Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7 (1980) 139--156 139

© Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands

GEOCHEMISTRY, STRONTIUM ISOTOPE DATA, AND

POTASSIUM-ARGON AGES OF THE ANDESITE-RHYOLITE
ASSOCIATION IN THE PADANG AREA, WEST SUMATRA

G E R H A R D W. LEO 1, CARL E. HEDGE 2 and RICHARD F. MARVIN 2

IU.S. Geological Survey, MS 928, Reston, VA 22092 (U.S.A.)
2U.S. Geological Survey, MS 963, Denver, CO 80225 (U.S.A.)
(Revised version accepted September 3, 1979)

ABSTRACT

Leo, G.W., Hedge, C.E. and Marvin, R.F., 1980. Geochemistry, strontium isotope data,
and potassium-argon ages of the andesite-rhyolite association in the Padang area, West
Sumatra. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 7: 139--156.

Quaternary volcanoes in the Padang area on the west coast of Sumatra have produced
two-pyroxene, calc-alkaline andesite and volumetrically subordinate rhyolitic and ande-
sitic ash-flow tufts. A sequence of andesite (pre-caldera), rhyolitic tuff and andesitic tuff,
in decreasing order of age, is related to Maninjau caldera. Andesite compositions range
from 55.0 to 61.2% SiO2 and from 1.13 to 2.05% K20. Six K-Ar whole-rock age deter-
minations on andesites show a range of 0.27 -+ 0.12 to 0.83 +- 0.42 m.y.; a single determi-
nation on the rhyolitic ashflow tuff gave 0.28 + 0.12 m.y.
Eight 878r/'+Sr ratios on andesites and rhyolite tuff west of the Semangko fault zone
are in the range 0.7056--0.7066. These ratios are higher than those elsewhere in the Sunda
arc but are comparable to the Taupo volcanic zone of New Zealand and calc-alkaline vol-
canics of continental margins. An S~Sr/a~Sr ratio of 0.7048 on G. Sirabungan east of the
Semangko fault is similar to an earlier determination on nearby G. Marapi (0.7047), and
agrees with 87Sr/a6Sr ratios in the rest of the Sunda arc. The reason for this distribution of
87Sr/8+Sr ratios is unknown.
The high sTSr/a6Sr ratios are tentatively regarded to reflect a crustal source for the
andesites, while moderately fractionated REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu
anomalies suggest a residue enriched in plagioclase with hornblende and/or pyroxenes.
Generation of associated andesite and rhyolite could have been caused by hydrous frac-
tional melting of andesite or volcanogenic sediments under adiabatic decompression.

INTRODUCTION

The Padang area constitutes part of the Sunda arc (Fig. 1), one of the
classic and earliest recognized island arcs. Studies by Whitford (1975),
Whitford and Nicholls (1976), Nicholls and Whitford (1976) and Whitford et
al. {1977) show the volcanic rocks of the Sunda arc to be petrologically com-
plex, with a broad range of compositions indicative of tholeiitic, calc-alkaline,
and alkaline affinities. In the western Sunda arc calc-alkaline rocks predomi-
nate, and a sialic crust very likely has been involved in the generation of
140

95<' 10(J 1~35 1I[7

' %"\<D_ ' '

0 100 706 300 400 bOO KILOM[~[:RS

I I | I I I

\1 t
TobaCaldera~
%

;orikmarap~
~Taiamau
.~,~.Maninjau

,?

t/?

INDIAN OCEAN PasumahHighland

5° .

Bay ~ ~
4 ~

\~ _L~\~.~ ~ BORNEO ~ ~

FAULT ~ ~ , ~ 2 ~ 2 ~ ~ ~ ~///~

8° 0 500 KM-'~ ~ ~

12~ ~ Suface trace of subdUCtlonzone

--300 Beniofflzonedepth Ikm)
1L'~ ~ l~(Y' I °
170

Fig. 1. Location map of western Indonesia showing regional tectonics (inset; after
Hamilton, 1978) and volcanism. Squares, volcanoes which have erupted in historic time;
circles, volcanoes in fumarolic state (Van Padang, 1951). Named volcanoes are those for
which chemical data are available (this paper and Van Padang, 1951) and which are dis-
cussed in text. Additional sample locations are shown in Fig. 2. Major outcrop areas of
rhyolitic tuff (stippled) from Westerveld (1952).

andesites with somewhat high 8~Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7038--0.7059; Whitforcl,

1975). On Sumatra, locally voluminous rhyolitic and subordinate andesitic
ashflow tufts accompany the andesitic volcanics, and 87Sr/8~Sr ratios are even
 141

higher (mostly 0.7060--0.7066). Such ratios, which are comparable to those

of continental margin environments, imply rather extensive involvement of
sialic crust in the genesis of Sumatran Quaternary volcanics.
This paper grew out of two months' reconnaissance mapping in 1972
(Kastowo and Leo, 1973). Its purpose is to provide a brief description of the
volcanic rocks o f the Padang l~h degree quadrangle (an area of some 5000
km2); to present new chemical and K-At age data on major eruptive units;
and to suggest a petrogenetic scheme for the andesite-rhyolite association in
the light of major- and trace-element chemistry and Sr isotopic data.

REGIONAL SETTING AND PRE-VOLCANIC GEOLOGY

The tectonic setting of Sumatra is shown in Fig. 1. The Padang region,

located on the west coast of central Sumatra, lies about 250 km northeast of

Qal G Tal.... ~ ~k,-~.

07(TQas~ \ % ~[~{~as

k \
0amj /" \\, ;
Oam (
3

EX:i:e~
PLANATI
:: IO~cle ~ ~ 1 !L~
%

Sedimenlaryand Volcarlcand Intruswerocks \ \ _

mo,a,e0meo,a,v,ock,

of Maninlaucaldera
[ T Rhyolilicashflow tuff
Maninlauca~dera
Andesiteof O Marapi
'~ Andesiteof G S,nggarang/GTand,kat PARIAMAN I

(mainlyPadanghighlandsandG Ialamaul Qal

luff (Pandanghighlands)
Rhyolitic

r-~ Andesiteof G Sirabungan /066<

r~ Andesiteof G Maninlau(precalde{al
and conglomerate
Gran.icrOCkS
PADANG
~ limestone,quartzite O 10 20 30KIIOMFERS
I I I I
1o¢~},,
~ooJ,3F
Fig. 2. Geologic sketch map of the Padang quadrangle, Sumatra (modified from Kastowo
and Leo, 1973).
142

the Java trench related to an active subduction zone, and is situated approxi-
mately 100 km above the northeast-dipping Benioff zone (Hamilton, 1978).
Coastal mountains of the Barisan Range, the locus of the volcanic arc, rise to
about 2900 m above mean sea level.
The oldest rocks in the Padange area are a shelf sequence of low metamor-
phic grade comprising phyllite, metasiltstone, quartzite and crystalline lime-
stone (Fig. 2). These rocks, here informally designated Bari~an sequence, are
extensively folded and faulted and have a regional northwes~ trend. Permian
fossils have been identified in limestone north of Danau (Lake) Singkarak
(Fig. 2; Kastowo and Leo, 1973).
The Barisan sequence is intruded by granitic plutons ranging in age from
about 8 m.y. (latest Miocene) to 219 m.y. (Triassic; J.D. Obradovich, written
communication, 1974). The Barisan sequence is unconformably overlain by
gently northeast-dipping, unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks of Tertiary
age (Anonymous, 1965).

VOLCANIC GEOLOGY

Precaldera rocks

Five volcanoes and several(?) less well-defined eruptive centers (notably

the Padang highlands* northeast of Padang (Fig. 2) are in the report area.
The record of activity, morphology and degree of dissection suggests the fol-
lowing order of increasing age for the volcanoes: (1) Gunung (Mountain)
Marapi (still intermittently active); (2) G. Singgalang and G. Tandikat; (3)
G. Maninjau (i.e., the present Maninjau caldera); and (4) G. Sirabungan
(deeply dissected). Available K-Ar age determinations (Table 1, analyses
1--4), discussed further below, are in general agreement with these observa-
tions.
The andesitic rocks include both flows and agglomerates or lahars, al-
though no attempt was made to map these separately. Andesites from all the
volcanoes are two-pyroxene rocks varying locally in texture and crystallinity.
They are moderately to highly porphyritic with phenocrysts of strongly
zoned plagioclase (common range: An20-30 to An 7s-90 within single grains) and
about equal proportions of augite and hypersthene. Olivine or hornblende
occur rarely. Groundmass textures are typically hyalopilitic but range from
glassy to intergranular. Except in an area near Padang (see below) the ande-
sitic rocks show little or no sign of alteration.
The Padang highlands is a mountainous, dissected terrain largely underlain
by andesite similar to that described above, except for local hydrother-
mal(?) alteration within a radius of about 20 km of Padang (Kastowo and

*The t e r m "Padang highlands" as used here refers to a dissected m o u n t a i n o u s region

northeast of Padang (Fig. 2). Other authors (e.g., Westerveld, 1952) have used the term to
designate a m u c h larger region that includes the entire area of Fig. 2. The latter meaning
is n o t i n t e n d e d here.
 143

TABLE 1

K-Ar ages for andesites and a rhyolitic pumic tuff from the Padang area, West Sumatra

Analysis Sample K20 Radiogenic 4°At Radiogenic "°Ar Age (m.y.)

No. No. (wt. %) (10 -1° mole/g) Total 40Ar + 20

1 %1* 1.24, 1.26 0.00472 0.048 0.27 ± 0.12

1.25, 1.17
2 5** 1.63 0.0234 0.021 0.83 +- 0.42
3 89* 1.67, 1.67 0.01937 0.25 0.81 +- 0.03
4 129" 2.06, 2.06 0.01921 0.24 0.66 +- 0.02
5 154" 2.10, 2.08 0.01382 0.18 0.47 ± 0.02
2.00, 2.05
6 155" 1.84, 1.84 0.02004 0.20 0.76 ± 0.03
7 6*** 0.35 0.00169 0.026 0.28 ± 0.12

*Whole-rock samples; Analysts: R.F. Marvin, H.H. Mehnert, V.M. Merritt.

**Whole-rock sample; analyst: J.D. Obradovich.
***Plagioclase ;analyst :J.D. Obradovich. All analysts are with the U.S. Geological
Survey, Denver, Colo.
IUGS decay constants for 4°K: 4°K k e = 0.581×10-~°/yr; ~ = 4.96×10-1°/yr; 4°K =
0.01167 atomic percent.

1 = G. Tandikat; see analysis 4, Table 2.

2 = D. Maninjau. Along road into caldera from east, near village of Padanggalanggang,
0°18'10"S, 100°14'45"E. Dark porphyritic andesite from lahar in eastern caldera
wall.
3 = G. Sirabungan;see analysis 1, Table 2.
4 = Padang highlands;see analysis 5, Table 2.
5 = Padang highlands;see analysis 6, Table 2.
6 = Padang highlands; 2.5 km NE of Limaumanis village, north bank of river; 0 °54'50''S,
1 0 0 ° 2 8 ' 5 5 " E ; dark porphyritic andesite.
7 = East side of Maninjau caldera along road 2 km SE o f Matur village; 0°17'43"S,
100°17'47"E. White frothy pumice.

Leo, 1973) that has produced patchy epidote and chlorite. K-Ar determina-
tions on unaltered samples indicate an age range of approximately 0.5--0.8 m.y.
(Table 1, analyses 6 and 7). The absence of conical volcanoes in this re-
gion suggests the possibility of fissure vents. Massive, cliff-forming lithic-
crystal ashflow(?) tuff is in both depositional and fault contact with andesite
of the region, implying an age range similar to that of the andesite. The tuff
is dense, strongly indurated b u t unwelded, and fairly well sorted. It contains
an estimated 20--50% clasts that include quartz and feldspar crystals and a
variety of rock fragments, mostly less than 5 cm across, in a glassy to micro-
crystalline groundmass. In the area near Padang already referred to the tuff
is more or less altered. The composition of an unaltered sample from an ex-
posure farther north is rhyolitic (Table 2, analysis 8). The distribution of the
Padang highlands t u f f well to the south of Maninjau caldera, as well as its
lithologic and age difference from the Maninjau ashflow tuff (below), suggest
that its source is n o t Maninjau caldera, b u t no other likely source has been
identified.
144

Caldera-related rocks

White, pumiceous rhyolite tuff forming extensive exposures surrounding

Maninjau caldera (Fig. 2) is regarded as an ashflow sheet related to explosive
eruption from the caldera (Leo, 1978). The surface area and volume of the
sheet are here estimated to be approximately 1420 km 2 and 100 km 3, res-
pectively*. The tuff typically consists of uncompressed or slightly com-
pressed pumice fragments 1--10 cm across in a vitreous matrix. No eutaxitic
textures or other evidence of welding were observed throughout approxi-
mately 100 m of section. The pumice contains sparse phenocrysts of quartz
and sanidine and appears petrographically fresh. Sandy to conglomeratic sedi-
mentary layers, indicative of periodic fluviatile and lacustrine conditions con-
temporaneous with eruption, locally occurs within the otherwise massive
tuff. At one locality west of the caldera and evidently near the b o t t o m of
the section, the t u f f is coarse and unsorted, with blocks of pitchstone and
obsidian up to 1 m across. An age determination on this unit gave 0.28 +-
0.12 m.y. {Table 1, analysis 7).
On the southeast side of Maninjau caldera the rhyolite ashflow tuff is
overlain b y a broad, south-trending tongue of andesitic pumice tuff with an
estimated volume of 3--6 km 3. This t u f f consists of beige, semi-consolidated,
yellow- to brown-weathering pumice fragments c o m m o n l y less than 10 cm
across that contain approximately 10% phenocrystic labradorite, horn-
blende, augite and hypersthene. The distribution of this tuff, as well as its
chemical and isotopic similarity to precaldera andesite (discussed below),
strongly suggest that it represents a late phase of caldera eruption. A darker,
scoriaceous lapilli tuff locally overlying rhyolite pumice t u f f north of G.
Marapi could be a phase of the Maninjau pumice tuff; more probably, how-
ever, such lapilli tuff is a recent p r o d u c t of G. Marapi.

The andesite-rhyolite association on Sumatra

The ashflow t u f f sheet is among the smallest of similar eruptions along the
island of Sumatra (Westerveld, 1952). The tuff sheet related to Toba caldera
in northern Sumatra has an estimated area of 20,000--30,000 km 2 and
volume of over 2000 km 3 (Van Bemmelen, 1939). Somewhat smaller ash-
flow sheets are found in the Pasumah highlands and Lampung districts near
the south end of the island {Fig. 1). Rhyolite necks and associated small

*The estimated volume of Maninjau caldera is 122 km 3, based on an area (determined by

planimeter) of 122 km 2, an average altitude differential between lake level and caldera
rim of 900 m, and an average lake depth (from Verbeek, 1883, pl. VIII) of 100 m. The
tuff volume, which takes jnto~tccount the extension of rhyolitic ash flow tuff (Fig. 2) into
the Solok quadrangle east of Padang quadrangle (Silitonga and Kastowo, 1975) is based on
estimated average depths for the various exposures, and includes estimated 3--6 km 3 of
andesitic ash flow tuff. The furthest extent of the rhyolitic tuff in the Solok quadrangle is
approximately 75 km east-southeast of Maninjau caldera.
 145

flows crop out sporadically between t u f f sheets, aligned in the Semangko

fault zone (Westerveld, 1952). The apparent relationship between the fault
zone and the rhyolitic volcanics led Westerveld (1952) to conclude that the
latter represent fissure eruptions from a source quite distinct from that of
the andesitic volcanoes. Westerveld (1952) also concluded that most of the
rhyolite tuff, including that in the Padang area, was older than the andesitic
volcanoes whose flows he considered to " m a n t l e " the tuff. The latter conclu-
sion has been shown above to be erroneous, at least for the Padang area.
Regarding the relationship between rhyolitic volcanics and the Semangko
fault, field observations do not support Westerveld's (1952) idea inasmuch as
the ash flow sheet has a clear spatial relationship to Maninjau caldera, where-
as the Semangko fault cuts only its northeastern part. Trace element and Sr
isotope data, moreover, strongly suggest a single source for the andesitic and
rhyolitic rocks (below). Nevertheless, the Semangko fault zone may be more
complex than presently realized (R. Beckinsale, personal communication,
1979), so that the possibility of a structural relationship between it and
Maninjau caldera cannot be discounted.

K-Ar age determinations

K-At ages for samples used in analyses 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Table 1, based on

relatively high levels of radiogenic 4°At, may be regarded as fairly reliable in-
dicators of the andesite ages, although more samples, especially suites of
samples from each of several volcanoes, probably would extend or otherwise
modify this range. Determinations 1, 2, and 7, on the other hand, must be
regarded as less reliable as reflected in the higher numerical uncertainties.
The apparently similar ages of Maninjau rhyolitic tuff and Tandikat andesite
are modified by the observations that both rhyolitic and andesitic pumice
t u f f appear to rest on Tandikat andesite on the south and southwest flanks
o f the volcano, and rhyolite t u f f definitely rests on Singgalang andesite on
the north flank of that volcano.

CHEMISTRY

Major- and trace-element compositions of rocks from the Padang area

showing no petrographic evidence of alteration are shown in Table 2. Addi-
tional chemical data from central Sumatran volcanoes (Van Padang, 1951;
Fig. 1, this paper) are used to supplement Figs. 3 and 4. Rocks of andesitic
composition will be referred to collectively as central Sumatran andesites.

Major elements

Whitford (1975) described a chemical zonation of lavas from the western

Sunda arc, with progressively more alkalic compositions occurring in a direc-
tion away from the trench (i.e., northward), as follows: (1) rocks with island
TABLE 2
o~
Major- a n d t r a c e - e l e m e n t a b u n d a n c e s a n d r e l a t e d d a t a f o r v o l c a n i c r o c k s o f t h e P a d a n g area.

G. Sira- Maninjau G. Sing- G. T a n - Padang highlands Maninjau ashflow tuff ChondriSe

bungan pre-caldera galang dikat _ _ normalizing
andesite andesites rhyolite rhy olite andesite values*
tuff
Analysis No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sample No. 89 64 47 7-1 129 154 104-3 II0 72-0-47 111

Major elements ( w t . % )
SiO~ 57.85 59.47 61.18 55.88 59.23 60.61 70.38 74.33 74.4 55.01
TiO 2 0.67 0.70 0.85 0.90 0.68 0.65 0.17 0.10 0.12 0.67
AI:O~ 17.96 17.75 17.88 18.66 17.43 17.71 13.17 12.56 13.7 18.69
Fe20 ~ 3.60 2.98 3.19 3.27 2.17 2.70 1.82 0.24 0.93** 2.39
FeO 2.88 3.25 2.49 4.52 4.28 3.11 0.25 0.59 -- 3.52
MnO 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.11
MgO 3.27 3.20 1.37 3.84 3.32 2.76 0.61 0.15 0.10 2.71
CaO 6.35 5.94 4.92 7.46 6.81 5.86 1.24 0.83 1.0 4.62
Na20 3.33 3.00 4.22 3.14 2.86 3.20 2.76 2.84 2.8 2.60
K20 1.72 2.05 1.83 1.16 1.86 2.02 3.21 4.61 4.3 1.60
H20 + 0.97 0.73 0.70 0.64 0.89 0.68 3.77 3.08 -- 3.87
H20- 0.93 0.54 0.83 0.23 0.18 0.44 2.23 0.19 -- 3.28
P2Os 0.17 0.14 0.26 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.15
CO 2 0.01 -- -- -- 0.01 -- -- 0.01 -- 0.06
CI 0.01 0.02 -- 0.02 0.02 0.01 -- 0.09 -- 0.07
F 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 -- 0.05

Subtotal 99.88 99.92 99.87 100.08 100.02 100.02 99.71 99.72 99.40
Less 0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.04

Tot~ 99.87 99.90 99.85 100.06 100.00 100.00 99.70 99.69 99.36

D.1. 52.0 53.5 64.1 43.5 49.9 55.8 81.1 90.0 51.6

Traceelemen~ (ppm)
Rb 50 85 61 38 80 82 118 164 190 58
Sr 409 318 339 375 315 320 73 79 92 226
Ba 410 372 367 272 258 328 295 610 650 303
Co 18 17 7.5 20 18 16 2.8 0.4 -- 13
Cr 57 23 6.7 18 23 15 8.7 1.8 -- 11
Sc 18.3 17.8 16.5 22.9 19,9 16.8 6.9 1.74 -- 15.2
Hf 3.0 4.0 5.5 3.8 3.1 3.5 3.6 2.7 -- 5.0
Ta 0.48 0.43 0.58 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.98 0.95 -- 0.60 --
Th 6.5 9.8 6.3 4.5 8.6 8.0 17.6 20.6 -- 9.4 --
La 17 24 29 20 21 24 38 42 -- 25 0.325
Ce 38 46 57 42 41 39 60 60 -- 53 0.798
Nd 17 26 39 26 18 24 29 21 -- 25 0.567
Sm 4.1 5.8 9.7 5.4 4.5 4.8 6,6 4.1 -- 6.2 0.186
Eu 1.11 1.23 2.11 1.36 1.00 1.08 0.73 0.56 -- 1.18 0.0692
Tb 1.07 1.26 1.99 1.50 1.31 1.09 1.22 0.56 -- 1.37 0.047
Yb 2.0 2.3 4.4 3.1 2.3 2.2 3.5 2.3 -- 3.2 0.209
Lu 0.35 0.44 0.62 0.50 0.37 0.36 0.51 0.31 -- 0.49 0.349

La/Yb 8.5 10.4 6.6 6.5 9.1 10.9 10.9 18.3 -- 7.8 --
K/Rb 286 200 249 253 314 205 226 233 188 229 --
Rb/Sr 0.122 0.267 0.180 0.101 0.254 0.259 1.62 2.08 2.07 0.257 --
S~Sr/S6Sr 0.7048 0.7061 0.7064 0.7065 0.7060 0.7056 0.7066 0.7066 -- 0.7063 --

t S o u r c e s : H a s k i n et al. ( 1 9 6 9 ) a n d H u b b a r d a n d G a s t ( 1 9 7 1 ) .
* * T o t a l i r o n as Fe203. V a l u e s o f F e O a n d F e 2 0 3 f o r analysis 9 in Fig. 3 e s t i m a t e d o n basis o f analysis 8.

A n a l y s e s 1 - - 8 a n d 10, m a j o r e l e m e n t s b y s t a n d a r d w e t - c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s ; a n a l y s t : E d y t h e E. E n g l e m a n . T r a c e e l e m e n t s ( e x c e p t R b a n d Sr) b y i n s t r u -
m e n t a l n e u t r o n a c t i v a t i o n ; a n a l y s t : L.J. S c h w a r z . R e p o r t e d v a l u e s are a v e r a g e s o f 2--3 r e p l i c a t e r u n s ; e s t i m a t e d a c c u r a c y , +- 10%. R b , Sr, a n d S t - i s o t o p e
d a t a b y Carl E. H e d g e ; R b a n d Sr c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b y X R F , u n c e r t a i n t y ~ 5%; SVSr/8~Sr u n c e r t a i n t y is 0 . 0 0 0 2 (E a n d A s t a n d a r d v a l u e = 0 . 7 0 8 0 ) . A n a l y s i s
9, all d a t a b y X R F , e s t i m a t e d a c c u r a c y -+ 5%; a n a l y s t s : R o b e r t J o h n s o n a n d Paul P. H e a r n . All a n a l y s t s are w i t h t h e U.S. G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y .

1 = S o u t h slope o f G. S i r a b u n g a n a l o n g M e d a n r o a d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 22 k m NW o f B u k i t t i n g g l , 0°8'25"S, 1 0 0 ° 1 6 ' E . P o r p h y r i t i c h y p e r s t h e n e - a u g i t e - h o r n -

b]ende-(olivine) andesite.
2 = D a n a u ( L a k e ) M a n i n j a u , east r i m of c a l d e r a , 2.7 k m w e s t o f L a w a n g village, 0 ° 1 6 ' S , 100°14'25"E. H i g h l y p o r p h y r i t i c h y p e r s t h e n e - a u g i t e a n d e s i t e .
3 = S o u t h slope o f G. Singgalang, r o a d t o D. M a n i n j a u , 4 . 5 k m SW o f B u k i t t i n g g i , 0°20'20"S, 100°20'35"E. H y p e r s t e n e - a u g l t e a n d e s i t e f r o m l a m i n a t e d ,
sparsely p o r p h y r i t i c lava.
4 = S o u t h slope o f G. T a n d i k a t , w a t e r f a l l a t R i u n g G u n u n g o n P a d a n g - P a d a n g p a n d j a n g r o a d , 0 ° 2 8 ' 5 5 " W , 100°20'20"E. T h i c k c o l u m n a r f l o w o f h i g h l y
porphyritic hypezsthene-auglte-olivine andesite.
5 = P a d a n g h i g h l a n d s , SW slope o f B u k i t (Hill) K a r a b a n g , 0 ° 4 7 ' S , 1 0 0 ° 2 4 ' E . D a r k p o r p h y r i t i c h y p e r s t h e n e - a u g i t e a n d e s l t e f r o m b e d r o c k b o u l d e r .
6 = Padang highlands, river b a n k a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 k m NE of I n d a r u n g C e m e n t F a c t o r y , 0 ° 5 5 ' 3 3 " S , 1 0 0 ° 3 9 ' 5 0 " E . Dark, highly p o r p h y r i t i c auglte-hyper-
sthene andesite.
7 = Cliffs s o u t h e a s t o f S u n g a l b u l u h ( P a d a n g - P a d a n g p a n d j a n g r o a d ) , 0 ° 4 5 ' S , 110°18'50"E. G r a y t o beige, d e n s e p u m i c e o u s t u f f c o n s i s t i n g o f m i n e r a l
grains ( m o s t l y q u a r t z a n d plagloclase), r o c k f r a g m e n t s a n d glass s h a r d s in slightly d e v i t r i f i e d glassy g r o u n d m a s s .
8 = A l o n g r o a d t o S u n g a i d u r i a n w e s t f r o m Sicincin; 0°33'25"S, 1 0 0 ° 1 5 ' 2 5 " E . White p u m i c e o u s t u f f c o n s i s t i n g o f sparse q u a r t z a n d s a n i d i n e p h e n o c r y s t s
in u n a l t e r e d glassy g r o u n d m a a s .
9 = 3 k m SE o f K a j u t a n a m village ( P a d a n g - P a d a n g p a n d j a n g r o a d ) , 0°34'05"S, 100°24'09"E. W h i t e p u m i c e o u s t u f f s i m i l a r t o t h a t at p r e c e d i n g l o c a l i t y
(8).
10 = S o u t h w e s t slope o f G. T a n d i k a t , 0 ° 2 9 ' S , I 0 0 ° 1 5 ' 5 0 " E . Y e l l o w - b r o w n p u m i c e lapilii t u f f w i t h p h e n o c r y s t s o f plagioclase, h o r n b l e n d e , a u g l t e a n d
h y p e r s t h e n e in u n a l t e r e d glassy g r o u n d m a s s .
148

19

18
+ xll •
B •
17 B 01110
O0
Oe Z,

~5

~4
+

I?

I I I L //
¢

• +H H no
0

m0 •

4"+
I 1 I t // I

0
H m o •

x
+, •
H mo

+e
I I I I L // L

O o

0
H
+ AxOb
0 • • H •
om 0

I I 1 L L // i~
,,: 54 5~ 5~ 60 62 64 ?4

SiO 2

Fig. 3. Variation diagrams of major elements against SiO2 for volcanic rocks form west-
central Sumatra. Eruption centers/rock types, arranged in the same order as Table 2, are
G. Sirabungan (+), D. Maninjau (x), G. Singgalang (®), G. Tandikat (o), Padang highlands
andesites (A), Padang highlands rhyolite tuff (~), Maninjau rhyolite pumice tuff (÷), and
Maninjau andesite pumice tuff (~). Additional data from Van Padang (1951) are given for
some of these same volcanoes plus the following (see fig. 2): G. Sorikmarapi (H), G. Tala-
mau (=), and G. Marapi (o).
 149

O•
0
• o

6 x • °i°

• ®

4
o
c~

I I I L //
• ®
4

+ O0 • 0 0 ®
3 °°o B •x ÷+
®
H

I I I I
5

3
0

l • • Xlg
• g,o ®
• -IHH
®
0 •

J I I I ,///

®
~*•o • , .~s :×.f • ~,o•®
I I I I //
52 54 70 74

Si02

arc tholeiite affinity (Jake~ and Gill, 1970); (2) a calc-alkaline suite, com-
prising m o s t of the volcanoes of Java; and (3) a high-K alkaline suite, limited
to an extinct Pleistocene volcano at the northern margin of the island. The
major element chemistry of the central Sumatran lavas corresponds to the
Sunda arc calc-alkaline group as defined by Whitford (1975), even in the case
of the relatively alkaline G. Marapi, with a K20 range of 1.37--3.04% (Fig. 3;
Van Padang, 1951).* In other respects the central Sumatran rocks, with their
relatively high A1203, low MgO and low TiO2, correspond to the island arc
* I n a s m u c h as G. Marapi is t h e e a s t e r n m o s t - - f a r t h e s t f r o m t h e t r e n c h - - o f t h e c e n t r a l
S u m a t r a n v o l c a n o e s for w h i c h d a t a are available, it c o n f o r m s to t h e c h e m i c a l z o n a t i o n o n
Java, h u t o n t h e basis o f o u r l i m i t e d d a t a a t r e n d c a n n o t be e s t a b l i s h e d o n S u m a t r a .
150

/
Y \

~÷

bl

~1 l i x\

, :oy

" / - -il I
,: " - - r,,, , ,- "

Ab+An O~

Fig, 4. Q--(Ab+An)--Or diagram for volcanic rocks from west-central Sumatra. Notation
same as Fig. 3.

calc-alkalic suite (Forbes et al., 1969; Jake§ and Gill, 1970; Whitford et al.,
1977). Most of the Sumatran lavas (as distinct from the felsic tuffaceous
rocks) are andesites on the basis of an SiO2 content of 55--63%, and the re-
mainder are basaltic andesites (Carmichael et al., 1974, p. 557). Certain vol-
canoes, e.g.G. Marapi and G. Singgalang, show a spread of SiO2 encom-
passing the range of all the other samples. It is notable that the andesite ash-
flow t u f f of Maninjau caldera has one of the most mafic compositions. The
Maninjau felsic ashflow tuff is rhyolite (Table 2, analyses 8, 9).

Trace e l e m e n t s

Trace element abundances in Padang area volcanics (Table 2) correlate

fairly well with published data on comparable rocks. Rubidium and Sr abun-
dances are well within the broad range for calc-alkaline compositions of the
Sunda arc (Whitford, 1975) and generally agree with the much narrower
range reported for the Taupo volcanic zone (Ewart and Stipp, 1968). A plot of
K against K / R b is shown in Fig. 5. Thorium values for the Padang volcanics are
a little higher than values for corresponding Taupo rocks, b u t match those for
 151

4.0 =

,,,,f""- ~ ~ lgnimbrites
fromNewZealand
3.0

K "--"~-- " ~ . . . . . . -- Sundaarc

2.0 talc-alkalineandesites
\\~ ~ × ~ ~-- (Whifford.1975}

.~ x.. x x ~.
1.0

(E~rartandStipp,1968} ,~

0.5 I I I
200 300 400
K/Rb

Fig. 5. Plot o f K against K / R b for volcanic rocks f r o m the Padang area c o m p a r e d to data
for the Sunda arc (Whitford, 1975) and the T a u p o volcanic zone, New Zealand (Ewart
and Stipp, 1968). N o t a t i o n : × = S u n d a arc calc-alkaline andesites, • = Padang area ande-
sites, ~ = Maninjau andesite p u m i c e tuff, ~ = Padang highlands rhyolite tuff, • = Maninjau
rhyolite p u m i c e tuff, and o = T o b a t u f f (Whitford, 1975, table 1, p. 1291, sample 74-6A).

calc-alkaline volcanics of the Hokkaido area, Japan (Masuda et al., 1975, CH

types, pp. 256--257). The Hokkaido and Padang analyses, moreover, show
similar abundances in Ba, Co, Cr, Hf, and Ta; the broad range of Cr contents
of the Padang rocks is also seen in basaltic andesites from Tonga (Ewart et al.,
1973) and in a large number of andesites from volcanic arcs (Taylor, 1969).
Finally, the central Sumatran volcanics are quite distinct from the island arc
tholeiite suite (Jake~ and Gill, 1970; Ewart et al., 1973).

Rare earth elements

Rare earth element (REE) patterns for Padang area volcanics indicate rela-
tive enrichment of light REE, slight depletion of heavy REE and consistent,
distinct negative Eu anomalies (Fig. 6). With the exception of the sample
from G. Singgalang (Table 2, analysis 3) which shows slightly greater total
REE abundances, all the andesitic rocks, including the Maninjau andesitic
tuff, have fairly similar abundances. The rhyolitic tuffs show somewhat
greater fractionation of light REE and larger Eu anomalies, as might be ex-
pected from their more differentiated nature. This relationship between the
andesite and rhyolite patterns suggests a common source, as discussed further
below.
The fractionated patterns of the Padang rocks (La/Yb = 6.5--18, see
Table 2) stand in clear contrast to the flat patterns of both island arc and
oceanic tholeiites (Jake~ and Gill, 1970), but they generally resemble pat-
terns of calc-alkaline volcanics of other ensialic arc environments (e.g.,
Papua--New Guinea, Jake~ and Gill, 1970; the Hokkaido area, Masuda et al.,
152

8m
7q~,,
100

=o

1 A L 3 k_ 1 I L I I I I I I I I
La Ce (prl Nd IPrni Sm Eu (Gd) Tb (Dy) (Hol qEr} (Trn) Yb [u

Fig. 6. R E E a b u n d a n c e patterns for P a d a n g area volcanics. Notation: = Padang area

andesites; • • = Maninjau andesite p u m i c e tuffs; o . . . . . c = P a d a n g highlands rhyolite
tuff; • . . . . . • = Maninjau rhyolite p u m i c e tuff. N u m b e r s o n patterns correspond to analysis
n u m b e r s (Table 2).

1975; the Taupo zone, New Zealand, Ewart et al., 1973; Chilean Andes,
Thorpe et al., 1976; Peruvian Andes, Whitford, 1977) as well as a continental
andesite-rhyodacite suite (Zielinski and Lipman, 1976). Negative Eu ano-
malies, however, are somewhat more pronounced in the Padang patterns
than in most of the others cited above. The negative Eu anomalies, together
with relative enrichment of light REE in the Padang patterns, would be con-
sistent with fractionation of a crystalline residue rich in plagioclase plus
hornblende or some combination of hornblende and pyroxenes (cf. Hanson,
1978, p. 33). Inasmuch as hornblende is virtually absent from the andesites,
pyroxene fractionation is more probable. The extent of plagioclase fractiona-
tion is problematical in view of the high A1203 contents, especially in the
more mafic andesites. The greater enrichment of light REE as well as the
more pronounced Eu anomaly in the Maninjau rhyolitic ashflow tuff relative
154

and old sial (Hedge and Peterman, 1974). It is problematical whether, in the
present case, the cause of this relationship is contamination by an STSr-en-
riched crust or by actual derivation from the lower crust. We favor the
second possibility over the first on the basis of the following evidence:
(1) the absence of basalt; (2) the lack of any inverse correlation between Sr and
87Sr/S6Sr which would be expected from contamination; and (3) the improb-
ably high STSr/S6Sr ratios that would be necessary in a contaminant. Never-
theless, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the Padang volcanic rocks
formed b y differentiation from mafic magma that was generated at depth
(either from the subducted oceanic crust or the mantle above the subduction
zone) and that the high STSr/S6Sr ratios are the result of assimilation of
crustal Sr.
Several possibilities may be postulated for the origin of the rhyolite, e.g. :
(1) direct melting of granitic crust; (2) differentiation of a mafic magma by
fractional crystallization; or (3) differentiation by fractional melting. The
first idea can probably be eliminated in view of the similar 8~Sr/S~Sr ratios,
as well as the similar REE patterns, of precaldera andesite and caldera-related
rhyolitic and andesitic tuffs. [N.B., the situation may be quite different in
the Toba area where STSr/S~Sr for rhyolite t u f f is 0.7139 (Whitford, 1975)].
Derivation of the rhyolite by fractional crystallization of andesitic or basaltic
magma cannot be ruled out, but under normal circumstances this process ap-
pears unlikely to lead to a bimodal suite. The case is quite different, how-
ever, if the main operative process is one of fractional melting (Yoder,
1973). According to this hypothesis, magmas of highly contrasting composi-
tion may be successively generated by batch melting from the same parent as
a result of adiabatic decompression. Rhyolite and andesite (in contrast to
rhyolite and tholeiite) are produced if a hydrous mineral phase is retained in
the parent material (Yoder, 1973, p. 167). The latter condition cannot be
evaluated directly in the Padang area. However, high and fluctuating water
pressures during the intratelluric stage of andesite crystallization may be sur-
mised b o t h from the abundance and the highly zoned character of the pla-
gioclase (Yoder, 1969) actually observed in the Padang andesites as well as
from the subsequent explosive eruption of pumiceous tufts.
Our tentative model for generation of the Quaternary volcanic rocks of
the Padang area may be summarized as follows: (1) generation of andesitic
magma from the lower continental crust over a subducting slab; (2) fraction-
ation of a residue somewhat enriched in plagioclase, pyroxenes, and/or
hornblende, prior or during ascent of magma to a higher level; (3) eruption
of some andesite, while some andesitic magma crystallized (ca. 1 to 0.5 m.y.
B.P.); (4) hydrous fractional melting of andesite or volcanogenic sediments
at a pressure greater than 7 kbar (Yoder, 1969, p. 85) resulting in explosive
eruption of pumiceous rhyolite tuff, followed by andesitic tuff
(ca. 0.3 m.y.B.P.).
The andesite-rhyolite association of Maninjau caldera has analogues on
Sumatra and elsewhere in the world. Alternating eruption of andesite and
 155

rhyodacite from Toba caldera in northern Sumatra has been described by

Van Bemmelen (1939). Similar associations are found at Crater Lake
(Williams, 1942; McBirney, 1968a), other High Cascade volcanoes
(McBirney, 1968b), the Aleutian volcanic arc (Miller and Smith, 1977), and
south-central Mexico (Wright and Walker, 1977).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Field work in the Padang area constituted part of a cooperative program

between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Indonesia
under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development. We
are indebted to Drs. David Gottfried, R.W. Johnson, Michael Perfit,
R.D. Beckinsale, R.S.J. Sparks, Ray Macdonald, and an anonymous critic for re-
views of various drafts of the manuscript, and to Dr. Robert L. Smith for en-
lightening discussions.

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