of friction is ei'fectlve as soon
~--- -------~ ~----~-- --------------

NACA TM 1292 3

as turbulence sets in. In the case of less severely roughened surfaces

he observed a slow increase of the friction factor with the Reynolds
number. Schiller ws not able to determine whether this increase goes
over into the quadratic law of friction for high Reynolds numbers, since
the GOtt,lngen test apparatus at that time was liDlited to about Re "" 105.
His results also indicate that for a fixed value of Reynolds number the
friction factor ).. increases witb an increasing roughness.

L. Hopf (reference ll) made some tests at a[>out the same time as
Schiller to determine the function A:O r(Re ~). He performed system-
atic experiments on rectangular channels of various depths .... ith differ -
ent rou@;bnesses ( .... ire mesh, zinc plates having Sflw -toothed type surfaces,
and two types of corrugated plate). A rectangule~ section was selected
in order to determine the effect of the hydraulic: radius (hydraulic
radius r' = area of section divided by wetted perimeter) on the varia -
tion in depth of section for a constant type of ~all surface . At Hopf's
suggestion these tests vere extended by K. Fromm (reference 12). On
the basis of his own and Fromm ' s tests and of the other available test
data, Hopf concluded that there are t wo fundament,al types of roughness
involved in turbulent flo .... in rough pipes . These' t ....o types, ....hich he
terms surface roughness and surface corrugation, folIo .... different la.... s
of similarity. A surface roughness, according to Hopf, is characterized
by the fact that the loss of head Is independent of the Reynolds number
and dependent only upon the type of wall surface in accordance with the
quadratic la.... of friction . He considers surface corrugation to exist
when the friction factor as ....ell as the Reynolds number depends upon
the type of ....al1 surface in such a manner that, if plotted logarithmically,
the curves for A as a function of the Reynolds number for various ....all
surfaces lie parallel to a smooth curve . If a is the average depth of
roughness and b is the average distance bet....een. two projections from
the surface, then surface corrugation exists for small values of a
b
and surface roughness exists for large values of a j) '

A summary of the tests of Hopf , Fromm, Darcy , Bazin and others is

given in figures 1 and 2 , the first illustrating surface roughness and
the seco:nd surface corrugation . Hopf derived for the friction factor "-
within the range of surface roughness the following empirical formula:

). = 4 x 10 -2(k-r' )°.314

in ....hich r' is the hydraulic radius of the channel (r' = ~Fj F = area
of cross·-section; U = wetted perimeter). This fo:rmula applies to iron
pipes, cement, checkered plates and vire mesh . 1;n the case of surface
4 NACA lM 1292

corrugation be gives the formula

in ~hlch Ao 1s the friction factor for a smooth surface and ~ 1s a

proportionality factor which has a value betveen 1. .5 and 2 for wooden
pipes and betweeo 1.2 and 1.5 for asphalted iron pi'pes.

The vlU"iatlon of the velocity distribution with the type of \lall

surface 1s also important, as well as the law of resistance. Observa -
tions on this problem were made by Darcy, Bazl0, an~ Stanton (reference 9).
The neceSSI!.ry data, hO'Jever J on temperature of the fluid , type of ",all
surface, and lOBS of head are lacking . In more ree'ent times such obser-
vations ha're been made by Fritsch (reference 13) at the suggestion of
Von KaIman" using the same type of a pparatus as that of Hopf and Fromm.
The channel had a length of 200 cent1meters, width of 15 centimeters
and depth ''Iarying from 1.0 to 3 . 5 centimeter s. A t"W'o- dimensional condi -
tion of flow existed, therefore, along the short axis of symmetry. He
investigat«~d the velocity distribution for the following types of vall
surface:

l. smooth

2 . corrugated (wavy)

3. rough
I. (floors, glass plates with light corrugations)

4. rough
II. (ribbed glass)
5. tOlJthed (termed saw-toothed by Fromm)
Fritsch found that for the same depth of channel the velocity distri -
bution (except for a layer adjacent to the Walls) is congruent for all
of these types of surfaces if the loss of head is the same.

Tests in a channel with extremely coarse roughness were made by

Treer , (references 14 and 15) in which he observed the resistance as
well as the velocity distribution . From these tests and from those of
other investigators , he found that the velocity distribution depends
only upon the shearing stress , whether this is due to variation in
roughness or in the Reynolds number .

The numerous and in part very painstaking tests which are available
at the present time cover many types of roughness , but all lie within a
NACA 'I'M 1292 5

very small range of ReynoldB number. The purpose of the present inves -
tigation ls to study the effect of coarse and fine roughnesses for all
Reynold s number s and to determine the la~s which are indicated . It was,
r
therefore, necessary to consider a definite relative roughness for
k
a ~ide range of Reynolds nunber and to determine whether for this con-
stant i,that ls, for geometrical similarity, the value A = r(Re) ls
the same curve for pipes of different diameter . There was also the
r
question ....hether for the S8.111e the velocity distributions are similar
k
r the
and vary witb the Reynolds number, and wbether for a varying
k
velocity distr ibutions are similar as stated by V. JU('
rman .

I wish here to express my sincere gratitude to my immediate

superior, Professor Dr . L. }>randtl, ~ho has at all times aided me by
his valuable advice .

1. EXPER 1MENT

1 . Description of Test Apparatus

The apparatus shown in figur e 3 vas used in making the tests . The
same apparatus vas employed in the investigation of velocities for tur -
bulent flov in smooth pipes . The detailed description of the apparatus
and measuring devices has been presented in Forschungsheft 356 of the
VD!. Only a brief review vi.Il be given here . Water was pumped by means
of a centrifugal pump kp , driven by an electric motor em, f r om the
supply canal vk , into the ..,ater tank vk, then through the test pipe vr
and into the supply canal ,rk . This arrangement vas employed in the
investigation ..nth medium an d large values of Reynolds number. An over -
flov vas used in obta ining observations for small values of Reynolds
number . The 'W ater flowed through the supply line z 2, into the open
'Water tank vk , and a vertical pipe str , connected 'With the tank, con -
ducted the overflo'W ing 'Water over the trap and do'WIl through the overflo'W
pipe fr . The flo'W in the t .est pipe could be throttled to any desired
degree . A constant high pr essure in the 'Water tank 'Wk 'Was required
in or der to attain the highest values of Reynolds number . Observations
vere made on:

1. loss of head

2 . velocity distribution in the stream immediately after leaving

the test pipe
6 NACA 'I'M 1292

3 . discharge quantity

4 . temperature of the ~ater

Three hooked tubes with lateral apertures were used to measure the
loss of head. These tubes are described in detail in section 1,3. The
velocity distribution was dete~mined by means of' a pltot tube .....ith
0 . 2 millimeter inside diameter, mounted in the velocity - measuring
device gm, and adjustable both horizontally and vertically. The dis -
charge for Reynolds numbers up to 3 X 105 .....as measured in a tank mb
on the basis of depth and time. Larger discharges .....ere computed by
integrating the velocity distribution curve. Temperature readings .....ere
taken at the outlet of the velocity - measuring device gm. The test
pipes were drawn brass pipes of circular section whose dimensions are
given in table 1. The diameters of the pipe were determined from the
weight of the water which could be contained in the pipe with closed
ends and from the length of the pipe .

2. Fabrication and Determination of Roughness

Similitude requires that if mechanically simllar flow is to take

place in tyc pipes they must have a geometrically similar form and must
have similar wall surfaces. The first requirement is met by the use of
a circular section. The second requirement is satisfied by maintaining
a constant ratio of the pipe radius r to the depth k of projections.
It vas essential, therefore, that the materials producing the roughness
should be similar . Professor D. Thoma's precedent of using sand for
this purpose was adopted.

Grains of uniform size are required to produce uniform roughness

throughout the pipe . Ordinary building sand vas sifted. In order to
obtain an average grain size o~ 0.8 millimeter diameter, for example,
sieves were employed having ope'nings of 0 . 82- and O. 78 -millimeter
diameter . A Zeiss thickness ga.ge was used to obtain the actual average
grain size by taking actual mea.surements of the diameter of several
hundred grains. These sand gra.ins were spread on a flat plate. The
diameters of the individual gra.ins vere then measured with the Zeiss
thickness gage (having an accuracy of 0 . 001 mm) by sliding the plate.
For the case cited the arithmetical average vas found to be 0 . 8 millimeter.

A micro-photograph of uniform size (O.B-mm diameter) grains as

reproduced in figure 4 furnishes some information regarding grain form.
Preliminary tests had indicated the manner in which the pipes could be
roughened with sand . The pipe placed in a vertical position and with
the lover end closed was filled with a very thin Japanese lacquer and
then emptied. After about 30 minutes, which is a period sufficient for
the drying of the lacquer on the pipe surface to the "tacky" state,
NACA TM 1292 7

the pipe vas filled with sand of a certain size. The sand vas then
allowed to flow out at the bottom. The preliminary tests shoved that
the drying which now follovs is of great importance for durability. A
drying period of two to three weeks Is required, depending upon the
amount of moisture In the air. A uniform draft in the pipe, due to an
electric bulb placed at the lower end, belped to obtain even drying.
After this drying, the pipe vas refilled with lacquer and again emptied,
in order to obtain a better adherence of the grains. There folloved
another drying period of three to four weeks. At each end of the pipe,
a length of about 10 centimeters vas cut off in order to prevent any
possible decrease in the end sections. After the treatment just described
the pipes were ready to be measured .

One of the conditions cited above indicates that different grain

sizes must be used for pipes of different diameter if the ratio i,
wh~ch is the gage for similarity of wall surface , is to remain constant.
Geometrical similarity of the wall surface requires that the form of
the individual grains shall be unchanged and also that the projection
of tbe roughening, which has hydrodynamical effects, shall remain con-
stant. Figure 4 shows that voids exist between the grains . The hydro -
dynamically effective amount of projection k is equal to the grain
size . In order to determine whether the previously observed diameter
of grains is actually effective , a flat plate was coated with thin
Japanese lacquer (the necessary degree of thinness was determined by
preliminary tests) and roughened in accordance with the described
procedure . The projection of the grains above the surface was measured
in the manner already described and it was found that, for a definite
degree of thinness of the lacquer, this average projection agreed with
the original measurements of the grains .

3 . Measurement of Static Pressure Gradient

Measurement of stat i c pressure gradient during flow in smooth pipes

is usually made by pie zometer holes in the walls of the pipe. Marked
errors result , howe ver, if loss of head in rough pipes is determined
in this same manner . These a r e due to the fact that the vortices which
result from flow around the pr ojections produce pressure or suction,
depending on the position of the aperture . For this reason the hooked
tube was adopted for observing the static pressure gradient . This tube
had a rectangular bend as shown in figure 5 and was mounted in the test
pipe so that the free leg was parallel to the direction of flow .
Lateral openings only were bored in this f r ee leg. The outside diame -
ter d of the tube was 2 milliroeters . Other features of the tube are
in agreement with the specifications (reference 16) set up for the
Prandtl pitot static tube (Staurohr) . The free leg was placed at a
distance from the wall equal to 1/2 the radius of the test pipe . The
8 NACA 'IN 1292

connecting leg vas bent at an angle of about 60° in the p:lane of the
free leg in order that the position of the free leg might alvays be
indicated. The bent tube vas fastened in the test pipe by means of a
stuffing box.

Variation of the pressure readings in a hooked tube with variations

in the position of the tube relative to the direction of flow Is shown
in figure 61 . This figure indicates that correct readings are obtained
only if the direction of the free leg deviates not more than 7.50 from
the direction of flow. The introduction of the hooked tube into the
test pipe results in an increase of pressure drop due to the resistance
to the tube. The resistance of the two hooked tubes used in measuring
must be deducted from the observed pressure drop PI - P2" The resist-
ance of the tube must therefore be knO'offi. This value 'Was found by
measuring the pressure drop h in a smooth pipe in terms of the dis-
charge at a constant temperature, first by using vall piezometer orifices
and then by measuring the pressure drop h + a in terms of the discharge
at the same temperature by means of a hooked tube. The increment a for
equal discharges is the resistance of the hooked tubes. The correction
curve for this resistance is given in figure 7.

It sbould be noted that changes in direction of the tube result

both in an error in the pressure reading and in an increase in the
resistance due to the tube. If the corrected pressure drop PI - P2 is
divided by the observation length l, (distance between the holes in the
s ide of tbe hooked tubes), there is obtained the static pressure
gradient,

4. Preliminary Tests

A mixture of sieved sand and white lacquer in a definite proportion

vas used to fill a pipe closed at the bottom, in the manner of Professor
D. Thoma (reference 17). The mixture was then alloved to flow out at
the bottom . After a drying period of about tvo to three weeks, prelim-
inary tests ansvered the question Whether the hydrodynamically effective
projection of the roughening remained constant . The pressure drop was
measured at hourly intervals for a given Reynolds number for vhicb the

IThis figure is taken from the vork of H. Kumbruch, cited herein

as reference 16.
 NACA TM 1292 9
2
•
average velocity u vas about 20 meters per second . It vas observed
that within a fev days the pressure slope developed a pronounced
increase. A marked washing off of the lacquer vas indicated at the
same time by deposits on the bottom of the supply channel. Another
objectionable feature was the partial washing out of the sand . The
increase in the pressure gradient is accounted for by the increase in
projection of roughness due to the washing off of the lacquer. There-
fore, the method of fastening the sand had to be changed in order to
insure the required condition of the surface during the test procedure .
The projection k of the roughness had to remain constant during the
tests and the distribution of the sand grains on the wall surfaces had
to remain unchanged .
Adhesion between sand grains was prevented by using a very thin
lacquer . This lacquer formed a direct coating on the .....all and also a
covering on the grains no thicker than the penetration of these grains
into the lacquer coating of the wall. The original form and size of
the grains remained unchanged . A determining factor in this problem
was the degree of thickness of the lacquer which .....as varied by the
addition of turpentine until the original grain size remained unchanged.
Tests made ..... ith pipes ..... ithout lacquer re coating showed that the sand
.....ould .....ash out. The re coating vith lacquer .....as, therefore, adopted.
If only a short period of drying was used for both coats, the lacquer
was .....ashed off . If the first drying was short and the second long ,
then all of the lacquer was also washed off. If the first drying
period were long and the second short, there would also be some loss
of sand . A constant condition of roughness could be obtained only when
each lacquer coating .....as dried from three to four .....eeks. The accuracy
of observations made ..... ith the hooked tube .....as checked by connecting the
tube through a manometer to a .....all piezometer orifice at the same sec -
tion of the pipe. Both connections should sho ..... the same pressure in a
smooth pipe, that is, the manometer reading must be zero . Hooked tubes
checked in this manner ..... ere used for taking principal observations .

Finally, a determination of the approach length x .....as made .

d
Velocity distributions .....ere observed for the largest relative roughness
ratio k _ 1
r - 15 ' The velocity at various distances y from the surface
.....as determined for Reynolds numbers of Re = 20 x 10 3, 70 x 10 3, and
x
150 x 10 3 at various distances from the entrance a:.This . . .as effected
by cutting off portions of the test pipe . T~sts sho..... that changes in
the approach length have small effect on the Reynolds number. The
approach length is some ..... hat shorter than that for smooth pipes, ~ ~ 40
(fig . 8) . The approach length x = 50 was used as for smooth pipes .
d
10 NACA 1M 1292

•
11 • EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

1. La~ of Resistance

The resistance factor ~ for flow in the pipes is expressed by

the formula:

(1)

in which Is the pressure drop per unit of length, d Is the dlam-

2
eter, and q "" p 20 ' the dynamic pressure of the average flc\/'
velocity iI and p is the density. An extensive test program with a
range of He = 600 to Re '" 106 for the Reynolds nUJlber "'as carried out,
and the relationship of the resistance factor to the Reynolds number
was studied for pipes of various roughnesses. Six different degrees of
relat i ve TOUghneSS ....ere used, .,ith the relative roughness k determined
r
by the rat:lo of the average projection k to the r.adiu8 r of the pipe.

In eVBJ.uating the test data it seemed advlsabl'2 to use instead of

r
the relative roughne ss ~ its rEciprocal kO Fi~re 9 shows to a
r'
logarithmic: scale the relation of the resistance factor to the Reynolds
number for the reciprocal values kr of the six relative roughnesses
tested and for a smooth pipe (see tables 2 to 7). ~['he bottom curve is
for the smooth pipe. If the curve for )., = f(Re) :1s studied for a
given relative roughness, then i t must be considered in three portions
or ranges.

Within the first range, that of low Reynolds numbers, the rougl1-
r
ness had no effect on the resistance, and for all vlllues of it the
curve )., = f(Re) coincides .... ith the curve for the smooth pipe. This
range includes all lam.1nar flow and some turbulent flo..... The portion
of turbulent flow included increases as the relative roughness decreases.
As long as laminar flo.... exists, the resistance factor may be expressed
as:

>. = 64 (2)
Re
This is repre sented in figure 9 by a straight line of slope 1:1. Within
the first port ion of turbulent flo .... in smooth pipes for a Reynolds num-
ber up to about Re = 105 the Blasius Resistance Law (reference 18) holds:
NACA TM 1292 11

~ 0.316 (3)
, R.I74
This Is represented in the figure by a straight line of slope 1:4 . The
critical Reynolds number for all degrees of relative rOllghness occurs at
about the same position as for the smooth pipe, that Is, between 2160
and 2500.

Within the second range, which will be termed the transition range,
the influence of the roughness becomes noticeable in an increasing
degree; the resistance factor A increases with an increasing Reynolds
number. This transition range is particularly characterized by the fact
that the resistance factor depends upon the Reynolds number as vell as
upon the relative roughness.

Within the third range the resistance factor is independent of the

Reynolds number and the curves A = r(Re) become parallel to the hori -
zontal axis . This is the range within which the quadratic law of
resistance obtains.

The three ranges of the curves A = f(Re) may be physically inter -

preted as follows . In the first range the thickness 0 of the laminar
boundary layer, which is known to decrease with an increasing Reynolds
number, is still larger tban the average projection (0 > k). Therefore
energy losses due to roughness are no greater than those for the smooth
pipe .

In the second range the thickness of the boundary layer is of the

same magnitude as the average projection (0 ~ k) . Individual projections
extend through the boundary layer and cause vortices which produce an
additional 10s6 of energy . As the Reynolds number increases, an
increasing number of projections pass through the laminar boundary layer
because of the reduction in ita thickness. The additional energy loss
than bec,::>mes greater as the Reynolds number increases . This is expressed
by the r .ise of the curves ).. = f(Re) within this range.

Firually, in the third range the thickness of the boundary layer

has becolue so small that all projections extend through it. The ene r gy
loss due to the vortices has now attained a constant value and an
increase in the Reynolds number no longer increases the resistance.

The relationships within the third range are very simple. Here the
resistance factor is independent of the Reynolds number and depends only
upon the relative roughness . This dependency ~y be expressed by the
formula

(4)
12 NAeA 'll! 1292

1
In order to check this formula experimentally the value \las plotted
VI
in figure 10 against log kr and it ....as found that through these points
there could be pas sed a line

~ • 1 . 74 + 2 log f
The entire field of Reynolds numbers investigated was covered by plot -
1
ting the term - - 2 log ~ against This term is particularly
f>.
suitable dimensionally since it has characteristic values for conditions
along the surface . The more convenient value log Re {}: - log ~ might
be u s ed i ns-tead of log v*k
v' as may be seen :from the follow1ng considera -
tion . From the formula for the resistance factor

l. • <!.l' 4r (1)
dx pu2
the relationship between the shearing stress TO and the friction
factor ).. may be obtained. In accordance with the requirements of
equilibr i um for a fluid cylinder of length dx and radius r,

2nrT 0
or from equation (1)
_2
, u
p •• 8 (6a)

or

fi'. 2.83 ~ (6b)

u

in vhich is the friction velocity . There results

v*r
Re {J:. 5 .66 v

and
NACA TM 1292 13

10g(R. {f) - log i = 10g(5.66 Vtk) (7a)

or

v*k r
log - = const + log(Re ."f'):.) log - ('Tb)
v k

From equation (5) there is obtained:

Jr - 2 log ~ = 1 · 74 , (5a)

It is eVident then that the magnitude of (Jr - 2 log i) is

constant ~lthin the region of the quadratic law of resistance but
vithin the other regions is 'variable depending on the Reynolds number.
The preceding explains ""hy the value log(Re VI) - log ~ ....ae used as
the abscissa instead of log(Re~) as was done for the smooth pipe.
Equation (5a) may nO\( be 'WI"i·tten in the form

1 v
'f): - 210g~""flogT ( k) (8 )

There occurs here , as the de"termlning factor 1 the dimenslonless term

V*k
~ =v
which Is to be expected from the vlevpoint of dimensional analysis.
The relationship

1 2 log ~ = r(10g Vtk)

{i
as determined experimentally Is shovn in figure 11 (see tables 2 to 7)
for five degrees of relative roughness . The sixth degree of relative
roughness "'as not included because in that the assumption of geometrical
s1m.ilari ty probably did not ex ist. It is evident that a smooth curve
may be passed through all the plotted points .

The range I in which thE! resistance is unaffected by the roughness

and in ",hich all pipes have H behavior similar to that of a smooth pipe
is expressed in this diagram (fig . 11) by the equation
14 NACA TM 1292

1
_ 2 log ~ = 0.8 + 2 log V~k (9)
{).

in which the value of a :function f is determined by equation 8. The

fact that the test points lie below this range is due to the influence
of viscosity .....hich Is still pre'sent for these small Reynolds numbers.
This indicates that the la..... expressed in equation 3 Is not exactly ful-
filled. The transition range, range 11, Is represented in figure 11 by
a curve .....hich at first rises, then has a constant value, and finally
drops. The curves to be used tn later computations vill be approximated
by three straight lines not sbo\oll1 (references 19 and 20) in figure 11.
The range covered by the quadratic law of resistance, range Ill, in
viI,k (
this diagram lies above log ~~ = 1 . 83 and corresponds to equation 5a).

These lines may be expressed by equations of the form

- 2 log kr =a + b log
v*k
v (10)

in which the constants a and b vary 'With in the following

manner:

1 - 2 log !: = LlB + 1.13 log v*k for 0·55 < < 0.B5
1 og _v*k__
IT k v = v -

v*k
= 2 . 14 for 0 . B5 ~ 'S 1 . 15
- log - v -

v*k v*k
= 2 . Bl - 0.588 log --V for 1.15 ;;; log -V- ;;; 1.83

It is clear that for each stra:tght line

). = _ _ _ _~1"-_ _ _.." (11)

(a + b log Vtk + 2log ~)2
2 . Velocity Distribution

Observations on velocity distributions were made for pipes with

diameters of 2 . 5 cent1meters ) ~) cent1meters} and 10 cent1meters, with
Reynolds numbers between 10 4 and 10 6 (see tables 8 to 13). Since the •
NACA TM 1292 15

velocity distributions 'Were symmetrical, only ont:: - half the curve had
to be cc,nsldered in the evaluation of test data . A dimenslonless
equation of the form

(12)

.....as selected to sb"", the variation of the velocit.y distribution with the
value In this equation U Is the maximum ve loc ity, and u is the
velocity at any point y distant from the 'Jall in a pipe of radius r.
This relationship is shown in figu r e 12 fo r a smooth pipe and for such
velocity distributions at various degrees of rela,tive roughness as lie
within the region of the quadratic la.., of resistance . This figure indi -
cates that as the relative roughness increases, the velocity distribu-
tion assumes a more pOinted form . Our earlier tests with the smooth
pipe have shown, hovever, that as the Reynolds number increases the
velocity distribution assumes a more blunt form.

A very simple law for the velocity distribution in rough pipes is

u
obtained from the following plotting. The dimensionless velocity
v.
y
is shovn in figure 13 plotted against The term v* is the "friction
velocity, It v* =. H as previously int~oduced. This figure indicates
that in the regions a'Way from the 'W a ll the velocl ty distributions are
similar. If , in accordance 'W ith Van Kal-man, the :plotting is for
~
v.
'" 1'(<:), the similar curves merge to form a ,s ingle curve (fig. 17).
r
The veloel ty distributions for the different deg:n~es of relative r ough -
ness uSC) merge to almost a single curve if the d.lmensionless term u
v.
is plottl!d against log~. It may be seen that all the observed points
agree very ....ell .... i th the straight line , only howeyer for those velocity
distribut i ons 'Which come 'Within the region of the quadratic la'W of
resistance (fig . 14) . This line has the equation

u = 8.48 + 5 .75 log <:k '" A + B l og ~ (13)

v.
Follo.... ing the method of Prandtl (reference 21) in obtaining a universal
la'" of vE~locity distribution in smooth pipes therE! is used here a
dimensionless distance from the wall 1'1 =
v.
Y- to obtain the universal
v
equation for ve locity distribution
16 NACA 'lM 1292

u
-- = ~ = 5.5 + 5.75 log ~ (14)
v*
If the relationship ~ = f(log~) Is now plotted for rough pipes, fig -
ures 15(a} to 15(f) are obtained, which in every case yield a straight
line for the dimenslonless velocity. Each figure corresponds to a
definite relative roughness and to th~ sever al Reynolds numbers recorded ;
figure 15(EL) corresponds to the smallest roughness ~ = 507 , figure 15(b)
to the next; to smallest, etc . There is furthermore shown on every fig -
ure the velocity distribution in the smooth pipe as given by equation 14.
The observation paints lying on this straight line were obtained not in
a smooth pipe but in a rough pipe at such a small Reynolds numbe r that
the ini'luence of the roughne ss is not noticeable . ~;hese straight lines
fo r a given relati ve roughness shift with an increasing Reynolds number
to a posit:l.on parallel to that of the straight l ine for the smooth p ipe .
A careful study of the individual t e st pOints shoW' s that those near the
....all (small values of log T]) a5 ....ell as those near 'the axis (large values
of log T]) l.ie slightly above the line.

The term A as indicated by equation (13) has a constant value in

the region of the quadratic laW' of resistance. In the transition
u2r
regions I ~md 11, however, A depends upon the Reynolds number Re "" ---v-
k
and on the relative roughness in such a manner that A essentially
r
depends onJ.y on the product Re ~- .! in accordance \11th equation (7a).
r
From equatton (6b)

{): = 2 .83 ~
u

so that
v k
5.66 ...1L
v
There may then be obtained an expre ssion of the form

A = ~* _ 5 .75 log * = f(IOg V~k) (15)

In order to determine the magnitude of A for each velocity distribution

curve , the term ~ - 5 .75 log ~ W'as obtained from figures 15(a) to 15(e )
V* A

for every test point of each velocity curve and ....a s plotted a s a function
of 1.... From the plotted result the value of A .... aH determined for the
r '
NACA TM 1292 17

velocity curve under consideration. Particular care must be used in

this de-termination at medium distances from the 'wall, since, on the one
hand, the value of y cannot be accurately obtained for pOints near the
wall, and furthermore the viscosity has a noticeable influence here , and
on the other hand , a regular deviation alvays occurs for points near the
axis . ~l'he value of A as found in this manner for all velocity curves
v k
was then plotted as a function of lo~ ~ (see fig . 16) . The form
of cur ve A as a function of log ~ 1s ver y similar to the curve for
V 1 _ r vk
the resIstance law obtained by plotting vi -2 .log k against log ~

from equation (8) ,

AnH.lytlcal proof of this relationship may be obtained by the same

method as that used ror the smooth pipe (references 5 and 21) . In
accordance with equation (13)

u
"'A+BlogY.... (16a)
v. k

or, if 1:his equation is written for the pipe axif3, that is , u ::: u, y '" r :

U r
'" A + B log -k (16b)
v.
U - u
From the equation =f ;L
r
there may be obtained by integration
the term
u - iT (17a)
v.
U - u 2
If
v•. is plotted as a function of (~) , the result ... 111 be

~ = 3.75
Then , from equation (17a)

u "" u + ~v* ( 171) )

Md from. equation (6b) the relationship bet...een t.he coefficient of

resistance and the aver age velocity u 1s found from

2 .83
u = --v (18)
IJl: •
18 NACA 'IJ.I 1292

Substituting equation (18) into equation (17b) and dividing by v*

and then from equation (16b)

2.83 __ B 1 r 0
(190)
A+ og-k--
v:
or with B·- 5.75

2;3 _ ~.75 log ~ - a) . A (19b)

The desired relationship bet ....een the velocity dlstrl"bution and the la....
of resistance is given in equations (15) and (19b) . It may be expressed
1n the follo .... ing form

-
v* k
2.83 - ( 5 . 7510g-
u - 5 . 7510gL.--
v
v:
r- )
k
~· r(l og ~)
v (20)

Figure 16 contains in addition to the values of A computed from the

veloci ty distributions by equation (15), the compute,i values obtained
from the law of re sistance by equation (19b). The a,greement between the
values of A determined by these tvo methods is satisfactory.

By the same method as in figure 11, the curve A may be represented

v*k
as a functi on of log V-' Within the range of the la\{ of resistance
where the e~ fect of v iscosity is not yet present the lay for smooth
pipes applies, that is ,
v k
o ~ log f~ 0 · 55 A • 5 . 5 + 5 · 75 log (210)

The transition region from the l aw of resistance of ·the smooth pipe to

the quadratic law of resistance of t he rough pipe may be divided into
three zones:
v k v k
I. 0 · 55 ~ log ~ $ 0 .85 A • 6 . 59 + 3 · 5 log ~ (21b)
v k
H. 0.85 ~ log ~ $ 1.15 A • 9.58 (21c)

< v k
Ill. 1.15 ~ log v*k
v • 1.83 A • 11.5 - 1.62 log ~ (21d)
NACA TM 1292 19

and within the zone of the quadratic laW' of resistance:

v k
log .:.Jt:: > 1. 83 A = 8.48 (21e)
v
These expressions describe ~rith sufficient accuracy the la"'s of velocity
distribution and of' resistance for pipes vith ....al1s roughened in the
manner here considered .
, /
Finally, it ",111 be shown briefly that the Von K.arm.an (reference 2)
equation for the velocity di.stribution

(22)

derived analytically on the basis of his hypothesis of similarity,

agrees 'With the experimental data. The term K is a universal constant
obtained from the velocity distribution . In figure 17, the curve drawn
through the experimental points agrees almost exactly with the curve for
this equation. With very large Reynolds numbers vhere the influence of
viscosity is very slight the velocity distributions according to Von
Karman's treatment do not depend upon the type of wall surface nor upon
the Reynolds number. Good agreement with K = 0.36 is obtained between
experimental and theoretical curves for such velocity distribution up
to the vicinity of the wall . It may be concluded from this that at a
definite interval y, from the wall, the type of flow and the momentum
change are independent of the type of wall surface.

In order to include those observation points for velocity distribu-

tions which are near the wall the term U - u was evaluated from the
v*
universal velocity distribution equation (14 ) in the following manner:
If equation (14) is written for the maximum velocity by letting u '" U
and y '" r, then
v
U =5.5+5 .7510g *r
v* v

If equation (14) is subtracted from this equation) there is obtained

u - u r
- - = 5.75 10g-
v* y
(23)

In contrast to the theoretictll curve of Van ~rmkn which agrees ~ith the
observations taken near the ~;all only if a different value of K is
used, the above equation obtuined from the observations describes the
entire range between the surface and the axis of the plp~. It is of
20 NACA 'I'M 1292

interest to consider for comparison the equation vhich Darcy ( reference 6)

obtained in 1855, on the basis of careful measurements. His equation for
velocity dist r ibution, in the notation of this article, is

u - u
(24)

In figure 17 , equation (23) is represented by a full line and equa-

tion (24) by a dotted line . The Darcy curve sho\ls good agreement except
for points near the wall ",here ~< 0 . 35 . This imperfection of the
Darcy formula Is due to the fact that his observations nearest the \lall
were for ~ = 0.33 . Up to this limit the agreement of equation (24) w1th
the observed data Is very good.

3. Exponential Law
Even though the velocity distribution Is adequately described by
equation (13) or equation (23), it is sometimes convenient to have an
exponential expression which may be used as an approximation . Prandtl
from a dimensional approach concluded from the Blasius law of resistance
that the velocity u near the vall during turbulent flow varies with
the 1/7 power of the distance from the wall, (references 22 , 23 , and 24) ,
that is
1/7 (25)
u " ay

in 'Which a is a constant for each velocity curve. It is to be empha-

sized that the exponent 1/1 holds only for smooth pipe 6 in the range of
the Blasius la.... (up to Re = 10~5), but that for larger Reynolds numbers
it decreases, as sho'Wn by our earlier observations , (references 5 and 25)
to 1/10 . The situation is entirely different in the case of rough pipes;
here .... ithin the range of our eX]~r1ments the exponent for an increasing
relative roughness increases from 1/7 to 1/4 .

Equation (25) may be written in another form if the velocity and

the distance from the vall are rnade dimensionless by using the friction
velocity v*:

n
" C~

in which, according to equation (25), n = 1/7 . Then

log cp "" log C + n log '1 (26)

NACA TM 1292 21

If log ~ is plotted as a function of log ~ there results a straight

line v ith slope n. This relationship is shown in figure 18 for various
degrees of relative roughness and also for a velocity distribution in a
smooth pipe . All of the veloc1ty distributions for rough pipes shown
in this figure lie ~ithin the range of the quadratic law of resistance ,
It is evident from the figure that w ithi~ the range of relative rough-
ness investigated here the exponent n increases from 0.133 to 0 . 238.
From the recorded curve for the smooth pipe n = 0.116 . In order to
determine the variation In the exponent n with the Reynolds number for
a fixed relative roughness, the value of log ~ as a function of log ~
has been determined for various Reynolds numbers and for a relative
roughness ~ = 126. The change of slope of the line was found to be
very slight with variations of Reynolds number: The smallest recorded
values o:f Reynolds number lie within the region defined as range I of
the resistance law where the coefficient of resistance ~ is the same
as for a smooth pipe ; the next larger Reynolds numbers lie in range 11
(transition region), and the largest in range III (quadratic law of
resistance). Figure 18 sho;rs that paints on the ,pipe axis deviate from
the loca-tions obtained by the exponential law.

4. Prandt1 ' s Mixing Length

The ",ell - kno\ll1 expression of Prandtl (refere:nces 1, 26, 27, and 28)
for the -turbulent shearing stress is:

T = !21dUldU (27.)
p dy dy

The determination of the mixing length from the velocity profiles

may be e!3.slly carried out by means of equation (2'7a). By rearrangement :

(271))

The shearing stress T at any point is in linear relationship to the

shearing stress TO at the wall;

(28)

In the computation of the variation of mixing length with the distance

du
from the wall by equation (27b), the value of was found graphically
dy
22 Nl\CA TM 1292

from the velocity distributions. This is somewhat difficult in the

T du
vicinity of the pipe axis since there the values o:f both and
p dy
are very small. The procedure necessary to obtain the value of Z a5
accurately as possible has been described in detail in a previous
article (reference 5) .

The dimensionless mixing length distribution arr! ved at in this

manner for large Reynolds numbers lying within the range of the quadratic
law of re~;istance has been plotted in figure 19. l~e curve shovn Is
that obtained from observations on smooth pipes, expressed according to
Prandtl in the form :

Z
(29)
r

There exists, therefore, the same mixing length distribution in rough

as in smooth pipes. This fact leads to the conclus;lon that the mechanics
of turbulence, except for a thin layer at the ~allJ are independent of
the type of ~a1l surface.

In order to present in a compact form the variation of the mixing

length distribution ~ith the Reynolds number and ~ith the relative
roughness, there is plotted in figure 20 the term log (10
~) against the
term log ~ : log~. Each of the curves drawn from the top to the
v
bottom of the figure corresponds to a given Reynolds number which is
indicated as a parameter. Since Z has its largest values near the
Y
walls, the points for that region are in the upper part of the figure
and points near the pipe axis are in the lower part . The curves drawn
from left to right connect points of equal ~-Value. These curves are
parallel to the horizontal axis for Reynolds numbers and degrees of
relative roughness at ~hich the viscosity has no influence. This hori -
zontal direction does not obtain for low Reynolds numbers and for low
degrees of relative roughness ; there is, therefore, a noticeable effect
of viscosity in such ranges. The fact is again borne out by figures 19
and 20 that for high Reynolds numbers ~here viscosity has no influence
the mixing length distrIbution and therefore the mechanics of turbulence
are indepe:ndent of the Reynolds number and of the relative roughness.

5. Relationship between Average and Maxim~m Velocities

From equation (l6b):

(16c)
NACA TM 1292 23

then from equation (17b):

11 = V*(A + B log ~ J3,) (30)

i n which B is a constant (:8::: 5.75) for all Reynolds numbers and for
all degrees of relat i ve roughne ss , while
A is constant only within tbe
v k
range of the quadratic law of re sistance and varies with ~ outside
of that range, and J3, has tbe value 3.75. If equation (30) is divided
by equation (16c);

r
U
A + B log -
k
- ~
U
•
A + B log ~

Previous study has shown that in a ccordance with equations (21a) to

v.k
(21e) the term A Is a funct:lon of - . Then for a fixed value of
v
the relative roughness ~ there is obta ined from equation (31) the
relationship;

-- (
!~:flog
U
v...JI:.::.
v
k) ( 32)

This expression is shovn in f:lgure 21 .... ith each curve representing a

different relative roughness . The curves have been computed from equa-
tion (31) and the pOints (tabl es 2 to 7) are experimental observations.

SUMMARY

Tbis study deals with the turbulent flov of fluids in rough pipes
vith various degrees of relattve roughness k (in which k is the
r
average projection of the rouE~ening and r is the radius of the pipe).
The requirements of similitude have been met by using test pipes which
were geometrically similar in form (including the roughening) . The
roughness was obtained by sand grains cemented to the walls. These had
an approximately similar form and a corresponding diameter k. If k
r
is the same for two pipes, the pipes are geometric ally similar with
geometrically similar wall stirfaces.
24 NACA TM 1292

There remained to be determined whether in these t wo pipes for a

given Reynolds number the resistance factor A. would be the same and
whether the function A: f(Re) would yield a smooth curve .

There vas further to be determined whether the velocity dlstribu -

k
tlons for pipes with equal relative roughness are similar and hov
r
they vary ",1 th the Reynolds number. The measurements shoy that there Is
actually a function A. = f(Re} . The velocity distributions for a gi ven
relative roughness show a very slight dependence on the Reynolds number,
but on the other hand, the form of the velocity distribution is more
pronouncedly dependent on the relative roughness. As the relative rough -
ness increases, the velocity distribution assumes a more pOinted form .
A study of the question whether the exponential law of Prandtl also appl i ed
to rough pipes showed that vel ocity distributions may be expressed by an
exponential law of the form u = ~yn in which the value of n increases
from 0 .133 to 0.238, as the relative roughness increases .

Experimental data were obtained for six different degress of rela-

tive roughness with Reynolds numbers ranging from Re = 10 4 to 106 . If
flow conditions are considered divided into three ranges, the observa-
tions indicated the following characteristics for the law of resistance
in each range.

In range I for small Reynolds numbers the resistance factor is the

same for rough as for smooth pipes . The projections of the roughening
lie entirely within the laminar layer for this range.

In range 11 (transition range) an increase in the resistance factor

vas observed for an increasing Reynolds number . The thickness of the
laminar layer is here of the same order of ~tude as that of the
projections .

In range III the resistance factor is independent of the Reynolds

number (quadratic lav of resistance) . Here all the projections of the
roughening extend through the lBminar layer and the re sistance factor A
is expressed by the simple formula

1 ( 4)
r)2
log k

If a single expression is desired to describe the resistance factor

for all rs.nges, then for all of the test data
plotted against (lOg V~k) in which (V* = tl- r
(.!.-. - 2 lOg~) may be
The resulting general
.4 NACA TM 1292 25

expression Is:

1
). • - - - - - - " - - - - - - ; ;
2 (ll)

(a + b log V;k + 2 log i)

in which the values of a and b are different for the different
ranges.

The velocIty distribution Is given by the general expression;

~!.... .= A + B log lk (16a)

v.

in which B = 5.75 and A = 8.48 with in the region of the quadratic

law of resistance, and in the other regions depends also upon V~k.
The relationship between the velocity distribution law and the law or
resistance 18 found to be:

u
-- - 5.75 log
v*
v
L
k
• 2~83
f).
- r)
( 5.75 log - -
k
~ • f ~log vv
~k) (20)

, ,
in which ~. 3.75 as determined from the Von Karman velocity distribu -
tieD law

U - u

Integration of the precl~d1ng equation yields;

(17a)

and from this, by means of the velocity dls~rlbutlon law, the ratio of
the average velocity u to the maximum velocity U may be plotted
vok
against v .

Finally, the Prandtl mixing length formula

P • Z2/ dy dy
!. l
dU dU
(27a)
26 NACA TM 1292

tJB.S used to obtain the variation of the mixing length 2 vith the
distance y from the wall. The following empirical equation resulted:

~ = 0 .14 - 0.08(1 - ?e)2 - 0.06(1 - ?et (29)

This empirical equation is appl i cable onJy to large Reynolds numbers

and to the entire range of the quadratic la.. of resistance, where
viscosity has no influence.

Translated by
A. A. Brlelmaler
Washington University
St. Louis, Missouri
April, 1937
 NACA TM 1292 27

REFERENCES

1. Praruitl, L.: Turbulenz und ihre Entstebung. Tokyo-Vortrag 1929,

J. Aeronaut. Res. Inst., Tokyo Imperial University, Nr. 65, 1930.

2. Van K~, Th.: Mechanische Ahnlichkeit und Turbulenz. Gottinger

Nachr., Math.-Phys . Klasse 1930 und Verh . d. 3. intern. Kongr. f.
te<::hn. Mech., Stockholm 1930 (Stokholm 1931), Bd. 1. (Available
as NACA TM 611.)

3. Nl~rad6eJ J.: Wlderstandsgesetz und Geschwlndlgkeltsvertel1ung van

tu:rbulenten WasserstrOmungen in glatten und rauhen Rohren.
Verh. d. 3. intern. Kongr. f. teehn. Mech., Stockholm 1930
(Stockholm 1931) Bd. 1, p. 239 .
4. Praruitl, L.: Zur turbulenten Stromung in Rohren und langs Flatten .
Ergeb. d. Aerodyn. Versuchsanst . zu GOttingen, 4. Lief., 1932,
p. 18.

5. Nlkuradse I J . : Geset~s61gkelten der turbulenten Stromung in glatten

Rob.ren. VDI-Forsch .-Heft 356, 1932.
/
6. Darcy, H.:Recherches, experimentales
, re1atlv'es au mouvement de 1 'eau
den.s, les tuyaux . Memolres a l'Academie d. :Sciences de llInstitute
im]perial de France, Bd. 15, 1858, p. 141.
/
7. Bazin, H. : Experiences .
, nouvelles S].lr la distrlbutation des vitesses
dw~s les tuyaux, Memoires a 1 1 Academie d. Sciences de l'Institute
de France, Bd . 32, Nr . 6, 1902.

8. v. M:1ses, R.: Elemente der technischen Hydro-dynamik. Leipzig,

B. G. Teubner 1914.

9. Stan1t.on, T. E.: The Mechanical Viscosity of Fluids. Proc. Ray. Soc .

London (A), Bd. 85, 1911, p. 366 .

10 . SchLller, L. :
., "
Uber den Stromungs ..... i derstand vo::m Rohren verschiedenen
Querschnitts und Rauhlgk.eitsgrades. Z . angl~""' , Math. Mech., Bd. 3,
19:~3J p . 2.

11. Hopf., L .: Die Messung der hydraulischen RauhJgkeit. Z. ange\l.

Ma1~h. Mech. Bd. 3, 1923, p . 329 .
.,
12. Fronn:n, K.: Stromungs..... iderstend in rauhen Roh:ren. Z. ange...... Math.
Mech. Bd. 3, 1923, p. 339·
28 NACA TM 1292

13. Fritsch, W. : Der Einf'luss der Wandxauhigkeit a\lf die turbulente

Geschwlndlgkeitsvertellung in Rinnen . Z. angE!l"', Math . Mech . Bd . 8 ,
1928, p. 199.
14. Treer, M. F. : Der Wlderstandsbei",ert bei turbul.enten Stromungen
durch rauhe KanA1e . Phys. Z. Bd . 9, 1929, p. 539 .
15. Treer, M. F. : Die Gesch~indigkeitsverteilungen be1 gradlinisen
turbulenten Stromungen . Phys. Z. Bd . 9 , 1929, p. 542.

16. Kumbruc,h, H.: Messung stromender Luft mittels Staugeraten.

Forsch .-Arb . log. - Wes . He£t 240, Berlin 1921. (Available as
NACA TM 302 . )
0., .
17 . Hof'fmann , A.: DeT Ver!ust in 90 - Rohrkr1immern [[tit gle~chblelbendem
Kre1squerschnltt . Mitt. hydraul. Inst . T . H. MUnchen , published
by D. Thama, Heft 3, 1929 , p . 55 .
.
18. Blasius, H. : Das Ahnllchkeltsgesetz be1 Reibungsvorgangen in
Flussigkeiten . Forsch.-Arb . Ing . -Wes. Heft 13:1, Berlin 1913 .

19. Prandtl, L.: Reibungs'W'ider stand . Hydrodynamische Probleme des

Schiffsantriebs . Published by G. Kempf and E. Forster 1932, p. 81 .

20 . Prandtl, L. : Neuere Ergebnisse der Turbulenzforschung . Z. VDl Bd. 71,

Nr. 5,'1933 , p. 105 . (Available as NACA TM 720.)

21. Prandtl, L. : Zur turbulenten Strdmung i n Rohren und langs Platten .

Ergebn Aerodyn . Versuchsanstalt. Gottingen, 4. Lief, 1~32 , p. 18.

22. Prandtl, L.: Ergebnisse der Aerodyn . Ver suchsanstalt cOttingen,

3. Lil~f, 1927, p. 1.
/ /
" laminare und turbulente Reibung . Z. ange .....
23. Von Kar:m.an, Th.: Uber
Math. Me ch . Bd. 1, Nr. 4, 1921, p . 233 . (Available as NACA
TM 1092.)
24. Nikuradse, J.: Untersuchunge~ uDer dle Gesch.... lndlgkeltsvertel1ung
In tU.['bulenten Stromungen. Forsch. - Arb. log . -Wes . Heft 281,
Berlin 1926.

25 . Nlkuradse, J . : Uber turbulente Wasserstromungen in geraden Rohren

bei sehr grossen Reynoldsscben Zahlen. Vortrag a. d. Geb. d.
Aerodyn . u ver.... . Geb., Aachen 1929, published 'by A. Gll1es, L. Hopf,
, , 6
and Tb. V. Karman, Berlin, J. Sprlnger 1930, p. 3.
26 . Prandtl ., J . :Bericht uber Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten
Turbu:lenz . Z. ange .... Math . Me ch . Bd . 5, Nr. 2, 1925, p. 136.
(Available as .NACA TM 1231.)
NACA TM 1292

27 . Prandtl, L.: Bericht uoer neuere Turbulenzforschung . Bydrau11scbe

Probleme, Berlin, VDI -Verlag 1926, p . 1 .

28 . Prandtl, L . : Uber ausgebildete Turbulenz . Verh . 2 . intern . Kongr.

f . techn . Mech . , Zur ich 1927 .
30 NACA TM 1292

TABLE 1

DIMENSIONS OF TEST PIPES

d = inside diameter la = outle t length

le = approach length x = tot al length

II "" measuring length I ~ : relati ve total length

d
In ::: measuring length n

d le II In I x
(mm ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
a
(mm) -xd
25 750 500 500 50 1800 72
50 1495 1000 1000 75 3570 71. 4
100 4000 1500 1000 550 7050 70 .5
NACA TM 1292 31
TABLE 2

U ar./a ." ClIJ2/. ~

<Ix
dyn/cm. 3 log Re log(1oo ).)
1
1/i:-2 log r/k log
v.k
V- 21 _c u
U

r/k .. 501
k .. 0.01 011 d .. 9.94 cm log r/k .. 2.105

15 ,45 0.on8 0 . 000351 4.114 0.456 0.51 0.000 4.95 0.B15

20 .2 .0118 .000514 4 .230 .438 .64 .000 '.35 .819
25.0 .0118 .000840 4.322 .411 .79 .oB, 5.7:> .824
27.3 .0118 .00097:> 4.362 .407 .86 .117 5·95 .825
27·3 .on8 .000966 4 . 362 .403 .68 .114 6. "" .824
34.4 .0118 .OOl'~ 4.462 . )81 1.05 . 212 6 .... .825
36.B .0118 .00161 4.491 .380 1.06 .236 6.55 .830
40.4 . 0118 .00195 4· 532 .366 1.16 .267 6.80 .829
44.0 .on8 . 00230 4.568 .365 1.11 ·310 6 .87 .832
46,4 .0118 . 00251 4. 591 .356 1.24 .322 7.05 .832
50.0 .on8 .00285 4.623 .3 47 1.31 . 348 7·25 .834
55.9 ,on8 .003 47 4.672 · 333 1.41 · 391 7.50 .836
58 .5 .on8 .00372 4.690 . 324 1. ... .407 7.72 .835
61.8 .0118 .00410 4.716 .,20 1.52 .428 7.85 .838
69.0 .on8 . 00496 4.763 .301 1.62 .470 B.05 .839
76 .0 . 0118 .00597 4.806 .303 1.65 .508 B.oB .842
84.4 .OllB .(xm8 4.851 .292 1.74 .,49 8.45 .841
94.0 .ollB .ooB7B 4.898 .286 1.79 .593 MB .844
103., .on8 .01067 I..9he .:n8 1.86 .638 B.78 .843
106.0 .0112 .0108, 4.973 .274 1.89 .661 B.B> .845
114.0 .OH2 .01255 5.009 .274 1.90 .694 B.89 .848
119.8 .0112 .01378 5·025 .272 1.92 .713 B.95 .845
120 .0112 .01,1, ,.049 .270 1.93 ·733 B·97 .847
147 .0116 . 0<?02 , .100 .262 2.00 .781 9.17 .846
162 .0116 .02 45 5.1 43 .260 2.02 .829 9·25 .847
184 .0116 .0314 5·199 ·255 2.05 .87B 9.29 .849
201 .0116 .0372 5 .236 .253 2.07 ·919 9.)6 .847
217 .0116 .0435 5·270 .255 2.06 .944 9 . 35 .849
223 .0116 .0458 5.281 .2'3 2 .07 ·9'9 9.)6 .849
234 .0116 .0501 5.303 .250 2.10 .971 9.45 .846
2'" .0116 .0565 5.326 .252 2.oB 1.004 9.42 .851
287 .0120 .0760 5·317 .255 2.06 1.053 9.35 .847
325 . 0120 .om 5. 430 .2'3 2 .07 1.107 9.)6 .849
375 .0120 .1310 5. 493 .258 2.03 1.172 9.25 .849
412 .0120 .15~ 5.53 4 .260 2.01 1.2H 9.19 .846
""5 .0118 .1850 5.574 .262 2.00 1.255 9.15 .84B
.0118 .2320 5.608 1.303 .845
""
516
551
.0120
.0118
.2560
·2920
5.630
5.668
.290
.272
.272
1.95
1.96
1.92
1.317
1 · 352
9 .05
8 . 95
8 .95
.848
.846
607 .0118 . 3540 5.709 .272 1.91 1. )94 8.93 .84B
602 . 01~ . 3520 5.7:>6 .278 1.87 1.446 8.8] .845

.
-
655 .0105 ,4190 5.792 .279 1.85 1.48] B.7:> .846
720 .0105 ·5100 5.833 .283 1.82 1.525 8.67 .844
.0091 .6340 5 ·940 .286 1.80 1.63] 8.6] .846

lU
845

m
.0091
.0086
.0086
.0086
\i ... a""rage velocit.y
v ... k1nematic viscosit.y
.7100
.6050
. 7000
5.965
5.929
5.954
5.987
.268
.289
.268
.286
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.6~
1.623
1.648
1.680
B.55
8.,1
8.55
8.57
k • average proJect.ioIl of roughness
.84,
.84<
.845
.845

~ .. pl'1!asure grad1ent.
v
• .. irr;
, .. "1'rlctlon" velocit.y
TO .. abearlng st.ress at val.J.
"'
Re .. iT • Reynolds number p .. density
d .. 2r • diameter of pipe U .. !IlU1mum velocity
it .. dynamic pressure for average velocity
C • '.75 log k -
, a
>.. .. ~f" reslst.ance factor
32 NACA TM 1292

TABLE 3

u cm/a v c:.'!J.2 /s ~ dyn/cm 3 log Re 10g(loo ).) 1- 2 log r/k log ..:Jt:.:
-
v k 2. 83 _ c u
y,; v Vi: U

r/k • 252

k · O.Olcm d=4.9 4 cm log r/k .. :?401

43 .4 0.0132 0.0055 4.210 0 . 4506 1.15 0·290 6.71 0.816

51.0 .0132 .00726 4.279 .43109 1.26 · 352 7·10 .820
78.2 . 0132 . 01524 4.465 .3808 1.65 · 513 8 . 21 .830
86.0 .O:l32 .01715 4.507 .3636 1.77 . 545 8 . 55 .831
94.8 . 01)2 .0213 4.5 49 ·3579 1.82 .584 8.68 . 830
1011.0 .O:l30 .0255 4.597 . 3562 1.84 . 630 8. 75 .832
116 . O:l30 .0308 4 . 644 .3434 1.94 .612 9 · 01 .836
158 . O:l30 .0549 4.n8 · 3257 2.08 . 798 9.J.2 .838
174 .0130 .0668 4.820 . 3282 2.06 .840 9. 36 .840
214 . O:L28 .1000 4.916 .3222 2 . 11 . 934 9.54 .842
252 . 0128 .1315 4.987 .3197 2.12 1.003 9.55 .841
296 .0128 .1900 5.051 .3210 2.11 1.073 9 .53 .839
322 .0126 .2265 5·100 .3228 2.10 1.118 9.50 .837
382 . 0126 .3160 '.113 .3197 2.12 1 .190 9 ·55 .840
407 .0:124 .365 5·210 .3216 2.06 1.229 9 . 38 .841
468 .0120 .490 5 .283 ·3322 2.03 1·307 9·25 .836
555 .0118 . 102 5. 366 .3416 1.94 1·391 9 ·03 .833
735 . 0116 1·257 5. 494 . 3504 1.89 1.526 B.85 .833
664 . 0086 1.037 5.580 .3562 1.65 1.615 8. 75 . B32
734 .0086 1.280 5.623 . 3602 1.80 1.660 8. 6, .B32
879 .0086 1.850 5·702 . 3636 1.78 1. 740 8.57 .832
121 .0117 . 0329 4.708 . 3371 1.99 · 732 9 ·15 .836
486 .0119 · 530 5 · 305 .3328 2 . 03 1.328 9·25 .836
854 .0120 1.724 5 . 544 .3562 1.85 1.580 8.75 . 832
1104 .0089 2.925 5.787 .3661 1. 76 1 . 842 8.53 .834
k-O.D2cm d"9.94cm log r/k z 2 . 401

72·3 0 . 0128 0.0058 4.748 0 · 3335 2.02 0 . 769 9.25 0 . 836

95·5 . 01.28 ·00986 4.869 .3228 2.10 .884 9.46 .840
116.0 . 01.28 .01411 4.954 .3210 2.12 .966 9·53 .839
175·5 .01.28 .0331 5 . 134 . 3210 2 .12 1 . 146 9· 53 .840
232 . 0).28 .0589 5 · 255 .329 4 2.05 1.272 9·30 .838
309 . oll8 . 1080 5 . 415 .3 434 1.94 1. 458 9·02 .B30
454 . 0llS . 2375 5.580 .3551 1.84 1.692 8.75 .806
666 .0llB ·522 5.748 .3608 1.80 1.782 8.64 .B32
833 . 01.18 .828 5.845 .3666 1.76 1.881 8.50 .B31
697 ·0091 .583 5.881 .3688 1.75 1·919 8.49 .B31
710 .0091 ·719 5.924 ·3727 1. 71 1 . 964 8.37 .B31
850 ·0091 .B72 5.967 ·3705 1. 72 2 . 004 8.42 .B30
880 .0089 .816 5·991 .3716 1.72 2.000 8. 40 .841
IT _ average velocity k - average projection of roughness
v _ klnemat.ic viscosity
2- . pressur-e gradient vi! - ff c "friction" velocity

Re .. vud ..
Reyno1ds number
TO .. shearing stress at vall
p - density
d _ 21' = dlareeter of pipe U - maximum velocity
q - dynwnlc pressure for average _locity r
C - 5.75 log k - a
). -2- ~ - resistance facto!'
5 NACA TM 1292 33

"00/, y c.2jl ~ dyn/c. 3 log R. lOfj:(lOO ~)

,
fr. . 2 log r/\ ,~
..."
.~ !:..!!}. _ c
"
ij

,I'
'"
"

.-- .
k _ 0.01 ell ~.2.~7~"'" 1011 r /k • 2.10

~.8 3.6)0 ,.". ,.., o.08:m ,·93 ,.",

"., ."""" ,."" .'"
0.0132 0.001022

n,
.01)2 3 . 6~
."., .1 ... kI8 6.01
· ""
....""....'"
.,;6 .l60)lo7 6.ro .".
.'" 3·71'
.0132
. .,,, .19"700 6." ·m
Y'.'
.,..
.01)2 .0011 ' 1 . 01

".,
3~.~ .01)2
.01)2 .00996
,,.",
.
.,1,
].610
3.833
."
l.IO
L~
.21Om
.260~1
6.61
6 . ~l
.."
~1.6 .0132 .01210 $ L"
......."
·lLl~
,."
7.1'

.-.. .... ,,.'".'" .""

".8 .0132 .013" 1.33 .3)>a6
,.""
k7.'
k9 . 2

..
".,
"
.01)2
.01)2
.01)2
.013:1
.01loBO
.01'70
.Ol~
,.", ..."""
k.Ol'
• . 111
,·91
·.71
l.k]

1.61
.,.",
.3"S03
, In '\97
.,.", ,. '" .=
8 .10 .""
.""" .•'1
".,
83.1
IH.o
.01)2
.0132
.01)2
,,'
.0713
4.196
•. 26,
. · ]30 .'"
, k2.
.•1'
L"
L"
1·93
".r.~
.63)·1
.690;)6
8.",
8.ao
,."
.&a
...,..
.&a
.
"9 .'
136.'
1'1·'
.01)2
,(11)2
.01)2
.<>900
.<>99<>
."'"
",

..•.,u.,.
."
• • ~1Q
.•u
.,,,
."'"
L99
2 . 03
2.10
.71o'IU

.~)·3
,."
,"",569
9.16

9.·7
,." ......,8
.....'"."',
167 .Q .01)2 ,1·32
."'.m"
2 .H
.'""" ,."
.", .. ...
'.ll
"""" ,."
<13.0 .01)2 .1'", .86:)10

'"
~,

'"
.0133
.,n)2
.01)2
. 1823
..
..
.....,,,.'"·"" ....""""
'" .'"
.",
2.1,
2.16
2.17
.91):~
. n~7
l.~""~
,.6'
,." .'"
."'...,
~, .01)2
."'" 2.11 1.11'<29 9·'3

"'
"'m"""
.01)2
.0128
.,,'" L'" ..,.,
4.910 ""
."" '2.0'
.<>9 1. 11'>09
l.261m
,.',.ro
,. ~

.""
."',
,.~

' .00 ...,

.In\ 1.3/0';7\
.0128
.,,'" 2.",
1.33'
,.=
'.~7 .. "
. ~,
2.01
,." 1.0z~
1.1t8'/&.';
" .".
'"
'"
.0128 3.1~ ,.161>
.'"
1.93
, .9<> l. '3"~ 8." ."'"
_ • 0.011 COl d·9·92c. 10fl r/k • 2 . 10

''''
n>
,."""
."""
O.l~
.ro,
, .~l
,).616
,.",
o . \~
,\'3
L"
l. 7\
1 .9661"
1.99"139 ..
8."
~ "."'"
.81'
.".
"....""
~.
."",
.""" .",
."'"
.238
,.6~
.""1
.'" .."L" lL03383
2.~).106
8."
6.\7 .&,
.".
."'" .,,'
...-.-.---
, .;oa .u, 2 .09,,00 8.";
. 3\1 '.736
,.;,.; .."
,"\,
L"
l. 7• 2. 111>61 8.'" .".
.'"
'"",
,,8
."",
.""" .n· .ho
""
·•,\9"
,.m
,.m
.\\,
··.'.'""
.....'"
L"
L"
L"
2 .1):t9\
2 .1 :li~
2. 1T/Y> ....
8."
8." .619
.811
,.831
.. " . 819
'"
.--
Ln 2.21'~ 8.'1
'9<>
'.6" .&,
'" .'" ,.87" 1.79
,."
2.W!Io,

..
.&,
'"
",
", .6",
.",
, .89\
'.9"
·. \\7
.'"
·.~
1.76
L"
2.~J1O
2.:n:1D.
2.)O!Xi3
8."
.."
8."
.619
.616

""u,
.e;;
,.,.,
',961 .. ao 2.)3"1116 ' .6<> .'."7"
...,
.9'1 • 10109 Ln 2.~~rnI 8 . ,1

._, ..,.0109
',970
..01" .u,
.. 8.~
,~ L= 1.18 . 618
.OllT .~ "" .'" L9<>
,."
2.16)'3'
1.311i911 '.9' .,,,
,.'" ......
~ 1.\ IJ}96 8."
.",
,~ .!lUT
u. .0111
."""
.,,"" .\1' 'LOO
.00 1.J8:~ 9.~
,.'" .'"
.00 ·"', I
.".
l.\6Iin
'"
'"".
.01lT
. OUT . 03"1
, .100
',1)0
~
1·93 1 .~9I~ ''.9<>
.'·"',"
'"
,,8
.OllT
,(Hn
."'''
."'" ,.", .."
.'" ' .119
,,196
, .9<>
1.91
La;
l . ~m;
1.~.67 8.9'
.""
,."" ....""
.OHT .43' 1.'59:~ 8."
,.",
".=,,,
m
.OU7.",u
."""
L9<>
,." 1.:59329 8.9<>
, .ao
.'"
. e~9

,."" ..."
.OU7 1.6z121
.""
.<>696
I'''' ~ 1.6\"138 8.;6

.-
.(Iln

'.n .""
L"
.Oll' . o;~l ~ L" 1.69_173 8."
un .ooea
.""" .""" .0:110..'"....."
' . .J.lO
' .330
L"
1.8]
1. 6e12~
I.l0"l, '
,.'" .""
,.~
."'"
.818
' 9<>
.""" .""" ,, .;66 1.721028

""'" ..8.6<>" .""."".&6"

1.6]
,., ."""
.""" ."'" .:)93 .
' . 3:lO
L'" l.7~m 8.67
.'
.-
1 . ~136

",
.~ L'"
". ."""
.""" .<>9'
.""7
~.\23 ~
L" 1.8000] ",

",
'"
."""
.""" .,"""
"'"
·...'"
.u,"
'.\32
,.~"
,. \')ti
.~,
L"
,.;6
1. 7\
l.SlIm
L.8];ll'
1.a,'91 .... .".
6.'1
.817
.'.&."
'"'" .ooa,
.ooa,
·.,"" .u,
,."" .'"
'.~l
, . ,~
L"
L"
1.~r.'7..i
1.9~;1OO
8.'3
8.'3 .816

'"-
u • • ''''''Il10
.1'33
..,10<1 '1
'.;6 l.9EKKlO 8.,1
k . ....... 9l'O,I<<:tloo or rougItno ••
v _ k1--.Uc Ybcooltl
~ • fre e.un gr~lont
v• • f-! . "(rl.U.... • ..,loc 1t7
TO' .b.,.,-tne; .tn-.. at vall
Re • !!J- • Reynold. """bot, p • den .lt~
d • 2r _ dl .... tu of "Ipe U _ au1aao ..,1""-lt1
If - ~lo pr.... ure tor ..er~ ... 10<:1t1 C.,.~108f·a
1 • ~~ _ I"ulnu.co factor
 NACA 'I'M 1292

, .-f-, ,,
ii f:Ij/. y r:a2/.
I ~ 47r</f:lj3
I 1011 Re
I 1011(100 .\,1
I =jl • 2 1011 r/l
I lac ,@.,

.-.-
r/ll. • 60

".,
23.8 0.0l28

.""
,.- • • 0.02

3.6)3
,.m
<11. • • 2 •• ~ ca

0·:193
.m ,."
loe. r/k. 1.18

...,&"
O.Hl ,",0
8.1~
0.7'91
·m
.,'" ,.,., .,n '"
'-"
.....•"
28.9 ).7100 .",
"., .,'" .'"
.,u '-"
.,~ 8.19
,."
,." .",
'M .,,," .010)0 ,.1151
'-" .,~

". ,
]9.' .01.28 .0108l1 ,.",
'.m
.,~

..'-""
1.83 .,~ 8.18

...
."-" .012. .,u .on '.n .."
"'., .,uo .01:5(/ ,.", .,u .MO ,.n .""
".,
".,
".,
.,uo
.'uo
.,""
.""
.~~
,.",
•. 07
.m
.~.
,.~

,.w .711 ,." .M

."fI'7
,."
..,..,.,.
9·'1
"., .. .,,,"
.~

.'m
'.000
•. 1/.1
..." 2·ll
'.w
·m .,.,
.~

",
102.~
'-'0.'
.,,,"
.,,,"
.,'"
.,.,.
.""
..
."'''
",
..
~.2)6

~·391
",
..
.... 2.1'
2 . 1,
2.18
.It/l
.'0
.9';>9
9·'7
9·13
9.73
'.n .....&,....
.&,

.'" ,."
1.0''13

.."" .....,'"
ll,.6 .il", ~.'l..I! 2 . 1~ I.U9 .810
111.0 .0l.28
.,.,. .,.,
I.. ,1.2 2.13 I. 2:!O 9.61

.... "''"
18:1.' .01.28 . 21~ 2.1' 1.2'08 9.13 .811
'-"., .
.""
181.0
~.,
.,=
.,=
.2)}'
.""
."'"
", .,,'
."
·m
2.07
2.11
I.~;,
1.~16
9.'1
,."
,.~ .'"'
.'"
...,
I.~'.

.""
,.~

.,,, ,.'" ,."

'"..
.&,
"'-
~.
~
.ou8
.0118
·m
..'"
..
",
",
.".
.m
.m
,.~
1.3101
I. )110 ,."
,."
.... ,.,
.0Wl '.00 I.~l.' .M
.ou6 .• 7. ~.11oO
'-" 1.lo(iQ 9·17 ."'"
.~U6
.'"
.'"
",
·'11
.'"
.'"
1.9 • l.iI'~1l 9·12
.'"
..
....'-"'-'"'-"'
....'".
,p
'"
.OU~ U3l3 1.,,17 ."

."....
8.97

'"
".
.Ollll
.ou.
.m
1.16, 10.9)0 .'"
..~,
1.,,"6
1.6(~
,."
8.76
."

""
on
.ou~
.OU.
..""
,-no
,."
..".
'.0' •
,~
.~,
. '-"
1.61'13
1.1t09
8.87
,."
,."
..'-""
.OH . ,.,-" ~, '-Oo
.m
'"
m
.01H
.ou.
.ou.
,.~
3.8,
~.'7
,.083
,.1&,1
,.231
.~,
·m
.m
'-TO
1.83
1.!i8
1.\ICi·)
1.9l-1
8.67
M'
'.TO
.~

.""
'" k. 0.08 ca toe. .. h " 1. 78

.-
• • 9.8 ca

= •. m
." . ...." ,.""
.'"'"., ...,
1).01)2
.. 1.603
O.Oi8i 8.83
il' .0132 .=
,,.. '.9?"
O.,~

.,., ,."' 1.6)1 ,." .. "

U. .0132
.bUII ..,,.. ".
,."" .,,,
.,., ,....
'-
I 1.1ie,
1.760
8.16
'.M .000

-
.01}2 '.033 l.81 1.163 '.n .000
." ·om
.OU.
."'"
.""'-
'.1)0
'.HO
.~,
·m
1.78
'-"
1.86,
1.906
8.67 .",
.~
~,

=
.,'"
.,'" .m> ,.196 .~,

.'"
.,,, ...·n"
'-n 1.9I!8 ,."
M'
'.n .'"
.....
...,
,.2l0 1.!jI6,
,., .,'" ·0933 .~

'" .,'" '"'" l.7i1 1.99 6 8.'7

.-
..1158 ,.283 ·m 2.011 8.\7
.,'" .",
'"
m .0119
.1JlO

.,'"
.1383
'.l'-'
....
,'··70
'.l>O ·m ....""
1.7i1 2.~9
2.089
8.51 .",

...,.", .'"...."",
8.il7

,,'
Jll

.u,'",
l"T'-
.OU9
.OU9
.ou6
."""
.n'
,.."
,.,.,
·m
.,.,
.",
.,,, ...."" 2.1~3
2.207
2.229
M'

.m
.~

~.
.Oll6
.ou6
.Oll6 .'"
.,~
'.,1,
,.,,~ .,,,
.,~
1.1
,."
,."
I.,•
i1 2.~2
2.285
2.~ •
,."
8.'7
,.'" .~
·m
."
."
,,.
.Oll6
.0116
.0116
. ,p;

......,.
.• u
,.,~
,.~

,...,
,.621
."1
·m
.'"
.,.,
.,.,
...,
,."
....,."""
a.3a
2.).»
2.~
,."..
,."
8."
,."
,."
.m
.",
.",
." .0116
.011, ."'-
,,.",
,.6U
. '.m ,."
,." .....
.~

,.,,,,,,,
,~ .ou,
.,.
.'" ." ·m
.", ..., 2.]91 .",

.", ...."",
.0115 1.1i1 2.)90,
.011, ,.'"
,.,H .'" 2.h,)
8.'7
,.~
.'"
'"
.OU'
.OU'
.617
.",
.,,,
,.691 ·"3
.."1
1.73

....""
1.1·
2.~l
2."1
...
8."
,,."
8.', .~

,.,'"
.011, .810 ,.708 ,~ 2.1,80 ·m
'" .OU' '.~1
,.m ·m
.'"
.,.,
2.10911
,.., .""
"'-

'"n'no
.,=
.Oll'

.,= ....'"
",
~.e36
,.'" ·m
1.7'

.."
.. n
2.,Q';
2.'''11
2.60:1
8.51

,.,.
8. il9
.~

.""
...·m,
."'"
...,,, ~ '.91. .m
."" .. "
1.73
,.""
2.61,U
,." .'"
,~

'"
.".
."", .. ,.,
u",
1.;'98
'.916

,.'"
,.~~
.".
.,,, 1.1'
1·11
k " ...,.._
2.6/)(;
2.699
FO~HOII
8.'7
8:'7
ef ~..
.b
.m
'11" . . . . . . . . . 1oc:\t1

f! . "rrl.""""
_r
v • kl_tle "1"","'1~1
Y. " ftloc:lt,.
~ _ pr. . . " .... ,,"&<lIen'
~o - .b. . rl ........... t " ..U
~• • ~ " ~ .• ynolob
p " ~"'lt1
~ • 2r • 4,_ur of pipe U ..... ~ ... loc:U,.
q " ~IC p.... I>J'I for ..... r _ wlOC:U1
~. ~t . ... l • ......,.. (.."","
e-,."l"'1i·'
NAeA 'I'M 1292 35
' .... 6

, 21 "llr{k ,•
ii caI.
I v ".2/.
I ~ d:fn/.".3
U
I leg lie
I 10&(100 q
I vr- 10&~
•
~
'" - C

-.-
• (k • ».6

2'.9
"..
0.01l9
.0129
.•m
...."""""'"
~.O.()Ioc.

,.""
3.672 ...,.,.,.,
<I..2.~3~""

",
1"11 ./k •
'.09
,.w
1.1066

0.732
.'"
.
,."
,.,.
9.'7
..
.19'
",

".6
.•m
3 . 7106
,.,.,
3· 763 ·m
'·09
,." .",
."
9.~3 ··'"
'"
".,
"'.7
,,., ..'"
.• m
.""''' ,.'" .'" 2.1~
.,.,
.'" 9.67
'"
".,
"'., .'m
·'m ..'"
.(11)2
.0126 '.869
).Bel
.",
.",
.,78
2.13
2.07
2.11
.... ,."
,.66
·.19'
'"
·.197
.,.,
·933 9·73
~,.o ,.m .,78 .93~ .m
"..
.'''9 .0161
.M" .", 2.17
,."
9.7\
.m
.,.,
~,., .0129 2.1~
3.93'
,1.6
.0123
.0123
.018"
.021~ .."'" '.978 .,78
.",
2.17
2.1)
1.0]2
L""
9.7\
,." .196
·797

"'..
".6 .0123 ."", ~ . 0l09 2.1~ 1.107 ,.66 ·m
67.~
68.'
.0123
.0123
.0123 .. ..
.0303
.0370
".
' .079
~.12~
\.130
• .,.,
.m
·m
'.09
2.10
,.'"
1.1110
1.163
1.196
9.'1
9.'3
,.",
·.m
·19'
'"
•. 190 .m ,.", ,." .m
."'" ....·.m,..
78.' .0123 .0)11
.""
1.2)'

w,
9~.2
98.7
,.,
.0123
.0123

....'"'"
".
". :::1 LOO
L"
L97 ..,.,'" ..
1.336 9.2\
9.10
·790

,.,""
···790
..
.6~

"""
.0123 ·09~ 9·19

", ·m
.""
.'19 ·.6)3
.639
.'"
.'"
La.
L19
1.667
1. 7100
.,..
· '"
...'"'l"
300

,,, ....""'"
.ou6
.ou6
..,,."'"
'.J68
""
...,
'.199
'.m
,,.066
. \.96'
."
.6>6
.6>6
L78
1.73
1.73
L13
L"
1.993
2.0':11
""
,.2.1:58
e.19
e.\9 """"
··.78'
.."
.", e."
.oun .6" Ll" 6.\1 · re>
".
". .'''"
.'''"
'\.1\
.l3<> ,.131
,.176
.6"
.6"
L76
L76
2.223
'.'1" e.'7 ,.,
··m
~ • 0.06 ". ~ ••. 67 1011 r/k • 1.10.&5

.......'" .... ...,.,·'",.,'"

CII

70·. 0.0128 .."" 0.637 l.e3 L'" '.78

n·'
....,.
9'.\ ....'""" ."",
.0126
."'"
.()Iol) '.>60
.6",
.631
'.78
1.63
L78
1.)19
L'" '.19

..
113·2 ."", ~.636 ."7 1.721 6.63
.0128
..
1.7100
.'" 1.71 L'" e.,l .778

......,." ·.'",.,
"6 .010) .1010 1.630 .6>' 1.7\ ", e.,1
.u" .66.

..'" .",
.OIO) ." Ll" 1.9'7 e.\1 .778
= .."" .,...66,
.010) .=
.,,, '.990
'.100
,."" .'" L"
1.7'
2.083
,.""
.778

'"
.,..
.(10)
31'
.,. ...."""" .",
."7 L" 2.JlO
.m
·
....""
.010) ,.", L" 2.)67 e.\'
.", '·323 ."7 L78 2.\U 8 . 61
""
'"
.010) 1.9',
~.\70
'.\73
,.",
.6>7
.'" L"
L13
2.'!56,
2.1" · ,.,""

.-...
r/'" •
00
.,.",
O.Oill
.Olll
..."
0.(23)
1r. • 0.16 ca

1.93~
, .068
<I. • 9.61<

0.6'!56
.6'7
CII 1011

1.73
1. 72
1.lo6I;

2.032
2.167
....
e . \7
e. 1]
0 . 783
.m
.78•
..... .......""""
.Olll ' .170 . 6" 1.71 2 . 271
.,., .m
..
.011.1 e . ~9
'" '.223
,.m .6"
..'"",
1.73
'.13
2.321
,.".

............
· 78'
,," .0106
. 0108 .
'.3102
'.3" ."7
L" 2.~39
M'
6.\,
""
· ne
·.m
.."" ,.".
L" 2 ."1 6.\7

'" ·m
.... L71
,.'" e .~ 3
.0106 .", 2 .\19
,,.,..; .'"
.."".., .-
300 .m ,.1026 1.71 e. \ 3 .78,
.0106 .']6 .661 Ll" .m
'"
J68
..""
.0106 .", .6>7 L"
2.,...,
2.61\
· ""
.-
". .]67 ,.~1 2.6)9 e.1\ .778
.0108 .".
.>66 '·m
,.m
.",

.'"
."7
1.71
L"
1.71
,.'"
,.
2.&\ 8.1' .'"
.719

". ... .-
'"
.619
L=
,.8lO
,.66) .'"
.", 1.71
L"
." 8.\,
""
··719
.'"
2.961 6.11
1._30 .78,
'" '.916
,.", .""
1. 71 3.oH 6.·3

..""
." Lm
.'"
1.76 3 . 0)~ 6.'7
2.118 6.= 1.71 3.100 6 .1, .ne
·
ij" - .ooe·. ooel cclt , k • • ooer... ~J f:(;tlCIl ot
v • kilO_tie vlo<;o.lt:r
~ • 5I"' ....... e p-...U .... t y• • H· "tdcuca" ooe1ocltJ
TO" ~1 "fI .tr .... at van

d
"
It. • 11 • Jle;rnooJ.cls .u.ber
.2r • dl_t.er et 5Ilpe
I> • <Ie ... 1t:r
u• -...: ~ ...,locH,.
t .. d,--IC p"' ........ rer ._.... ooeloc1ty lOll! f-•
10. • ~ II .
",.I.~ to.c1.Ot"
C • , • ."
 NACA 'I'M 1292

ii r:a/0l ~ all. ~ d:fIIJe.) loS R. 1",,(100 l) *-21CK r/k 1011

..
T ~-C ,,
r- r/k • l'
"
k • 0.06 <=- do2.H2cI 10& r/t • 1.176
~.8
3~.,
37._
0.0l26
.,'"
.,'"
'.oom
.01260
'.TIO
,.,."""" ,.",
.'"
2.1\
2.13
1.1.88
1.~·39
,."
,." '.m
.m
"., .olm
""
··m '.09
,.06 1.~'16 9·'1 .M
.""
.-.-."'"
,.~ ·m
~.,
.,'" ,01920
.~'"
3.90'
.711 2.0111
1·'U-7
1.,rn ,.", .m
".,
'1.0

"'.,
.01.23
.0123 ."'"
.Woo
).9:i'
, .~
UlIIl
.,~

.73i11
.,~
1·91
1.9\
1.1,3'
1. l m
l.:.u
9 ·23
9.11 .'"
.16,
.%,
.()12)

.""
iII.016
'.m .," ,L8)
1.9· 9·13
.%,
".,
61.2

".,
.(12)
.0123
.0l23 .,'"
I.U.
•. 133
·m
.,'" L"
.", 1 . :.20
1·:"9
1.:072
9·03
8.93
,.06 ""
·.'"
n' .012] •. 179 ·1•• L" 1.619 ,.06 .,,,,
·M
"'., .012] .,"" •. 196 .". 1.8,
,." 1.6"1 8.80
.,,,
".,
,n
10:1.0
.012)
.012)
.0123
.,,'"
.u",
.,'"
'·m
'·m
iII·31 •
.""
.,,,,
.7l6 L"
l.18
1.1'18
1·1"37
1.1'67
8.'"
8."
8." .'.N"
ill.,
uS.O
12111.0
."12)
.0123
.(12)
.''''
.n6,
.1930
Io. )110

,. ""
'.)06
.%,
.m
.m
"50
1.1.
'.TI-
1·1'91
LtI22
l.l~l
6.1.
8."
8."
.",
.m
.7l6
131.0 .012) ,211117
,.."
•• 11110 ·m
.'"
LTI- 1.05, 8." .N
133.'
a9.0
169.0
196.,
.0121
.(12)
.(12)
.,=
.~'"
.""
.J"
.~93
...,."""
,.",
.m
·""
.>&
1.12
1.7\
l.n
Ln
l.lie4
1.92.
Lm
2.e"'9
8.10<1
8."
8.'3
8.'2
·m
.m
.N
.,,'
m .0121 .)80 \.630 .m L" 2.(61 8." .",

'" .01.21
.,= .900 '.m
""
·.,&
1.13 2 . 1.8\ 8.:;\ .7l6
.,,'
.
l.3~ \.ell Ln 2 •• '78 8.»
'"
...,.,'",.,m ... ·m ·m
.Ol20 L"" U16:; 1.1\ 2.,122 e.:;:;
.oll8 1. 116 ,.'"
,.'" .m 2.,1\2 .7l6
,,.""
L" 8."
.Ollr ·m 2.1-22 8.,\ .7l6
.Oll1 ,.~ .,& 1.73
1.72 2.1.~ ." .",
.",
,~

,,,
.Oll'
.0108
3.6n
\.019
,.."
,.""
:;.()Io2 .,80
.7&
.m
Ln
1.71
2.~OO
2.!66
8 .:;1
8.~ ·m
.'"
"" .OlOB
.0108
..".
,.~

...""
:;.1:;:;
:;.119
,.W
.1BI.
·m
1. 7'
'·n
1.1)
2.E09
2.(,)6
2.1·~
8."
8.»
8. ~ .'"
.",
'" k • 0.16 ClI d • Io.~ ClI 1<>& r/k • 1 ,%

"., 0.0132 2.91

,." ,."'
'."'"
'·m L" LtI99 8.)9 o.n(;
8'->
".,
"'.,
.0132
.0132 ,.'"
,." ,."" ·m
.m L"
1.73
I·So:I7
1.$'96
8."
8."
·m
.'"
128.,
1~.0
.0132
.0128
.,ll'8
8.~
1l.:lO
'.m
,.'"
'.m .",,'"
·
.m
l.n
L"
'-"
2.(",'
2 . 1.1010
2.:~0
8.'3
8.»
8.))
.N
.",
.",
1~.O .,." 11.30
,.'"
Io.SO, .," 2.jlOO 8." ·m
.,.,
.m
L"
l·n

.-
.0126 2.;127 8 .:;10 ·m
193.'
,u .,= 19·10
'·m '-" 2.;;91 8 . ,1 .m
23 ·00
.",
.,,... ,
as
~
.Oll8
.Oll8
.0118
2\.2
~.,
31.10
10·9\9
:;.002
,.'"
,.""
·m
·m
.m
.m
1."73
1.7\
L"
2 . 1009
2.1.60
2.1.6\
8."
.."
8 .:;3
.'"
.7l'
.m
'" ...". "'.,
33·0
,.139 .)8,
.,"
1.73
1. 72
2.:",
2.!99
8."
9.\9 .,,'
...". Ln 2.(;18 .7l6
'"
JJ7 .".
.".
103.2
)8 .,
w., ,.=
:;.156
:;.2)6
.m
.,80
1.7~ 2.611
2 . /~
8.\7
8.'3
8.,\
.m
.",
'" ."", "., .m
1.13
8.:;_ .7l6
'" .,., 1.13 2.,'67

'"
'u ."'"
."'"
.M'
106.0
13\.0
,.)60
'·310
:;.\10
,.'"
·m
.,80
,."
Ln
1.13
2.!1.16
2.{lr0
2.s006
8."
8 .,1
e.,\
.N
·m
.N
'" 1,a.O
.m .m
'"'""" .M' 2.91\ e.:;:;
."'"
16:;.0 :;.\" L"

..
.".
.".
"" ., 211.0 '.'1'
'.561
.)8'
.n8
,'"
'.n
1.110
2.5'76
].('30
e.:;l
8.:;\
·m
·m
.",
'" .""" 3".0 ,.613 ·.1$10 1.73 ].073 8.,1
,.m
'"
1018 .0072
Jo6.'
.)8,
1. 71
1.73
].1.:;2
]·.'93
8.1,7
8.,1 ·.''""
,,"
ll.3' .=
.""n
'30.0
6:;1.0
9".0
,.'"
'.8]10

'·m
.m
.m L"
1.7\
1-338
] . 1'11
8."
8.,1
.7l6
.",
""
,%
.""n
."",
llBo.o
.".,
'.008
:;.19J
.,'"
.,,,, 1.73
1.12
3. 1,.,
3·~'"
8."
8." ·""
.",
,,,, ."'" ""., .m ].,u.\
,....
UJO ~ .8:>7 1.1\ .7l6
.m'
.0016
918.0
1190.0
:;·930 .,"
.,,,, 1.11
1.73
].)87
3.1~
8.'3
8."
8.,\
.N
.7l'
""
*.
tr ... ver"" • ...,l<><:Hy
" - kl""_t1~ YIO<"o . l~y
"rrl~tlon' velocity
prenure u~lcn<
'0 • ohe ..rln,g n ..... at wOoll
Re • ~ • R.orno140 ~r
o • lie ... , tl
4 _ 2r • 41 . . . t.er of pip" U • -... ..... vel<><:lt1
It • ~!.o pre ..",... fOT ............ 1<><:!~1
C.:;."l<>&i-~
~ • ~
~,
!!. .... Iot&ne. tact.Cr
 TABLE 8

r/k = 507
d cm 9 .94 9 .94 , .94 9·94 9.94 9 .94 9.94
u cm/s 27 58 .5 119 . 4 217 516 720 838
102v cm2/s 1.18 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.20 1.05 0 . 86
10- 3 Re 22 ·7 49 .0 106 186 427 680 970
v* 1.514 3·0 5.74 10.2 24 .6 35 ·5 41.7
v*k
log - 0 .106 0 . 398 0 ·702 0 .936 1.303 1.53 1.686
v
u 8.68
- 5 .75 log y/k 6.3 7.8 9·12 9·52 9.28 9 ·0
v*

y/r u cm/s du
dy
u cm/s du u cm/s
dy
du
dy
u cm/s I du
dy
u cm/s du u cm/Si
dy
du u cm/.
dy
du
dy
0 .00 14 .8 - ---- 32 .2 ----- 58 .0 - - - - -- 98 .0 ------ 265 .0 -- - -- 422 -- --- 523 ------
.02 19 .0 29 .65 41.5 61.2 84 .0 122 .00 150 225 364 585 520 843 608 1022
. 04 21. 2 17 .23 45 .6 32 .6 94 .0 64 . 0 165 116 402 306 573 444 670 526
.07 23 ·0 9.46 9·7 19.0 101. 3 38 .0 180 69 432 178 625 256 725 309
.10 24 . 3 6.82 52 .2 13 . 94 106 .2 27· 3 190 50 458 129 652 182 761 222
. 15 25 .8 4.88 55 ·1 10 .00 112.0 19 ·7 201 36 487 90 689 128 803 153
.20 26 .8 4. 00 57 · 3 8.:: 116 .5 16.3 208 29 ·3 1505 72 119 101 832 119
· 30 28 .3 2.80 60 .5 5· !~ 123·0 11 . 4 220 20 .8 531 51 158 72 814 84
. 40 29 ·5 2.20 63 .0 4.47 128.0 9·23 230 15·9 552 38 .7 188 55 912 64
·50 30 . 4 1.80 64 .8 3.~ 132 .0 7.26 231 13·1 568 31. 8 812 45 940 52·5
.60 31.2 1.51 66.4 3 . ~~ 135 ·0 6 . 04 242 .5 10.8 581 26 .2 832 37 960 43.6
·70 31. 8 1.21 67 . 1 2.47 137 .6 4.80 241.5 8.75 591 21.4 848 30 978 35 ·5
.80 32 · 35 0 .98 68.8 1. 97 139 ·5 3.82 251.0 7.01 600 17·0 861 24 992 28.4
.90 32·75 .68 69 .1 1. 3~ 140 .8 2.65 253 .5 4.14 608 11.6 871 16.5 1003 19 .2
.96 32·90 .60 70 .1 .8 141. 2 1.64 254.5 2 ·93 611.2 1· 3 875 10 .2 1008 12 .0
.98 32·95 .42 70 .2 . 5~ 141. 3 1.16 254 .8 2 .08 611 .6 5.2 876 7.3 1010 8.1
1.00 33 ·0 -- -- - 70·3 ----- 141.4 ------ 255.0 612.0 - - --- 877 ----- 1011 ------
u = velocity at any point
y = distance from wall v* = \~ = IIfr iction" velocity
iId
Re = V Reynold s number
= TO = shearing stress at wall
IT = average velocity p = density
d = di~eter of pipe k= average project ion of roughness
v = kinematic v iscosity ~ = relative roughness
 TABLE 9 w
CD
r/k = 252
dcm 4.924 4.924 4.924 4.924 4.924 4.924
urrv/ s 50 .5 122 253.5 486 840 1127
1 v cm2/ s 1.17 1.17 1.205 1.19 1.20 0 .89
10-3 Re 21. 4 51.0 103.5 202 344 624
v* 2 .87 6.4 13 ·1 25.45 45.8 61.0
v*k
log V- 0 ·391 .728 1.032 1.321 1.573 1.826
~ - 5.75 log Y/k 7·7 9·10 8.56 9. 3 8.9 8.6
v*

y/r u cm/s du u cm/s du u cm/s du u cm/s du u cm/. du u cm/a du

dy dy dy dy dy dy

0.00 24 ------ 72.0 ------ 120 ----- 210 ------ 328 ------ 532 ----
. 02 35 112 86.0 265 170 565 332 1145 593 2106 794 2954
.04 39 60 94.2 139 192 292 374 600 658 1111 875 1526
.07 42.7 35 101.5 83 209 172 410 346 717 648 951 895
.10 45.2 26 107.0 60 221 125 432 254 759 462 1000 643
.15 47 .8 18 113·0 42 234 91 460 179 804 324 1062 443
.20 49.7 14.8 117.7 34 244 73 478 144 840 260 1107 346
· 30 52 .8 10.4 125 .8 25 262 52 506 103 892 184 1178 247
.40 55 .0 8.26 131.0 18 .9 273 40 528 78 930 142 1225 188
·50 56.8 6.80 134.7 15.6 282 33 545 64 961 118 1266 154
.60 58.3 5.80 138 .0 12 ·9 290 27 560 53 986 96 1303 127
·70 59 ·5 4.60 141.0 10·5 296 21.8 569 43 1006 78 1330 104
.80 60 .5 3.70 143.3 8.2 301 17 .2 578 34 .5 1024 62 1350 83
·90 61.2 2.56 144.8 5·7 303 .5 12 .0 584 23 .6 1036 42 1366 56
.96 61.5 1.56 145.6 3.54 304.8 7. 4 588 14 .6 1040 26 1369 35
.98 61.6 1.11 145.7 2.50 305·2 5·2 589. 2 10 .4 1042 18. 7 1372 25
1 .00 61. 7 ------ 145.8 ------ 305.5 ----- 590·0 ------ 1043 ------ 1373 ----
u = veloc ity at any point
y = distance from vall v* = ~= "frlctlontt velocity
Re = trd = Reynolds number TO =shearing stress at wall
v
u = average velocity p = density
d = diameter of pipe k = average projection of roughness
v = kinematic v iscosity r
it = relative roughness
 TABLE 10
r/k = 126
dcm 2. 474 2.474 2.474 2.474 9·92 9·92 9.92 9·92
u cm/s 81.8 117 238 530 205 374 575 820
l02v cm2/s 1.21 1.22 1.17 1.17 .88 .89 .89 .85
10-3 Re 16 .7 23.7 50·5 112 231 417 640 960
v* 4.90 6.7 13.25 30.8 12 .0 22 .28 34 .3 49.0
v k
log ....£:. .606 ·731 1.045 1.413 1.734 2.000 2.188 2 .361
v
..'0.. _ 5.75 log Y/k 8.75 9.14 9.55 9·35 8.75 8.50 8 .35 8.38
v*

y/ r ucm/sl ~~
dy
u cm/. du
dy
u cm/. du
dy
u cm/s du
dy
u cm/. du
dy
u cm/s du u cm/s
dy
du
dy
u cm/s du
dy

0.00 47 -- - - - 52.0 - - --- 109 ----- 262 - - -- 84 -- - - - 233 ----- 352 -- - -- 366 -- --- -
.02 59 370 79·0 527 159 1100 368 2660 135 271 250 516 .0 383 794 557 1670
.04 66 196 89.4 277 181 570 416 1385 152 138 284 270 436 397 619 616
.07 71.1 119 98. 4 164 199 340 454 818 167 82 312 158 476 237 676 380
.10 74.8 87 103.6 121 210 250 478 597 178 59 331 113 506 165 718 262
.15 79.8 61 110.0 87 223 179 513 425 169 41 350 80 536 120 760 181
.20 82 .9 49 115 .0 71 232 145 532 343 199 33·5 366 62 564 95 798 138
· 30 88.0 35 121.8 49 245 103 565 243 211 23.7 390 44 597 66 852 96
. 40 92·0 27 126.6 39 255 79 588 187 222 18.2 407 34 619 51 887 74
.50 95.2 23 130.3 32 263 66 606 154 229·5 14.9 419 28 640 42 916 60
.60 97 .7 19 .2 133.6 27 269 .3 55 620 128 235 ·0 12.2 431 23 657 34 939 50
·70 99 .6 15 ·7 136.4 21.7 275 ·0 44 633 104 240.5 10.0 439 19 667 27 959 41
.80 100.6 12 .3 138.6 17.3 280.0 35 644 82 246 .0 7.6 448 14 .1 678 21 979 31
·90 101.. 8.6 140. 7 12.1 284.0 24 652 55 248 .4 5·5 453 10 .3 690 15·2 988 22 .5
.96 102.0 5.3 141.6 7.4 285.7 15 655 35 249.5 3. 4 456 6. 4 696 9·5 994 14.2
.98 102 .1 3·7 141.8 5.2 286.2 10 .l 656 25 249 .8 2.4 457 4.6 698 6.7 996 10 .0
1.00 102 .2 ----- 142 .0 - --- - 286 .8 ---- -- 657 ---- 250·0 --- -- 458 --- -- 701 ---- - 998 ------

u = veloc1ty at any point v* =

T
pO = "friction" velocity
y = distance from wall
ud
Re = " = Reynolds number
TO = shearing stress at wall
p = density
IT = average velocity k = average projection of roughness
d
v
~
~
diameter of pipe
kinematic viscosity i = relative roughness
w
\()
 TAJlLE II

r/k • 60
dcm 2. 434 2. 434 2. 434 2. 434 9.8 9.8 9.8
u cm/. 76.2 147.6 330 .0 5411 .0 309 514 774
102v c.i!/. 1.21 1.22 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.15 1.12
10-3 Re 15. 3 29 ·5 70 ll6 271 438 677
v* 4.75 9·22 21.6 36.2 20·72 34 . 4 51.9
v*k
log - .903 1.180 1.574 1.809 2.164 2.378 2.568
v
:* - 5.75 log Y/k 9·50 9·55 9.09 8.7 8.50 8.48 8. 44

du du du du du du du
y/r u cm/. dy
u cm/a dy
u cm/.
dy
u cm/a
dy
u cm/.
dy
u cmJ. dy
u cm/a dy

0.00 34 .0 ----- 62 ----- 125 ------ 297 ---- 152 ----- 198 --- - - 259 - ----
.02 50.6 369 95 760 2ll 3550 392 3140 193 471 316 812 475 1240
.04 57.0 189 llO .5 390 250 950 436 1592 224 246 370 420 557 640
.07 62 .5 ll5 121 .0 238 271 575 464 950 245 143 4ll 246 624 373
.10 66 . 4 83 128 .5 172 293 422 496 687 266 104 442 175 666 268
.15 71·0 59 137.0 123 314 300 520 487 286 74 474 125 714 189
.20 74 .0 50 143 .0 100 330 255 558 400 300 59 500 98 753 146
·30 79 ·0 34 153.0 70 352 171 585 283 323 42 536 70 793 105
. 40 82 . 4 27 160.5 56 368 133 609 214 349 32 562 53 848 80
·50 85.0 22 166 .0 45 381 109 626 179 353 26.4 582 44 879 65
.60 87 .0 17 .5 170 .7 38 393 91 642 148 362 22 .0 600 36 .5 904 54
·70 89 .0 14.9 174 .5 30 ·7 402 73 653 120 370 18.0 616 31.0 925 43
.80 90.6 12 .0 177·5 24.2 409 58 662 95 378 14.3 628 24 .0 941 35
·90 92 .2 8.3 180 .0 16 .8 416 40 665 65 384 9.6 6)6 16 .0 955 24
.96 92 · 7 5.1 181.5 10 .4 418 25 666 40 387 6.0 640 10 .0 962 15
.98 92 .8 3.6 182 .0 7.2 419 17.4 666.5 28 387.5 4.3 641.4 7·1 964 10.7
1.00 93 ·0 ----- 182 .5 ----- 419 .5 - - ---- 667 ---- 388.0 ----- 642.0 --- - - 966 ------

u "" velocity at any point

Y = distance fram vall v* "" H = "friction" velocity

Re = ud
\I = Reynolds
number TO = shearing stress at wa.ll
u = average velocl ty p = density
k = average projection of roughness
d = diameter of pipe
v = kinematic viscosity i "" relative roughness
 TABLE 12
r/k = 30 .6
dcm
cm/ .
1l"
2.434
61
2.434
ll6.5
2.434
217 ·5
2.434
459
4.87
420 i 4.87
796
9.64
734
l02 v ~/s 1.225 1.23 1.23 1.07 1.05 1.046 loll
10- 3 Re 12.1 23 43 104 195 372 638
v* 4.25 8. 3 16.2 34 .8 31.9 60 55 ·7
v.,J<
log -V 1.140 1.428 1.720 2.ll4 2.389 2.661 2.906
~ - 5 .75 log y/ k 9.6 9.16 8.7 8.50 8 .48 8.42 8.50
v*

y/ r du du du du du du du
u cm/. u cm/s dy u cm/ . u cm/s u cm/s u cm/. u cm/.
dy dy dy dy dy dy

0.00 20 .0 -- -- -38.0 ----- .61 ------ 199 ---- 112 ----- 245 ---- 225 -----
. 02 36 .5 332 67 .5 680 128 1390 258 3300 215 1465 461 2880 430 1444
.04 43 .2 171 80.9 345 156 706 328 1610 270 784 535 1518 500 728
.07 48.5 106 91.7 208 173 426 367 960 325 452 610 876 570 419
.10 51.5 74 98.5 152 185 310 395 696 351 326 660 628 616 302
.15 56.0 51.4 106.4 109 200 223 424 491 380 230 718 438 670 209
.20 59 ·0 43.0 113.0 89 211 181 447 401 404 185 766 344 715 162
·30 64. 0 30 .6121.4 62 228 135 484 284 440 131 833 245 777 ll5
.40 67.4 23. 8128.0 49 242 99 509 219 467 100 880 188 819 88
.50 70 .0 19·7 132 ·5 40 .0252 82 531 178 489 83 918 154 883 72
.60 72 . 0 16.8 136 .5 33 .6261 67 551 148 507 68 950 126 881 59
·70 73 ·9 13 ·5140 .0 27 ·0267 54 568 120 519 55 976 104 904 49
I .80
·90
75 .6
76 .6
10 .8
7·5
142.6
144.8
21.5
15·0
272
276
43 .4
30 ·0
580
587
95
64
530 44
30
994
1008
83
57
925
940
39
26
539
I .96
.98
77· 0 4.6 145.6
145.8
9·2
6.8
278
278 .6
18 .4 590 40 541 18.6 1016 35 948 16.5

I 1. 00
77 ·1
77·2
3· 3
----- 146 .0 ----- 279 ·0
13 ·0
------
591
592
30
----
542
543
13·2
------
1017
1018
25
----
951
952
11. 7
------
u
y
= velocity at any point
= distance from vall
ud
v* =
TO
#- : "friction" velocity
= shearing stress at vall
Re = \ I = Reynolds number
p = density
u = average velocity k = average project ion of roughness
d = diameter of pipe
v = kinematic Viscosity ! = relative roughness
k
 TABLE 13
r/k = 15
d cm 2. 412 2.%12 2.412 2.412 2.412 Ul2
u cm/. 57·2 112 215 524 956 873
102v ~/s 1.225 1.23 1.21 1.17 1.17 ·98
10· 3 Re 11.3 22 .2 43 108 197 430
v* 4. 74 9.66 18.87 46 .6 85 76 .1
v~
l og """""V 1.491 1.802 2.095 2·504 2.763 3.09
~ . 5. 75 log Y/k 9.20 8·7 8. 44 8. 35 8.46 8.50
v*
du du du du du du
r/r u cm/s
dy
u cm/. dy
u cm/s
dy
u C1J./s
dy u cm/ . dy
u cm/.
dy

0.00 17·0 ---- - 30.0 --- - - 62 --.--- 170 ---- 302 ---- 205 ----
.02 33 ·9 480 62 .0 800 107 1630 270 4260 432 &loo 450 3850
.04 39 .6 180 73·0 420 136 856 320 22 628 4235 549 1985
.07 44 .6 120 86 .0 248 158 500 367 l298 710 2440 643 114O
.10 48.5 81 94.0 181 174 370 406 940 767 1770 702 830
.15 52 · 9 61.6 102 .5 129 191 265 456 667 846 1267 773 578
.20 56.2 47.8 109 . 5 104 206 217 492 544 910 976 830 457
.30 61.0 36.2 120 .0 74 228 148 545 379 1006 699 917 321
. 40 64.7 27.0 127 ·5 57 243 115 585 290 1080 530 978 246
. 50 67.7 21.0 133.5 47 253 96 617 239 1143 429 1027 201
.60 70 .0 16.2 138.5 40 263 79 647 199 1195 359 1070 166
. 70 72 .0 15·0 142 .0 32 271 64 660 160 1237 290 1107 136
.80 73.8 12 . 4 145.5 25 277 52 689 128 1267 230 1137 108
.90 74.8 9·2 148.0 17.6 283 35· 5 701 86 1290 160 1162 74
.96 75 . 6 7.4 149.5 10 .8 285 22 .0 704 54 1296 101 1172 47
.98 75 ·9 6.2 149 .8 7.6 286 15. 6 706 38 1298 72 1174 33
1.00 76.0 ----- 150.0 ----- 286 .5 ------ 707 ---- 1300 ---- 1176 ----
U :0: velocity at any point
Y :: distance rram wall v* = H= "f'rlctlon" velocity

Re -
ud
V - Reynolds p.umber TO"" shearing s tres s at ..,all
p ... density
u :: average velocity k ::: average projection of roughnes s
d = d.1mr.eter of pipe
v = kinematic viscosity ~ = relative roughness

•
 2.'x/0 - :<'
2,/0-2 2/ 6 7.
1.8x10-2
31, 32 8
2 2Y. 33
I ....
1.5x/0 -2 9
34
1.2./0- 2 r25

!~ ~
22 &2/
/7. //0
9x/0-~ ~ 11
8·10-' 3 , 16
lx/O -3 /.
6x/O- 3 r--o 4
)I' 5x/0-3 t::::-- <?
rv-- /3
4 x10- 3

3./0- 3
2.5,/0- 3
b/0- 3
N

-- - r-!'5 /8

r- r--
/9

200
/.,./0- 3 r-- r--
M0 3 /.5,lo1 2 3 '" 5 7, 10 1 Iz/O' /.fr/P' Z 3 4 5 MO' MO! /.5,10 5 Z 3 5 . /0 6
Re •

Figure 1. - Re lation between the r esistance factor ... = ~ and the Reynolds number for s urface r oughness.
(The numbe r s on the c urves indicate the tes t r esults of various investigator s .)
 - 3
10

2 ~ /8)
17

--
I r--
--- ~
1- H W r--
13. r-
r--- ~ i""'- .!
"-'~ 4-
-
- r- ,..!
~ r-
8)

--- -- -- -r---
9'

-
2. 10-3

1.5.10-3
MO] /.f.;oJ z 3 4- 5 1iI0 4 /rIO' 1.5xlO 5 2
Re •

Figure 2.- Relation between the resistance factor ... = ~ and the Reynolds number for surface corrugation.
2
(The numbers on the curves indicate the test results of various investigators .)
NACA TM 1292 45

gl

-_ t'K =-

Figure 3. - Test apparatus .

em = electric motor h = outlet valve

kp z centrifugal pump zr '" feed line
vk :: supply canal mb ::;:: measuring tank
wk ::: water tank gm = velocity measuring device
vr == test pipe ksv '" safety valve on water tank
zl = supply line sb ;; gate valve between wk and kp
1
str == vertical pi pe
fr overflow pipe sb ::: gate valve between wk and zr
= 2
It - trap gl ::: baffles for equalizing flow
Figure 4. - Microphotograph of sand grains which procitce Wliform roughness.
(Magnified about 20 tlrnes.)
 NACA TM 1292 49
7

. _. _ . _...1-

Figure 5. - Hooked tube for measuring static pressure ( distance y between wall
and observation point is ~).

V f'..
"-

a
.\; -80
~
~

~ -100
_6'0 0 -10 -20 0 20 10 80·
'" Inclinafion toward flow direction

Figure 6.- Variation of readings with di rection of hooked tube,

50 NACA TM 1292

6 IO{}a
0
5 a-'h -0
.;

3
rJ k.a6' I<f""
1,.,..-'

I
1 ---<; Q lis
o 2 -4 6 8 10 12 /4 16 18 20 22 24 2G 28

Figure 7. - Correction curve for determining static pressure.

a is resistance of hooked tube

h is resistance of smooth pipe

/ .0
u
.9 (J .--'

8 V
/'
.P
7

6 '" r
T<'5
5 ! 01 ·50-1O
" t,. ..

• R.r ."
V d '· /:fO K10
3

.3
.2
I
,.Y
o ./ .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Figure 8. - Velocity distribution with ~ '" 40 and ~::: 50 for !: '" 15 and
d d k
Re '" 150 x 10 3 (y is distance between wall and obs,ervation point).
1,1

!.O
, p
., f = 15

.9 \ Cl •
o • = 60
• • = 126
= 3a6

~
... = 252
o • : 501
.8

I ~
.~ ~

f'"

.~ F'
~f v
.7

~
~ 1: ~..,

~.,
~
.6
-
.5 ~ ~ U· I~~

~
.4
~ • • •

~
.3 \ ~
"'r.;
.~

~
.~
~

\ - IOf} Re
" ~

.2
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3. 4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2

Figure 9. - Relati on between log(lOO,,)

U 4.6 4.8

and
5.0 "" 5.2

log Re .
5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0

\J1
.....
52 NACA n< 1292

a0
--"-
V>: /
~I 1 r /
YJ. -2!o;r '" /'
6.0

/'
5. 0
/'
V r

4.0
V - - log"
I
/.0 /.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 .f) 2.2 2." 2.6 2.8

Figure 10. - Relation between .A-

v'
and log r
k"'

3. 0

1,~/ V
"'<
ii:-
~
2 . 5 -~
S~
I
2. 0

lA ~.
Completely rough
.

I .5

lfo ·• -
of ·
• JQ6
15

I.
01/
5
·• -
•
• • 60
om;
· 252

o .2 .4 .6 .8 to 1.2 1.01 /.$ 1.8 ;>'0 2.2 2.4

- log

2.6
v,"
¥

,?8 3. 0

Figure 11.- Relation between (h - 2 log f) and (lOg V:k) .

NACA TM 1292 53

,~ ~
f-----

r~
6
V
. .s-d'
(.~,

5 IP •
o .• 1()
•• /H

, Cl
....
" J#.,
I~

,
2

./
-->
-,
,
o .1 .2 .1 ,4 .5 ,$ .7 .8 .9 1.0

FigurE! 12. - Relation between U and Y within the region of the quadratic
U r
law of resistance .
32
~ s_lh
30

l
•1 I
,/' ---
/ If·""
4

2
J H2
V
,"
0
V ---- V
18

16
----
7 17 L..--- .",
r} V ;.....-- I
14
r/ V v
12
'.I ../'
V-
10

8
Po(
6

4
---;4'
o .z .4 •• .8

Figure 13.- Relation between U and Y...

v. r
26
u
~
~
24 f- .;?'

22
".,; v7
0

20
y
.r ~

/8 ~
f.T

18
,.v ~
. ...,.

9..~
P"
/4
~ 0{ ; 507
12
~ !Il =252

~ • ; 126

10
~ 0 ;
60
V () , 3atJ

8
~ cD ;
15
Y
.. log l{
I I
.4 1.2 I.tJ 2 .0 2.4 2.8

Figure 14. - Relation between U and log Y.

k•
v*
NACA TM 1292 55

32 u
@]
3o v.
ol~ ,./
28
-1 r
)i'50T 1
g,\O~ ~
06,10 , ),il
;'\e6':~r$'
26
R' *A
24 4~1'
';'P"P ~?~

~
22

20
V ~ pr ...- 9
I..-:
/8
A ~V
ro 7- V
/. /'
<;; "y
* /> lop ? o
14
/5 /8 2D a N 2B 2.8 JO J2 3' 18 1.8 #J 42 4.1,;0-'

:JO
28
17. [bJ ). ,./

25
24
rl r
lit~?52 •
~~Oj~." \O
5'"
,0'3 \ 1 -: '3-
I

?f"' ~
22 ~

~
20 V 6Z :' -
V <f"~
18
16
~ /~ ~ v ,-< ~

~ /'
~ 1.--'- ,./ V
14
~ /' V C>" Io;! ?
o
/2
14 /6 $ 2.0 a -Cl 2.8 2.t JO 32 )j 1.G 38 40 'iZ,/O-6

Figure 15. - Relation between .J!. and log T} .

v.
56 NACA TM 1292

32
u I£J V-
II.
/60 Oo\~ V
8~r
/'
e
i> .1 5-~'1O
24
, J<
V~e·~ ,
V t;pc ~~~9.'~~:16
20 t- ~1f
~6
11

16
. / V-" f<" jy' k-< r:... f"'" ~ ~
. V V I,.w 1...0' i<f ~ kr" {H
t¥
V V': A '", V
12

~ ~ V-
./ V 60' L---:-" .J'
V V f'./ IV r,..- i (01] 'I
8
32
u ~ .1 V
r- v. f~'126 OolV
8~J V
5'"

24
, ./
1,1 0 k""

~~
'/l'>
~II~
20
Re'~
~ [,..0 V
.n ~

bP
~':'~
16 Id l:?' l--o 1..- P
V4' k"
~ V la"
~ 1'" V ~ '" V I ... re;. ~
12 ~ 10'1 '1
P' V V l?' V V V
"
la 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6

Figure 15. - Continued.

 NACA TM 1292 57
8

32
u Im
-'v. i -3Q6 /"
28 - 1"
S(1l"l/
/
24
/" 10'
/" ~.IZ.l"1
20 fl'l' 1 J

ItJ
/
/"

"
p- I....... rJ ;;-A3Gj 10 4~19,~
~
V W ~ II ~ kI 10
V- I.----< !-or' f-if R" .A Is-"':: Kt' ""'
12 '....
Iv--' fO" ~ D-" V ~
8 /" !/
V ,k 1/
"
1-6 .Ai
f>'" 'r~
32
u ID
-v. If' IS /"
olr
28

-i /
5(1)/

20
/" ,0'
/"' '" 0. .. \l:rf.
~
...- Z '~A3-
Re' 91
~~ ~
16
./ ~ ..1l~ A~' ~
V 1...0 b.J! .er 1) P'W'
12
./ .AJ f4" h-<= A P" :.,..
.P" V fY fO" -(; ;;<5 I.m- I<!f
8
. ./
'no
/' IJY W rz y
log"
4 V :.,.- V I I
1.2 1.6 2.0 2,4 2.8 3.2 3.6 #.0 M·
Figure 15.- Concluded,
 \Jl
co

//
~"-
/0
11
;,,~
"i
>-
I...I~
1
~
~ <:l>
'"~
,
'<)
~
~
'<i
iI' ·00· o ~~1
.~
o
. ....
I ~
::11:>I'
9 •
~I;' le ~.eePA.'
10 U- , ~
I.
0 U
A
0
A
•
8 f--
~ • From resisfance

7
V
1 o From ye/ocify proTlles I

6
· !.09 -Voir
t
.4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 .0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2

Figure 16. - Relation between (v: - 5.75 log i = 2R - 5.75 log ~+ 3.75) and (lOg V:k) .
.....
(\)
\()
(\)
 NACA TM 1292 59

,
1

13
2
1

10

9
8
J.7Jhgi o Smoolli
7 ®F'507
e • . Z52
5 <lI • -126
• tI • • 60
I () . . 30.6
5 'i «J(I-~) • . , 15.0
4 1"1 "
3 r ' t"\.
I"--
2

o ./ .2 ..3 :9
'" --
_.1.
.5
r
,6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Figure 17 .- Relation between u -

v.
u) and (~),

4
" 0
kx;~ !.
"I."f- . 10- e..- ~

21- .
....-
5",0<>11>
....- ... ~

138
134
~.lJ.6 ....- I--
~

"" 960.'"
f..- ., 50 1
I-;;' 611.10 8

", Of.-
..,' lA Va fi38 ~KJ-
12

2
7.5
j..- :..... ," ~ I.... J.-:;; V
4:J(J.1()f

1.18
,~
I> J.--'
l-'
-..V ", I..-
).-.r , ~ --- V- 1...-
I.... I.:..-
11

110
l- .',V V V V-
I--- V lJ'" IY
Il¥
'...- ~
~ 1./ j
IC2
1...- oB • V
.118
., I...- 0 --- l....-
4 ' /og1)
17 ~ "

u 2.1 2./1 zg 30 11 J.2.1 , .1 , 3 5.J.6 37 18 19 4.0

1 "
I
.0 U .t.

Figure 18. - Relation between log <p and log 1'1 for various degrees of roughness.
60 NACA ~ 1292

.16
I
r
-1 J
.12 ~
v
/ /
.011 :">
/ /
~/, /
<:>. oSmoofh
r

)"
0,,'50.7
. . . . 252
• • "126
0 " 60
I c • . 30.6

o
1I .2 .4 .6 .8
7
~
r
1.0

Figure 19. - Relation between 1 and l: for large Heynolds numbers .

r r
 •

8'---'---'---'---'---'---·- ~---'---'---'---'---'---.---'r---~-.
~~ I I
7 ~a..

'h,. ' .
'"
'<!
~

~~ I ,.'"
.,'S1 " ,,;
~ ~ ~~ ~
, .; ;:: ~
~ i~ ~~
.1 f----+---+---+----f----+----+-- >- '" '" ~
" "''''
~
log 'I
o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
I 4.5

Figure 20. - Relation between log (10 ~ ) and log ~.

 0\
I\)

·875,r----,,---~----~----_.----_.----~----~----~----~----~----

775V/V I/ V
.750
V V If .0: .!:
w
=
=
507
252

.725 / 0 •
• = /26
= 60

V ~
(l

Cl)
.

,.
= 30.6
= 1/5 --'-,-
.7ao L-____L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ L_ _ _ __ L_ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L __ _
~ ~ ~ ~
/i
v"k
-- 9 y-
~

o .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75

Figure 21. - Relation between U

v*k .
and log _
U v