2008 Digest Rev18web

2008
IEEE
Aerospace
Conference
Digest
Big Sky, Montana, March 1 - 8, 2008
a e
S S
Dear 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference Attendee,
The Technical Program Committee and the Track and Session Organ-
izers are pleased to bring you the technical program for 2008. Covering a
wide range of topics in aerospace engineering, science and technology,
this program consists of papers delivered in 115 sessions organized into
14 tracks, presented either orally or in our Electronic Presentation Hall
over six days. With thirteen panels, eight plenaries, and three invited
speakers, the total of papers and speakers will be over 500. We expect
nearly 700 attendees over the week.
The eight Government Plans, Policies and Education panels will address
contemporary topics, including finding extraterrestrial life, robotics at
NASA, space power technology, new software for mission ops, auton-
omy and the space program, and the European Space Agency.
Our eight plenary talks promise to be as interesting and exciting as ever,

exploring loop quantum gravity; the discovery of Jamestown; how we
see; how flies fly; Mars science; global warming; space policy and a
brief history of NASA; and the world's fastest airplane.
International participation has again increased, with 80 papers and talks

submitted by 28 countries. Domestic and international attendees repre-
sent more than sixty-five universities, a dozen national and six inter-
national laboratories, nine NASA centers, three military organizations,
and nearly 100 commercial companies.
We are confident that you will enjoy the conference and expect that you
will take the opportunity to get to know some of your colleagues from
this rich, diverse set of attendees.
Ed Bryan
Karen Profet
Richard Mattingly
Rob Wright
Technical Program Co-Chairs
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Table of Contents
TRACK 1: SCIENCE & AEROSPACE FRONTIERS

(PLENARY SESSIONS) ...................................................... 1
1.1 To See or Not to See....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Spacetime Puzzles in a Quantum World ......................................................................... 1
1.3 Fifty Years in Space – A Report Card ............................................................................. 1
1.4 Mars in Transition: Latest Results from the Red Planet .................................................. 2
1.5 Global Warming is Unequivocal ...................................................................................... 2
1.6 First Jamestown, Buried Truth and Global Legacies....................................................... 2
1.7 Test Flying the World's Fastest Airplanes ....................................................................... 3
1.8 How Flies Fly ................................................................................................................... 3
TRACK 2: SPACE MISSIONS, SYSTEMS, AND ARCHITECTURE ..... 4
2.01 Mobility and Robotics Systems for In Situ Exploration..........................4

2.0101 Next Generation Rover for Lunar Exploration ........................................................... 4
2.0102 Axel Mobility Platform for Steep Terrain Excursions and Sampling
on Planetary Surfaces ............................................................................................. 4
2.0103 Planetary Vehicle Suspension Options ..................................................................... 4
2.0104 Robot Mobility Concepts for Extraterrestrial Surface Exploration.............................. 4
2.0105 Results of Coring from a Low Mass Rover ................................................................ 5
2.0106 Harpoon-based Sampling for Planetary Applications ................................................ 5
2.0107 Gait Control of a Six-Legged Robot on Unlevel Terrain Using a Cognitive
Architecture.............................................................................................................. 5
2.0108 An Autonomy Architecture for Aerobot Exploration of the Saturnian Moon Titan...... 5
2.0109 Persistent Surveillance Using Multiple Unmanned Air Vehicles................................ 6
Papers related to Session 2.01 may be found in:

2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration and Sample Return
14.02 PANEL: Radio Isotope Power Technology for Space Flight
2.02 Future Space and Earth Science Missions ..............................................6

2.0201 A Future “Global Atmospheric Composition Mission” (CACM) Concept ................... 6
2.0202 NASA Mission to Measure Global Plant Physiology and Functional Types .............. 6
2.0203 Herschel/Planck Program–Preparing for Launch and Lessons Learned .................. 6
2.0204 The “Billion Dollar Box” Study of Science Missions to Saturnian Satellites............... 7
2.0205 Exploring ExoPlanets: NASA’s Future Space Missions ............................................ 7
2.0206 Development of a Satellite Sensor Network for Future Space Missions ................... 7
2.0207 Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI) ....................... 7
2.0208 The Mars Science Orbiter Concept ........................................................................... 8
2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration & Sample Return ..8
2.0301 An Evaluation of Novel Cleaning Techniques for Planetary Protection Applications 8
2.0302 Don`t Leave Home Without It: Planetary Protection for
Robotic and Human Missions.................................................................................. 8
2.0303 Impact of Planetary Protection on Environmental Characterization and
Hazards Mitigation Technologies ............................................................................ 8
2.0304 Anticipated Impacts of Planetary Protection Requirements on
Mars Sample Return Missions................................................................................. 9
2.0305 Planning the Mars Sample Receiving Facility: Biohazards, Societal Issues
and Risk Communication......................................................................................... 9
2.0306 Technology Challenges for Planetary Probes to Dense Atmospheres...................... 9
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2.0307 Performance of a Borehole X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

for Planetary Exploration..........................................................................................9
2.0308 The Contained Sample Handling and Analysis System ............................................9

2.01 Mobility and Robotics Systems for In Situ Exploration
2.04 Deep Space, Earth and Discovery Missions..........................................10

2.0401 Cassini-Huygens Mission Overview and Recent Science Results ..........................10
2.0402 The CloudSat Mission and the A-Train:
A Revolutionary Approach to Observing Earth’s Atmosphere ...............................10
2.0403 Phoenix – The First Mars Scout Mission .................................................................10
2.0404 MESSENGER- A Highly Constrained Mission to the Innermost Planet ..................10
2.0405 The New Horizons Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt ......................11
2.0406 Dawn: An Ion-Propelled Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System..................11
2.0407 The U.S. Rosetta Project: Mars Gravity Assist ........................................................11
2.0408 The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory Mission....................................................11
2.06 Radiation Issues for Human Spaceflight ...............................................12

2.0601 Lunar Radiation Risk Assessment and Shielding Design
for Ionizing Space Radiation ..................................................................................12
2.0602 Evolving the Medipix2 Technology
For Use As An Active Space Radiation Dosimeter ................................................12
2.0603 A Benchmark Study: Comparison Between HETC-HEDS and Experimental Data .12
2.0604 Radiation Protection Research Recommendations for Missions Beyond LEO .......12
2.08 Mission Design for Spacecraft Formations ...........................................13

2.0801 Linearized Formation-Flying Dynamics in a Perturbed Orbital Environment ...........13
2.0802 Estimate Problems for Satellite Clusters .................................................................13

7.10 Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technologies
2.09 mm-Wave and Quasi-Optic Aerospace Technologies ..........................13

2.0901 Millimeter Wave Technology for Moon and Mars Exploration .................................13
2.0902 Aero-WAVE: A First Step Towards the Characterization of W Band.......................14
2.0903 IKNOW Mission: Payload Design for In Orbit Test of W Band Technology.............14
2.0904 Models and Signal Processing for Millimeter-Wave LFMCW SAR Imaging ............14
2.10 Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Architecture and Data

Management ..........................................................................................14
2.1001 QuakeSim: Web Services, Portals, and Infrastructure for Geophysics ...................14
2.1002 COSMO-SkyMed: The Dual-Use Component of a Geospatial System
for Environment and Security.................................................................................15
2.1003 Integration of TETRA with Satellites ........................................................................15
2.1004 Entropy Constrained Clustering Algorithm Guided by Differential Evolution ...........15
2.1007 Criteria and Trade-offs for LEO Orbit Design ..........................................................15

14.07 PANEL: GEOSS: Plans and Perspectives
14.06 PANEL: ESA - International Technical Collaborations
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2.11 Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Decision Support

Systems..................................................................................................15
2.1101 Sensor-web Operations Explorer (SOX)
for Earth Science Air Quality Mission Concepts .................................................... 15

6.12 Integrated Sensing, Modeling, and Analysis Using Sensor Webs
2.12 System and Technology Challenges for Landing on the Earth, Moon
and Mars.................................................................................................16
2.1201 Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing System Overview ............. 16
2.1202 Results from the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System
Supersonic Qualification Program ......................................................................... 16
2.1203 Overview of the MEDLI Project ............................................................................... 16
2.1204 Phoenix Mars Scout Landing Risk Assessment ...................................................... 17
2.1205 Entry Range Capability Analysis of the Orion Crew Module ................................... 17
2.1206 A Terminal Descent Sensor Trade Study Overview
for the Orion Landing and Recovery System......................................................... 17
2.1207 Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators
For Use on Future Robotic Missions to Mars ........................................................ 17
2.1208 A Survey of Supersonic Retropropulsion Technology
for Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing ................................................................... 18

2.15 Technologies for Safe Lunar Landing
8.14 Mechanical Systems, Design and Technologies
4.04 Navigation and Communication Systems for Exploration
4.05 Space Exploration Communication and Navigation Status and Panel
2.13 Autonomous Vehicles .............................................................................18

2.1301 Polymorphic Control Reconfiguration in an Autonomous UAV
with UGV Collaboration ......................................................................................... 18

9.03 UAV Systems & Autonomy
14.04 DEBATE: Can Autonomy have a Significant Effect on the Space Program
2.14 Access to Space for Technology Experiments .....................................18

2.1401 The KySat Space Express Sub-Orbital Mission Summary...................................... 18
2.1402 The CubeSat Approach to Space Access ............................................................... 19
2.1403 Post Shuttle Access to the ISS for Payloads........................................................... 19
2.1404 Utilizing Excess Capacity of Current Launch Vehicles to Lift Secondary Payloads 19
2.1405 Form Follows Function: A Pragmatic Approach to Access-To-Space
for Space Technology Experiments....................................................................... 19
2.15 Technologies for Safe Lunar Landing....................................................20

2.1501 Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT)....................... 20
2.1502 A Self Contained Method for Safe & Precise Lunar Landing................................... 20
2.1503 Human Interactive Landing Point Redesignation for Lunar Landing ....................... 20
2.1504 Lunar Terrain Surface Modeling for the ALHAT Program ....................................... 20
2.1505 Analysis of On-Board Hazard Detection and Avoidance for Safe Lunar Landing ... 21
2.1506 Overview of Terrain Relative Navigation Approaches for Precise Lunar Landing... 21
2.1507 Passive Optical Terrain Relative Navigation Using APLNav ................................... 21
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2.12 System and Technology Challenges for Landing on the Earth, Moon and Mars
TRACK 3: ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES .................. 22
3.01 Phased Array Antennas ..........................................................................22

3.0101 The Past, Present, and Future of Electronically-Steerable
Phased Arrays in Defense Applications.................................................................22
3.0102 Broadband Conformal Phased Array with Optical Beam Forming
for Airborne Satellite Communication ....................................................................22
3.0103 A Phased Array Antenna for Deep Space Communications ...................................22
3.02 Ground Antenna Technologies and Systems........................................23

3.0201 Use of a Multipath Model in the Meter-wave Radar Height-finding Applications .....23
3.0202 Calibration of Antennas During Construction or Expansion of Radio Arrays...........23
3.0203 Focal Plane Array Receiver for Deep-Space Communication.................................23
3.0204 USAF Academy Fast-Tracking Telescope...............................................................23
3.03 Space Antenna Technologies and Systems ..........................................24

3.0301 Testing of Conventional Antennas
for High Altitude Airborne Cellular Base Stations ..................................................24
3.04 Antenna Systems: Novel Modeling and Optimization Techniques .....24

3.0401 Conceptual Design of a New Huge Deployable Antenna Structure
for Space Application .............................................................................................24
3.0402 Optimization of the UMTS Network Radio Coverage On-board an Aircraft.............24
3.0403 Microwave Power Beaming Strategies for Fractionated Spacecraft Systems.........24
3.05 Array Beamforming Technologies: Analog, Digital, and Optical.........25

3.0501 An Adaptive Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Element
Using Photonic Controls ........................................................................................25
3.0502 Digital Beamforming Aspects of Wideband Circular Arrays.....................................25
3.0503 Design of a Dynamic Beamforming Antenna for Wimax Radio Systems ................25
TRACK 4: COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEMS &

TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................. 26
4.01 Evolving Space Communication Architectures ....................................26

4.0101 Selecting Codes, Modulations, Multiple Access Schemes
and Link Protocols for Future NASA Missions.......................................................26
4.0102 Formulation of Modulation Recommendations
for Future NASA Space Communications .............................................................26
4.0103 Evaluation of Multiple Access Techniques
for Simultaneous Space Communications and Tracking .......................................26
4.0104 Formulation of Forward Error Correction Coding Recommendations
for Future NASA Space Communications .............................................................26
4.0105 Future Perspectives for the New European Data Relay System .............................27
4.0106 Communications Across Complex Space Networks................................................27
4.0107 Deep-Space Ka-band Link: Design, Continuity and Completeness ........................27
4.0108 Evolution of the Lunar Network................................................................................27
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4.0109 An Evolvable Lunar Communication and Navigation Constellation Concept .......... 28

4.0110 Applying DoDAF to NASA Orion Mission Communication
& Navigation Architecture ...................................................................................... 28
4.02 Communication Protocols and Services for Space Networks .............28

4.0201 DS-TP: Deep-Space Transport Protocol ................................................................. 28
4.0202 Intelligibility and Space-based Voice with Relaxed Delay Constraints .................... 28
4.0203 Signal Routing in a Satellite Sensor Network Using Optimisation Algorithms......... 29
4.0204 Adaptive QoS in 802.11e Wireless Networks for Lunar Communications .............. 29
4.0205 Traffic Modeling for NASA’s Space Communications and
Navigation (SCaN) Network .................................................................................. 29
4.0206 Demand Access Protocol Design and Validation with SPIN ................................... 29
4.0207 Cost Overhead Analysis Associated with Ipsec in the
Next Generation Satellite Network ........................................................................ 29
4.0208 Performance Characterization of Space Communications and
Navigation (SCaN) Network by Simulation............................................................ 30
4.0209 Assessing the Minimum Bandwidth Requirement
for Transmitting MPEG-4 over Space.................................................................... 30
4.0210 Verification of a Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant Self-Stabilizing Protocol
for Clock Synchronization...................................................................................... 30
4.0217 Transmitting Medical Imagery over 2-Meter Amateur Packet Radio Networks
using TCP Reno and UDP..................................................................................... 30
4.0218 The GSFC Communications, Standards, and Technology Laboratory (CSTL)....... 31
4.03 Transformational Communications Architectures and Technologies 31

4.0301 On the Optimal Extension of Ground Network Stations to Support
NASA’s Lunar Exploration ..................................................................................... 31
4.0302 Geographically Targeted Information Dissemination System (GeoTIDeS) ............. 31
4.0303 Development of Reprogrammable High Frame-Rate Detector Devices
for Laser Communication Pointing, Acquisition and Tracking ............................... 31
4.0304 A Radiation-Hardened, High-Resolution Optical Encoder
for Use in Aerospace Applications......................................................................... 32
4.0305 A Study of the Relative Speed and Doppler Effects in Space-Based Networks ..... 32
4.0306 Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulation of
Mobile Wireless Communication Environments .................................................... 32
4.0308 Adaptive Power Control for Space Communications............................................... 32
4.04 Navigation and Communication Systems for Exploration ...................33

4.0401 A Weak-signal GPS Architecture
for Lunar Navigation and Communication Systems .............................................. 33
4.06 Innovative Techniques in Deep Space Communications .....................33

4.0601 Same Beam Tracking with the Proposed DSN Array
Using Calibration Signal from Multiple Sources .................................................... 33
4.0602 Precision Spacecraft Tracking Using In-Beam Phase Referencing ........................ 33
4.0603 MESSENGER Spacecraft In-flight Experiments: Science Return Improvement
Techniques ............................................................................................................ 33
4.07 Communication System Analysis & Simulation....................................34

4.0701 Combined GMSK Modulation and PN Ranging for Communications & Navigation 34
4.0702 8175–8215 MHz MILSATCOM Band for the GOES-R PDU Signal and the 8025–
8400 MHz Band for the SD Downlink .................................................................... 34
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4.0703 Conceptual Design of Multi-Domain Dynamics for Actuation Systems Using a Bond
Graph Automated Procedure .................................................................................34
4.0704 Design of an Adaptive Communication System for Implementation on Board a
Future Algerian LEO Satellite ................................................................................34
4.08 Wideband Communications Systems ....................................................35

4.0801 Convolutional Codes Using Nonlinear Generators for Rate One-half and Memory
Order Four .............................................................................................................35
4.0802 Multi-Standard WIMAX/UMTS System Framework Based on SDR ........................35
4.0803 Test Platform for Millimeter-wave Amplifier Linearity Characterization ...................35
4.0804 Comparison of Single-Tone and Spectrally-Confined Waveform Performance in
Millimeter-Wave Amplifiers ....................................................................................35
4.0805 Convolutional Codes Using Nonlinear Generators for Rate One-third and Memory
Order Four .............................................................................................................36
4.09 Communications and/or Related Systems: Theory, Simulation, and

Signal Processing .................................................................................36
4.0901 Multipath Effects in GPS Receivers with Correlation Operations ............................36
4.0902 Comparison of Parameter Estimation in Frequency and Time Domain by Motion’s
Signal Processing ..................................................................................................36
4.0903 A High-Order Analysis of the Distortion Effects of Nonlinear Amplifiers on CDMA
Signals ...................................................................................................................36
4.0904 Novel Adaptive Receiver for Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulated Signals .36
4.0905 Goodput and Delay in Networks with Controlled Mobility ........................................37
4.0906 Quality of Service In Wireless Sensor Networks through the Connectionless
Scheduling Protocol ...............................................................................................37
4.10 Global Navigation Satellite Systems ......................................................37

4.1001 An Introduction to Satellite Based Atomic Frequency Standards ............................37
4.1002 GNSS Optimizing Intercontinental Liberalization Of Air Transport ..........................37
4.11 Software Defined Radio Systems and Technology...............................38

4.1101 Runtime FPGA Partial Reconfiguration ...................................................................38
4.1102 Design of Digital TDRSS Waveform Equivalent Suitable
for Software Defined Radio Implementation .........................................................38
4.1103 Application-layer Codec Adaptation for Dynamic Bandwidth Resource Allocation..38
4.1104 Constellation Design for Improved Iterative LDPC Decoding ..................................38
4.1105 Cognitive Radio: From Spectrum Sharing to Adaptive Learning & Reconfiguration38
4.1106 Signal Reconstruction in Digital Transmitter Drives.................................................39
4.12 Advanced Communications, Navigation, & Surveillance Technology

for National Airspace ............................................................................39
4.1201 Problems with Deployment of Multi-Domained, Multi-Homed Mobile Networks......39
4.1202 Towards a Mission Planning Toolbox for the Airborne Network ..............................39
4.1203 Technology Assessment Results of the
Eurocontrol/FAA Future Communications Study ...................................................39
4.13 Advanced Navigation Systems

for Surface, Air, and Space Applications ...........................................40
4.1301 Multicarrier Modulation as a Navigation Signal of Opportunity ................................40
4.1302 A New Scheduling Strategy for Aircraft Landings under Dynamic Position Shifting 40
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TRACK 5: ELECTRO-OPTIC SENSORS AND OBSERVATION

SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 41
5.01 Verification and Validation of Large Optical Systems ..........................41

5.0101 Model-Based Verification and Validation of Component Structures for RF and
Optical Experimental Systems............................................................................... 41

13.05 System Simulation and Verification
5.02 Photonic Devices for Space Applications .............................................41

5.0201 Promoting Robust Design of Diode Lasers for Space: A National Initiative ............ 41
5.0202 Advances in Coherent 2-Dimensional Vertical Cavity Laser Arrays........................ 41
5.04 Spectral Imaging Systems ......................................................................42

5.0401 Moon Mineralogy Mapper Imaging Spectrometer Science Measurements............. 42
5.0402 Tunable Leaky-Mode MEMS Filters for Multispectral Imaging Applications ........... 42
5.05 Novel Imaging Systems...........................................................................42

5.0504 Baseline Estimation in Distributed Spaceborne Interferometry SAR Systems ........ 42
5.06 Active Optical Sensing Systems ............................................................43

5.0601 Multi-Aperture 3D Imaging Systems........................................................................ 43
5.0602 Development of Laser, Detector, and Receiver Systems
for an Atmospheric CO2 Lidar Profiling System .................................................... 43
5.0603 Laser Sounder for Active Remote Sensing Measurements of CO2 Concentrations43
5.0604 Oxygen Spectroscopy Laser Sounding Instrument
for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Pressure ...................................................... 43
5.0605 Performance of the GLAS Satellite Lidar Cloud and Aerosol Measurements ......... 44
5.0606 The Design and Construction of an Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar......... 44
5.0608 Optical Metrology System for Radar Phase Correction
on Large Flexible Structure ................................................................................... 44
5.07 Image Processing ....................................................................................44

5.0701 A Comparison of Template Matching Registration Methods
for Polarimetric Imagery ........................................................................................ 44
5.0702 Novel Algorithms for Optimal Compression Using Classification Metrics................ 44
5.0703 Improving the Performance of Projection-Based Image Registration ..................... 45
5.0704 Improving Image Resolution with Edge-Targed Filter Evolution.............................. 45
5.0705 Improvement on Masking and Flagging Technique on Reducing SST Residual .... 45
5.0706 Development of Air Quality Monitoring Remote Sensor
Using a Digital SLR Camera.................................................................................. 45
5.0707 Aerosol Retrieval at South China Sea by AVHRR Image........................................ 46
5.0710 Sun Imaging though the Martian Atmosphere ......................................................... 46

6.07 Detection and Classification
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TRACK 6: REMOTE SENSING ............................................................ 47
6.01 Instrument and Sensor Architecture and Design..................................47

6.0101 A Hybrid-FPGA System for On-Board Data Processing
Targeting the MATMOS FTIR Instrument ..............................................................47
6.02 Microwave Remote Sensing Technologies and Systems ....................47

6.0201 A High Altitude Airborne Wind Mapping Radar........................................................47
6.0202 GeoSTAR Performance Demonstration ..................................................................47
6.0203 Microwave Radiometers from 0.6 to 22 GHz for Juno,
A Polar Orbiter around Jupiter ...............................................................................48
6.0204 The UAVSAR Transmit / Receive Module ...............................................................48
6.0205 Broadband Characterization of a 100 to 180 GHz Amplifier....................................48
6.0209 Design of Frequency Synthesizer
for Synchronizing Airborne Bistatic SAR Systems.................................................48
6.0210 A Framework to Optimize Radar Resource Allocation
for Multi-Target Tracking in ESA Radars ...............................................................48
6.03 Interferometry and Large Optical Systems............................................49

6.0301 Preliminary Results from an
Interferometric Post-Coronagraph Wave Front Sensor .........................................49
6.0302 Looking for Earth-like Planets with the SIM Planet Quest Light Mission .................49
6.0303 Design Study for a Planet-Finding Space Interferometer ........................................49
6.05 Sonar Signal Processing.........................................................................50

6.0501 Multi-scale Modeling Approach for Detecting Low Observable Targets
within Sea Clutter...................................................................................................50
6.0502 Information Embedding in Sonar for Authentication and Identification ....................50
6.0503 Underwater Model-Based Processing
for SLAM and Environment Characterization ........................................................50
6.06 Radar Signal Processing.........................................................................50

6.0601 Performance Metric Issues for Space Time Adaptive Processing Methods ............50
6.0602 Dual Channel Adaptive Antenna Nulling with Auxiliary Selection for Spaceborne
Radar .....................................................................................................................51
6.0603 MIMO Phased-Array for SMTI Radar ......................................................................51
6.0604 Adaptive Threshold Mapping Technique for Moving Target Detector in Modern
Radar .....................................................................................................................51
6.0605 Development of the Two D Wall for Simulation of Glint from Atmospheric
Propagation and Multipath .....................................................................................51
6.0606 Study on STAP in Non-homogeneous Clutter Environment ....................................51
6.07 Detection and Classification ...................................................................52

6.0701 Using Measured RCS in a Serial, Decentralized Fusion Approach
to Radar-Target Classification ...............................................................................52
6.0702 HRR Signature Classification using Syntactic Pattern Recognition.........................52
6.0703 Automated Global Feature Analyzer – A Driver for Tier-Scalable Reconnaissance52
6.0704 Bayesian Extreme Value Statistics for Novelty Detection in Gas-Turbine Engines.52
6.0705 Daytime Lidar Characterization of Subvisual Cirrus Layers ....................................53
6.0706 A Novel Precoder Design for OFDM Receivers in Unknown Fading Channels.......53
6.0707 Naval Target Classification Based on the Confusion Matrix....................................53
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6.0708 Efficient GLRTs via SPRTs for Gravitational Wave Detection................................. 53

6.0709 Optimized Bernoulli Trial Technique for M Out of N
Binary Integration of Radar Signals....................................................................... 53
6.0710 Modeling and Interpretation of Multifunction Radars with Stochastic Grammar...... 54

5.07 Image Processing
6.08 Multisensor Fusion ..................................................................................54

6.0801 Simultaneous Track-to-Track Association and Bias Removal
Using Multistart Local Search................................................................................ 54
6.0802 Sensor Selection for Multiple Sensor Emitter Location Systems............................. 54
6.0803 Image Quality Measures
for Predicting Automatic Target Recognition Performance ................................... 54
6.0804 Efficient Kriging via Fast Matrix-Vector Products. ................................................... 55
6.0805 Data Fusion Architectures for Sensor Platforms ..................................................... 55
6.09 Tracking Applications..............................................................................55

6.0901 Detecting and Tracking Separating Objects
Using Direct Monopulse Measurements................................................................ 55
6.0902 Grid Based Solution of Zakai Equation with Adaptive Local Refinement
for Bearings-only Tracking..................................................................................... 55
6.0903 Improvement of Multiple Ground Targets Tracking with GMTI Sensor and
Fusion of Identification Attributes .......................................................................... 56
6.0904 Multi-Missile Interception Integrating New Guidance Law
and Game Theoretic Resource Management ....................................................... 56
6.0905 Accurate Likelihood Evaluation for Multiple Model PMHT Algorithms..................... 56
6.0906 Recursive Bearings-Only TMA via Unscented Kalman Filter:
Cartesian vs. Modified Polar Coordinates ............................................................. 56
6.0911 Turn Rate Estimation Techniques in IMM Estimators for ESA Radar Tracking ...... 57
6.10 Particle Filtering and Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques.............57

6.1001 Utilizing Model Structure for Efficient Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
for a UAV Application ............................................................................................ 57
6.1002 Detection and Compensation of Landmark Errors in Monte Carlo Localization...... 57
6.1003 Target Tracking by a New Class of Cost-Reference Particle Filters ....................... 57
6.1004 Models and Algorithms for Detection and Tracking of Coordinated Groups ........... 58
6.1005 Using a Configurable Integrated Sensing and Processing Imager
to Track Multiple Targets ....................................................................................... 58
6.11 Applications and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks ..........58

6.1101 A Simulation Tool for ASCTA Microsensor Network Architecture ........................... 58
6.1102 Energy-Aware Node Selection for Localization ....................................................... 58
6.12 Integrated Sensing, Modeling, and Analysis Using Sensor Webs ......59
6.1201 Development of Coherent, Expandable, Reconfigurable Instrument Node
(ERIN) for Web Sensor Applications ..................................................................... 59
6.1202 Coordinated Data Acquisition on Sensor Webs ...................................................... 59
6.1203 Adaptive Sky: A Feature Correspondence Toolbox for a Multi-Instrument,
Multi-Platform Distributed Cloud Monitoring Sensor Web ..................................... 59
6.1204 Integrating Sensor Webs with Modeling and Data-assimilation Applications:
An SOA Implementation ........................................................................................ 59
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6.1205 QuakeSim: Efficient Modeling of Sensor Web Data

in a Web Services Environment.............................................................................60
6.1206 A Meta-Model for Generalized Algorithm and Model Enablement
of Sensor Web Applications...................................................................................60
6.1207 Using a Contract Net to Dynamically Configure Sensor Webs................................60
6.1208 Rapid Response to Volcanic Eruptions with an Autonomous Sensor Web .............60
6.1209 Optimized Autonomous Space In-situ Sensor-Web for Volcano Monitoring ...........61
6.1210 Sensor Web Technologies for NASA Earth Science ...............................................61
6.1211 Autonomous Adaptive Resource Management in Sensor Network Systems
for Environmental Monitoring .................................................................................61
6.1212 The Telesupervised Adaptive Ocean Sensor Fleet Architecture .............................61

2.11 Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Decision Support Systems
TRACK 7: SPACECRAFT AVIONICS SYSTEMS AND

TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................. 62
7.01 Onboard Processing Hardware Architectures and Interconnect

Technologies .........................................................................................62
7.0101 The RAD6000MCTM System-on-Chip Microcontroller
for Spacecraft Avionics and Instrument Control ....................................................62
7.0102 High Resolution Time Synchronization over SpaceWire Links................................62
7.02 Onboard Signal, Data, Command Processing & Data Handling

Technologies .........................................................................................62
7.0201 Radiation Hardened 150nm Standard Cell ASIC Design Library
for Space Applications ...........................................................................................62
7.0202 High Energy Gamma-rays and Modern Electronics ................................................62
7.0203 A Fast K-Means Clustering Algorithm Based on Grid Data Reduction....................63
7.04 Reconfigurable Computing System Technologies ...............................63

7.0401 Reconfigurable Computing Concepts for Space Missions:
Universal Modular Spares......................................................................................63
7.0402 Component-Based, Run-Time Flight Software Modification....................................63
7.0403 Multiparadigm Space Processing for Hyperspectral Imaging ..................................63
7.0404 Achieving Multipurpose Space Imaging with the
ARTEMIS Reconfigurable Payload Processor ......................................................64
7.0405 Using Duplication with Compare for On-line Error Detection
in FPGA-based Designs ........................................................................................64
7.0406 Fault Tolerant ICAP Controller for High-Reliable Internal Scrubbing.......................64
7.0407 New Reprogrammable and Non-Volatile Radiation Tolerant FPGA: RTA3P ..........64
7.0408 Ultra Low Voltage Level Shifters to Interface Sub and Super Threshold
Reconfigurable Logic Cells ....................................................................................64
7.0409 Progress in the Development of Field Programmable Analog Arrays
for Space Applications ...........................................................................................65
7.0410 Bushfire Hotspot Detection Through Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles
and Reconfigurable Computing .............................................................................65

7.08 Fault Tolerance, Autonomy, and Evolvability in Spacecraft Avionics
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7.06 Miniaturization and Advanced Electronics Packaging for Spacecraft 65

7.0600 Judith Resnick Award Talk: Nanotechnology for Aerospace Systems……...………66
7.0601 Wafer Scale Integration Enabling Space Science ..................................... 65
7.0602 High Speed RF Packaging Design and Fabrication for Ka-Band Radar Systems .. 66
7.0603 Flip Chip Reliability on Dynamically Loaded Multi-Functional
Spacecraft Structures ............................................................................................ 66
7.0604 Survivability of Flip Chips Using PCBs with Carbon Fiber
in a Fatigue Environment....................................................................................... 66
7.0605 Electrically Conductive Carbon Nanotube Adhesives
on Lead Free Printed Circuit Board Surface Finishes ........................................... 66
7.0606 Copper Nanotubes for Packaging Applications ....................................................... 66
7.08 Fault Tolerance, Autonomy & Evolvability in Spacecraft Avionics .....67

7.0801 Optimized Spacecraft Fault Protection for the WISE Mission ................................. 67
7.0802 In-Flight Anomalies and Lessons Learned from the
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission.................................................................. 67
7.0803 Automated Generation and Assessment of Autonomous Systems Test Cases ..... 67
7.0804 Lights-Out Scenario Testing for the
New Horizons Autonomous Operations Subsystem.............................................. 67
7.0805 Bio-Robustness and Fault Tolerance -- A New Perspective…................................ 67
7.0806 Developing Aerospace Applications with a Reliable Web Services Paradigm........ 68
7.0807 Control of MEMS Disc Resonance Gyroscope (DRG) using a FPGA Platform ...... 68
7.0808 Panel: Fault Protection & Exception Handling:

System Engineering Concern...............................................................68

10.14 Software Architecture and Design
11.03 Diagnostics and PHM for Aerospace Subsystems and Components
11.11 IVHM for Space Applications
7.09 Electronics for Extreme Environments ..................................................69

7.0901 Silicon-Germanium as an Enabling IC Technology
for Extreme Environment Electronics .................................................................... 69
7.0902 Ultra-Wide Temperature (-230 °C to 130 °C) DC-Motor Drive
with SiGe Asynchronous Controller....................................................................... 69
7.0903 Design and Qualification Methodology for a Successful Technology Infusion
for a Wide Temperature Op-Amp .......................................................................... 69
7.0904 Extreme Temperature Sensing System for Venus Surface Missions...................... 69
7.0905 Miniaturized Data Acquisition System for Extreme Temperature Environments ..... 70
7.10 Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technologies .............70

7.1001 Orbits Design for Remote Sensing Satellite ............................................................ 70
7.1002 Attitude-Independent Geomagnetic Navigation Using Onboard Complete
Three-Axis Magnetometer Calibration................................................................... 70
TRACK 8: SPACECRAFT & LAUNCH VEHICLE SYSTEMS &

TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................. 71
8.01 Exploration Systems................................................................................71

8.0101 Constellation Major Technical Challenges of 2007 ................................................. 71
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8.0102 Constellation Program Mission Operations Project Office,

Status and Support Philosophy .............................................................................71
8.0103 Descent Assisted Split Habitat (DASH) Lunar Lander Concept ..............................71
8.0104 The Next Giant Leap: NASA's Ares Launch Vehicles Overview .............................71
8.0105 Ares Launch Vehicles Lean Practices Case Study..................................................71

8.05 Exploration Systems Technology Development
8.02 Advanced Launch Vehicle Systems and Technologies .......................72

8.0201 Maglev Launch and the Next Race to Space ..........................................................72
8.03 Responsive Space Systems and Technologies ....................................72

8.0301 Low-Cost Propellant Launch to Earth Orbit from a Tethered Balloon – an Update .72
8.0302 Training and Tactical Operationally Responsive Space Operations (TATOO)........72
8.04 Modular Bus Technologies, Components & Standardized Spacecraft

73
8.0401 SpaceWire for Operationally Responsive Space.....................................................73
8.0402 Developing the Process Tools and Software Architecture for the PnPSat Initiative 73
8.0403 Developing a Distributed Power and Grounding Architecture for PnPSat ...............73
8.0404 Implementing Plug-and-Play ADCS to Support Operationally Responsive Space..73
8.0405 Programmable Satellite Transceiver for Responsive Space ...................................74
8.05 Exploration Systems Technology Development ...................................74

8.0500 Invited Speaker: Exploration Technology Development Program Overview ...…..75
8.0501 Fault Tolerance of Relative Navigation Sensing in
Docking Approach of Spacecraft ...........................................................................74
8.0502 Multi-Sensor Testing for Automated Rendezvous and
Docking Sensor Testing at the Flight Robotics Lab...............................................74
8.0503 ATHLETE: An Option for Mobile Lunar Landers......................................................75
8.0504 Operational Lessons Learned for Systems Management and
Automation on Manned Spacecraft .......................................................................75
8.0505 Mars Radiation Risk Assessment and Shielding Design for Long-Term Exposure .75

2.06 Radiation Issues for Human Spaceflight
8.01 Exploration Systems
8.08 Rendezvous and Docking Technologies
8.06 Technology Development and Infusion .................................................75

8.0601 Technology Development and Infusion from
NASA's Innovative Partnerships Program .............................................................75
8.08 Rendezvous and Docking Technologies ...............................................76

8.0801 Approach and Capture for Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking ........................76
8.0802 Target Localization from 3D data for
On-Orbit Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking .....................................................76
8.0803 Docking System for Autonomous, Un-manned Docking Operations .......................76
8.0804 Orbital Express Advanced Video Guidance Sensor ................................................76
8.0805 Next Generation Advanced Video Guidance Sensor...............................................77
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8.10 Reconfigurable Space Systems and Space Assembly .........................77

8.1001 Independently-Sourced Series-Input Connected Converters with
Uniform Current-Sharing ....................................................................................... 77
8.11 Autonomous Science Systems...............................................................77

8.1101 Automated Cyclone Identification From Remote QuikSCAT Satellite Data ............ 77
8.1102 Implementing Legacy-C Algorithms in FPGA Co-Processors
for Performance Accelerated Smart Payloads ...................................................... 77
8.1103 Experiments in Onboard Rover Traverse Science .................................................. 78
8.1104 Autonomous Calibration of Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor ............................. 78
8.1105 Autonomous Identification and Quantification of Chemical Species with VCAM
for use Onboard the ISS........................................................................................ 78

8.12 Advanced Spacecraft & Mission Concepts - Emerging Technologies 79

8.1201 Atmospheric Heating as a Research Tool: Link to Space-Based Solar Power ....... 79
8.1202 Wireless Avionics and Human Interfaces for Inflatable Spacecraft ......................... 79
8.1203 A New Spacecraft Software Development Paradigm
Enabled by High-Performance Commercial Processors ....................................... 79
8.1204 Equatorial Low-Earth Orbits for Missions Concerning the African Continent .......... 79
8.13 Micro and Nano-Satellite Systems and Technologies ..........................80

8.1301 Design Solutions for a University Nano-satellite...................................................... 80
8.1302 A Low-Cost, Responsive Microsat Bus Utilizing COTS Parts and Components ..... 80
8.1303 A Compact Power Controller for Microsat Applications........................................... 80
8.14 Mechanical Systems, Design and Technologies...................................80

8.1401 Mars Science Laboratory Roll Control System Thruster Seals ............................... 80
8.1402 Guide Rails for Linear Separation of Powered Descent Vehicle
from Mars Science Laboratory Backshell .............................................................. 81
8.1403 Testing and Analysis of Separation Joints for Mars Science Laboratory ................ 81
8.1404 Mars Science Laboratory Heat Rejection System (HRS) Tubing Retractor ............ 81
8.1405 Passive Management of Deployable Cordage During and After MSL Touchdown. 81
8.1406 Implementation of a Whole Spacecraft Isolation System
for the OSTM/Jason 2 Mission .............................................................................. 81
8.1407 Design and Fabrication of the Cruise Stage Spacecraft for MSL ............................ 82
8.1408 MSL – Backshell Interface Plate and Parachute Support Structure Subsystem ..... 82
8.1409 Direct Drive Precision Linear Actuator
for Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) Siderostat Pointing.................................. 82
8.1410 Mechanisms for Lowering Tethered Payloads: Lessons Learned
from the Mars Exploration Program....................................................................... 82
8.1411 Mechanical Description of the Mars Climate Sounder Instrument........................... 83

8.15 In-Space Propulsion Technology ...........................................................83
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8.1501 NASA’s In-Space Propulsion Technology Project Overview

and Mission Applicability........................................................................................83
8.1502 Aerocapture Technology Development Overview ...................................................83
8.1503 An Overview of Recent Developments in Electric Propulsion
for NASA Science Missions ...................................................................................83
8.1504 Technology Readiness of the NEXT Ion Propulsion System...................................84
8.1505 In-Space Propulsion Electric Propulsion Technologies Mission Benefits ................84
8.1506 Advanced Chemical Propulsion for Science Missions.............................................84
TRACK 9: AIR VEHICLE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES............. 85
9.01 Aircraft Systems & Avionics ...................................................................85

9.0101 Symmetrization of Phase Limitations in a Problem of Flight Control .......................85
9.0102 Application of Data Compression to the MIL-STD-1553 Data Bus ..........................85
9.0103 Training Benefits of Java-Based Part Task Trainers: MH-60S/MH-60R..................85
9.0104 Air-to-Air Evaluation of an Amplified 802.11b Network............................................85
9.02 Air Vehicle Flight Testing........................................................................86

9.0201 Evaluation of the Design Requirements of the H-1 Upgrades Blade Fold
racks……………………………………………………………………..…..…………..87
9.0202 Development and Flight Test of a Reconfigurable Avionics Research Pod
for the USAF Test Pilot School ..............................................................................86
9.03 UAV Systems & Autonomy .....................................................................86

9.0301 An Integrated UAV Navigation System Based on Aerial Image Matching...............86
9.0302 Vision Aided Inertial Navigation with Measurement Delay
for Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Landing ................................................86
9.0303 Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Visual Servoing
for Cooperative Indoor Exploration. .......................................................................87
9.0304 Human Body Detection and Geolocalization
for UAV Search and Rescue Missions...................................................................87
9.0305 Target Geolocation from a Small Unmanned Aircraft System .................................87
9.0306 Distributed Real-Time Optimization Across Airborne Networks ..............................87
9.0307 Military Applications and Sensitivity Analysis of Coupling Game Management ......87
9.0308 A Game Theoretic Data Fusion Aided Path Planning Approach
for Cooperative UAV ISR .......................................................................................88
9.0310 Rapid Deployment UAV...........................................................................................88
9.0311 Framework for the Conceptual Decomposition of
Unmanned Aircraft Propulsion Systems ................................................................88
9.0312 Trajectory Design for Cooperative Combat Mission ................................................88
9.0313 Vision-Based Trajectory Tracking Controller
for Autonomous Close Proximity Operations .........................................................89
9.0314 Robust Control Design for a Two-axis Gimbaled Stabilization System ...................89
9.0315 Two Stage Architecture for Navigating Multiple Guided Weapons
into a Widespread Target.......................................................................................89

2.13 Autonomous Vehicles
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TRACK 10: SOFTWARE AND COMPUTING....................................... 90
10.01 Advanced Software Verification Tools.................................................90

10.0101 The Use and Implementation of Coding Standards
for High-Confidence Embedded Systems ............................................................. 90
10.0102 Using Sequence Diagrams to Detect
Communication Problems between Systems ........................................................ 90
10.0103 Model-based Approach to Validation and Verification of Flight Critical Software.. 90
10.0104 Trust Your Model - Verifying Aerospace System Models with Java™ Pathfinder . 90
10.0105 Verification of Plans and Procedures .................................................................... 91
10.0106 Requirements for Software Exception Handling.................................................... 91
10.0107 A Software Safety Certification Tool
for Automatically Generated Guidance, Navigation and Control Code ................. 91
10.0108 Verification of C Flight Software with the MCP Model Checker ............................ 91

10.02 Agent-Based Systems for Aerospace ..................................................91

10.0201 Rapid Simulation Construction .............................................................................. 91
10.0202 Evaluating Game Technologies for Training ......................................................... 92
10.03 Computational Modeling .......................................................................92

10.0301 Efficient Simulation for Testing Loss of Separation Algorithms ............................. 92
10.05 Human-Computer Interaction ...............................................................92

10.0501 Delivering Images for Mars Rover Science Planning ............................................ 92
10.06 Information Management and Collaborative Engineering..................93

10.0601 Contextualized Search and Faceted Browsing of
Heterogeneous ISS Mission Operations Data....................................................... 93
10.0602 Functional Hierarchical Search Results Data Analysis.......................................... 93
10.07 Information Technologies for Counter Terrorism ...............................93

10.0701 Data Fusion and Prediction for CBRN Transport and Dispersion for Security ...... 93
10.0702 Achieving Cryptographic Modernization Compliance
for Reprogrammable Crypto in Space ................................................................... 93
10.08 Novel Information Technologies for Asymmetric Threats .................94

10.0801 Geotemporal Analysis ........................................................................................... 94
10.10 Software Development Methodologies ................................................94

10.1001 Automated Translation of Safety Critical Application Software Specifications
into PLC Ladder Logic ........................................................................................... 94
10.1002 Visualization and Formalization of User Constraints
for Tight Estimation of Worst-Case Execution Time.............................................. 94
10.12 Web++: Semantics, Ontologies, and Agents .......................................94

10.1201 Semantic Interoperability Integrating and Augmenting Legacy Applications
with OWL Ontologies ............................................................................................. 94
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10.1202 Augmenting Data Collection and Analysis of Operational Simulations

with RDF and SPARQL..........................................................................................95
10.13 PANEL: XML Deployment .....................................................................95
10.14 Software Architecture and Design .......................................................95

10.1401 Why is so Little Attention Paid to the Centralization of Data..................................95
10.1402 An Introspection Framework for Fault Tolerance in Support
of Autonomous Space Systems.............................................................................95

10.18 Software Engineering
10.19 Panel on Software Architecture, co-sponsored by Track 12
10.15 Intelligent networks for Space Applications .......................................96

10.1501 Intelligent Avionics with Advanced Clustering .......................................................96
10.18 Software Engineering ............................................................................96

10.1801 An Architectural Pattern for Goal-Based Control ...................................................96
10.1802 Integrating System and Software Engineering Through Modeling ........................96
10.1803 Software Assurance for Model-Based Design .......................................................96
10.1804 Automated Testing of Science Instrument Flight Software....................................97
10.1805 Software Independent Verification and Validation for Spacecraft at JAXA ...........97

10.10 Software Development Methodologies
10.19 PANEL: Software Architecture, co-sponsored by Track 12 ...............97
TRACK 11: DIAGNOSTICS, PROGNOSTICS, AND HEALTH

MANAGEMENT................................................................. 98
11.01 Fixed Wing and/or Rotary Wing PHM Program Applications.............98

11.0101 Cost-Benefit Analysis Methodology for PHM
Applied to Legacy Commercial Aircraft..................................................................98
11.0102 A Method of Compression in HUMS and its Effect on Analysis.............................98
11.0103 Detection of Pre-Crack Fatigue Damage in a
U.S. Army MH-47E Chinook Aft Rotor Shaft .........................................................98
11.02 Diagnostics and PHM for Propulsion Engine Bearings......................98

11.0201 High Temperature Sensor for Bearing Health Monitoring......................................98
11.0202 Development and Validation of Bearing Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools
using HUMS Condition Indicators ..........................................................................99
11.0203 Use of Artificial Intelligence Methods
for Advanced Bearing Health Diagnostics and Prognostics ..................................99
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11.03 Diagnostics & PHM for Aerospace Subsystems & Components.......99

11.0301 SiC Power Electronics Packaging Prognostics ..................................................... 99
11.0302 Seeded Fault Testing and In-situ Analysis
of Critical Electronic Components in EMA Power Circuitry ................................... 99
11.0303 Electronic Prognostics System Implementation on
Power Actuator Components............................................................................... 100
11.0304 Mahalanobis Distance and Projection Pursuit Analysis
for Health Assessment of Electronic Systems ..................................................... 100
11.0305 Leakage Fault Detection Method
for Axial-Piston Variable Displacement Pumps ................................................... 100
11.0306 Automated Health Management
for Gas Turbine Engine Accessory System Components ................................... 100
11.0307 Use of Paris Law for Prediction of Component Remaining Life........................... 101
11.04 Diagnostics and PHM for Aerospace Structures...............................101

11.0401 Air Force C-130 Rainbow Fitting Diagnostic Technology Development.............. 101
11.0402 Structural Health Management and Structural Design: An Unbridgeable Gap? . 101
11.0403 Improved Estimation of Aircraft Probability of Failure.......................................... 101
11.05 Algorithms & Advanced Analysis Concepts for PHM Diagnostics..102

11.0501 Distributed Fault Diagnosis Using Dependency Modeling
Without Revealing Subsystem Details................................................................. 102
11.0502 An Implementation of Prognosis with Dynamic Bayesian Networks ................... 102
11.0503 Dynamic Set-Covering for Real-Time Multiple Fault Diagnosis........................... 102
11.0504 Multivariate Survival Analysis (I):
Shared Frailty Approaches to Reliability and Dependence Modeling.................. 102
11.0505 Reasoning Systems for Diagnostics and Prognostics ......................................... 103
11.0506 False Alarm Mitigation of Vibration Diagnostic Systems ..................................... 103
11.0507 Data-Driven Fault Detection Based on Process Monitoring
Using Dimension Reduction Techniques............................................................. 103
11.0512 Assessment of Operational Consequences of Aircraft Failures:
Using Event Tree Analysis .................................................................................. 103
11.06 Advanced Sensors and Signal Fusion for PHM Applications..........104

11.0601 A Framework for Prognostics and Health Management of Electronic Systems .. 104
11.0602 Ball Grid Array (BGA) Solder Joint Intermittency Detection: SJ BIST ................. 104
11.0603 Multi Source Data Integration for Aircraft Health Management ........................... 104
11.07 Prognostics for Aero-Mechanical Systems .......................................104

11.0701 Prognostics-Driven Optimal Control
for Equipment Performing in Uncertain Environment .......................................... 104
11.0702 Advanced Capabilities in Difficult Measurement Situation .................................. 105
11.0703 Real-time Probabilistic Forecasting of Wear Degradation
using a Macro-scale Physical Model ................................................................... 105
11.08 Prognostics for Avionic Systems .......................................................105

11.0801 Managing and Predicting Intermittent Failures Within Long Life Electronics ...... 105
11.0802 Power Conversion Prognostic Controller Implementation
for Aeronautical Motor Drives .............................................................................. 105
11.0803 Uncertainty Management for Diagnostics and Prognostics of Batteries
using Bayesian Techniques................................................................................. 105
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11.0804 A Low-Power Sensor Design, SJ Monitor,

for Monitoring 24x7 the Health of BGA Solder Joints ..........................................106
11.09 Reliability and PHM Databases: Analysis and Applications ............106

11.0901 The Role of Reliability Data Bases in Deploying CBM , RCM and PHM
with TLCSM .........................................................................................................106
11.0902 Survival Analysis Approach to Reliability, Survivability and PHM........................106
11.0903 Evaluation of Preventive Maintenance Task Intervals
Using Field Data from a Complete Life Cycle......................................................106
11.0904 Competing Risks Analysis of Reliability, Survivability, and PHM.........................107
11.0905 On Health Monitoring...........................................................................................107
11.10 PHM Integration Technologies ...........................................................107

11.1001 A Low Cost Embedded Instrumentation (EI) Framework
for Vehicle Health Management Systems (VHMS) ..............................................107
11.1002 The Application of Open System Architecture
for Condition Based Maintenance to Complete IVHM .........................................107
11.1003 Integrated Intelligent Vehicle Management Framework ......................................107
11.1004 CBM Research Environment – Facilitating Technology Development,
Experimentation, and Maturation .........................................................................108
11.1005 Systematic Improvement of Fleet Operations
by Integrating Enterprise Health and Maintenance Data .....................................108
11.11 IVHM for Space Applications ..............................................................108

11.1101 An Abort Failure Detection, Notification, & Response System:
Overview of an ISHM Development Process.......................................................108
11.1102 Model Based IVHM System for the Solid Rocket Booster ...................................108
11.1103 Pre-Launch Diagnostics for Launch Vehicles ......................................................109
11.1104 System Health Monitoring for Space Mission Operations ...................................109
11.1105 Costs and Benefits of Model-based Diagnosis. ...................................................109
11.00 PANEL: PHM from a Practitioner’s Perspective – a Potpourri.........109
TRACK 12: MISSION OPS CONCEPTS, TECHNOLOGIES, &

EXPERIENCES ............................................................... 110
A PANEL co-sponsored by Track 12 may be found in:
10.19 PANEL: Software Architecture, co-sponsored by Track 12
12.01 New and Emerging Ground System Technologies

and Operations Strategies..................................................................110
12.0101 Automated Software Verification & Validation:
An Emerging Approach for Ground Operations ...................................................110
12.0102 Effective Data Representation and Compression in Ground Data Systems........110
12.0103 Hybridization of Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Technology
for As-Built 3D CAD Models.................................................................................110

14.03 PANEL: New Automation Software for Mission Operations.
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12.02 Architecting, Designing, Building, and Testing Successful Ground

Systems................................................................................................111
12.0201 A Forward-Looking Software Reuse Strategy ..................................................... 111
12.0202 Using a Gene-Splicing Based Search Technique
for Complex Multi-level Resource Assignment Problems.................................... 111
12.0203 Automated Troubleshooting of Satellite Communication Ground Equipment ..... 111
12.03 Realizing the Future: Drivers, Challenges, & Concepts for 21st
Century Missions.................................................................................111
12.0301 Isolation and Confinement Issues in Long Duration Spaceflight ......................... 111
12.0302 James Webb Space Telescope Ground to Flight Interface Design..................... 112
12.0303 Modeling of Serious Global Trends for Use with Combat Simulations ................ 112

8.03 Responsive Space Systems and Technologies
12.04 Enhancing the Mission, Reducing Cost & Risk: Automation,

Multimission and Other Solutions .....................................................112
12.0401 Dual Mission Scenarios for the Human Lunar Campaign:
Performance, Cost, and Risk Benefits................................................................. 112
12.0402 System Testbed Use on a Mature Deep Space Mission: Cassini ....................... 113
12.0403 Multi-mission Automated Instrument Product Generation
Implemented Capabilities .................................................................................... 113
12.0404 Development of a Prototype Domain-Specific Language
for Monitor and Control Systems ......................................................................... 113
12.05 Operations and Development Successes and Lessons Learned ....113

12.0501 The NOAA -14 September 28, 2006(DOY271) Tumble Anomaly ....................... 113
12.0502 Ground Systems and Flight Operations of the THEMIS Constellation Mission... 114
12.0503 Constellation Challenges and Contributions of
Taiwan Weather Monitoring Satellites ................................................................. 114
12.0504 Proven and Robust Ground Support Systems-GSFC
Success and Lessons Learned ........................................................................... 114
12.0505 “Built-In” Action/Issues Tracking and Post-Ops Analysis Tool
for Real-time Console Operations ....................................................................... 114
TRACK 13: MANAGEMENT, SYSTEMS ENGINEERING & COST .. 115
13.01 Management Tools, Methods and Processes....................................115

13.0101 Managing Unstructured Data With Structured Legacy Systems ......................... 115
13.0102 What do you get when you Overlay an Enterprise with an
Enterprise Management Process? ...................................................................... 115
13.0103 A Methodology of Evolving User Requirements to Launch ERP
in Aircraft Industry Environment .......................................................................... 115
13.0104 Credible Space Cost Estimating Policy for NASA:
Making Sensible Requirements Work ................................................................. 115
13.0105 NASA’s Cost Analysis Steering Group as a Community of Practice ................... 116
13.0110 Lessons Learned From Developing New Engineering Managers at JPL............ 116
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13.02 Mission Modeling, Concept Optimization and Concurrent Design .116

13.0201 Concept of Operations Storyboard Tool Refinements
Based on Practical Experiences ..........................................................................116
13.0202 Conceptual Design Methods and the Application
of a Tradespace Modeling Tool for Deep Space Missions ..................................116
13.0203 Juno Mission Simulation ......................................................................................117
13.0204 Evolutionary Computational Methods for the Design of Spectral Instruments.....117
13.0205 Communication-centric Spacecraft Design Optimization Tool
and its Application to the Lunar Relay Satellite Design .......................................117
13.03 Systems Architecture, Engineering and System of Systems ..........117

13.0301 Application of a Safety-Driven Design Methodology to an
Outer Planet Exploration Mission.........................................................................117
13.0302 A Field Guide to The NASA Procedural Requirements
for Systems Engineering......................................................................................118
13.0303 Coaching Valuable Systems Engineering Behaviors...........................................118
13.0304 Making Ethical Engineering Management Decisions in a
Competitive Environment.....................................................................................118

Management
13.04 Risk Management: Application and Lessons Learned .....................118

13.0401 Automated Generation of Risk and Failure Models during Early Phase Design .118
13.0403 Criteria Minimizing Legal And Financial Risks In Airspace Businesses ..............119

7.08 Fault Tolerance, Autonomy, and Evolvability in Spacecraft
13.05 System Simulation and Verification ...................................................119

13.0501 Sensitivity Study for Long Term Reliability ..........................................................119
13.0502 The Use of Advanced Verification Methods to Address DO-254
Design Assurance................................................................................................119
13.0503 Modeling and Analysis Method for Radiation-Induced Upsets
in Modern IC Device Models................................................................................119
13.0504 Validation Methodology of Hardware Simulators for Spacecraft System Testing120

5.01 Verification and Validation of Large Optical Systems
10.01 Advanced Software Verification Tools
13.06 Cost and Schedule Tools, Methods and Processes .........................120

13.0601 Achieving Quality and Traceability in FPGA/ASIC Flows
for DO-254 Aviation Projects ...............................................................................120
13.0602 Software Maintenance Implications on Cost and Schedule.................................120
13.0603 Rapid Cost Assessment of Space Mission Concepts
through Application of Complexity-Based Cost Indices .......................................120
13.0604 Advanced Scheduling Technology
for More Efficient (Shorter) Resource Constrained Schedules............................121
13.0609 An Advanced Orbital Spacecraft Cost Model ......................................................121
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TRACK 14: GOVERNMENT PLANS, POLICIES, & EDUCATION.... 122
14.01 PANEL: Finding Extraterrestrial Life?: a Challenge for Living

Explorers ..............................................................................................122
14.02 PANEL: Radio-isotope Power Technology for Space Flight ............122
14.03 PANEL: New Automation Software for Mission Operations ............123
14.04 DEBATE: Can Autonomy have a Significant Effect on the Space

Program................................................................................................124
14.05 PANEL: Developing the 21st Century

Space Engineering Workforce............................................................124
14.06 Panel The European Space Agency - An overview ...........................125
14.07 Panel GEOSS, IEOS, and You .............................................................125
14.09 Emerging Technical Methods of Intelligence for the 21st Century..126
xxiii
Track 1: Science & Aerospace Frontiers (Plenary Sessions)
Track Organizer: David Woerner (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
1.1 To See or Not to See...

Wolfgang Fink (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom
Vision is the primary sense used in daily life. How do we “see” the world? Do we actually
“see” it or rather “perceive” it? Or is it one and the same thing? How do people with optical
eye defects perceive the world? Can normally sighted people partake in their experience? If
you are blind or become blind, are you blind forever?
On Earth and in the spaceflight environment, there are many effects and conditions that
may impair your vision or lead to irreversible vision loss or blindness, especially if
undetected. The human eye and vision system can be likened to a camera consisting of an
optical lens system (cornea and eye lens), film or sensor (retina), and an image-processing
unit (retina and visual cortex). The malfunctioning of only one of these components will
impair your vision.
This talk will touch on the above topics and have (some of) the answers.
1.2 Spacetime Puzzles in a Quantum World

Fotini Markopoulou (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada)
Presentation: Sunday, March 4th, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom
Our understanding of the physical world at the most fundamental level is based on two
theories: quantum theory and general relativity. They are impressively successful but only
when each is considered on its own. In situations where both play a role, we are reduced to
puzzles and absurdity. Hence the search for a quantum theory of gravity, the currently
missing theory that will work sensibly in exactly these situations.
To the great frustration of researchers in this field, candidate quantum theories of gravity
tend to produce more puzzles instead of answers. We shall take a tour of some of the
problems, focusing on the role of space time and causality.
Finally, we shall see how one can create a spacetime from a world with no notion of "here"
and "there".
1.3 Fifty Years in Space – A Report Card

John M. Logsdon (The George Washington University, Washington, DC)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom
For forty-five of the fifty years that the United States has been active in space, I have been
an active and involved observer, and I have taken a careful look at the first five of those
years. From my 1970 book The Decision to Go to the Moon to the last twenty years as
Director of George Washington University’s Space Policy Institute, I have been writing,
speaking, and teaching about the U.S. space program. In this talk I will provide my
assessment of what has been positive, and what has not (unfortunately, more in this
category) in the U.S. approach to space. Now President George W. Bush has committed
the United States to a “sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the
solar system and beyond.” Is this an appropriate direction for the United States in space?
Can it be sustained as a new president enters the White House in January 2009? Does the
record of the last fifty years inspire confidence in a productive future?
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1.4 Mars in Transition: Latest Results from the Red Planet

Richard Zurek, (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom
An impressive armada of spacecraft is operating in orbit and on the surface of Mars today.
In 2006 the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter joined the ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s
Mars Odyssey spacecraft in orbit, while the Mars Exploration Rovers recently completed
their fourth year of surface operations on opposite sides of the planet. Meanwhile, the
Phoenix Mars Scout is flying to Mars, headed for a landing in the high northern latitudes of
Mars on May 25, even as the Mars Science Laboratory, a new and more capable rover,
prepares for a launch to Mars in 2009. These missions are producing new data,
unprecedented in their volume and level of detail, and are rapidly changing our
understanding of Mars, of the radical climate change that it has undergone, and of its
potential habitability, now and in the past. This presentation will review some of the latest
findings from the on going missions and the prospects for future progress.
1.5 Global Warming is Unequivocal

Kevin E. Trenberth (The National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom
Following a detailed diagnosis of the vital signs of the planet Earth by the IPCC, it has
become evident that the planet is running a “fever” and the prognosis is that it is apt to get
much worse. “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal”, and it is “very likely” due to
human activities. This is the verdict of the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), known as AR4. Warming of the
climate system is unequivocal as is now clear from an increasing body of evidence showing
discernible physically consistent changes. Moreover, these changes are now simulated in
climate models for the past 100 years to a reasonable degree, adding confidence to future
projections. This talk will go over the evidence for climate change, how we are able to say
that it is due to humans, and what it means for the future.
1.6 First Jamestown, Buried Truth and Global Legacies

Bill Kelso (Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, The National Park Service, Richmond,
VA)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom
This presentation describes how the lost James Fort at the colony of Jamestown, Virginia,
the first English, permanent colony, was found after four hundred years. Dr. Kelso also
reveals new historical insights about what life and death were like in that settlement for its
early adventurers. The presentation also considers the national and global implications of
recapturing the original Jamestown landscape, especially as it relates to the development
of democracy and the space age.
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1.7 Test Flying the World's Fastest Airplanes

Bob Gilliland (USAF Test pilot, Retired)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 5:50 pm, Main Ballroom
Bob Gilliland will discuss the inception, design, and technical operations and political
aspects of the SR-71 Blackbird, which currently holds the high-altitude world speed record.
He willalso discuss the F-104 Starfighter which holds the low-altitude world speed record
and the F117-Stealth and the ATF (YF-22).
1.8 How Flies Fly

Michael Dickinson (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:05 pm, Main Ballroom
Like all forms of locomotion, flight behavior results from a complex set of interactions, not
just within circuits in the brain, but among neurons, muscles, skeletal elements, and
physical process within the external world. To control flight, the fly’s nervous system must
generate a code of motor information that plays out through a small but complicated set of
power and steering muscles. These muscles induce microscopic oscillations in an external
skeleton that drive the wings back and forth 200 times each second producing a time-
variant pattern of aerodynamic forces that the fly modulates to steer and maneuver through
the air. The animal’s motion through space alters the stream of information that runs
through an array of visual, chemical, and mechanical sensors, which collectively provide
feedback to stabilize flight and orient the animal towards specific targets. The goal of this
research is to ‘reverse engineer’ this flight control system, and thus determine the means
by which the nervous system controls the animal’s trajectory through space.
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Track 2: Space Missions, Systems, and Architecture
Track Organizer: Christopher Stevens (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Marina Ruggieri (University of Roma Tor Vergata )
Session Organizer: Richard Volpe (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech)
Session Organizer: Wayne Zimmerman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
2.0101 Next Generation Rover for Lunar Exploration
Daniel A. Harrison, Robert Ambrose, Bill Bluethmann, Lucien Junkin (NASA Johnson Space Center)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Jefferson
As NASA refines its plans for the return of humans to the lunar surface, it becomes very
clear that surface mobility will be critical to outpost buildup and exploration activities.
NASA’s Exploration Technology Development Program is investing in a broad range of
surface mobility projects. Within this range of projects falls a rover vehicle, capable of
moving suited crew members and cargo. A prototype, known as Chariot has been
developed. This prototype vehicle is a multipurpose, reconfigurable, modular lunar surface
vehicle. And, with the right attachments and/or crew accommodations, Chariot will be
capable of serving a large number of functions.
2.0102 Axel Mobility Platform for Steep Terrain Excursions and Sampling on Planetary
Surfaces
Issa Nesnas (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Pablo Abad-Manterola, (California Institute of Technology);
Jeffrey Edlund, (California Institute of Technology); Prof. Joel Burdick, (California Institute of Technology)
The recent discovery of bright new deposits in two crater gullies on Mars suggests that
water still flows in brief spurts on Mars. In this paper, we will present the Axel rover that
was developed to access and sample such deposits on the inside of steep crater walls.
Axel is a tethered rover that can be a payload on a lander or a larger rover. The primary
features of Axel are its minimal complexity and robustness to the treacherous terrain of
sites that are of scientific interest.
2.0103 Planetary Vehicle Suspension Options
Thomas Thueer, Roland Siegwart (Autonomous Systems Lab, ETH Zurich); Paul G. Backes (Jet
Propulsion Laboratory)
A study of locomotion performance of different suspension types was conducted in order to
find the rover that matches best any given mission requirements. Two modeling
approaches were chosen to evaluate the performance on hard ground and obstacles, as
well as on loose soil and inclined planes. A number of metrics were defined which precisely
specify what qualifies as good or bad performance. The simulations revealed significant
differences between the various configurations for important metrics like torque, power or
velocity. This study has shown that a four wheeled rover can be a valuable alternative to
the rocker bogie.
2.0104 Robot Mobility Concepts for Extraterrestrial Surface Exploration
Aravind Seeni, Bernd Schäfer, Bernhard Rebele (German Aerospace Center); Nikolai Tolyarenko
(International Space University)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 10:35 am, Jefferson
This paper is a result of a survey of different mobility concepts that are used in surface
exploring robotic vehicles for space missions. Different locomotion modes such as wheeled
rover, tracked rover, legged walker and hybrid vehicle, mostly european design
configurations will be presented. They are described by listing the advantages and
disadvantages each of them possess. An assessment of the various locomotion modes is
also provided. The presentation would conclude with a short description of advanced
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locomotion concepts that have not yet been realized nut could be potentially utilised in
future space missions.
2.0105 Results of Coring from a Low Mass Rover
Paul Backes, Daniel Helmick, Max Bajracharya (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Oussama Khatib, Vincent
Padois, James Warren (Stanford University)
Technology for coring from a low-mass rover has been developed to enable core sample
acquisition where a planetary rover experiences moderate slip during the coring operation.
A new stereo vision technique, Absolute Motion Visual Odometry, is used to measure rover
slip during coring and the slip is accommodated through corresponding arm pose updating.
Coring rate is controlled by feedback of the measured force of the coring tool against the
environment. Test results in the JPL Marsyard show that coring from a low-mass rover with
slip is feasible.
2.0106 Harpoon-based Sampling for Planetary Applications
Paul Backes, Wayne Zimmerman, Jack Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Caleb Gritters (George Fox
University)
Harpoon-based sampling techniques for sample acquisition from planetary rovers and
aerobots have been developed. The approach enables access to samples on nearby steep
terrain or from unstable mobile platforms with small mass and volume impacts. For rover-
based sampling, alterative harpoon concepts were compared and the crossbow approach
was selected. Two penetrator concepts were developed and tested for aerobot deployment
to icy-regolith environments. One concept is a passive drop penetrator and the other is an
active pyro-activated penetrator. Results of both the design and test efforts with the
harpoon-based sampling systems are presented.
2.0107 Gait Control of a Six-Legged Robot on Unlevel Terrain Using a Cognitive
Architecture
Oranuj Janrathitikarn, Lyle N. Long (The Pennsylvania State University)
This paper discusses the use of the Soar cognitive architecture to control gait selection of a
six-legged robot using force sensors attached to its feet. The hardware platform also
incorporated sonar sensors, a GPS receiver, and a webcam. The Soar cognitive
architecture was used to control the robot, and the Java programming language was used
as middleware between Soar and the hardware components. The force profile was
examined and Soar productions were developed. Experiments were performed on terrain
which has random holes and obstacles. Two cases were conducted: using Soar, and using
Soar with the learning mechanism.
2.0108 An Autonomy Architecture for Aerobot Exploration of the Saturnian Moon Titan
Alberto Elfes, Jeffery L. Hall, Eric A. Kulczycki, Daniel S. Clouse, Arin C. Morfopoulos, James F.
Montgomery, Jonathan M. Cameron, Adnan Ansar, Richard J. Machuzak (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Huygens probe arrived at Saturn’s moon Titan on January 14, 2005, unveiling a world
that is radically different from any other in the Solar system. There is an enormous scientific
interest in a follow-up mission to Titan, using a robotic lighter-than-air vehicle (or aerobot).
This paper describes our progress in the development of the autonomy technologies that
will be required for exploration of Titan. We provide an overview of the autonomy
architecture and some of its key components. We also show results obtained from
autonomous flight tests conducted in the Mojave desert.
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2.0109 Persistent Surveillance Using Multiple Unmanned Air Vehicles

Nikhil Nigam, Ilan Kroo (Stanford University)
Search and exploration using multiple autonomous vehicles has been extensively studied,
but persistent surveillance involves continuously searching an area, minimizing the time
between visitations to the same region. This difference does not allow a straightforward
application of most exploration techniques to the problem. In this research we investigate
techniques that are scalable, reliable, efficient, and robust to problem dynamics. A semi-
heuristic control policy for a single UAV is extended to the case of multiple UAVs using two
methods which are then compared. The control policy is further modified to account for
actual aircraft dynamics and improvements in performance are observed.

2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration and Sample Return
14.02 PANEL: Radio Isotope Power Technology for Space Flight
2.02 Future Space and Earth Science Missions

Session Organizer: Robert Gershman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
2.0201 A Future “Global Atmospheric Composition Mission” (CACM) Concept
Nathaniel Livese, Michelle Santee, Paul Stek, Joe Waters (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Pieternel Levelt,
Pepijn Veefkind (KNMI); Jack Kumer, Aidan Roche (Lockheed Martin)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Madison
We present a concept for a mission that can server as the Global Atmospheric Composition
Mission (GACM) identified in the recent Earth-Science decadal survey. This concept
delivers critical global measurements of atmospheric composition, humidity and cloud ice
with the improvements in spatial and temporal resolution required to address critical
outstanding issues in air quality, climate and ozone layer stability.
2.0202 NASA Mission to Measure Global Plant Physiology and Functional Types
Robert O. Green, (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Greg Asner (Carnegie Institution of Washington); Stephen
Ungar, Robert Knox (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
A NASA Earth mission concept has been developed that focuses on a set of science
objectives related to the measurement of plant physiology and functional type for terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems. The NRC Decadal Survey specifically calls for the HyspIRI
mission to measure terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. A review of the literature in
conjunction with analysis of ongoing ecosystem research established imaging spectroscopy
in the solar reflected portion of the spectrum as the appropriate approach to address these
objectives. For these topics a detailed requirement analysis was performed that specified
the measurement objectives, measurement requirements, instrument requirement and
other requirements.
2.0203 Herschel/Planck Program–Preparing for Launch and Lessons Learned
Astrid Heske, Thomas Passvogel, Gerald Crone (ESTEC); Jean-Jacques Juillet, Jean-Michel Reix
(Thales Alenia Space)
Two far infrared / sub-millimeter astronomy missions have been combined in one program
within ESAs long-term science program – Herschel, an observatory-type mission (60 to 670
microns), and Planck, a cosmic background survey mission (30 to 900 GHz). Both
spacecraft will be launched from the European spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, on an
Ariane 5 launcher second half of 2008 to the second Lagrangian Point L2 of the Earth-Sun
system. With both programs in the final test phases, this paper reviews the status of the
qualification and acceptance of the satellites and will conclude with a number of lessons
learned.
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2.0204 The “Billion Dollar Box” Study of Science Missions to Saturnian Satellites
Thomas R. Spilker, Kim R. Reh, John O. Elliott (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Ralph Lorenz (Applied
Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University); John Spencer (Southwest Research Institute)
NASA wanted to know if there are any scientifically worthwhile missions (i.e. providing
science progress significantly beyond Cassini/Huygens) that might be flown to Titan or
Enceladus, two icy moons of Saturn, within the constraints of the New Frontiers Program.
To address that question they commissioned this study, led by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, with participation by universities and other institutions. The less-than-obvious
result is that there appear to be no such missions. The study, itself not the usual mission
concept study, used an innovative process that was well-received by NASA and described
as a new paradigm for architectural-level studies.
2.0205 Exploring ExoPlanets: NASA’s Future Space Missions
Michael Devirian (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
NASA planning for the discovery and exploration of “exoplanets” has been underway for
more than a decade. Over 250 exoplanets have been discovered using ground-based
techniques. We discuss the technology investments and accomplishments resulting from
early investments in NASA’s exoplanet exploration program. Investigation types now
available to probe exoplanet science are discussed. A new strategic pathway is discussed
that promises progress with new smaller space missions to move this emergent field
forward, leading eventually to the flagship missions that will bring us the images and
understanding of that “pale blue dot.”...
2.0206 Development of a Satellite Sensor Network for Future Space Missions
Tanya Vladimirova, Xiaofeng Wu, Christopher P. Bridges (University of Surrey)
Future spacecraft are envisioned as autonomous, miniature, intelligent and massively
distributed systems. At the Surrey Space Centre, a research project is currently under
investigation, which aims to develop a picosatellite sensor network using the CubeSat
platform. The proposed satellite sensor network will be used to demonstrate technology
advances in space, including modified IEEE 802.11 wireless standard for inter-satellite links
(ISL), distributed computing for computationally intensive on-board signal processing, and
reconfigurable system-on-a-chip (SoC) design.
2.0207 Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice (DESDynI)
Andrea Donnellan, Paul Rosen, Jim Graf, Adam Loverro, Anthony Freeman, Robert Treuhaft, Robert
Oberto, Marc Simard, Eric Rignot, Ronald Kwok, Xiaoqing Pi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); J. Bryan Blair,
Waleed Abdalati, Jon Ranson (NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center); Howard Zebker (Stanford University);
Bradford Hager (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); Hank Shugart (University of Virginia); Mark
Fahnestock (University of New Hampshire); Ralph Dubayah (University of Maryland)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, Madison
DESDynI (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice) is a recommended
integrated L-band InSAR and multibeam Lidar mission to measure surface deformation for
solid Earth and cryosphere and vegetation structure for understanding the carbon cycle.
InSAR has been used to study surface deformation of the solid Earth and cryosphere and
more recently vegetation structure for estimates of biomass and ecosystem function. Lidar
directly measures topography and vegetation structure and is used to estimate biomass
and detect changes in surface elevation. The goal of DESDynI is to take advantage of the
spatial continuity of InSAR and precision and directness of Lidar.
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2.0208 The Mars Science Orbiter Concept

Marie Deutsch, Fernando Abilleira, David Bell, Jan Chodas, Chad Edwards, Corey Harmon, Stuart
Kerridge, Tom Komarek, Doug Lisman, Saturnino Lopez, Joanne Vozoff, Karen Willacy, Daniel
Winterhalter (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Robert KInsey (The Aerospace Corporation)
NASA is considering launching a high performance science orbiter with extended telecom
capabilities in 2013. The science community has identified Atmospheric Science as the
primary science thrust. A high-resolution camera supporting landing site selection would
complement the atmospheric science goals. The Atmospheric Science plan is centered on
the two major science goals of atmospheric signatures and atmospheric state. Global maps
of atmospheric constituents over time and climatological monitoring would build on current
climate/weather data sets, as well as contribute new data for transport and atmospheric
dynamics models. This paper describes one possible mission concept for the 2013 Mars
launch opportunity...
2.03 Missions and Technologies for In Situ Exploration & Sample Return
Session Organizer: Patricia Beauchamp (Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech)
2.0301 An Evaluation of Novel Cleaning Techniques for Planetary Protection Applications
Fei Chen, Gayane Kazarians, Robert Beaudet, Roger Kern (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Madison
Future Mars in situ life detection and sample return missions will rely on clean and
effectively sterile spacecraft to ensure reliable, valid science measurements. Here, we
report the results of a comparative analysis of the efficacy of three different cleaning
approaches to remove bacterial spores from a series of surrogate spacecraft materials,
parts, as well as cleaning challenging structures. Our results indicate that a novel cleaning
method, which utilize vacuum cycle nucleation (VCN) enabled technologies, can effectively
remove bacterial spores from surrogate spacecraft material surfaces. This cleaning
technology may be a potential candidate for sterilizing Mars lander systems.
2.0302 Don`t Leave Home Without It: Planetary Protection for Robotic and Human Missions
Catharine Conley (NASA Headquarters); Linda Billings (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
In planetary exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life, human explorers will benefit
science only if biological contamination is understood and controlled. Planetary protection
prevents cross-contamination between Earth and other planets. Compliance with NASA’s
planetary protection policy is mandatory, and must be incorporated in mission planning and
development from the beginning. The policy is intended to prevent "forward contamination",
contamination of other solar system bodies by organisms from Earth, and "backward
contamination", contamination of Earth by potential alien life. As space exploration expands
to encompass human as well as robotic planetary missions, planetary protection will
become both more complicated and...
2.0303 Impact of Planetary Protection on Environmental Characterization and Hazards
Mitigation Technologies
Margaret S. Race (SETI Institute)
International planetary protection polices apply to planets, moons and small bodies in the
solar system. Engineers, designers, and planners should be aware of the importance of
these policies, understand how they will impact different mission phases, and become
familiar with findings and recommendations from previous workshops and research that
outline the types of operational and technology complications that need additional research
and attention. Awareness of planetary protection requirements on the design and operation
of environmental monitoring and control technologies will be important to ensure they are
built into the early designs, and not become serious impediments later.
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2.0304 Anticipated Impacts of Planetary Protection Requirements on Mars Sample Return

Missions
Planetary protection policies will impact both robotic and human Mars sample return
missions and associated hardware and operations on Mars and upon return to Earth.
Engineers, designers, and planners should acknowledge the importance of these
mandatory policies, understand how they will impact different mission phases, and be
aware of findings and recommendations from previous workshops and research that
address many of the issues ahead.
2.0305 Planning the Mars Sample Receiving Facility: Biohazards, Societal Issues and Risk
Communication
In planning and designing a future Sample Return Facilty (SRF) for handling and testing
Martian samples, it will be important to address public concerns about high-level
biocontainment and possible biohazards. Useful `lessons learned` can be drawn from
experiences associated with the construction of other BSL-4 and BSL-3 quarantine labs
over the past decade. Planetary Protection as well as environmental, health and safety
concerns associated with returned extraterrestrial materials should be considered in the
earliest design stages of the SRF--as well as throughout its construction and operation, lest
they become impediments to a successful mission.
2.0306 Technology Challenges for Planetary Probes to Dense Atmospheres
Tibor S. Balint, James A. Cutts, Elizabeth A. Kolawa (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The 2003 SSE Decadal Survey and NASA’s 2006 SSE Roadmap identified Saturn, Jupiter,
and Venus, as high priority scientific targets and recommended missions to explore them.
Deep probe missions to these destinations have much in common. Key technologies must
address: environmental protection; environmental tolerance; and operations in these
environments. While proposed missions could be designed with current technologies,
advanced technologies could significantly enhance their performance and the science
return. In this paper we will discuss state-of-practice technologies for probes, and assess
mission impacts and benefits resulting from technology developments. The findings should
help NASA plan its technology investments.
2.0307 Performance of a Borehole X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for Planetary
Exploration
W.C.Kelliher, I.A.Carlberg (NASA Langley Research Center); W.T.Elam, E. Willard-Schmoe (University of
Washington)
We have designed and have completed construction of a borehole X-ray Fluorescence
Spectrometer as part of the Mars Subsurface Access program. The performance of this
instrument is detailed and various design adaptations are discussed.
2.0308 The Contained Sample Handling and Analysis System
Joe C. Parrish, Christopher Krebs (Aurora Flight Sciences); Marco Serra (Serra Engineering Consultants);
Liping Sun (Aurora Flight Sciences)
The Contained Sample Handling and Analysis System (CSHAS) system supports the
handling and analysis of Mars returned samples in a Sample Receiving Facility (SRF).
CSHAS builds upon prior efforts for spaceborne cell culturing systems, incorporating new
technologies from related fields such as biomedical devices and semiconductor
manufacturing. The CSHAS system described herein would significantly advance our ability
to perform physical and chemical analyses, life detection tests, and biohazard detection
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tests and other analyses so as to reduce the safety risk and enhance the scientific return
for this critical Mars Sample Return mission operation.

2.04 Deep Space, Earth and Discovery Missions

Session Organizer: James Graf (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Jim Adams (NASA Headquarters)
2.0401 Cassini-Huygens Mission Overview and Recent Science Results
Robert Lange (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 8:30 am, Madison
The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn, now in its third year of operations around Saturn,
continues exploration of the planet, its rings, magnetosphere and many distinct icy
satellites. This paper provides an overview of the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft design,
operations, and an exciting selection of recent scientific findings from the Saturnian system.
Cassini-Huygens is managed and operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,
California.
2.0402 The CloudSat Mission and the A-Train: A Revolutionary Approach to Observing
Earth’s Atmosphere
Deborah Vane (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Graeme Stephens (Colorado State University)
On April 28, 2006 a millimeter radar system, designed expressly for the vertical profiling of
hydrometeors, was launched from Vandenburg Air Force Base. Both Cloudsat, carrying the
Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), and the lidar satellite CALIPSO, were inserted into nearly
identical orbits each approximately one minute behind the NASA Earth Observing System
(EOS) Aqua satellite and in formation with the French PARASOL satellite and the EOS
Aura satellite. This creates the A-Train satellite constellation. The early results of the
CloudSat mission underscore the value of synergy of the A-Train observations for studying
clouds and precipitation.
2.0403 Phoenix – The First Mars Scout Mission
Barry Goldstein, Robert Shotwell (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
As the first of the new Mars Scouts missions, the Phoenix Project was selected by NASA in
August of 2003. The spacecraft was launched on August 4, 2007 and the Project has
completed all of its formulation activities. The Mars Scouts missions are Principle
Investigator (PI) led, lower cost missions, intended to be responsive to previous discoveries
of the Mars Program. Mr. Peter Smith from the University of Arizona is the PI for Phoenix.
Phoenix “Follows the water” responding directly to the recently published data from Dr.
William Boynton, PI (and Phoenix co-I) of the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer
(GRS).
2.0404 MESSENGER- A Highly Constrained Mission to the Innermost Planet
Michael V. Paul, Eric J. Finnegan (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory)
NASA’s MESSENGER mission to Mercury must successfully complete 6 planetary flybys, 5
large deep space maneuvers, and multiple smaller maneuvers before finally entering orbit
around the Sun’s closest neighbor. Through six-and-a-half years of cruise phase, the rapid
pace of operations makes for a challenging and exciting mission even before the primary
science mission begins. This paper describes the spacecraft and critical events on the way
from Earth, past Venus and on to Mercury.
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2.0405 The New Horizons Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt
David Kusnierkiewicz, Glen Fountain, Yanping Guo, Chris Hersman (Applied Physics Lab/Johns Hopkins
University)
The NASA New Horizons mission to the Pluto system launched from Cape Canaveral on
January 19, 2006, and will arrive on July 14, 2015 after a 9.5-year cruise from Earth.
Powered by a single Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator and launched on the first flight
of a Lockheed Martin Atlas V-551 with a Boeing STAR 48B third stage, the project
overcame numerous technical and programmatic challenges to take advantage of the best-
last opportunity using existing technology to perform the first-ever reconnaissance of the
Pluto system. A rich science return from the Jupiter flyby (February 28, 2007) has been
achieved.
2.0406 Dawn: An Ion-Propelled Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System
John R. Brophy, Marc D. Rayman, Betina Pavri (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Dawn mission is designed to perform a scientific investigation of the two most massive
main-belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres. The mission uses an ion propulsion system to enable
the spacecraft to orbit both of these asteroids. Dawn’s three science instruments – the
gamma ray and neutron detector, the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer, and the
primary framing camera – were successfully tested after launch. The ion propulsion system
includes three 30-cm, xenon ion thrusters. Checkout of two thrusters was completed as
planned within 30 days after launch. The spacecraft is ready for the start of thrusting-cruise
beginning December 2007.
2.0407 The U.S. Rosetta Project: Mars Gravity Assist
Claudia Alexander, Dwight Holmes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Ray Goldstein, Joel Parker (Southwest
Research Institute)
Since launch on March 2, 2004, the International Rosetta Mission has flown by the
Earth/Moon system one time and conducted several distant observations of comets,
including support for the Deep Impact measurements of comet 9 P/Tempel 1. In 2007,
Rosetta flew by Mars for a gravity assist, and conducted observations of the Martian upper
atmosphere as well as extended observations, in support of the New Horizons Jupiter
encounter, of the planet Jupiter: the Jovian magnetotail and Io torus. In this paper we will
update the status of the instruments following the both the Mars and first Earth/Moon
gravity assists. In...
2.0408 The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory Mission
Thomas Livermore, David Crisp (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) is a NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder
(ESSP) mission that is currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
OCO will make global, space-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2.
These data will be analyzed with remote sensing algorithms to retrieve estimates of the
column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2 with the accuracy and sampling
resolution needed to characterize surface sources and sinks of CO2 on regional scales
over the entire globe.
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Session Organizer: Lawrence Townsend (University of Tennessee)
2.0601 Lunar Radiation Risk Assessment and Shielding Design for Ionizing Space Radiation
Ram K. Tripathi (NASA Langley Research Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Madison
NASA is now focused on the agency’s vision for space exploration encompassing a broad
range of human and robotic missions including missions to Moon, Mars and beyond. As a
result, there is a focus on long duration space missions. NASA is committed to the safety of
the missions and the crew, and there is an overwhelming emphasis on the reliability issues
for space missions and the habitat. The cost-effective design of the spacecraft demands a
very stringent requirement on the optimization process. Exposure from the hazards of
severe space radiation in deep space and/or long duration missions is a critical...
2.0602 Evolving the Medipix2 Technology for Use As An Active Space Radiation Dosimeter
L. Pinsky, J. Chancellor, D. Minthaka (University of Houston)
Medipix2 is an electronics pixel-base detector technology developed by CERN in Geneva.
Switzerland for use in Large Hadron Collider experiments. The latest version of the detector
chip, known as TimePix, is a 256 x 256 pixel array where the electronics for each pixel is
embedded totally within that pixel’s 55 micron square footprint, and includes the capability
to function in three modes including an ADC, TDC or hit counter. This technology is being
adapted for use as an active portable space radiation dosimeter for both personal and area
monitoring uses in virtually all spaceflight environments for both neutrons and charged-
particles.
2.0603 A Benchmark Study: Comparison Between HETC-HEDS and Experimental Data
Y. Charara, L. Townsend (University of Tennessee)
We have simulated the fragmentation experiments using the newly developed High Energy
Transport Code for Human Exploration and Development in Space (HETC-HEDS) and
included comparisons of fragment fluences and energy deposited as a part of code
validation. We have found the results obtained from experiments to compare very well with
the model when all experimental corrections are applied to the simulations.
2.0604 Radiation Protection Research Recommendations for Missions Beyond LEO
Lawrence W. Townsend (University of Tennessee)
At the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Council
on Radiation Protection and Measurements prepared NCRP Report 153, Information
Needed to Make Radiation Protection Recommendations for Space Missions Beyond Low-
Earth Orbit. The new report provides research recommendations in the broad areas of the
space radiation environment, radiation physics and transport, radiation dosimetry, radiation
biology, and radiation risk assessment. In this work, an overview of the committee
membership, and the report contents and research recommendations will be presented and
discussed.
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2.08 Mission Design for Spacecraft Formations

Session Organizer: Giovanni Palmerini (Universita` di Roma La Sapienza)
Session Organizer: Marco D`Errico (II Univ Naples - DIAM)
2.0801 Linearized Formation-Flying Dynamics in a Perturbed Orbital Environment
Marco Sabatini, Giovanni B. Palmerini (Università di Roma La Sapienza)
Traditional yet very effective tools for control and navigation design of satellite formations
come from linear systems theory. Reliable linear models for formation dynamics are
therefore necessary for the implementation of the system plants of these control and
navigation approaches. In this work we propose an innovative linear model that includes
both J2 and drag perturbation in the Cartesian coordinates orbital frame with little
complication. An extended simulation campaign is performed to assess the precision with
respect to other linear models in literature, and with respect to a full nonlinear “real” world.
2.0802 Estimate Problems for Satellite Clusters
Reali Fabrizio, Palmerini Giovanni Battista (University of Rome La Sapienza)
Accurate determination of a spacecraft’s kinematics is important in order to exploit its
mission. Traditional estimation is based on Kalman Filtering, in both the linear and the
extended versions. Progress in computation power allows consideration of alternative
approaches, such as the unscented transformation or the particle filters. Recent
developments suggest that the estimation can take into account the global motion of the
cluster, leading to the approach of dense target tracking. This paper considers the
application of these different techniques to formation flying. Extensive numerical
simulations of these methods are reported. Accuracy and computation time are discussed.

2.09 mm-Wave and Quasi-Optic Aerospace Technologies

Session Organizer: Tommaso Rossi (University of Rome Tor Vergata)
Session Organizer: Vittorio Dainelli (Rheinmetall Italia Spa)
2.0901 Millimeter Wave Technology for Moon and Mars Exploration
E. Re, M. Ruggeri (University of Rome “Tor Vergata”); V. Dainelli, M. Ferri (Rheinmetall Italia)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, Madison
The new vision for the Moon exploration calls for a return to the moon. Many of the large-
scale features, such as steep crater walls and large boulders, are insurmountable obstacles
to the rover. Thus, the development of guidance systems is a crucial issue. In this paper a
Radio Frequency multifunctional payload supporting rover operations on the lunar surface
is presented. The instruments proposed operate in the W-band (75-110 GHz). Navigation
requirements are evaluated on the basis of the expected rover characteristics. The payload
functional scheme is presented and its performance and physical features are shown.
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2.0902 Aero-WAVE: A First Step Towards the Characterization of W Band

Ernestina Cianca, Marco Lucente, Emiliano Re, Tommaso Rossi, Marina Ruggieri, Cosimo Stallo
(University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy); Vittorio Dainelli (Rheinmetall Italy S.p.A.); Giuseppe Codispoti
(Italian Space Agency); Frank Marzano (University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy); Gennady Belyaev
(Stratosphere-M, Ltd.)
It is recognized that W band will be on the frontier of satellite communications. Pioneering
work on the scientific testing of high frequency satellite communications has been
accomplished on the DAta and Video Interactive Distribution (DAVID) mission and W band
Analysis and Verification (WAVE) projects, both of them funded by the Italian Space
Agency (ASI). The WAVE project was a feasibility study carried out in 2004 for the design
and development of a W band geostationary payload. In this paper, an overview of the
Aero-WAVE, will be outlined on the basis of the preliminary results obtained within the new
WAVE A2 phase.
2.0903 IKNOW Mission: Payload Design for In Orbit Test of W Band Technology
Marco Lucente, Emiliano Re, Tommaso Rossi, Ernestina Cianca, Cosimo Stallo, Marina Ruggieri, Ahmed
Jebril (University of Rome “Tor Vergata”)
This paper presents the payload design for an in orbit test of W band technology called
IKNOW mission (In orbit Key-test and validatioN Of W band). W band (75-110 GHz) could
represent the answer to the needs required by the availability of large bandwidth, allowing
proposal of many innovative services that need high-volume transfers. The IKNOW mission
is a demonstrative experiment foreseen within the phase A2 of the WAVE (W band
Analysis and VErification) project, a study funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), which
aims at designing and developing W band payloads for telecommunication applications.
2.0904 Models and Signal Processing for Millimeter-Wave LFMCW SAR Imaging
Wen-Qin Wang, Jingye Cai, Qicong Peng (University of Electronic Science, Technology of China)
This paper concentrates on the models and signal processing of millimeter-wave (mmW)
LFMCW SAR for high-resolution imaging, which includes two main parts. In the first part,
the system models and useful relations for mmW LFMCW SAR imaging are provided, and
an image formation algorithm that takes into account the special characteristics of CW
(continuous wave) SAR is investigated. The second part focuses on the impact of LFMCW
waveform errors on SAR imagery. The allowable magnitudes of phase error for each
category are quantified, and an effective compensation technique for compensating
possible frequency nonlinearity errors in LFMCW signals is presented.

Management
Session Organizer: Kathleen Fontaine (NASA)
Session Organizer: Mirko Antonini (University of Rome )
2.1001 QuakeSim: Web Services, Portals, and Infrastructure for Geophysics
Marlon E. Pierce, Geoffrey C. Fox, Galip Aydin, Zhigang Qi (Indiana University); Andrea Donnellan, Jay
Parker, Robert Granat (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
We discuss significant recent updates and revisions to the QuakeSim portal and Web
services, which provide access to geophysical applications, data sets, and real time sensor
data. These new developments include a) significant updates to the Web portal, b) a
revision of Web Services to better encapsulate applications, c) additional services for
generating Keyhole Markup Language markups of maps, and...
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2.1002 COSMO-SkyMed: The Dual-Use Component of a Geospatial System for

Environment and Security
Massimo Di Lazzaro, Giuseppe Angino, Matteo Piemontese (Thales Alenia Space Italia SpA); Arnaldo
Capuzi (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana); Roberto Llonardi (Ministero della Difesa – Italia)
This paper delineates how COSMO-SkyMed, viewed as a Spaceborne Earth Observation
component of a larger Geospatial System, can characterize the dual use from Defence and
Civilian, concerning specific integrated system capabilities and performances, according to
resource sharing rules, and priorities established among different types of Users.
2.1003 Integration of TETRA with Satellites
Marina Ruggieri (University of Rome); Giovanni Guidotti (SELEX Communication)
The present status of TETRA technology and its integration with other platforms is
presented and framed in the I-concept based general vision. A system analysis is also
carried out proposing system architectures referring to two different scenarios, in a medium
term and long term perspective.
2.1004 Entropy Constrained Clustering Algorithm Guided by Differential Evolution
Alexandre Guillaume, Seungwon Lee, Amy Braverman, Richard Terrile (Jet Propulsion Laboratory).)
The Entropy constrained vector quantization, or ECVQ, is a clustering technique that has
been used to describe efficiently large amounts of data collected by the NASA Earth
Observing System. In this work, we describe an integrated solution that uses a differential
evolution algorithm to determine the two parameters needed by ECVQ. By optimizing two
objective functions, the entropy and the distortion, we find that the solution that describes
best the data is located at the inflection point in the Pareto front, i.e. at the point where the
tradeoff between the two competing objectives does not favor either of them.
2.1007 Criteria and Trade-offs for LEO Orbit Design
Giacomo Taini, Andrea Pietropaolo, Anna Notarantonio (Thales Alenia Space Italia)
The purpose of this paper is to define principal criteria to select the best orbit for radar or
optics applications in LEO orbits. Mission requirements and P/L constraints are converted
into specified parameters such as altitude, eccentricity, inclination, right of ascending of the
node, sensor and off-nadir angle, repeat cycle, near-repeat cycle, sub-cycle, overlapping
area of interest, field of regard, re-look and repeat time, in order to determine criteria for
LEO orbit design. Trade-offs of the selected parameters are performed for radar and optics
applications permitting a choice of the best orbit among large number of them.

14.07 PANEL: GEOSS: Plans and Perspectives
14.06 PANEL: ESA - International Technical Collaborations

Session Organizer: Mirko Antonini (University of Rome )
2.1101 Sensor-web Operations Explorer (SOX) for Earth Science Air Quality Mission
Concepts
Meemong Lee, Richard Weidner (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Sensor-web Operations Explorer (SOX) research task under the NASA Earth Science
Technology Office is developing a virtual sensor-web experiment framework that can
support orbital and sub-orbital observation system simulation experiment. SOX addresses
the challenges in managing constellations of spacecraft, integrated air-borne campaigns,
15
and distributed sensor networks. The major challenges include: how to formulate the
complex design trade space, how to explore the trade space rapidly, how to establish
evaluation metrics, and how to coordinate observations optimally.

Session Organizer: Robert Braun (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Session Organizer: Robert Manning (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
2.1201 Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing System Overview
Ravi Prakash, P. Dan Burkhart, Allen Chen, Keith A. Comeaux, Carl S. Guernsey, Devin M. Kipp, Leila V.
Lorenzoni, Tommaso P. Rivellini, A. Miguel San Martin, Steven W. Sell, Adam D. Steltzner (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory); Gavin F. Mendeck (JSC); Richard W. Powell, David W. Way (NASA Langley Research
Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Elbow 2
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) sequence is a
result of more stringent requirements than any of its predecessors. Among these
requirements is landing a 900 kg rover in a landing ellipse much smaller than that of any
previous Mars lander. In meeting these requirements, MSL is extending the limits of the
EDL technologies qualified by the Mars Viking, Mars Pathfinder, and Mars Exploration
Rover missions. This paper discusses the MSL EDL architecture and discusses some of
the challenges faced in delivering such an unprecedented rover payload to the surface of
Mars.
2.1202 Results from the Mars Science Laboratory Parachute Decelerator System
Supersonic Qualification Program
Anita Sengupta, Adam Steltzner, Keith Comeaux (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Graham Candler, Michael
Barnhardt (University of Minnesota); Carlos Pantano (University of Illinois); James Bell, Edward Shairer,
JT Heineck (NASA Ames Research Center)
In 2010, NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) will be delivered to the surface of Mars.
As part of the Entry-Descent-Landing sequence, a Viking-type 21.5-m disk-gap-band
parachute will be used to decelerate the entry-vehicle from supersonic to subsonic speeds.
The parachute will deploy at Mach 2, a regime previously characterized by unsteady flow
and parachute instability that results from an interaction of the parachute bow-shock with
entry-vehicle wake. MSL has embarked upon a modeling and experimental validation
program to investigate this fluid-structure interaction. The development and results of
computational-fluid-dynamic simulations and sub-scale supersonic wind-tunnel experiments
exploring the flow field are discussed.
2.1203 Overview of the MEDLI Project
Michael J. Gazarik (NASA Langley Research Center); Michael J. Wright (NASA Ames Research Center);
Alan Little, F. McNeil Cheatwood, Jeff A. Herath, Michelle M. Munk, Frank J. Novak (NASA Langley
Research Center); Edward R. Martinez (NASA Ames Research Center)
The Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Instrumentation (MEDLI)
Project’s objectives are to measure aerothermal environments, sub-surface heatshield
material response, vehicle orientation, and atmospheric density for the atmospheric entry
and descent phases of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) entry vehicle. The flight science
objectives of MEDLI directly address the largest uncertainties in the ability to design and
validate a robust Mars entry system, including aerothermal, aerodynamic and atmosphere
models, and thermal protection system (TPS) design. This paper provides an overview of
the project including the instrumentation design, system architecture, and expected
measurement response.
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2.1204 Phoenix Mars Scout Landing Risk Assessment

Douglas Adams (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Jefferson
The Phoenix Mars Scout lander touchdown event is described along with critical variables
that determine the risk to its success. Hazards due to terrain slopes and surface rocks are
considered in terms of both basic touchdown survival and science team requirements.
Dynamic analyses of the landing are described as well as geometric static analyses of
potential rock interferences with the solar array deployments. These data are summarized
and the total risk to the lander is quantified for use in landing site certification.
2.1205 Entry Range Capability Analysis of the Orion Crew Module
Zachary R. Putnam, Gregg H. Barton (Charles Stark Draper Laboratory)
The Orion crew module utilizes skip entry to increase entry range capability for the lunar
return mission. The effects of hypersonic vehicle lift-to-drag ratio and flight-path angle at
entry interface on entry range capability were evaluated. Crossrange capability degrades
as vehicle lift-to-drag ratio is decreased and accuracy degrades with steeper entry interface
flight-path angles, but substantial capability exists for the range of lift-to-drag ratios under
design consideration over a range of flight-path angles. The ability to perform accurate
long-range entries over a range of design parameters may provide significant benefits in
operational complexity and cost to the Orion program.
2.1206 A Terminal Descent Sensor Trade Study Overview for the Orion Landing and
Recovery System
Catherine E. Dunn, Ravi Prakash (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This trade study was conducted as a part of the Orion Landing System to determine
possible Terminal Descent Sensor (TDS) architectures that could be used for a rocket
assisted landing system. Several technologies were considered for the Orion TDS including
radar, lidar, GPS applications, mechanical sensors, and gamma ray altimetry.
Discriminators between the sensors included the mass, volume, range of operation,
accuracy, and sensor development. The trade boils down to the maturity and weather
robustness of the radar options versus the mass, volume, power, and heat shield blowout
port size advantage of the lidar.
2.1207 Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators For Use on Future Robotic Missions
to Mars
Ian Clark, Allison Hutchings, Christopher Tanner, Robert Braun (Georgia Institute of Technology)
This paper presents an analysis of the potential advantages of using a supersonic IAD on
robotic Mars missions. Two IAD configurations, the AID and tension cone, are sized and
traded against their system-level performance impact. Analysis includes preliminary drag
estimates for the configurations, trajectory advantages, and preliminary geometric and
mass estimates for the IAD subsystems. Entry systems utilizing IADs are compared against
traditional parachute systems as well as systems employing an IAD in the supersonic
regime and a parachute in the subsonic regime. Key sensitivities in IAD design are included
to highlight areas of importance in future technology development programs.
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2.1208 A Survey of Supersonic Retropropulsion Technology for Mars Entry, Descent, and
Landing
Ashley M. Korzun (Georgia Institute of Technology); Juan R. Cruz (NASA Langley Research Center);
Robert D. Braun (Georgia Institute of Technology)
This paper presents a literature survey on supersonic retropropulsion technology as it
applies to Mars entry, descent, and landing (EDL). The relevance of this technology to the
feasibility of Mars EDL is shown to increase with ballistic coefficient to the point that it is
likely required for human Mars exploration. Discussed are systems-level studies, general
flowfield characteristics, static aerodynamics, vehicle and flowfield stability considerations,
and aerothermodynamics. The experimental and computational approaches used to
develop retropropulsion technology are also reviewed. Finally, the applicability and
limitations of the existing literature and current state-of-the-art computational tools to future
missions are discussed in the...

4.05 Space Exploration Communication and Navigation Status and Panel

Session Organizer: Jack Langelaan (Penn State University)
Session Organizer: Liam Pedersen (Carnegie Mellon University)
2.1301 Polymorphic Control Reconfiguration in an Autonomous UAV with UGV Collaboration
Corey Ippolito (NASA Ames Research Center); Sungmoon Joo (Stanford University); Khalid Al-Ali, Yoo
Hsiu Yeh (Carnegie Mellon University)
The Polymorphic Control Systems (PCS) project formalizes constructs that permits
topological reconfiguration of control systems that span multiple heterogeneous systems
and multiple communication mediums, towards the goal of control coordination and
strategy optimization in a multi-system environment, increased resilience to failure and
uncertainty, increased overall and individual performance, and better utilization of available
resources. This paper presents the concepts behind PCS, and presents results from a flight
test experiment involving distributed reconfiguration of an autonomous landing controller in
a collaborative multi-vehicle environment. These flight test experiments demonstrate one of
the goals of polymorphic reconfiguration: emergency assistance through collaborative
coordination.

2.14 Access to Space for Technology Experiments

Session Organizer: Linda Herrell (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
2.1401 The KySat Space Express Sub-Orbital Mission Summary
Tyler J. Doering, James E. Lumpp, Jr. (University of Kentucky)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, Madison
KySat Space Express was a rapid turn around, suborbital access to space experiment
launched in December 2007. The Space Express mission was designed to help test
subsystems and processes being developed for future orbital KySat missions. A primary
goal of the KySat Consortium is to facilitate inexpensive and rapid access to space for
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small payloads. The Space Express mission was launched from the White Sands Missile
Range on a Lunar Rocket and Rover Shadow 1B launch system.
2.1402 The CubeSat Approach to Space Access
Armen Toorian, Ken Diaz, Simon Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Over the last eight years, the CubeSat standard has been adopted by over 80 universities,
private companies, and government agencies. The standard has allowed for the
manifestation of six CubeSat missions placing 18 CubeSats into orbit. CubeSats have been
shown to serve as a viable platform for a variety of simple technology development and
scientific missions. The paper will cover the evolution of the CubeSat Program, its
innovations, current CubeSat capabilities for experiments, the CubeSat Program’s benefits,
limitations, and how to take advantage of the opportunities it provides the international
space community.
2.1403 Post Shuttle Access to the ISS for Payloads
Perry Ballard (NASA Johnson Space Center)
This paper will provide a survey of ISS access methods in the post-shuttle era, focusing on
capabilities of interest to the experimenter as well as processes required in the areas of
manifesting, integration, and safety.
2.1404 Utilizing Excess Capacity of Current Launch Vehicles to Lift Secondary Payloads
Buckley, S. (Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicles Directorate)
Spacelift is a precious commodity that should never be wasted. Taking advantage of
excess capacity on space launch vehicles is crucial to orbiting as many satellites as
possible and is sometimes also the only path to orbit for many small and low-priority
payloads. There have been many attempts to utilize this excess capacity over the years.
Recent successes include the EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) and the
manifesting of small secondary payloads on Minotaur and Falcon I launch vehicles.
2.1405 Form Follows Function: A Pragmatic Approach to Access-To-Space for Space
Technology Experiments
Bruce E. MacNeal, Linda M. Herrell (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Solicitations constrain the launch vehicle to be used. Investigators then design missions
within this constraint and cost limits. This study adopts a more pragmatic view: that the
form of access should follow from the function of the mission. Function parameters from
hundreds of space technology experiments were compiles and compared with the forms of
current space access. Results show that some small experiments are not served by current
forms. Experiments too small for dedicated launch or standard carriers must partner in
order to fly. A rideshare broker function would help to ensure that rideshare partnerships
form and launch successfully.
19

Session Organizer: Sohrab Mobasser (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
2.1501 Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT)
Chirold D. Epp, Edward A. Robertson (NASA); Tye Brady (Charles Stark Draper Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 9:20 am, Jefferson
The ALHAT Project is responsible for the development of Autonomous Guidance,
Navigation and Control (AGNC) hardware and software technologies to enable safe and
precise landings for crewed, cargo and robotic vehicles at designated sites anywhere on
the Moon, and under any lighting conditions. The ALHAT emphasis is on the final phase of
the descent trajectory where hazard detection and avoidance and precision local relative
navigation are the primary considerations in achieving a safe landing. The simulation,
integration and verification of these technologies operating in real-time and in relevant
environments will mark a significant step forward in lunar landing capability.
2.1502 A Self Contained Method for Safe & Precise Lunar Landing
Steve Paschall II, Tye Brady, Babak Cohanim (Draper Laboratory); Ronald Sostaric (NASA Johnson
Space Center)
This paper describes an autonomous Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) and sensor
system which enables landings on the Moon with safety and precision. This system is self
contained, meaning that it will provide this functionality independent from ground control,
without requiring lunar navigation infrastructure, and will land safely without a priori
identified hazard-free landing locations. This lunar descent and landing system is under
development by the ALHAT project for crewed, cargo, and robotic landing missions, and
will be qualified to a Technology Readiness Level of six.
2.1503 Human Interactive Landing Point Redesignation for Lunar Landing
Laura Major Forest, Babak E. Cohanim, Tye Brady (C.S. Draper Laboratory)
In order to achieve safe and precise landings anywhere on the lunar surface without the
heavy involvement of mission operations required during Apollo, an Autonomous Flight
Manager (AFM) is needed to assist the crew in managing the landing mission. An essential
algorithm within the AFM is the Landing Point Redesignation (LPR) function, which
determines a prioritized list of safe and precise points in the landing region from which the
crew can select a landing aimpoint. The LPR function described in this paper is flexible
enough to support a variety of missions and situations by allowing an operator to reach-in
and...
2.1504 Lunar Terrain Surface Modeling for the ALHAT Program
Uday J. Shankar, Thomas B. Criss, Wen-Jong Shyong, J. Dewey Adams (Johns Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory);.)
The NASA ALHAT program is developing an autonomous precision landing system for
landing a spacecraft on the moon. To achieve the desired 90 m landing accuracy, a Terrain
Relative Navigation (TRN) is necessary. They require accurate representations of lunar
terrain for both the flight algorithms and a truth model to verify the performance of the
algorithms. Currently, detailed terrain data from satellite measurements is not available for
all the lunar regions, particularly, the polar regions. Until data from current lunar missions
are available, “realistic” data will have to do. This paper discusses different approaches to
generating lunar terrain data.
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2.1505 Analysis of On-Board Hazard Detection and Avoidance for Safe Lunar Landing
Andrew E. Johnson, Andres Huertas, Robert A. Werner, James F. Montgomery (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
Landing hazard detection and avoidance technology is being pursued within NASA to
improve landing safety and increase access to sites of interest on the lunar surface. The
performance of a hazard detection and avoidance system depends on properties of the
terrain, sensor performance, algorithm design, vehicle characteristics and the overall all
guidance navigation and control architecture. This paper analyzes the size of the region
that must be imaged, sensor performance parameters and the impact of trajectory angle on
hazard detection performance. The analysis shows that vehicle hazard tolerance is the
driving parameter for hazard detection system design.
2.1506 Overview of Terrain Relative Navigation Approaches for Precise Lunar Landing
Andrew E. Johnson, James F. Montgomery (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The driving precision landing requirement for the Autonomous Landing and Hazard
Avoidance Technology project is to autonomously land within 100m of a predetermined
location on the lunar surface. Traditional lunar landing approaches based on inertial
sensing do not have the navigational precision to meet this requirement. This paper gives a
survey of many terrain relative navigation approaches and then presents some high fidelity
simulation results for contour matching and area correlation approaches to TRN using
active sensors.
2.1507 Passive Optical Terrain Relative Navigation Using APLNav
Dewey Adams, Thomas Criss, Uday Shankar (JHU APL)
To achieve the desired 90 m (3σ) landing accuracy for the next generation of lunar landing
missions the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is developing a
Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) system using passive optical terrain sensing. The
Autonomous Precision Landing Navigation (APLNav) system allows landing in the low
illumination conditions existing at the lunar poles. The APLNav system uses multiple digital
cameras to image the lunar surface. An image correlation technique is used to determine
the optimal navigation solution. This paper describes the APLNav system, an assessment
of its performance, and plans for further development.

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Track 3: Antenna Systems and Technologies
Track Organizer: Farzin Manshadi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Mark Thomson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
3.01 Phased Array Antennas
Session Organizer: Janice Rock (US Army Aviation and Missile Research
Development )
Session Organizer: Mark Gatti (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
3.0101 The Past, Present, and Future of Electronically-Steerable Phased Arrays in Defense
Applications
Janice C. Rock, James H. Mullins, Joel P. Booth, Tracy Hudson (US Army Aviation, Missile Research
Development)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Elbow 3
This paper will present a study of past issues associated with electronically-steerable
phased array antenna systems and methods employed to overcome these issues. It will
discuss the current state-of-the-art in these type systems and the benefits to defense
applications that have resulted as these technologies have matured. It will conclude with a
discussion of barriers and problems that still exist - inhibiting a full integration of phased
array technologies in military communication systems, fire control and illumination radar
systems, and missile seeker systems. Possible solutions to the barriers discussed will be
presented and explored and future directions in phased array...
3.0102 Broadband Conformal Phased Array with Optical Beam Forming for Airborne
Satellite Communication
H. Schippers, J. Verpoorte, P. Jorna, A. Hulzinga (National Aerospace Laboratory NLR); Amsterdam, the
Netherlands); A. Meijerink, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, L. Zhuang, D. A. I. Marpaung, W. van Etten
(Telecommunication Engineering group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Twente,
Enschede, the Netherlands); R. G. Heideman, A. Leinse, A. Borreman, M. Hoekman (LioniX bv,
Enschede, the Netherlands); M. Wintels (Cyner Substrates, Utrecht, the Netherlands).)
For enhanced communication on board an aircraft, novel antenna systems with broadband
satellite-based capabilities are required. The technology will enhance airline operations by
providing in-flight connectivity for flight crew information and will bring live TV and high-
speed Internet connectivity to passengers. The installation of such systems on board an
aircraft requires for aerodynamic reasons the development a very low-profile aircraft
antenna, which can point to satellites anywhere in the upper hemisphere. In this paper two
key aspects of conformal phased array antenna arrays are addressed: development of a
broadband Ku-band antenna and an optical beam forming network for tracking satellites.
3.0103 A Phased Array Antenna for Deep Space Communications
Mark S. Gatti (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper describes a phased array antenna that has been studied for use as the next
generation Deep Space Network (DSN) for NASA. An architecture is described that can
replace the current DSN antennas with a phased array, each element of which would
consist of much smaller reflector antennas than currently exist in the DSN. The total
aperture could be increased as required by future missions, up to or more than 10 times
that of the current total aperture. A breadboard phased array was constructed to
demonstrate this concept. Its performance is also described.
22
3.02 Ground Antenna Technologies and Systems

Session Organizer: Farzin Manshadi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Vahraz Jamnejad (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
3.0201 Use of a Multipath Model in the Meter-wave Radar Height-finding Applications
Xiao-qin Hu, Jian-wen Chen, Yong-liang Wang
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, Elbow 3
In this paper, the specular reflection multipath model is discussed in detail. The conception
of the product factor, which is based on the relationship between the direct signal and
indirect signal in the meter-wave radar received signals, is presented in this paper. A
simple function of the product factor and the signal arrival angles including the direct angle
and indirect angle considering the earth’s curvature is constructed. Using the above
function, a meter-wave radar multipath array composite model considering the product
factor is proposed. When the SNR is low, we can select a model whose steering vector is
the sum...
3.0202 Calibration of Antennas During Construction or Expansion of Radio Arrays
Dayton Jones, Durgadas Bagri, Hiroyuki Miyatake, Barzia Tehrani, Mark Gatti, Hamil Cooper (Jet
The calibration of radio antenna performance is a well understood process, especially for
single large-diameter antennas. However, the measurement of efficiency, optimal focus,
pointing corrections, system temperature, and other parameters as functions of observing
frequency, antenna elevation and azimuth, temperature, and wind velocity can be time-
consuming. For any future arrays consisting of very large numbers of small antennas, it will
be necessary to minimize the time spent calibrating each antennas. This paper considers
ways to speed up the calibration of antennas being added to an existing array by taking
advantage of interferometer measurements and script-based automation.
3.0203 Focal Plane Array Receiver for Deep-Space Communication
V. Vilnrotter, D. Hoppe, M. Britcliffe (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Typical ground antennas intended for use in space communications require large apertures
operating at high frequencies. This paper discusses the key elements required to
implement a focal plane array on a large high frequency antenna. It is shown that adaptive
“least mean-square” (LMS) algorithms can be applied to the output of the array elements, in
order to obtain the optimum combining weights in real-time, even in the presence of
dynamic interference.
3.0204 USAF Academy Fast-Tracking Telescope
Geoff Andersen (USAF Academy); Derek Buzasi, Francis Chun, James Dorman
We are currently building a new optical observatory at the United States Air Force
Academy capable of tracking and imaging low Earth and astronomical objects. This will
make it possible to conduct a wide range of experiments involving optical ranging,
communications and characterization of satellites. Plans are also being considered to use
the telescope to improve the capabilities of a pre-existing thermometric lidar as well as
developing innovative lidars for atmospheric analysis and relativistic studies. Future
telescope research will also incorporate adaptive optics technologies being developed in
the Department of Physics.
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3.03 Space Antenna Technologies and Systems

Session Organizer: Thomas Cwik (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Yahya Rahmat-Samii (UCLA, Engineering 4 Bldg)
3.0301 Testing of Conventional Antennas for High Altitude Airborne Cellular Base Stations
Suzanna Denton, Paul Zavidniak (Northrop Grumman Corporation)
Using a conventional antenna system to obtain continual mobile communication coverage
over two or more disparate regions from an airborne platform can be problematic. Multiple
parameters affect the resulting signal spatial structure and signal gain observed from the
mobile ground users. A WB-57 aircraft, designed to relay military communications,
employed a conventional antenna system coupled with a CDMA base station aimed at
increasing coverage areas of mobile ground users in remote locations. This paper will
analyze the measured results of the WB-57 aircraft utilizing the conventional antenna
system, and will investigate the optimal antenna selection for this application.
3.04 Antenna Systems: Novel Modeling and Optimization Techniques

Session Organizer: Ahmad Hoorfar (Villanova University)
Session Organizer: Vahraz Jamnejad (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
3.0401 Conceptual Design of a New Huge Deployable Antenna Structure for Space
Application
Fei Zheng, Mei Chen, Wei Li, Pingping Yang (Xidian University)
A conceptual design of a new huge deployable antenna structure for space application is
presented. The antenna is constructed with a folded hoop and six folded ribs to form a rigid
backbone. Through the ribs, there are several inflatable membrane tori. Among the tori,
there are flexible cables to act as ribs. Such a novel model incorporates the advantages of
both mesh and inflatable antennas. Through deploying simulations of the rigid structure and
inflating simulations of the flexible structure, it is predicted to be feasible for a huge
deployable antenna with fairly high package ratio and fairly low surface density.
3.0402 Optimization of the UMTS Network Radio Coverage On-board an Aircraft
Carl J. Debono, Reuben A. Farrugia (University of Malta)
In a world where mobile connectivity has become a need, aircraft passengers still have
limited access to communication services during flight. In this paper we apply a number of
Universal Mobile Terrestrial System (UMTS) Node Bs strategically located inside the
aircraft to minimize the power transmitted. The optimized network is derived through
simulation, where a three-dimensional ray launching algorithm based on geometric optics
(GO) was adopted to derive the propagation map obtained from the rays launched by the
transmitting antennas. The low transmission power required by the proposed solution
ensures that the interference on the aircraft is minimal.
3.0403 Microwave Power Beaming Strategies for Fractionated Spacecraft Systems
Vahraz Jamnejad, Arnold Silva (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper addresses some issues concerning microwave power beaming in a fractionated
spacecraft environment. In one suggested scenario power is distributed in free space from
one “mother” spacecraft to multiple mini spacecraft in a dynamic environment with time
varying range and transmission directions which must be accounted for in optimal energy
transmission/distribution. Transmitting antennas (reflectors/phased arrays) and
mechanisms of redirecting/refocusing single/multiple beams in various field regions are
discussed. Receiving/rectifying antennas (“rectennas”) and related issues are also
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addressed. Operational feasibility ranges and areas of needed improvement for antenna
elements and other components for efficient and robust performance are identified.
3.05 Array Beamforming Technologies: Analog, Digital, and Optical

Session Organizer: William Imbriale (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
3.0501 An Adaptive Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Element Using Photonic
Controls
Randy L. Haupt (The Pennsylvania State University)
This paper shows how certain photoconductive materials can be used to design an
adaptive array element with a center frequency of 2 GHz. The resonant frequency of the
patch gradually shifts to a lower frequency as the conductivity off its gap filled with photonic
material increases. The resulting increase in the reflection coefficient at the center
frequency and decrease in gain acts as a continuous amplitude weight. This approach
offers continuous variation of the conductive portions of the patch. Varying the amplitude of
the elements allows dynamic control over the array sidelobe levels.
3.0502 Digital Beamforming Aspects of Wideband Circular Arrays
Hans Steyskal (Air Force Research Laboratory)
Circular array antennas are attractive since they offer uniform beam coverage over 360
degrees azimuth, and can generate radiation patterns with a main beam and sidelobes that
are essentially independent of frequency. We consider a wide band circular array
beamforming concept based on phase modes generated by a spatial Fourier transform of
the array excitation. In particular, we evaluate the computational load associated with the
digital implementation of this beamforming scheme, and compare it to the load of
conventional element level beamforming. Based on preliminary numerical analyses,
conventional beamforming is the more economical alternative from a computational
perspective.
3.0503 Design of a Dynamic Beamforming Antenna for Wimax Radio Systems
Yikun Huang (Montana State University)
We have explored the feasibility of utilizing adaptive smart antennas in conjunction with a
high bandwidth radio system to achieve improved performance for mobile nodes and to
suppress potential interference from unwanted signals. Although the new WiMAX standard
offers the potential for using smart, adaptive antennas, this functionality has not been
implemented. Our design will serve as a common platform for testing adaptive array
algorithms including direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, beamforming, and adaptive
tracking, as well as complete wireless communication with a WiMAX Radio. Heavy
emphasis will be placed on ease of implementation in a multi-channel / multi-user
environment.
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Track 4: Communication & Navigation Systems & Technologies
Track Organizer: Phil Dafesh (Aerospace Corporation)
Track Organizer: Shirley Tseng (MorganFranklin Corp)
4.01 Evolving Space Communication Architectures
Session Organizer: Robert Cesarone (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Shervin Shambayati (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
4.0101 Selecting Codes, Modulations, Multiple Access Schemes and Link Protocols for
Future NASA Missions
Les Deutsch, Gary Noreen, Jon Hamkins (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Frank Stocklin (NASA GSFC); John
Wesdock (ITT); David Zillig (Perot Systems)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon
NASA’s Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) office has been designing an
agency-wide space communication and navigation architecture to support NASA space
exploration and science missions out to 2030. SCaN chartered a study in 2007 to select
codes, modulations, multiple access techniques and link protocols for this architecture. The
study was conducted by Goddard Space Flight Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and
consultants to NASA. This paper provides an overview of the study, describes the process
used to carry out the study, and summarizes study results. Companion papers at this
conference provide detailed technical information and analyses.
4.0102 Formulation of Modulation Recommendations for Future NASA Space
Communications
John Wesdock, Chitra Patel (ITT Corporation); Frank Stocklin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center);
Leslie Deutsch, Gary Noreen, Jon Hamkins, Dennis Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has recently conducted a
comprehensive study to identify the most appropriate and efficient modulation, coding,
multiple access and link protocol techniques for future space communication links
supporting space exploration and science missions. The study was chartered by NASA’s
Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) office and is referred to as the Coding,
Modulation, and Link Protocol (CMLP) study. This paper describes the CMLP modulation
evaluation and states the relevant conclusions and recommendations.
4.0103 Evaluation of Multiple Access Techniques for Simultaneous Space Communications
and Tracking
Frank Stocklin, David Israel (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Leslie Deutsch, Gary Noreen (Jet
Propulsion Laboratory); David Zillig, Perot Systems; John Wesdock, Nicholas George (ITT Corporation);
Richard S. Orr (SATEL LLC)
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has conducted a comprehensive study
to identify the most appropriate and efficient modulation, coding, multiple access and link
protocol options for future space communication links supported by NASA’s Ground
Network, Space Network, Deep Space Network, and earth-based ground terminals and in-
situ relay satellites envisioned for Constellation Program mission support at the Moon and
Mars. This paper briefly describes the study process and summarizes the multiple access
recommendations for future NASA space communications.
4.0104 Formulation of Forward Error Correction Coding Recommendations for Future NASA
Space Communications
Jon Hamkins, Leslie Deutsch, Dariush Divsalar, Sam Dolinar, Dennis Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory);
Frank Stocklin (GSFC); John Wesdock, Chitra Patel (ITT)
NASA has undertaken a study to recommend and justify Coding, Modulation, and Link
Protocol (CMLP) designs for the Space Communications and Networking (SCaN) office
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(see companion paper). This paper reports on the coding part of the CMLP study, which is
chartered with identifying the forward error correction (FEC) codes suitable for NASA space
exploration and science missions through 2030.
4.0105 Future Perspectives for the New European Data Relay System
M. Lucente, E. Re, T. Rossi, M. De Sanctis, C. Stallo, E. Cianca, M. Ruggieri (University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”); R. Winkler, A. Pandolfi (Thales Alenia Space-Italy)
The increasing needs of European observation and telecommunication satellite services,
with respect to operations efficiency, require the development of an advanced in-orbit
infrastructure for data relay services. The function of a data relay satellite is to forward data
between two elements with which it has established a direct communication link. Currently
the infrastructure is based on the ESA ARTEMIS satellite that has been operative since
2003 and that will be at end-of-life by the end of 2010. In this frame Thales Alenia Space
Italia (TAS-I) and University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (TOR) are conceiving the European
Second Generation Data Relay System...
4.0106 Communications Across Complex Space Networks
Daniel Allard, Joseph Hutcherson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Complex space missions face the challenge of reliably maintaining the definition, content
and context of information across distributed and evolving space networks. Over seven
years of field study of the SharedNet distributed military communication system, along with
Interplanetary Communications Network Infrastructure (ICNI) and Interplanetary
Information Services (IIS) research efforts have demonstrated the benefits of an Object-
Based Communications Architecture (OBCA) by providing reliable content-based publish-
subscribe “need only” data delivery in a space-based communications environment. This
paper shall describe findings of these efforts, explain relevant benefits for complex space
network communications and suggest further avenues of study in this domain.
4.0107 Deep-Space Ka-band Link: Design, Continuity and Completeness
Shervin Shambayati (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
In this paper, continuity and completeness of a deep-space Ka-band link designed as to
maximize the expected data return over each pass subject to a minimum availability
requirement (MAR) is analyzed for 129 passes over a ten-month period using water vapor
radiometer and advanced water vapor radiometer data. The results indicate that even with
99% MAR, 16 passes suffer some sort data loss, necessitating use of retransmission
schemes. Because of this, it is recommended that the link be designed for 80% MAR as to
maximize the data return and retransmissions be used to guarantee data completeness.
4.0108 Evolution of the Lunar Network
Jonathan Gal-Edd, Curtis Fatig, Ron Miller (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Amphitheatre
NASA is planning to upgrade its network infrastructure to support missions for the 21st
century. The first step is to increase the data rate provided to science missions. The next
step is the support of manned missions to the Moon. Establishing an outpost with several
activities such as rovers, colonization, and observatories, is better achieved by a network
configuration rather than the current point-to-point. Another challenge associated with the
Moon is communication coverage with the Earth. The Moon’s South Pole, targeted for
human habitat and exploration, is obscured from Earth view for half of the 28-day lunar
cycle.
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4.0109 An Evolvable Lunar Communication and Navigation Constellation Concept

Kathryn Hamera (University of Colorado); Todd Mosher (MicroSat Systems, Inc.); Mark Gefreh (Colorado
School of Mines); Leon Slavkin, Robert Paul, Joseph Trojan (University of Colorado)
A highly evolvable, low-cost lunar navigation and communication relay concept has been
created using small satellites in halo orbits in Earth-Moon system. The initial constellation
of two spacecraft in an L2 halo orbit provides continuous coverage of the Lunar South Pole
in support of the inaugural robotic missions. The constellation can be expanded to provide
nearly continuous global coverage by the addition of only two spacecraft in a halo orbit
about L1. A preliminary spacecraft bus and subsystems design is presented along with
expected performance.
4.0110 Applying DoDAF to NASA Orion Mission Communication & Navigation Architecture
A. Biswas (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); J. Hayden (NASA GRC); M. S. Phillips (NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center); K, Bhasin, C. Putt (NASA GRC); T. Sartwell (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
The Communication and Navigation Architecture for future NASA missions are being
developed is stages, starting with the Orion transporting crew and cargo to the International
Space Station (ISS), to be followed by destinations to the Moon and eventually Mars. In this
paper the approach being pursued for the Orion Mission to the ISS is outlined. The
approach is based upon augmenting NASA System Engineering practices with selected
processes and methodologies prescribed by the Department of Defense Architectural
Framework. Selected architectural views with a broader description of the process followed
are presented.
4.02 Communication Protocols and Services for Space Networks

Session Organizer: Ferit Yegenoglu (Lockheed Martin)
Session Organizer: Loren Clare (Jet Propulsion Laboratory/CalTech)
4.0201 DS-TP: Deep-Space Transport Protocol
Ioannis Psaras, Giorgos Papastergiou, Vassilis Tsaoussidis (Democritus University of Thrace, Greece);
Nestor Peccia (European Space Agency)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Amphitheatre
We present Deep-Space Transport Protocol (DS-TP), a new reliable protocol for deep-
space communication links. DS-TP’s main advantage is its ability to complete file transfers
faster than conventional TCP, SCPS-TP and Saratoga. Therefore, missions with small
connectivity time are greatly favored. DS-TP includes a novel retransmission technique
called Double Automatic Retransmission (DAR). DAR’s main advantage is its ability to deal
with highly lossy environments, such as deep-space communication links. Our results
reveal that DS-TP presents high potential for deployability. In particular, we show that for
PER=50\%, DS-TP completes a file transfer in half as much time as conventional protocols
need.
4.0202 Intelligibility and Space-based Voice with Relaxed Delay Constraints
Sam Nguyen, Clayton Okino, Michael Cheng (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
In this paper, we leverage the long range end-to-end scenarios envisioned for lunar and
beyond voice conversations by allowing non-traditional additional processing delay for
quasi-real-time voice conversations. The concept of improving the quality of end-to-end
voice conversations for long delay environments is considered by utilizing Luby Transforms
on the Conjugate-Structure Algebraic-Code-Excited Linear-Prediction (CS-ACELP) codec.
In addition, this paper also examines the use of automated speech recognition software as
a means of generating a quantifiable metric for speech intelligibility in the spirit of the
Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT).
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4.0203 Signal Routing in a Satellite Sensor Network Using Optimisation Algorithms

Xiaofeng Wu, Tanya Vladimirova, Kawsu Sidibeh (University of Surrey)
Future spacecraft are envisioned as massively distributed space systems flying in
formation. In this paper we present an approach to signal routing over inter-satellite links
(ISL) in a network of sub-kilogram satellites using a single-objective optimisation algorithm
and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The IEEE 802.11 protocol is modified for ISL,
with a maximum communication range of 15 Km. The satellite network optimization is
carried out according to two objectives: transmission power and time delay, which are
competing with each other. The simulation results show that the optimisation algorithms
can effectively provide optimized routes in terms of power and time delay.
4.0204 Adaptive QoS in 802.11e Wireless Networks for Lunar Communications
Will Spearman, Jim Martin (Clemson University); Jay Gao (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Lunar surface communications present specific problems that can be solved with well
established terrestrial networking standards such as 802.11. Unfortunately, 802.11 has
limitations regarding high priority traffic such as voice and command data which are
sensitive to jitter, delay, and loss. The IEEE 802.11e standard provides enhancements that
allow traffic with specific needs to be differentiated from normal traffic. While these
enhancements have been shown to effectively improve latency and throughput for high
priority traffic, they do not offer precise nor consistent control of performance levels. In this
paper capacity and priority are explored in the context of lunar communications...
4.0205 Traffic Modeling for NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Network
Tudor Stoenescu, Loren Clare (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
IP-based communications technologies are being implemented for space applications,
including NASA’s Constellation Program and its efforts toward returning humans to the
Moon. In order to be able to accurately estimate performance, models have been
developed that characterize the types of offered traffic that will occur. Voice and real-time
motion imagery (video) models have been specifically developed due to their importance, in
addition to general models for telemetry and command data flow. Synthesized traffic may
be generated from these models and aggregated to build representative loads on the
communications transport resources for performance characterization.
4.0206 Demand Access Protocol Design and Validation with SPIN
John Segui (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper discusses the preliminary design and validation of the Demand Access Protocol
(DAP) using the SPIN model checker. Using English language specifications and flow
charts, the author developed a PROMELA (the formal specification language used by
SPIN) specification and validated basic safety properties. Used correctly, a model checker
can thoroughly validate complex systems and guarantee absence of fault conditions.
4.0207 Cost Overhead Analysis Associated with Ipsec in the Next Generation Satellite
Network
Iftikhar Shahnawaz, Atul Parikh (Linquest Corporation); Ameesh Pandya (Booz Allen & Hamilton)
The problem of information assurance in the next generation Satellite Communication
network integrated with an IP router in the space is considered. An example of such a
network is the Transformational Satellite Network. In particular, authors address an
intriguing question of how much security is sufficient. They discuss this question with
respect to IPsec (as described in RFC 4301) in conjunction with the BGP protocol. A
scenario that has been analyzed for this purpose involves evaluation of IPsec overhead
29
encountered during the (re)-establishment of BGP routing based IP connectivity information

for mobile nodes with intermittent links. Although IPsec provides effective...
4.0208 Performance Characterization of Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN)
Network by Simulation
Esther Jennings, David Heckman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper reports the simulation of the Orion (Crew Exploration Vehicle) to the
International Space Station (ISS) mission where Orion is launched by Ares into orbit on a
14-day mission to rendezvous with the ISS. Communications services for the mission are
provided by the Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) network infrastructure which
includes the NASA Space Network (SN), Ground Network (GN) and NASA Integrated
Services Network (NISN). The objectives of the simulation are to determine whether SCaN
can meet the communications needs of the mission, to demonstrate the benefit of using
QoS prioritization, and to evaluate network key parameters of...
4.0209 Assessing the Minimum Bandwidth Requirement for Transmitting MPEG-4 over
Space
Jackson Pang (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Tyler Gilbert (Stanford University)
The use of MPEG-4 for both scientific analysis and public outreach in the next phase of
NASA Space missions is considered and the minimum bandwidth required is assessed.
The video contents typical to the mission scenarios are analyzed to provide the tuning
parameters for the video encoding process and the quality of service required at the IP
network layer. Realistic space link simulation is then used to generate a-priori video quality
assessment for a given set of space link conditions. The intent of this study is to provide the
basis for tradeoff between bandwidth allocation for video traffic and quality...
4.0210 Verification of a Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant Self-Stabilizing Protocol for Clock
Synchronization
Mahyar Malekpour (NASA Langley Research Center)
This paper presents the mechanical verification of a simplified model of a rapid Byzantine-
fault-tolerant selfstabilizing protocol for distributed clock synchronization systems. This
protocol does not rely on any assumptions about the initial state of the system except for
the presence of sufficient good nodes, thus making the weakest possible assumptions and
producing the strongest results. This protocol tolerates bursts of transient failures, and
deterministically converges within a time bound that is a linear function of the self-
stabilization period. A simplified model of the protocol is verified using the Symbolic Model
Verifier (SMV).
4.0217 Transmitting Medical Imagery over 2-Meter Amateur Packet Radio Networks using
TCP Reno and UDP
Paul D. Wiedemeier (The University of Louisiana at Monroe)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
The United States Federal Communications Commission permits licensed amateur radio
operators to transmit data using the amateur 2-meter band. Unfortunately, significant time
is needed to transmit large files over 2-meter amateur packet radio networks because the
required radio modems transmit data at a standard rate of 1200 bps. In this paper, we
evaluate the performance of the Reno variant of the TCP and the UDP when both are used
to transmit medical imagery over ns-2 simulated 2-meter amateur packet radio networks.
We also discuss image quality measures as they relate to medical imagery transmitted
using the UDP.
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4.0218 The GSFC Communications, Standards, and Technology Laboratory (CSTL)

David J. Israel, Jane K. Marquart, Willie L. Thompson, II (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
This paper highlights the current capabilities of the Communications, Standards, and
Technology Laboratory (CSTL), located at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The
CSTL combines flight software lab and RF system lab prototype and flight elements to test
and demonstrate end-to-end communications standards and technologies. Current
activities have focused on IP network based communications. This paper will present an
overview of previous CSTL activities and results, as well as planned future work and
opportunities.
4.03 Transformational Communications Architectures and Technologies

Session Organizer: Frederic Agardy (The Aerospace Corporation)
4.0301 On the Optimal Extension of Ground Network Stations to Support NASA’s Lunar
Exploration
Charles H. Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Amphitheatre
With Goldstone, Canberra, and Madrid, the baseline DSN can cover the whole lunar disk
98.8% of the time and the gaps between communication links can be as long as 84 minutes
(assuming 10° elevation mask). For multiple simultaneous diversified coverages, five sites
consisting of Dongara of Australia, Hartebeesthoek of South Africa, Santiago of Chile,
White Sands Complex of New Mexico and Usuda of Japan are considered for extensions. If
only one station is to be added to the DSN baseline, Hartebeesthoek is the optimal choice
as it can almost provide continuous coverage of the Moon and reduce the communication
gaps...
4.0302 Geographically Targeted Information Dissemination System (GeoTIDeS)
Ranga Ramanujan, Ben Burnett, Clint Sanders, John Wu (Architecture Technology Corporation)
This paper presents the architecture of a middleware platform called GeoTIDeS
(Geographically Targeted Information Dissemination System) that enables the
implementation of location based wireless applications. The platform implements the
following capabilities that can be accessed by applications through the GeoTIDeS
application programming interface (API): 1) A geographically targeted information multicast
service that enables an application to send data directed at mobile appliances situated
within a specified geographic area; 2) A range-restricted information dissemination service
that delivers data to mobile appliances within a given range of the information disseminator;
3) A banner-in-the-sky service.
4.0303 Development of Reprogrammable High Frame-Rate Detector Devices for Laser
Communication Pointing, Acquisition and Tracking
Terita Norton, Kenneth Conner, Richard Covington, Hung Ngo, Christine Rink (The Aerospace
Corporation)
A Two Terminal Laser Communication Test Bed has been developed at The Aerospace
Corporation. This paper presents the design and preliminary results of a reprogrammable
detector within the Test Bed for use in pointing, acquisition, and tracking between a
Satellite-to-Satellite Laser Communication link. The detector may be commanded by an
emulated spacecraft Command & Data Handling subsystem to switch between full-array
scanning and “small sized” N x M pixel Field of View (FOV) for high-rate laser tracking. The
approach follows a parallel path to implement the signal processing algorithm on two
different hardware resources: a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)...
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4.0304 A Radiation-Hardened, High-Resolution Optical Encoder for Use in Aerospace

Applications
Scott Sandruck (MicroE Systems, GSI Group); Donald K. Mitchell (Consultant to MicroE Systems)
Advances in aerospace applications have created a demand for the development of higher
precision, higher accuracy, radiation-hardened encoders. MicroE Systems’ Mercury II
aerospace encoder design provides the precision and accuracy required by these
applications while also addressing radiation, weight, and alignment concerns. The encoder
is a grating-based, reflective, interferometric encoder consisting of three major
components: a scale, a readhead, and processing electronics. The system is a kit design
which is easily configured and allows for forgiving of misalignments. Its large tolerance of
tilts and translations during setup and operation, make this design ideal for aerospace
requirements.
4.0305 A Study of the Relative Speed and Doppler Effects in Space-Based Networks
Mori Fatehi, Hernando Valencia, Ameesh Pandya, Matthew Trinca, Michael Davenport (Booz Allen
Hamilton); Vineet Mehta (LA-AFB)
The intent of this study is to analyze the relative speed and Doppler effects in space-based
SONET networks. To this end, we start with a simplified kinematics model to analyze the
worst-case scenarios. For the proposed model, we will find the locus of the maximal
relative speeds, compute the associated Doppler effects at these maxima, and determine
the amount of Doppler compensation necessary to establish and maintain SONET timing
and synchronization at various links. Subsequently, we will look at effects of GEO satellite
repositioning, possible GEO orbital inclinations (for geosynchronous orbits) and other
second order deviations on the proposed model...
4.0306 Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulation of Mobile Wireless Communication Environments
Jordan Bonney, Glenn Bowering, Ryan Marotz, Kirk Swanson (Architecture Technology Corporation)
To address the difficulties in developing routing protocols and software applications for
mobile, wireless environments, Architecture Technology Corporation developed a
hardware-in-the-loop emulator known as ABSNE that creates a controllable, repeatable,
virtual network environment. Using ABSNE, end-system software and hardware in a
stationary, wired test bed can be evaluated as though it were in an operational mobile,
wireless environment. This paper presents the need for ABSNE as well as the emulator’s
design and lessons learned from using ABNSE to develop an ad hoc routing protocol and a
peer-to-peer information dissemination platform.
4.0308 Adaptive Power Control for Space Communications
Willie L. Thompson, II, David J. Israel (NASA)
This paper investigates the implementation of power control techniques for crosslinks
communications during a rendezvous scenario of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and
the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM). The crosslink will generate excess interference,
if the output power is fixed and optimized for the worst-case link analysis at the maximum
distance range. As a result, power control is required to maintain the optimal power level for
the crosslink without interfering with the space-to-ground link. A proof-of-concept will be
described and implemented within Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Communications,
Standard, and Technology Lab (CSTL).
32

Session Organizer: Patrick Stadter (JHU/Applied Physics Laboratory)
4.0401 A Weak-signal GPS Architecture for Lunar Navigation and Communication Systems
P. A. Stadter, D. J. Duven, B. L. Kantsiper, P. J. Sharer, E. J. Finnegan, G. L. Weaver (Johns Hopkins
University Applied Physics Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:50 pm, Amphitheatre
This research details the application of the Global Positioning System to support Lunar
Navigation and Communication Systems. In includes the system concept for a Lunar
Navigation and Communication Infrastructure and describes the use of GPS to support that
infrastructure in its mission to provide communication and navigation service.
4.05 PANEL: Space Exploration Communication and Navigation Status

Chair: Loren P. Clare (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Panelists:
Loren P. Clare (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Jonathan Gal-Edd (NASA GSFC)
Mark Flanegan (NASA GSFC)
4.06 Innovative Techniques in Deep Space Communications

Session Organizer: Christopher DeBoy (JHU/APL)
Session Organizer: Karl Fielhauer (JHU/APL)
4.0601 Same Beam Tracking with the Proposed DSN Array Using Calibration Signal from
Multiple Sources
D.S.Bagri (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The accuracy of a spacecraft angular position is limited by temporal and angular separation
between their observations. The same beam interferometry eliminates temporal separation
and drastically reduces angular separation between the calibrator and spacecraft. However
probability of finding a suitable calibrator with required signal strength within the same
beam as spacecraft is low for even 12m antennas being considered for the proposed array-
based deep space network. The probability of doing the same beam interferometry can be
increased considerably if combined signal from many weaker calibration sources and
mapping approach, as suggested in this paper, is used.
4.0602 Precision Spacecraft Tracking Using In-Beam Phase Referencing
Walid A. Majid, Durgadas S. Bagri (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Deep Space Network (DSN) Array of the future provides an intriguing possibility of
using the techniques of in-beam phase referencing to determine the angular position of
spacecraft with accuracy at the level of 0.1 nano-radian (nrad). In this paper, we discuss
the prospects for carrying out such measurements at both 8.4 GHz (X-band) and 32 GHz
(Ka-band). Our study suggests that at X-band in-beam calibration may be available as an
astrometric tool over 20-30 percent of the sky. The prospects at Ka-band, on the other
hand, are not very hopeful.
4.0603 MESSENGER Spacecraft In-flight Experiments: Science Return Improvement
Techniques
Karl B. Fielhauer, Christopher J. Krupiarz (JHUAPL)
The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER)
spacecraft is on its way to Mercury after a successful August 2004 launch. Upon arrival at
33
Mercury in March 2011, the spacecraft will investigate and return science observations that
will dramatically enhance our knowledge of Mercury and thus of the inner solar system.
Through a hybrid approach using CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) to enable link
margin reductions and date rate optimization during communication contacts, The Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) performed several in-flight tests
and achieved significant science data return improvement while maintaining data reliability
for this first...
4.07 Communication System Analysis & Simulation

Session Organizer: Yogi Krikorian (The Aerospace Corporation)
4.0701 Combined GMSK Modulation and PN Ranging for Communications & Navigation
Richard S. Orr (SATEL LLC); Dariush Divsalar (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Renewed interest in human exploration of space suggests a need for high throughput
earth-space links. NASA is investigating combined bandwidth-efficient modulation (BEM)
and signals for radiometric tracking. In one approach, GMSK modulation is combined with a
pseudonoise (PN) ranging signal on a subcarrier in a way designed to achieve: (1) a
constant-envelope waveform; (2) adequate separation of communications and ranging
components; (3) high data rates ( 6 Msps); and (4) conformance to applicable international
standards. The waveform, its power spectrum, and receiver structures are demonstrated.
4.0702 8175–8215 MHz MILSATCOM Band for the GOES-R PDU Signal and the 8025–
8400 MHz Band for the SD Downlink
Srini H. Raghavan, Nathaniel E. Feldman, Samuel Lim, Donald P. Olsen (The Aerospace Corporation)
A system in which both processed data uplink (PDU) and sensor data (SD) downlink
coexist within the 8 GHz band is one of several alternatives being considered for the
GOES-R frequency plan. Issues such as self-interference from SD downlink transmitter to
PDU receivers on the satellite, hardware complexity such as filter design, and payload
configuration, for example, use of a single antenna for both SD downlink and PDU receive
on the satellite or two separate antennas should be considered. A reference design that
satisfies the link performance, interference limits, and implementable hardware constraints
is given in this paper.
4.0703 Conceptual Design of Multi-Domain Dynamics for Actuation Systems Using a Bond
Graph Automated Procedure
K.N. Toosi (University of Technology)
The conceptual design stage is an early stage in the design process that is well suited to
determining the functional interaction between different subsystems. In the conceptual
design stage one generally comes up with a model with too many parameters and too little
knowledge to estimate appropriate parameter values. Model simplification and reduction
techniques can be applied to reduce the number of parameters and the model order. The
parameters in this reduced order model are a combination of the parameters of the original
model. A Bond graph can sharply reduce the time needed for analysis of designs that are
infeasible...
4.0704 Design of an Adaptive Communication System for Implementation on Board a Future
Algerian LEO Satellite
L. Hadj Abderrahmane, D.E. Baba Hamed (CNTS, Division of Space Instrumentation- Arzew-Algeria); M.
Benyettou (USTO-Oran, Algeria)
Understanding of the physical communications environment from low Earth orbits is the key
to the successful implementation of the communications system. This already complex
environment is further complicated by the constraints of the microsatellite platform. The
small, low mass platform offers limited downlink power and a small antenna envelope and
ground plane. This affects the performance of both uplink and downlink in the fading LEO
34
environment. The `little LEO` satellite systems must be designed to operate in the presence
of this environment. The concept of adaptivity is of paramount importance in the design of
future LEO satellite communication systems...
4.08 Wideband Communications Systems

Session Organizer: Dave Taggart (Aerospace Corporation)
4.0801 Convolutional Codes Using Nonlinear Generators for Rate One-half and Memory
Order Four
Gregory Mayhew (Washington University in St. Louis)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, Jefferson
This paper presents results for rate one-half, memory order four, convolutional codes with
at loeast one feed forward encoding equation that is nonlinear over a binary Galois Field.
4.0802 Multi-Standard WIMAX/UMTS System Framework Based on SDR
Olga Zlydareva, Claudio Sacchi (University of Trento)
In this work, we are proposing a novel approach targeted to handling signal processing and
data transmission tasks related to a multi-standard terminal encompassing WiMAX and
UMTS standards. We shall present an innovative Software-Defined-Radio (SDR)-based
framework which will be able to arrange the digital processing tasks concerning the
baseband level of the multi-standard transceiver architecture. In particular, an object-
oriented model will be proposed for the baseband level implementation.
4.0803 Test Platform for Millimeter-wave Amplifier Linearity Characterization
James Vian, Patrick Bell, Kristina Wong, John Murphy, Armen Babikyan (MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
The Lincoln Laboratory Amplifier Testbed (LLAT) is a measurement platform designed to
quantify the effects of amplifiers on spectrally confined waveforms. LLAT is capable of
measuring amplifiers at millimeter-wavelengths with saturated output powers ranging from
a few Watts to hundreds of Watts. To allow maximum flexibility in modem design, LLAT
uses virtual modems running on a multi-processor grid. The LLAT enables investigation of
technology advances that may solve the size, weight and power constraints of small mobile
terminals.
4.0804 Comparison of Single-Tone and Spectrally-Confined Waveform Performance in
Millimeter-Wave Amplifiers
James Vian, Patrick Bell (MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
Many waveforms for future military satellite communication systems rely on spectrally-
confined waveforms to increase the number of users. These waveforms stress the
performance of the transmitting amplifiers. The planning stages of communication systems
often use memory-less nonlinear models, such as AM-AM and AM-PM models, which are
based on single-tone measurements and do not accurately predict the performance for
wider bandwidth modulations. This paper presents measured comparisons of single-tone
characteristics with PSK and QAM performance in solid-state amplifiers at millimeter-wave
frequencies. Measurements are performed over a range of data rates, with comparison of
devices with and without nonlinear memory.
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4.0805 Convolutional Codes Using Nonlinear Generators for Rate One-third and Memory
Order Four
Gregory Mayhew (Washington University in St. Louis)
This paper presents results for rate one-third, memory order four, convolutional codes with
at least one feed forward encoding equation that is nonlinear over a binary Galois Field.
4.09 Communications and/or Related Systems: Theory, Simulation, and Signal

Processing
Session Organizer: Dave Taggart (Aerospace Corporation)
Session Organizer: Rajendra Kumar (The Aerospace Corporation)
4.0901 Multipath Effects in GPS Receivers with Correlation Operations
Robert A. Monzingo (The Aerospace Corporation)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, Amphitheatre
A standard Global Position System (GPS) receiver employs correlation operations in
accomplishing its time and frequency tracking functions. This paper examines how the
presence of a single specular multipath ray affects the correlation operations in the GPS
receiver and thereby results in bias in the resulting timing estimate developed by the
receiver. Surprisingly, in some cases there may be more than one value of bias that is
manifest in the timing estimate, so the initial timing estimate introduced into the receiver
can yield very different steady-state estimates timing depending on the parameters that
characterize the multipath ray.
4.0902 Comparison of Parameter Estimation in Frequency and Time Domain by Motion’s
Signal Processing
Samira Roshany Yamchi, Hasan Haghigh, Mahdi Sabzeh Parvar (Tehran Polytechnic)
Parameter estimation and identification is an important part of flight mechanic. In this study
the purpose is to estimate flying parameters for resistance derivation and aircraft control. At
first those parameters were estimated for lateral-directional motion with which we could
reach more precise results and fewer errors in time domain. In frequency domain we could
reach nearly acceptable results with a specific step in special frequency band limit. In
longitude motion we also had suitable responses in time domain. But we didn’t have good
results in frequency domain method. So to get answers from this system we analyzed
motion modes...
4.0903 A High-Order Analysis of the Distortion Effects of Nonlinear Amplifiers on CDMA
Signals
Rajendra Kumar (The Aerospace Corporation)
This paper presents an analysis of the distortion effects of the power amplifier nonlinearity
on the CDMA signal comprised of various user signals composed of data-modulated Walsh
codes which are also modulated by various scrambling codes. The amplifier characteristics
are approximated by a polynomial of sufficiently high degree such that over the range of
input signal, the approximation error is negligible. The expressions for both the output
signal power and the output signal power-to-distortion power spectral density ratio are then
derived in the form of a finite series with its coefficients being a function of the amplifier
input power level...
4.0904 Novel Adaptive Receiver for Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulated Signals
Rajendra Kumar, Ramses Diaz de Leon (California State University, Long Beach)
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The paper presents a novel and robust adaptive receiver for QAM signals that jointly
estimates the carrier phase noise and the fading amplitude distortion induced by Rayleigh
fading channels. The amplitude fading estimate is used by a novel phase estimator
involving data detection. The phase noise estimate is input to a Kalman filter which then
provides the predicted phase to the reference carrier oscillator such that the carrier phase
estimation error remains small even in the presence of various channel impairments. The
paper presents detailed results on both the tracking phase error variance and bit error rate
results.
4.0905 Goodput and Delay in Networks with Controlled Mobility
Ameesh Pandya (Booz Allen Hamilton); Aman Kansal (Microsoft Research); Greg Potte (UCLA)
This paper discusses the communication throughput, goodput and delay considerations
when a set of mobile nodes is used as relays to transfer data among multiple static nodes.
While previous work has considered randomly mobile nodes, we consider controlled mobile
agents. We derive results for the worst case delay, throughput and goodput with
controllably mobile relays. Our analysis indicates that this scenario differs fundamentally
from the random mobility case. This scenario could, however, be used to defense
application for better communications yield. Further, our results are guaranteed to be
achieved in a particular topology.
4.0906 Quality of Service In Wireless Sensor Networks through the Connectionless
Scheduling Protocol
Budhaditya Deb, Scott C. Evans, Harold W. Tomlinson (GE Research); Suresh Iyer, Giri Kuthethoor
(Lockheed Martin)
The Connectionless Scheduling Protocol is a cross layer media access protocol that uses a
pseudorandom message scheduling approach to achieve near optimal channel utilization
with near optimal energy utilization, providing benefit for resource constrained multi-hop
applications such as wing stress monitoring. In this paper we describe how quality of
service differentiation can be easily applied to this protocol by providing simple message
length or schedule availability constraints. Theoretical analysis is conducted through a
derived probabilistic model.
4.10 Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Session Organizer: Chris Bartone (Ohio University)
Session Organizer: Steven Lazar (The Aerospace Corporation)
4.1001 An Introduction to Satellite Based Atomic Frequency Standards
Leo A. Mallette (The Boeing Company); Pascal Rochat (SpectraTime); Joseph White (US Naval Research
Lab)
This paper discusses AFSs on current and upcoming navigation systems. The two current
systems are the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Global
Positioning System (GPS). The upcoming navigation systems with AFSs are: the Galileo
system, China’s Beidou (a.k.a. Compass) satellite positioning system, and Japan’s quasi-
zenith satellite system (QZSS).
4.1002 GNSS Optimizing Intercontinental Liberalization Of Air Transport
Mariagrazia Spada (University of Rome "La Sapienza")
The major aims of certification of any GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) would be
to establish minimum guarantees of quality (as expressed in such dimensions as
accessibility, availability, continuity, integrity, reliability and accuracy). Furthermore,
technological advances in the areas of CNS/ATM (Communications-Navigation-
Surveillance/ Air Traffic Management) and decision support must be leveraged to evolve a
modernized Airspace System. An “Open Sky policy”, at least as formulated by the US
government, has its limits. The next step must be an “Open Skies multilateral agreement”,
37
also called an “Open Aviation Area”, which may shape Transatlantic traffic. Within such
“Open Aviation Area”, which...
4.11 Software Defined Radio Systems and Technology

Session Organizer: Eugene Grayver (The Aerospace Corporation)
4.1101 Runtime FPGA Partial Reconfiguration
Eric McDonald (The Aerospace Corporation)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, Amphitheatre
Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are now being integrated into many space-based
applications. Runtime partial reconfiguration can potentially reduce the number of devices
or the device size, thereby reducing both size and power consumption. This technology
significantly reduces power consumption critical for space and portable ground-based
applications of FPGA technology. This paper provides an overview of the design flow
necessary for partial reconfiguration, how it can be applied to the field of Software-Defined
Radio, and comments on the additional overhead necessary for creating such a design.
4.1102 Design of Digital TDRSS Waveform Equivalent Suitable for Software Defined Radio
Implementation
Mohiuddin "Mohin" Ahmed (HRL Laboratories, LLC)
This paper documents the use of a “model based design” approach for the design,
verification and implementation of the digital equivalent of a Tracking And Data Relay
Satellite (TDRS) waveform. It is seen that such all-digital baseband implementations of
traditional analog architectures are now feasible with current software radio technologies,
and thus is likely to transform future space based communication system design/
deployment towards primarily software controlled adaptive platforms...
4.1103 Application-layer Codec Adaptation for Dynamic Bandwidth Resource Allocation
Eugene Grayver, Jiayu Chen, Alexander Utter (The Aerospace Corporation)
The dynamic bandwidth resource allocation technique addresses the channel dynamics by
continuously monitoring key link parameters and adaptively optimizing the physical layer
parameters. These modifiable parameters include: symbol rate, modulation, error
correction code rate, spreading factor, transmit power, etc. A flexible radio that supports all
of these parameters is coupled to a dynamic channel emulator to evaluate DBRA system
performance. As the satellite channel conditions change, all layers must respond
appropriately to maintain QoS and avoid exceeding available data rates. This paper
describes a DBRA testbed with multiple audio and video codecs that are selected without
renegotiation.
4.1104 Constellation Design for Improved Iterative LDPC Decoding
Esteban L. Valles (The Aerospace Corporation)
Recent advances in iteratively decoded channel codes such as LDPC codes make it
possible to operate close to channel capacity limits. The capacity of a coded modulation is
therefore a very useful indicator when analyzing the performance of a near infinite-length
code under maximum likelihood (ML) decoding. In this work, we analyze the behavior of
LDPC codes of moderate lengths using belief propagation (BP) based decoding algorithms.
We found that in many cases analyzing the capacity of the coded modulation is not enough
to predict which constellation will yield the best error rate performance in a Gaussian noise
channel.
4.1105 Cognitive Radio: From Spectrum Sharing to Adaptive Learning & Reconfiguration
Feng Ge, Qinqin Chen, Ying Wang, Charles W. Bostian (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University);
Thomas W. Rondeau (Trinity College, Dublin); Bin Le (Cognitive Radio Technologies)
38

This paper introduces important cognitive radio developments including spectrum sharing,
learning and adaptation algorithms, and the software and hardware architecture to support
these functions.
4.1106 Signal Reconstruction in Digital Transmitter Drives
Yefim S. Poberezhskiy (Science Applications International Corporation); Gennady Y. Poberezhskiy
(Raytheon)
The paper reveals the logic and main trends of the development of sampling and
reconstruction techniques that are closely connected, provides consistent and
comprehensive analysis of baseband and bandpass reconstruction, examines various
reconstruction techniques, shows potential capabilities of reconstruction circuits (RCs) with
internal filtering, and determines theoretical restrictions imposed on weight functions of
these RCs.
4.12 Advanced Communications, Navigation, & Surveillance Technology for

National Airspace
Session Organizer: Denise Ponchak (NASA Glenn Research Center)
4.1201 Problems with Deployment of Multi-Domained, Multi-Homed Mobile Networks
William D. Ivancic (NASA Glenn Research Center)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Amphitheatre
This document describes numerous problems associated with deployment of multi-homed
mobile platforms consisting of multiple networks and traversing large geographical areas.
The purpose of this document is to provide insight to real-world deployment issues and
provide information to groups that are addressing many issues related to multi-homing,
policy-base routing, route optimization and mobile security – particularly those groups
within the Internet Engineering Task Force.
4.1202 Towards a Mission Planning Toolbox for the Airborne Network
Abhishek Tiwari, Anurag Ganguli, Ashwin Sampath (UtopiaCompression Corporation)
The Airborne Network (AN) is a constellation of networked aircraft flying in periodic orbits.
AN is an enabling technology for Network Centric Warfare and various commercial
applications such as automated ATC. The aircraft forming the AN backbone must fly in
trajectories that ensure high data upload capacity to terrestrial nodes while making sure
that a minimal topology within the network is always maintained. Using tools from convex
optimization we determine optimal locations of airborne nodes to achieve the above
objectives for various relevant scenarios.
4.1203 Technology Assessment Results of the Eurocontrol/FAA Future Communications
Study
Robert J. Kerczewski, James M. Budinger (NASA Glenn Research Center); Tricia J. Gilbert (ITT
Corporation)
The Federal Aviation Administration and Eurocontrol jointly initiated the Future
Communications Study (FCS) to develop a common approach for a globally harmonized air
traffic management communications system. The FCS includes operational concepts,
communications requirements, analysis of business and institutional elements, and
assessment of technology alternatives. The FCS technology assessment determined the
best set of available technologies for aviation safety communications given key constraints
such as cost, transition feasibility, technical requirements, and spectrum availability. From
2004 to 2007, the assessment progressed in three phases, yielding technical results and
recommendations for development and phased implementation of a future aviation
communications infrastructure.
39
4.13 Advanced Navigation Systems for Surface, Air, and Space Applications
Session Organizer: Chris Bartone (Ohio University)
4.1301 Multicarrier Modulation as a Navigation Signal of Opportunity
Richard K. Martin, Jamie S. Velotta, John F. Raquet (Air Force Institute of Technology)
GPS may be blocked or jammed, hence backup navigation techniques are of interest.
Navigation via signals of opportunity uses existing radio infrastructure as ad hoc
navigational beacons. A mobile receiver determines its position by computing a time
difference of arrival between reception time at the mobile and a reference receiver;
however, this requires communication between the reference and mobile receivers. We
show that communication between the reference and mobile can be very minimal for
multicarrier modulation compared to other modulation types, since the block structure
inherently aids synchronization of the two received signals, making it an ideal signal of
opportunity.
4.1302 A New Scheduling Strategy for Aircraft Landings under Dynamic Position Shifting
S.M.B Malaek, E.Naderi (Sharif University of Technology)
The objective of scheduling is runway assignment and computing arrival times that
minimize delays and maximize runway throughput. Currently, methods for runway
scheduling are categorized into First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) and Constrained Position
Shifting (CPS). In this work, we describe a new algorithm for real time scheduling for single
as well as multiple parallel runway scheduling. The new approach is comparable to FCFS
algorithms in accommodating practical issues while enjoying optimality similar to that of
CPS methods. Different case studies show that the new approach could effectively improve
a FCFS algorithm by 5 to 16 percent...
40
Track 5: Electro-Optic Sensors and Observation Systems
Track Organizer: David Tratt (The Aerospace Corporation)
Track Organizer: Richard Richmond (Air Force Research laboratory
Sensor Directorate)
Session Organizer: James Breckinridge (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Stuart Shaklan (Jet Propulsion Lab)
5.0101 Model-Based Verification and Validation of Component Structures for RF and Optical
Experimental Systems
Charles Norton, Houfei Fang, Thierry Michel, Alina Moussessian, John Schiermeier, Paul Springer (Jet
Propulsion Laboratory); Richard Otero (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Future large aperture systems will depend on integrated modeling to assess key
performance parameters for designs that cannot be fully tested and verified before flight.
Achieving this goal will require integrating component models, results from numerical
simulations, and physical tests to predict the performance and prove the viability of such
systems within numerous model and measurement uncertainties. We will describe use of
JPL’s Precision Environment Test Enclosure (PETE) with integrated modeling for radar
component and optical metrology experiments to validate models for predictive analysis of
large aperture systems.

5.02 Photonic Devices for Space Applications

Session Organizer: Edward Taylor (International Photonics Consultants)
Session Organizer: Kent Choquette (University of Illinois)
5.0201 Promoting Robust Design of Diode Lasers for Space: A National Initiative
David Tratt (The Aerospace Corp.); Farzin Amzajerdian (NASA Langley Research Center); Nasir Kashem,
Mark Stephen (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Andrew Shapiro (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Allan
Mense (Raytheon)
The Diode-laser Array Working Group (DAWG) is a national-level consumer/provider forum
for discussion of engineering and manufacturing issues which influence the reliability and
survivability of high-power broad-area laser diode devices in space, with an emphasis on
laser diode arrays (LDAs) for optical pumping of solid-state laser media. The goals of the
group are to formulate and validate standardized test and qualification protocols,
operational control recommendations, and consensus manufacturing and certification
standards. Reliability and lifetime data collected by laser diode manufacturers and the user
community are being used to develop standardized guidelines for specifying and qualifying
laser diodes for long-duration operation...
5.0202 Advances in Coherent 2-Dimensional Vertical Cavity Laser Arrays
Kent D. Choquette, Ann Lehman Harren, Dominic Siriani, P. Scott Carney (University of Illinois)
Recently we have found that VCSEL arrays defined by introducing an etched photonic
crystal (PhC) into the top facet or with multiple implantation apertures demonstrate
coherently coupled in-phase operation. Because the implant provides electrical
confinement without adding optical loss, the lasers tend to lock in-phase, which is the
preferred mode of operation. Variable optical phase between the array pixels is possible
and influences the coherence and far field pattern, where the latter can enable beam
41
steering applications. By separately controlling the injection into a 3-element array, up to 7°

maximum beam steering into 2-dimensions has been achieved.
5.04 Spectral Imaging Systems

Session Organizer: John Hackwell (The Aerospace Corporation)
5.0401 Moon Mineralogy Mapper Imaging Spectrometer Science Measurements
Robert O. Green, Carle Pieters (Brown University); Pantazias Mouroulis, Timothy Koch (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) was selected as a NASA Discovery Mission of
Opportunity in early February 2005 and entered phase B in May 2005. The primary science
goal is to characterize and map the lunar surface composition in the context of its geologic
evolution. The primary exploration goal is to assess and map the Moon mineral resources
at high spatial resolution to support planning for future, targeted missions. The M3 science
instrument is a high uniformity and high precision imaging spectrometer of the pushbroom
type operating in the solar reflected energy portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
5.0402 Tunable Leaky-Mode MEMS Filters for Multispectral Imaging Applications
Robert Magnusson, Mehrdad Shokooh-Saremi (University of Connecticut)
In this paper, the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) concept is applied for tuning
the spectral response of resonant filters through mechanical microscale alteration of the
grating profile. We provide numerical solutions based on exact electromagnetic models of
MEMS-tuned resonance gratings designed with common materials. Computed results for
an example tunable element with 6.0 μm period and 2.4 μm thickness show MEMS tuning
of 3.4 μm in the 9-12 μm band with 100 nm resonance linewidth. These elements are
promising candidates for MWIR (3-8 μm) and LWIR (8-15 μm) multispectral imaging
applications.
5.05 Novel Imaging Systems

Session Organizer: Brett Bagwell (SANDIA NATIONAL LABS)
Session Organizer: Jason Schmidt (Air Force Institute of Technology)
5.0504 Baseline Estimation in Distributed Spaceborne Interferometry SAR Systems
Wen-Qin Wang (University of Electronic Science, Technology of China)
Distributed spaceborne interferometry SAR (DS-InSAR) is the synthesis of distributed SAR
including bi- and multi-static SAR techniques and interferometry techniques. DS-InSAR has
the technical challenge of baseline estimation, because the baseline between the
transmitter and receiver must be known precisely during data recording. As such, this
paper concentrates on the baseline estimation for DS-InSAR systems. The spatial baseline
of DS-InSAR is described in many aspects, and an equation to determine the optimal
spatial baseline is derived. Moreover, a high precision ranging technique is proposed to
resolve the baseline estimation for high resolution spaceborne DS-InSAR systems.
42
5.06 Active Optical Sensing Systems

Session Organizer: David Tratt (The Aerospace Corporation)
Session Organizer: Gary Spiers (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
5.0601 Multi-Aperture 3D Imaging Systems
Joesph Marron (Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies); Richard Kendrick (Lockheed Martin Advanced
Technology Center)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, Elbow 4
Multi-aperture coherent imaging systems are discussed. Topics considerd include system
alignment, aberration compensation and 3D image formation.
5.0602 Development of Laser, Detector, and Receiver Systems for an Atmospheric CO2
Lidar Profiling System
Syed Ismail, Grady Koch, Nurul Abedin, Tamer Refaat (Old Dominion University); Manuel Rubio, Upendra
Singh (NASA Langley Research Center)
A ground-based Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) is being developed with the capability
to measure range-resolved and column amounts of atmospheric CO2. This system is also
capable of providing high-resolution aerosol profiles and cloud distributions. It is being
developed as part of the NASA Earth Science Technology Office’s Instrument Incubator
Program. This three year program involves the design, development, evaluation, and
fielding of a ground-based CO2 profiling system. At the end of a three-year development
this instrument is expected to be capable of making measurements in the lower tropo-
sphere and boundary layer where the sources and sinks of CO2 are located.
5.0603 Laser Sounder for Active Remote Sensing Measurements of CO2 Concentrations
Graham R. Allan (NASA-GSFC); Haris Riris, James B. Abshire, Xiaoli Sun, Emily L. Wilson, John F.
Burris, Michael A. Krainak
We report on progress of our CO2 laser sounder system we are developing at the Goddard
Space Flight Center. The goal is to measure the integrated column abundance of CO2 to
better than 1 ppm from low Earth orbit globally, measuring at all latitudes and seasons
through day and night. We made improvements to our active, optical-sensing laser-sounder
and real-time data processing that enables absolute absorption measurements to better
than ±0.05% for over 10 hours before re-calibration (equivalent to 1ppm precision from
orbit) We present comparison data from open path tests against a commercial standard
which shows excellent agreement.
5.0604 Oxygen Spectroscopy Laser Sounding Instrument for Remote Sensing of
Atmospheric Pressure
Mark Stephen (NASA-GSFC); Jianping Mao (RSIS); James B. Abshire, S. Randy Kawa, Xiaoli Sun,
Michael Krainak (NASA-GSFC)
We report on an oxygen spectroscopy laser sounding instrument designed as a calibration
channel for a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser sounding instrument. We have developed a
pulsed, frequency-doubled, fiber laser transmitter for oxygen spectroscopy. The instrument
concept uses the pressure broadening of absorption lines in the diatomic oxygen A-band to
deduce atmospheric pressure. We report on the basic theory behind the instrument and
measurements made at a test site at Goddard. We review the current state of the
instrument technologies and the necessary steps to bring them to space readiness.
43
5.0605 Performance of the GLAS Satellite Lidar Cloud and Aerosol Measurements
James Spinhirne (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
The design and results of cloud and aerosol profiling by the Geoscience Laser Altimeter
System (GLAS), the first orbiting surface laser altimeter and lidar, are presented. The
backscatter lidar operates at two wavelengths, 532 and 1064 nm. For the atmospheric
measurements, the 532 nm channel was designed with very high efficiency solid-state
photon counting detectors. Data processing algorithms produce data products of the height
distribution of cloud and aerosol layers, their optical depths and particulate scattering cross
sections. The paper describes effective results and limitations of the lidar design and data
product algorithms.
5.0606 The Design and Construction of an Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar
E. W. Eloranta, I. A. Razenkov, J. P. Hedrick, J. P. Garcia (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
The design and construction of a high spectral resolution lidar for use on the NSF/NCAR
Gulfstream V atmospheric research aircraft is described. Its theory of operation is
presented along with special design features required for aircraft operation. Examples of
data acquired during ground based system testing will be presented.
5.0608 Optical Metrology System for Radar Phase Correction on Large Flexible Structure
Carl Christian Liebe, Alex Abramovici, Randall K. Bartman, Jacob Chapsky, Lars Chapsky, Keith Coste,
Raymond Lam (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Lars Chapsky (Columbus Technologies & Services, Inc.)
We describe a concept for a metrology system for large structures. The metrology system
concept will be able to determine the Cartesian (x,y,z) coordinates of 100+ fiducials to an
accuracy of 1 mm with an update rate of 10 Hz. The system operates by laser illuminated
fiducials feed though optical fibers. One fiducial is illuminated at a time. A camera reads the
transverse position of the fiducial, and the distance to the fiducial is determined by
modulating the laser light and measuring a phase difference. The inertial orientation of the
structure is measured by imaging the stars.

Session Organizer: Stephen Cain (Air Force Institute of Technology)
5.0701 A Comparison of Template Matching Registration Methods for Polarimetric Imagery
Daniel A. LeMaster (Air Force Institute of Technology)
Automatic registration between channels in a passive polarimetric imaging system can be
frustrated by target polarization content. In this paper, three image registration algorithms
are tested using polarimetric data in various stages of translational misregistration. These
algorithms, known collectively as template matching methods, are cross-correlation,
maximum mutual information, and phase correlation. Test data are derived from laboratory
and HST Faint Object Camera (FOC) polarimetric imagery. Mutual information registration
is shown to be robust against channel intensity inversions at a cost of significantly
increased processing time. Conversely, cross-correlation provides the most consistent
performance in low signal-to-noise conditions.
5.0702 Novel Algorithms for Optimal Compression Using Classification Metrics
Bei Xie, Tamal Bose; Erzsébet Merényi (Virginia Tech)
In image processing, compression and classification algorithms are conventionally
independent of each other and performed sequentially. However, some class distinctions
may be lost after a minimum distortion compression. In this paper, two new schemes are
developed that combine the compression and classification operations in order to optimize
some classification metrics. In the first scheme, compression is achieved by using ADPCM.
44
Optimization of filter coefficients is done by using a GA. In the second scheme,

compression is achieved by image transform and quantization. The results are promising
and illustrate the performance of the algorithms under various classification constraints and
compression schemes.
5.0703 Improving the Performance of Projection-Based Image Registration
Matthew D. Sambora, Richard K. Martin (Air Force Institute of Technology)
Projection-based image registration algorithms use the sum of the pixel values along a
given axis of an image to detect spatial changes in temporally separated images. These
algorithms have been shown to be computationally efficient and effective for aligning
temporally separated images and for visually detecting sensor motion. Registering images
via projections has also been shown as a method for overcoming registration errors caused
by the presence of fixed pattern noise. This paper describes a method that exploits the
statistical properties of images with significant autocorrelation to improve the performance
of projection-based image registration algorithms. The algorithm is shown to...
5.0704 Improving Image Resolution with Edge-Targed Filter Evolution
Michael R. Peterson, Gary B. Lamont (U.S. (Air Force Institute of Technology)
Image processing applications may require copious data transmission across narrow
channels. Applications require transform filters minimizing bandwidth requirements and
resolution loss. Recent research demonstrates that genetic algorithms evolve filters
outperforming discrete wavelet transforms when subject to high quantization error. While
evolved filters improve overall image quality, wavelet filters demonstrate superior
reconstruction near object edges. Our proposed algorithm generates transform filters
improving mean edge resolution up to 17%. Edges within images are isolated, and
transforms are evolved to optimize both the edge and non-edge portions of satellite
photographs, providing an increased object resolution over standard wavelets and
traditionally evolved filters.
5.0705 Improvement on Masking and Flagging Technique on Reducing SST Residual
H.G.Ng, M. Z. MatJafri, K. Abdullah, C.J.Wong (University Sains Malaysia)
Sea surface temperature (SST) retrieval depends greatly on algorithm coefficient
estimation. However, the algorithm coefficient estimation is relevant to pixel data chosen for
multiple regressions analysis. Therefore the proper masking and flagging procedures will
ensure that only the good pixels are only chosen for algorithm coefficient analysis. In this
paper, new techniques of masking and flagging test were studied. The techniques were
based on the characteristics of sea surface temperature at equatorial regions. Statistical
techniques included digital satellite data sampling, normality, symmetrical, and
homogeneity tests on small-scale and large-scale extraction of group pixels. The SST
algorithm was calibrated by correlating...
5.0706 Development of Air Quality Monitoring Remote Sensor Using a Digital SLR Camera
C.J. Wong, M.Z. MatJafri, K. Abdullah, H.S. Lim, K. L Low (University Sains Malaysia)
This paper reports that a digital single-lens reflex (SLR) camera can be applied as a remote
sensor for monitoring the concentrations of particulate matter less than 10 micron (PM10).
An algorithm was developed based on the regression analysis of relationship between the
measured reflectance and the reflected components from a surface material and the
atmosphere. This algorithm converts multispectral image pixel values acquired from this
camera into quantitative values of the concentrations of PM10. These computed PM10
values were compared to other standard values measured by a DustTrakTM meter. The
correlation results showed that the newly develop algorithm produced a...
45
5.0707 Aerosol Retrieval at South China Sea by AVHRR Image

H. G. Ng, M. Z. MatJafri, K. Abdullah, H. S. Lim, C. J. Wong (University Sains Malaysia)
Aerosol Optical Thickness, AOT is one of the factors on determining air quality. The
concentration of atmospheric aerosol is determined from radiances of image taken. On this
study, we use AVHRR image which is appropriate to retrieve AOT from a wide coverage
area. The methods of retrieving aerosol from visible and near-infrared radiance data were
applied. The algorithm for mapping was based on dark target method using path radiance
and contrast reduction method using atmospheric transmission. Besides, discussion on the
level-1B of AVHRR image was also done on preprocessing for calibration and geometrical
correction. Satellite and...
5.0710 Sun Imaging though the Martian Atmosphere
Carl Christian Liebe, James W. Alexander, Larry Scherr (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper discusses the sun images acquired with the panoramic cameras (pancam) on
the Mars Exploration Rovers. The mission goals, the camera design, the data processing
and the results are discussed. Each of the two rovers has two cameras, one with a
bandpass filter centered at 880 nm and one centered at 440 nm. It is observed that some of
the pancams show ghost images. Based on analysis of the images, the transparency of the
Martian atmosphere (τ) is estimated to be 0.9. A seasonal change in τ is observed.

46
Track 6: Remote Sensing
Track Organizer: Lance Kaplan (U.S. Army Research Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Peter Kahn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
6.01 Instrument and Sensor Architecture and Design
Session Organizer: Jordan Evans (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
6.0101 A Hybrid-FPGA System for On-Board Data Processing Targeting the MATMOS FTIR
Instrument
Dmitriy L. Bekker, Marcin Lukowiak, Muhammad Shaaban (Rochester Institute of Technology); Jean-
Francois L. Blavier, Paula J. Pingree (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 10:35 am, N Cheyenne
A proposed Mars-bound Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer requires
computationally intensive floating-point signal processing to reduce the amount of data
prior to downlink. This paper presents an FTIR spectrometry implementation targeting the
Xilinx Virtex-4FX hybrid-FPGA and its embedded PowerPC 405 processor. By including a
dedicated floating-point unit and dot-product co-processor in the hardware as well as
utilizing optimized single-precision math library functions and a modified IBM PowerPC
performance library in the software, we demonstrate a more than 8x reduction in execution
time compared to the non-optimized software only implementation. A dual-processor
design concept is also presented.
6.02 Microwave Remote Sensing Technologies and Systems

Session Organizer: Gregory Sadowy (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: James Carswell (Remote Sensing Solutions)
6.0201 A High Altitude Airborne Wind Mapping Radar
James Carswell (Remote Sensing Solutions); Gerald Heymsfield (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center);
Lihua Li (University of Maryland); Baltimore; Daniel Schaubert, Justin Creticos (University of
Massachusetts)
Through the NASA Instrument Incubator Program (IIP), NASA, the University of
Massachusetts and Remote Sensing Solutions have teamed to develop a dual wavelength,
dual beam conically scanning Doppler radar for deployment on the NASA Global Hawk
platform. This system is to map the tropospheric, atmospheric, and surface wind fields of
tropical cyclones by using cloud particles and precipitation as tracers. The design has been
completed and the instrument is now being fabricated. Innovations in antenna design,
transmitter design and processing were required. This paper shall present these
innovations and outline the expected performance of this novel system.
6.0202 GeoSTAR Performance Demonstration
Alan Tanner, Todd Gaier, Bjorn Lambrigtsen; (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Ground based tests of the GeoSTAR (geostationary synthetic thinned array radiometer)
demonstrator instrument are reported which simulate the view of the earth from
geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO). The test used a 4-meter target disk mounted on a tower
above the instrument to simulate the brightness of the earth with a contrasting cold
background. Continuous observations at 50.3 GHz for over 100 hours, along with
simultaneous atmospheric measurements from independent radiometers, yielded an
excellent data set with which to test all aspects of the GeoSTAR calibration.
47
6.0203 Microwave Radiometers from 0.6 to 22 GHz for Juno: A Polar Orbiter around Jupiter
P. Pingree, M. Janssen, J. Oswald, S. Brown, J. Chen, K. Hurst, A. Kitiyakara, F. Maiwald (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory); S. Smith (MMW Technology, Inc.)
A compact instrument called the MWR (MicroWave Radiometer) is under development at
JPL for Juno, the next NASA New Frontiers mission, scheduled to launch in 2011. It’s
purpose is to measure the thermal emission from Jupiter’s atmosphere at six selected
frequencies from 0.6 to 22 GHz, operating in direct detection mode, in order to quantify the
distributions and abundances of water and ammonia in Jupiter’s atmosphere. The goal is to
understand the previously unobserved dynamics of the sub-cloud atmosphere, and to
discriminate among models for planetary formation in our solar system.
6.0204 The UAVSAR Transmit / Receive Module
Neil Chamberlain (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper describes the L-band transmit/receive (T/R) modules of the UAVSAR phased
array antenna. UAVSAR (Uninhabited Aerial vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an
airborne, repeat-pass, polarimetric radar interferometer instrument that is being developed
at JPL and NASA Dryden. The instrument has demanding requirements for phase stability
over temperature and the antenna components, particularly the T/R modules, are key to
meeting these requirements. Fifty four of these T/R modules were fabricated for integration
into two antennas. System architecture and performance data for this ensemble of modules
are discussed.
6.0205 Broadband Characterization of a 100 to 180 GHz Amplifier
Pekka Kangaslahti (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); William Deal, Xiaobing Mei, Richard Lai (Northrop
Grumman Corporation)
Atmospheric science and weather forecasting require measurements of the temperature
and humidity vs. altitude. These sounding measurements are obtained at frequencies close
to the resonance frequencies of oxygen (118 GHz) and water (183 GHz) molecules. We
have characterized a broadband amplifier that will increase the sensitivity of sounding and
other instruments at these frequencies. This study demonstrated for the first time
continuous low noise amplification from 100 to 180 GHz. The measured InP monolithic
millimeter-wave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier had more than 18 dB of gain from 100 to
180 GHz and 15 dB of gain up to 220 GHz...
6.0209 Design of Frequency Synthesizer for Synchronizing Airborne Bistatic SAR Systems
Wen-Qin Wang (University of Electronic Science, Technology of China)
Bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) offers many operational advantages, however; it
results in the technical problems such as the synchronization of the oscillators and
adjustment of the transmit pulse versus receive gate timing. Consequently, high accurate
frequency synchronization must be ensured. Inspired by the widely used GPS for time and
frequency transfer, this paper concentrates on the design of GPS disciplined frequency
synthesizer for synchronizing airborne BiSAR systems. In this paper, both the transmitter
and receiver contain a GPS disciplined oscillator, and frequency trimmed by the use of
tuning varactor-diode. Thereafter, a DDS based multiple tuned frequency synthesizer is
applied...
6.0210 A Framework to Optimize Radar Resource Allocation for Multi-Target Tracking in
ESA Radars
M. Justin Sagayaraj, Aparna Rathi, S. Veeraraghavan, Chhabi Nigam (LRDE, Bangalore)
Managing resources in a phased array radar system with multiple targets is a challenging
task, which involves efficient resource allocation algorithms and its interaction with various
sources. The resource allocation problem is well studied in statistical multiplexing field in
48
digital communication for efficient bandwidth allocation. One such scheme is proposed in
this paper for resource allocation problem in phased array radar systems. The framework
offers simple but efficient mechanism for utility maximization and dwell scheduling by
adjusting Quality of Service (QoS) requirements based on feedback from resource
allocation algorithm to the sources.
6.03 Interferometry and Large Optical Systems

Session Organizer: Gene Serabyn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
6.0301 Preliminary Results from an Interferometric Post-Coronagraph Wave Front Sensor
J. Kent Wallace, Randall Bartos, Paul Best, B. Martin Levine, Bijan Nemati, Mike Shao, Chris Shelton (Jet
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne
The calibration wavefront system for GPI will measure the complex wavefront at the
apodized pupil and provide slow phase corrections to the AO system to mitigate against
errors that would cause a loss in contrast. This talk will describe the low-order and high-
order wavefront sensors that compose the calibration wavefront sensor, how they operate,
and how their information is combined to form the wavefront estimate before the
coronagraph. Detailed simulations that show the expected performance for this wavefront
sensor will be described for typical observing scenarios. Finally, we will show lab results
from our calibration testbed that demonstrate the technique...
6.0302 Looking for Earth-like Planets with the SIM Planet Quest Light Mission
R. Goullioud, J. H. Catanzarite (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The SIM PlanetQuest Light (PQL) is a new concept for a space borne astrometric mission,
built on the technology developed for SIM. The instrument consists of two Michelson stellar
interferometers and a telescope. The first interferometer chops between the science star
and reference stars, while the second interferometer and the telescope monitor the attitude
of the instrument in inertial space. PQL will be capable of one micro-arc-second narrow
angle astrometry and 4 micro-arc-second global astrometry and parallax measurement.
During the 5-year mission, PQL would search about 50 nearby stars for one Earth mass
planets, in the Habitable Zone.
6.0303 Design Study for a Planet-Finding Space Interferometer
Stefan Martin, Daniel Scharf, Richard Wirz, Oliver Lay, David McKinstry, Bertrand Mennesson, George
Purcell, Jose Rodriguez, Laurence Scherr, James R. Smith, Leonard Wayne (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
A novel space interferometer design originating in Europe has been studied. The
interferometer uses the technique of starlight nulling to enable detection of earth-like
planets orbiting nearby stars. A set of four telescope spacecraft flying in formation with a
fifth, beam-combiner spacecraft forms the interferometer. This particular concept shows
potential for reducing the mission cost when compared with previous concepts by greatly
reducing the complexity of the telescope spacecraft.
49
6.05 Sonar Signal Processing

Session Organizer: David Cousins (BBN Technologies)
Session Organizer: Robert Lynch (Naval Undersea Warfare Center)
6.0501 Multi-scale Modeling Approach for Detecting Low Observable Targets within Sea
Clutter
Jing Hu, Jianbo Gao (University of Florida); Robert S. Lynch (Naval Undersea Warfare Center); Genshe
Chen (Intelligent Automation, Inc.)
Accurate modeling of sea clutter is important for radar signal processing and applications,
as it facilitates robust detection of targets within sea clutter, which has significant
importance to coastal security, navigation safety and environmental monitoring. Great
efforts have been made to model sea clutter. However, the important problem of target
detection within sea clutter remains a tremendous challenge. We propose a systematic,
multi-scale approach to model sea clutter: (1) fit non-stationary and non-Gaussian sea
clutter, (2) characterize correlation structure of sea clutter on multiple time scales, and (3)
develop accurate and readily implementable methods to detect targets within sea clutter.
6.0502 Information Embedding in Sonar for Authentication and Identification
Bijan G. Mobasseri (Villanova University); Robert S. Lynch, G. Clifford Carter (Naval Undersea Warfare
Center)
In complex undersea environments, where a multitude of simultaneous sonar transmissions
may exist, it is desirable to identify a received sonar echo based on its point of origin,
platform, and mission etc. This capability can help distinguish friendly sonar sources from
counter fraudulent transmissions intended to confuse or mislead. The solution proposed for
this problem is to secure embedding of a robust digital watermark in sonar transmissions.
The complex short time Fourier transform(STFT) is selected as the domain for embedding
the watermark. We show that the watermark can be recovered from a single ping.
6.0503 Underwater Model-Based Processing for SLAM and Environment Characterization
David Cousins (BBN)
US military undersea assets are now required to operate submerged for long periods in
shallow water environments where use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for
navigation information is not available. New techniques need to be developed to fuse novel
forms of sensor information with vehicle Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). We present an
investigation for using precision sonar sensing of the sea floor (bathymetry) and the
acoustic environment to augment existing INS observations to enhance the performance of
present systems. The fundamental approach models the physics of all involved processes,
and uses Kalman or Particle Filters as predictor-correctors.
6.06 Radar Signal Processing

Session Organizer: Andy Register (Georgia Tech Research Institute)
Session Organizer: Peter Zulch (Air Force Research Laboratory)
6.0601 Performance Metric Issues for Space Time Adaptive Processing Methods
Peter Zulch (Air Force Research Laboratory, Information Directorate); J. Scott Goldstein (Science
Applications International Corp.)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:30 am, N Cheyenne
Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) is a method for discriminating targets from clutter
when observed from a moving multi-channel Electronically Steerable Array (ESA). Ideally
STAP performance would be measured in terms of Probability of Detection (Pd) under
know interference statistics conditions. However, as will be shown in this paper, under non-
ideal data conditions, where only recorded sensor data is available, alternate metrics such
50
as Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and Minimum Mean Square Error
(MMSE) are directly calculated to measure performance and can indicate false
performance predictions.
6.0602 Dual Channel Adaptive Antenna Nulling with Auxiliary Selection for Spaceborne
Radar
Pierfrancesco Lombardo, Matteo Sedehi, Fabiola Colone, Marta Bucciarelli, Diego Cristallini (University of
Rome “La Sapienza”)
A doubly adaptive scheme is proposed for detection and jammer cancellation by
spaceborne radar, characterized by a dual receiving channel scheme. Generally many
auxiliary antenna elements are required to protect a radar with a high gain antenna without
tapering, from a single jammer. Assuming a slowly changing jamming scenario, we show
that it is possible to apply first an adaptive selection of the best auxiliary element, and then
to apply an adaptive scheme for jammer cancellation and target detection using only two
receiving channels. This paper characterizes the performance of this approach, together
with its limitations.
6.0603 MIMO Phased-Array for SMTI Radar
Jameson Bergin, Steven McNeil, Linda Fomundam (ISL); Peter Zulch (US Air Force Research
Laboratory)
Waveform diversity techniques for radar have gained considerable interest over the past
several years. Novel radar waveforms have been proposed to improve detection
performance and metric accuracy (i.e. angle estimation performance). This paper explores
the potential for using a waveform diversity technique known as Multiple Input, Multiple
Output (MIMO) radar to improve the detection performance of slow moving surface targets
from a moving radar platform.
6.0604 Adaptive Threshold Mapping Technique for Moving Target Detector in Modern Radar
Ahmed Salem, Alaa Hafez (Alexandria University)
In this paper we propose a new adaptive threshold mapping (ATM) technique for moving
target detector (MTD) in modern radar. This technique is proposed to reduce the false
alarms resulting from weather clutter and interference with relatively high Doppler
frequency shift and MTD is don’t able to suppress it. Such technique is based on controlling
the receiver sensitivity according to the status of the output signal at the post detection.
Also the technique is to control the signal processing path with relatively high probability of
detection. The Simulation results show that this technique is a powerful solution to keep
the...
6.0605 Development of the Two D Wall for Simulation of Glint from Atmospheric Propagation
and Multipath
Robert Penno (University of Dayton); Seng Hong, William Austin, John Glett, Gwynne Jones (US Air
Force Research Laboratory); Mark Haenni (MacAuley-Brown, Inc); Rey Febo (University of Puerto Rico)
This work demonstrates the simulation of radar returns from complex scattering objects
through the use of a triangular antenna array (Triad). Measurements corroborate the
computer model. Such a capability can be used to simulate a wide range of phenomena
including glint, atmospheric scintillation and multipath.
6.0606 Study on STAP in Non-homogeneous Clutter Environment
Wenchong Xie, Jianwen Chen, Yongliang Wang (Wuhan Radar Academy, China)
The performance of space time adaptive processing (STAP) is greatly affected in
nonhomogeneous clutter environments. In this paper, the effect of nonhomogeneous clutter
on STAP is analysed, then a nonhomogeneous clutter suppression scheme is proposed. In
51
this scheme, Firstly, the power nonhomogeneous phenomenon is restrained by means of

secondary sample weighting method. Secondly, the effects of interference target and
discrete interference on STAP are eliminated by interference point substitution method.
Finally, the conventional STAP algorithms are used to detect target. The computation
simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme...

Session Organizer: Peter Willett (University of Connecticut)
Session Organizer: Tod Luginbuhl (Naval Undersea Warfare Center)
6.0701 Using Measured RCS in a Serial, Decentralized Fusion Approach to Radar-Target
Classification
A. Register, W.D. Blair, Lisa Ehrman (Georgia Institute of Technology); Peter K. Willett (University of
Connecticut)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, N Cheyenne
A decentralized fusion problem is a hypothesis-testing problem where the decision
algorithm is provided only with results from so-called local decision functions. In a serial
decentralized fusion problem, these local decisions are fused into a global decision one-by-
one until all local decisions have been included or until a stopping criterion is achieved. In
this paper, we consider serial decision fusion with a single radar sensor using a local
decision function based on the radar cross section (RCS) characteristics measured across
multiple dwells. In a single-sensor situation, the serial topology is convenient because local
decisions are naturally sequential in time.
6.0702 HRR Signature Classification using Syntactic Pattern Recognition
Michael A. Turnbaugh, Kenneth W. Bauer, Jr., Mark E. Oxley, J.O. Miller (AFIT)
This paper gives an overview of the construction of a grammar that generates a language
and then shows how they fit into a syntactical classification system. The performances of
two syntactical classification systems with two and ten labels, respectively, are presented
via confusion matrices. Experiments performed on public release DCS database indicate
this approach has sufficient power to perform target detection using HRR signatures.
6.0703 Automated Global Feature Analyzer – A Driver for Tier-Scalable Reconnaissance
Wolfgang Fink (California Institute of Technology); Ankur Datta (CMU); James M. Dohm (UofA); Mark A.
Tarbell (California Institute of Technology); Farrah M. Jobling (UCHSC); Roberto Furfaro, Jeffrey S.
Kargel (UofA); Dirk Schulze-Makuch (WSU); Victor R. Baker (UofA)
The initial exploration of Mars and other planetary bodies will be conducted by robotic
spacecraft. Training and equipping a robotic craft with the sensory and cognitive
capabilities of a planetary/field geologist is a necessary prerequisite. AGFA is an automatic
and feature-driven target characterization system for imaged operational areas. AGFA
performs automated target identification and detection through segmentation, providing for
feature extraction, classification, and prioritization. AGFA summarizes the mapped
operational area numerically and flags anomalies/targets of "interest". AGFA enables
automated science analysis, and, embedded in tier-scalable reconnaissance mission
architectures, is a driver of future intelligent and autonomous robotic planetary exploration.
6.0704 Bayesian Extreme Value Statistics for Novelty Detection in Gas-Turbine Engines
David A. Clifton, Nicholas McGrogan (Oxford BioSignals); Lionel Tarassenko (University of Oxford);
Dennis King, Steve King, Paul Anuzis (Rolls-Royce)
We present a novel method for the identification of abnormal episodes in gas-turbine
vibration data, in which we show 1) how a model of normal engine behaviour is constructed
using signatures of “normal” engine vibration response; 2) how extreme value theory (EVT),
a branch of statistics used to determine the expected value of extreme values drawn from a
52
distribution, can be used to set novelty thresholds in the model, which, if exceeded, indicate
an “abnormal” episode; 3) application to large data sets of modern gas-turbine flight data,
which shows successful novelty detection results with low false-positive alarm rates.
6.0705 Daytime Lidar Characterization of Subvisual Cirrus Layers
David Stoker (The Aerospace Corporation)
A mobile Rayleigh lidar facility was used to detect and characterize subvisual cirrus layers.
The polarized scatter was range-gated and used for optical attenuation measurements, and
the depolarized signal was used for detection of subvisual cirrus. For temporal windows of
1 minute the OD sensitivity was 0.02, slightly larger than the OD of subvisual cirrus. The
OD of the subvisual layers was calculated using a backscatter-to-extinction ratio calculated
from visual cirrus layers or by temporal averaging of uniform layers. Using a combination of
temporal averaging and a backscatter-to-extinction ratio improved the optical density
sensitivity by seven orders of magnitude.
6.0706 A Novel Precoder Design for OFDM Receivers in Unknown Fading Channels
Fumihiro Hasegawa, Konstantiotis. N. Plataniotis, Subbarayan Pasupathy (University of Toronto)
This paper presents a novel precoder design for an Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) system using a channel estimator. First, an asymptotically tight
approximation of the pairwise error probability (PEP) error with channel estimation error is
presented and is shown to improve the existing upper bound of the PEP. Using the
proposed approximation, a new precoding scheme is introduced to improve the bit error
rate (BER) performance of the receiver assisted by a minimum mean square error (MMSE)
channel estimator.
6.0707 Naval Target Classification Based on the Confusion Matrix
S. Giompapa (University of Pisa); A. Farina (SELEX - Sistemi Integrati); F. Gini (University of Pisa); A.
Graziano, R. Croci, R. Di Stefano (SELEX - Sistemi Integrati).)
In this paper, , we propose an algorithm for the classification of naval targets, which is
based on the fusion of the class information provided by three imaging sensors: a video
camera, an infrared (IR) camera, and an airborne radar operating in spotlight Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) mode. The purpose of the fusion process is to elaborate the outputs
of these three imaging sensors in order to obtain an accurate and reliable estimate of the
target class. The performance of each imaging sensor is modelled by means of its
confusion matrix (CM). The entries of the matrix are used...
6.0708 Efficient GLRTs via SPRTs for Gravitational Wave Detection
Stefano Marano (University of Salerno); Peter Willett (University of Connecticut); Vincenzo Matta
(University of Salerno)
It is often required to detect a long weak signal in Gaussian noise, and frequently the exact
form of that signal is parametrized, but not known. A bank of matched filters provides an
appropriate detector. However, in some practical applications there are very many matched
filters and most are quite long. In this paper we provide a computational approach to this
problem via sequential testing of re-ordered data.
6.0709 Optimized Bernoulli Trial Technique for M Out of N Binary Integration of Radar
Signals
Yahya Golestani, George Mallean (The Aerospace Corporation)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
Binary integration is used in radar systems where M successful events out of N trials
represent the detection of a target where multiple pulse-repetition frequencies (PRFs) are
used. If the probabilities of the single events are equal, the probability of M events
53
occurring out of N can be represented by a binomial distribution. If, however, switching the
PRF at each event causes differing clutter to interfere with the signal, the event
probabilities are not binomially distributed but are represented by a more complicated
polynomial. An optimization procedure is presented that minimizes the radar resources
needed for the M out of...
6.0710 Modeling and Interpretation of Multifunction Radars with Stochastic Grammar
Alex Wang, Vikram Krishnamurthy (University of British Columbia)
Multifunction Radars (MFRs) are sophisticated sensors with complex dynamical modes that
are widely used in surveillance and tracking. Because of their agility, a new solution to the
interpretation of radar signal is critical to aircraft survivability and successful mission
completion. In this paper, we introduce a knowledge-based statistical signal processing
technique that allows syntactic representation of domain expert knowledge. In particular,
we model MFRs as systems that “speak” a language that can be characterized by a
Markov modulated stochastic context free grammar(SCFG). We demonstrate that SCFG,
modulated by a Markov chain, serves as an adequate knowledge representation of MFRs’
dynamics.

6.08 Multisensor Fusion

Session Organizer: Robert Lynch (Naval Undersea Warfare Center)
Session Organizer: William Blair (Georgia Tech Research Institute)
6.0801 Simultaneous Track-to-Track Association and Bias Removal Using Multistart Local
Search
Dimitri J. Papageorgiou, John-David Sergi (Raytheon)
A fundamental problem in multisensor data fusion is associating data from different sensors
in the presence of sensor bias, random errors, false alarms, and misdetections. In this
paper, we address the problem of simultaneously performing track-to-track association and
bias estimation. We describe a polynomial-time multistart local search heuristic for quickly
generating a number of high quality bias-assignment hypotheses. Computational results
are presented to compare our proposed algorithm to its competitors. Numerous test cases
suggest that our multistart heuristic is suitable for real-time application and offers a practical
and important middle ground for this problem by balancing performance and computation
time.
6.0802 Sensor Selection for Multiple Sensor Emitter Location Systems
Xi Hu, Mark L. Fowler (State University of New York at Binghamton)
Multiple sensors can locate an emitter by sharing data and computing time/frequency-
difference-of-arrival (TDOA/FDOA). We address optimal selection of a subset of sensors to
reduce the needed network capacity. Fisher information is used to assess the data quality
and geometric impact to manage the network to optimize the location accuracy subject to
communication constraints. We propose various approaches and discuss trade-offs. The
first method uses pre-paired sensors. The second method optimally determines pairings as
well as selections of pairs with the constraint that no sensors are shared between pairs.
The third method allows sensors to be shared between pairs.
6.0803 Image Quality Measures for Predicting Automatic Target Recognition Performance
Yin Chen, Genshe Chen (Intelligent Automation Inc); Rick S. Blum (Lehigh University); Erik Blasch (Air
Force Research Lab); Robert S. Lynch (Naval Undersea Warfare Center)
54
One important issue for ATR systems is to learn how robust the performance is under
different scenarios. The quality of the input image sequence is a major factor affecting the
ATR algorithm’s ability to detect and recognize an object. It is desirable to know at what
quality level the input images would most likely cause ATR system failure. Our paper
addresses the utility of image quality measures and their correlations with performance
failures of an ATR algorithm. Results show the prediction ability for the non-detections of
the ATR algorithm using linear combinations of the image quality measures.
6.0804 Efficient Kriging via Fast Matrix-Vector Products.
Nargess Memarsadeghi (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Vikas C. Raykar (Siemens Medical
Solutions); Ramani Duraiswami, David M. Mount (University of Maryland).)
Interpolating scattered data points is a problem of wide ranging interest. Ordinary kriging is
an optimal scattered data estimator, widely used in geosciences and remote sensing. A
generalized version of this technique, called cokriging, can be used for image fusion of
remotely sensed data. However, it is computationally very expensive for large data sets.
We demonstrate the time efficiency and accuracy of approximating ordinary kriging through
the use of fast matrix-vector products combined with iterative methods. We used methods
based on the fast Multipole methods and nearest neighbor searching techniques for
implementations of the fast matrix-vector products.
6.0805 Data Fusion Architectures for Sensor Platforms
Atif Mirza (Booz Allen Hamilton)
The role of data fusion in sensor platforms is becoming increasingly important in various
domains of science, technology and business. Fusion pertains to the merging or integration
of information towards an enhanced level of awareness. Multi-sensor fusion can be applied
to any system that must retrieve and synthesize data from numerous sources. Its
applications can be found in a variety of technology settings, from robotics, structural and
vehicle health monitoring to communications, space science and telemedicine. This work is
a canonical overview of several major fusion architectures developed from the remote
sensing and defense community.
6.09 Tracking Applications

Session Organizer: Darin Dunham (Vectraxx, Inc.)
Session Organizer: Yaakov Bar-Shalom (University of Connecticut)
6.0901 Detecting and Tracking Separating Objects Using Direct Monopulse Measurements
Atef Isaac, Peter Willett & Yaakov Bar-Shalom (University of Connecticut)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne
A significant complication to the ballistic missile tracking problem is the tendency for target
“spawn”: one ballistic object becomes two, several or several hundred, of which only one or
a few are of concern (warheads), while uninteresting objects comprise the rest. Via the
maximum-likelihood approach it turns out that up to 5 targets can be resolved from
between two matched filter samples, rather than the one-per sample case that might
otherwise be thought; but estimation of the number of targets can be problematic when
they are close. As a remedy, we propose an integrated tracker/detector based on particle
filtering.
6.0902 Grid Based Solution of Zakai Equation with Adaptive Local Refinement for Bearings-
only Tracking
Huilong Zhang (Universite Bordeaux); Dann Laneuville (DCNS Toulon)
The solution of the Zakai equation provides the complete conditional probability density of
the state, given the observations. Numerical solution of this equation by the finite difference
method usually leads to large systems of equations which have to be solved at each time
step, especially when the dimension of state space is more than two. We propose in this
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paper, for the first time to our best knowledge, a grid-based four dimensional algorithm to
solve the Zakai equation. Our approach is based on an adaptive local grid refinement
method and is illustrated with a bearings-only target motion analysis example.
6.0903 Improvement of Multiple Ground Targets Tracking with GMTI Sensor and Fusion of
Identification Attributes
Evangeline Pollard (ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab)
We develop a new improved VS-IMM algorithm for GMTI tracking which includes the stop-
move model, contextual information, and identification information arising from classifiers
coupled with the GMTI sensor. The identification information is integrated to the likelihood
of each hypothesis of our SB-MHT and allows to solve the ambiguities arising at road
intersections, with target maneuvers or with undetected ground targets after few scans. We
maintain aside each target track a set of ID hypotheses with their committed beliefs which
are updated on real time with classifier decisions through target type tracker based on a
proportional conflict redistribution fusion rule.
6.0904 Multi-Missile Interception Integrating New Guidance Law and Game Theoretic
Resource Management
Mo Wei, Genshe Chen (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Jose B. Cruz, Jr. (Ohio State University); Erik Blasch
(US Air Force Research Laboratory)
Traditional missile interception often focuses on simplified scenarios such as one-to-one or
multi-to-one interception. Recently, battlefield situations pose new difficulties for missile
defense systems, which make traditional interception systems inefficient. The problems
revolve around two aspects: 1) The guidance law insufficiency (traditional forms PN,
DGL/1, and DGL/C); and 2) Resource management insufficiency. This paper fuses game
theoretic resource management and a noise level related guidance law to existing missile
defense system which is called Differential Game Law Type M (DGL/M). Intensive
simulations show that this approach demonstrates improvements over existing methods.
6.0905 Accurate Likelihood Evaluation for Multiple Model PMHT Algorithms
Tod Luginbuhl (Naval Undersea Warfare Center); Roy L. Streit (Metron, Inc.); Phillip Ainsleigh, Sunil
Mathews (Naval Undersea Warfare Center)
In this paper, an exact method for computing the observed data likelihood for multiple
target motion model PMHT algorithms is given. A new method of incorporating multiple
target motion models using statistically independent model assignment variables is
presented. Two EM based methods of obtaining the target state MAP estimates under fairly
general assumptions are discussed. For linear Gaussian targets, it is shown that the MAP
target state estimates for either approach can be computed using a bank of Kalman
smoothers.
6.0906 Recursive Bearings-Only TMA via Unscented Kalman Filter: Cartesian vs. Modified
Polar Coordinates
Dann Laneuville (DCNS); Claude Jauffret ( USTV, France)
This paper considers the classic problem of bearings-only target motion analysis. This has
extensively been studied in the past and the novelty here is the use of the Unscented
Kalman Filter (UKF) with the modified polar coordinates state representation. To take
advantage of this filter, we keep the exact non linear plant equation of the model in the
prediction stage with the coupling between the different state vector components. In this
representation, the prediction equation is not straightforward, but the counterpart is a trivial
measurement equation. We compare the performance, in terms of estimation rms error and
bias, of this...
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6.0911 Turn Rate Estimation Techniques in IMM Estimators for ESA Radar Tracking
S. Veeraraghavan, Aparna Rathi, M. Justin Sagayaraj (LRDE, Bangalore)
Electronically steered array-antenna (ESA) radars are used to perform multiple roles, such
as surveillance and dedicated tracking. Maneuvers made by targets are often modeled
using turn models. The success of using turn models relies on the correct estimation of
turn-rate. This paper makes a comparative study of turn rate estimation techniques for ESA
radar tracking. An adaptive revisit scheme is used for tracking maneuvering targets, using
the interacting multiple-model (IMM) approach. Better turn-rate estimation techniques in
this adaptive framework can significantly bring down the demand for resources while
tracking maneuvering targets.
6.10 Particle Filtering and Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques

Session Organizer: Monica Bugallo (Stony Brook University)
Session Organizer: Rickard Karlsson (Automatic Control)
6.1001 Utilizing Model Structure for Efficient Simultaneous Localization and Mapping for a
UAV Application
Rickard Karlsson, Thomas B. Schon, David Tornqvist, Gianpaolo Conte, Fredrik Gustafsson (Linkoping
University, Sweden)
Presentation: Friday, March 7th, 8:30 am, N Cheyenne
This contribution aims at unifying two recent trends in applied particle filtering. The first
trend is the major impact in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) applications,
utilizing the FastSLAM algorithm. The second one is the implications of the marginalized
particle filter or the Rao-Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) in positioning and tracking.
Using the standard FastSLAM algorithm, only low-dimensional vehicle models are
computationally feasible. In this work, an algorithm is introduced which merges FastSLAM
and RBPF. Results using experimental data from a helicopter are presented.
Measurements from on-board inertial sensors and vision are fused in order to solve the
SLAM problem.
6.1002 Detection and Compensation of Landmark Errors in Monte Carlo Localization
Audrey Giremus (IMS-University of Bordeaux); Rémi Mégret (IMS- Enseirb); Jean-Yves Tourneret (IRIT-
University of Toulouse)
This paper studies a new Monte Carlo vision-based localization algorithm which performs
on-line detection and compensation of measurement biases. For that purpose, the state
vector is augmented to include the mobile coordinates and orientation, but also discrete
latent variables indicating the validity of each landmark angular measurement. An
appropriate particle filter is then proposed to solve the resulting non-linear filtering problem.
The efficiency of this filter is guarantied by using relevant models for the different kinds of
systematic errors corrupting the angular measurements. Simulation results illustrate the
gain of the proposed approach when compared to a more conventional method.
6.1003 Target Tracking by a New Class of Cost-Reference Particle Filters
Petar M. Djuric, Zejie Zhang, Monica F. Bugallo (Stony Brook University)
Cost-reference particle filters are an alternative to standard particle filters. They are also
based on the principle of exploring the state-space by drawing particles in that space but
they do not require probabilistic information about the system. As with all particle-based
filters, an important step in the implementation of cost-reference particle filters is the
generation of new particles. In this paper we propose a new class of cost-reference particle
filters which uses the extended Kalman filter for drawing of candidate particles. We
demonstrate the performance of these filters on target tracking problems.
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6.1004 Models and Algorithms for Detection and Tracking of Coordinated Groups
Sze Kim Pang, Jack Li, Simon J. Godsill (University of Cambridge)
In this paper, we develop two novel group dynamical models, within a continuous time
setting, that aim to mimic behavioural properties of groups. We also describe two possible
ways of modeling interactions between closely spaced targets using Markov Random Field
(MRF) and repulsive forces. These can be combined together with a group structure
transition model to create realistic evolving group models. We use a Markov Chain Monte
Carlo (MCMC)-Particles Algorithm to perform sequential inference. Computer simulations
demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to detect and track targets within groups, as well as
infer the correct group structure over time.
6.1005 Using a Configurable Integrated Sensing and Processing Imager to Track Multiple
Targets
Ioannis Kyriakides, Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola, Darryl Morrell (Arizona State University)
On-line processing of data from video sequences is impeded by the need to process a
large amount of data. Appropriate processing on-board of the sensor can reduce the data
transmitted and processed. We use video sequences from an integrated sensing and
processing (ISP) imager to track multiple targets; the imager is configured to select and
filter data before transmission. We use a particle filter to direct the acquisition and filtering.
We demonstrate using simulations that the ISP approach reduces the data transmitted to
the tracker without loss in tracking performance when compared to traditional sensing
systems.
6.11 Applications and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks

Session Organizer: Mitchell Lebold (Penn State University)
6.1101 A Simulation Tool for ASCTA Microsensor Network Architecture
Woo, Simon, Jennings, Esther, Clare, Loren (Jet Propulsion Lab)
In the past years, JPL developed a Simulation Tool for the Advanced Sensors Collaborative
Technology Alliance (ASCTA) Microsensor Network Architecture (STAMiNA) to evaluate
the performance of networked sensor systems. This tool is built upon a commercial network
simulator engine (QualNet). Some of tool’s unique capabilities include simulating multi-
target detection, information-fusion, terrain effects, and sensing-and-forwarding target
detection information. In this work, we present the performance of different cluster-based
sensor network architectures under various false sensing event occurrence rates and show
trade-offs under different fusion rules.
6.1102 Energy-Aware Node Selection for Localization
Qiang Le (Hampton University); Lance M. Kaplan (US (Army Research Laboratory)
This work presents node selection algorithms in a resource-constrained environment where
the algorithms maintain a desirable geolocation accuracy while extending the tracking
lifetime of the system. The sensor manager simply selects an active set of nodes for a
given snapshot by maximizing a utility function under the geolocation constraint. The utility
function serves as a surrogate for the effective network lifetime. Three utility functions are
considered: energy consumption (EC), remaining energy (RE), and current lifetime (CL). A
general h-horizon node selection algorithm is formulated for a generic utility function. Then,
the node selection algorithms corresponding to the three utilities are tested for the myopic
(h = 1) and h = 2 cases.
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Session Organizer: Rob Sherwood (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
6.1201 Development of Coherent, Expandable, Reconfigurable Instrument Node (ERIN) for
Web Sensor Applications
L. Hilliard, P. Hestnes, M. D. Deshpande, D. Bradley, C. Duran, J. Lucey, M. McLinden, K. Newton (NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne
Microwave radars operating over the L-band microwave spectrum are often used as
sensors for estimation of vegetation biomass, land surface topography and surface
deformation, surface soil moisture, and polar ice sheets thickness. Monitoring of these
parameters is essential for gauging the Earth’s ecosystem. Because of restriction on the
mass and size of a radar sensor that can be deployed on a small aircraft/spacecraft, the
surface resolution with which these essential earth parameters can be improved using this
technology by forming interferometric baselines between nodes. The Expandable
Reconfigurable Instrument Node (ERIN) will provide a coherent solution for a variety of
sensors.
6.1202 Coordinated Data Acquisition on Sensor Webs
Robert Morris, Jennifer Dungan (NASA Ames Research Center) Petr Votava (California State University,
Monterey Bay (NASA Ames Research Center); Lina Khatib (Perot Systems Government Services (NASA
Ames Research Center)
This paper focuses on the application of automated planning, scheduling, and plan
execution to Earth science campaigns, an organized sequence of observations and data
analysis activities associated with an Earth science objective. We propose a layered
architecture for coordinating sensing assets, and describe a process for automatically
transforming science goals (such as monitoring a volcano or other Earth process) into
sequences of data acquisitions.
6.1203 Adaptive Sky: A Feature Correspondence Toolbox for a Multi-Instrument, Multi-
Platform Distributed Cloud Monitoring Sensor Web
Michael C. Burl (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Michael J. Garay (Raytheon); Yi Wang, Justin Ng (California
Institute of Technology)
The current suite of spaceborne and in-situ assets, including those deployed by NASA,
NOAA, and other groups, provides distributed sensing of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans,
and land. As part of an activity supported through NASA’s Earth Science Technology
Office, we have developed techniques that enable such assets to be dynamically combined
to form sensor webs that can respond quickly to short-lived events and provide rich multi-
modal observations of objects, such as clouds, that are evolving in space and time. A key
focus of this work involves relating the observations made by one instrument to the
observations made by another.
6.1204 Integrating Sensor Webs with Modeling and Data-assimilation Applications: An SOA
Implementation
Yudong Tian (NASA GSFC); Paul R. Houser, Hongbo Su (CREW/IGES); Sujay V. Kumar & James V.
Geiger (NASA GSFC)
A sensor web framework is implemented to enable two-way interactions between sensors
and traditional modeling/data-assimilation applications for the Land Information Sensor
Web (LISW). A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is adopted and implemented with
REpresentational State Transfer (REST)-style web services. The web services are built
upon a message-oriented middleware with a publish/subscribe model. Prototype sensor
observation service (SOS) and sensor planning service (SPS) are implemented as REST-
style web services. These services are provided by a sensor simulator. Such an open,
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interoperable and dynamic framework greatly simplifies the integration of sensing agents
and modeling applications. Integration with Google Map will be demonstrated.
6.1205 QuakeSim: Efficient Modeling of Sensor Web Data in a Web Services Environment
Andrea Donnellan, Jay Parker, Robert Granat (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Geoffrey Fox, Marlon Pierce
(Indiana University); John Rundle (University of California, Davis); Dennis McLeod, Rami Al-Ghanmi
(University of Southern California); Lisa Grant (University of California, Irvine); Walter Brooks (NASA
Ames Research Center)
QuakeSim is a modeling environment for studying earthquake processes using a web
services environment. QuakeSim federates data from multiple sources including
spaceborne GPS and InSAR data, geological fault data, and seismicity data and integrates
the databases with modeling applications. Because the models are complex and compute
intensive we are using the Columbia supercomputer. The applications simulate interacting
earthquake fault systems, model nucleation and slip on faults, and calculate run-up and
inundation from tsunamis generated by offshore earthquakes. QuakeSim also applies
pattern recognition techniques to real and simulated data to elucidate subtle features in the
processes.
6.1206 A Meta-Model for Generalized Algorithm and Model Enablement of Sensor Web
Applications
Charles J. Poole, J. Scott Evans (Computational Physics, Inc)
With the emergence of operational sensor web systems, it will become increasingly
important to be able to easily integrate new or updated algorithms and models of elements
or processes within the sensor web domain space to allow system operators and analyst or
intelligent software agents to easily or automatically adjust system capabilities or
performance to quickly match the dynamic flow of a user’s operational needs and priorities.
The authors present their on-going prototype work examining the feasibility of enabling the
generalized integration of heterogeneous algorithms and models as semantic sensor web
assets.
6.1207 Using a Contract Net to Dynamically Configure Sensor Webs
Costas Tsatsoulis, Najla Ahmad, Edward Komp, Christopher Redford (University of Kansas)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, N Cheyenne
We describe how we developed a multi-agent system to represent a collection of sensors
that are dynamically combined into a Sensor Web. The sensors use a combination of a
Matchmaker architecture together with the Contract Net protocol to enable the reasoned,
task-based creation of a dynamic Sensor Web that adapts to the data sensed and to the
requirements generated by the agent sensors. We tested our system using EO-1
instruments, and showed how Sensor Web instrument coalitions can be generated based
on sensing and processing needs.
6.1208 Rapid Response to Volcanic Eruptions with an Autonomous Sensor Web
Ashley Gerard Davies, Rebecca Castano, Steve Chien, Daniel Tran, Lukas Mandrake (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory); Robert Wright (U. Hawai`i); Philip Kyle (New Mexico Tech); Jean-Christophe Komorowski
(Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris); Dan Mandl (GSFC); Stuart Frye (Noblis)
A rapid response to a volcanic crisis was demonstrated by a fully-automonous Sensor Web
at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory that collates reports of volcanic activity and retasks
the EO-1 spacecraft to obtain high-resolution hyperspectral data of eruptions. The value of
this system was demonstrated during the 2006 eruption of Nyamulagira, D. R. Congo,
when data acquired via a sensor web trigger provided crucial data to mitigate volcanic
hazard.
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6.1209 Optimized Autonomous Space In-situ Sensor-Web for Volcano Monitoring

WenZhan Song, Behrooz Shirazi (Washington State University); Sharon Kedar, Steve Chien, Frank
Webb, Danny Tran, Ashley Davis, David Pieri (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); NASA); Rick LaHusen, John
Pallister, Dan Dzurisin, Seth Moran, Mike Lisowski (Cascades Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological
Survey)
In response to NASA’s announced requirement for Earth hazard monitoring sensor-web
technology, a multidisciplinary team involving sensor-network experts (Washington State
University), space scientists (JPL), and Earth scientists (USGS Cascade Volcano
Observatory (CVO)), is developing a prototype dynamic and scaleable hazard monitoring
sensor-web and applying it to volcano monitoring.
6.1210 Sensor Web Technologies for NASA Earth Science
Karen Moe, Steve Smith, Glenn Prescott (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Rob Sherwood (Jet
NASA is developing and evaluating ‘sensor web’ technologies and operations concepts for
Earth science. The sensor web vision is to enable on-demand sensing of environmental
events, such as storms, wild fires, etc. A broad array of resources – both space and in-situ
sensors for detection, and models for prediction – are dynamically configured to acquire
specific observations, such as wind measurements to predict hurricane landfall, or
vegetation and moisture conditions to predict fire fuel loads. This paper presents a high
level view of sensor webs, describing their characteristics and giving examples and
research highlights of recently funded sensor web prototypes.
6.1211 Autonomous Adaptive Resource Management in Sensor Network Systems for
Environmental Monitoring
Ashit Talukder (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Anand Panangadan (CHLA/USC); Thomas Herrington, Alan
Blumberg, Nickitas Georgas (Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ)
The paper describes the use of model predictive control (MPC) as a framework for optimal
resource management in environmental monitoring sensor networks. The MPC formulation
adapts sensor and network parameters (such as sensor sampling rates, and routing of
data) that impact the utilization of the system resources (such as energy reserves at off-
shore in-situ sensors, and wireless bandwidth). The control parameters are optimized so as
to maximize a measure of the total information extracted from the system. This information
measure takes into account the spatio-temporal events of interests that are detected in the
environment. The approach is illustrated on a...
6.1212 The Telesupervised Adaptive Ocean Sensor Fleet Architecture
Alberto Elfes (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Gregg W. Podnar, John M. Dolan, Stephen Stancliff, Ellie Lin
(CMU); Jeffrey C. Hosler, Troy J. Ames (NASA Goddard); John Higinbotham (Emergent Space
Technologies); John R. Moisan, Tiffany A. Moisan (NASA Wallops); Eric A. Kulczycki (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
Earth science research must bridge the gap between the atmosphere and the ocean to
foster understanding of Earth’s climate and ecology. This paper describes a multi-robot
science exploration software architecture and system called the Telesupervised Adaptive
Ocean Sensor Fleet (TAOSF). TAOSF supervises and coordinates a group of robotic
boats, the OASIS platforms, to enable in-situ study of phenomena in the ocean/atmosphere
interface, as well as on the ocean surface and sub-surface.

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Track 7: Spacecraft Avionics Systems & Technologies
Track Organizer: John Samson, Jr. (Honeywell Inc.)
Track Organizer: Scott Tyson (SES Consultants, Inc.)
7.01 Onboard Processing Hardware Architectures and Interconnect Technologies
Session Organizer: Jamal Haque (Honeywell)
Session Organizer: Joseph Marshall (BAE SYSTEMS)
7.0101 The RAD6000MCTM System-on-Chip Microcontroller for Spacecraft Avionics and
Instrument Control
Richard Berger, Laura Burcin, David Hutcheson, Jennifer Koehler, Marla Lassa, Myrna Milliser, David
Moser, Dan Stanley, Randy Zeger (BAE Systems); Benjamin Blalock, Mark Hale (University of
Tennessee)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon
A highly integrated system-on-chip is currently in development. Based on the flight-proven
RAD6000 microprocessor, this mixed-signal microcontroller supports standard digital
interfaces commonly used in spacecraft avionics including PCI, 1553, and SpaceWire.
Multiple analog input and output channels are also provided. The RAD6000MC
microcontroller will be manufactured in BAE Systems’ 150nm radiation hardened CMOS
technology with the RAD6000 processor as a reusable core. It is being designed to be able
to support a wide variety of applications, including a flight computer, instrument control, and
use within a large distributed architecture system. Existing RAD6000 software and test
infrastructure will be reusable.
7.0102 High Resolution Time Synchronization over SpaceWire Links
Frederic Pinsard, Christophe Cara (CEA Saclay)
An extension to the SpaceWire standard is presented which increases considerably its
synchronization capability. Initially developed in the scope of Simbol-X, a CNES formation
flying instrument where time-tagging is critical to perform on-board processing, the
extension can be implemented in equipments where the use of the performing SpaceWire
standard is not possible due to its intrinsic synchronization limitation. The extension takes
advantage of existing capabilities of the SpaceWire standard with no impact on the data
layer and very limited additional resource needs. The resulting performances are presented
still in the framework of the Simbol-X instrument using ACTEL space qualified FPGA.
7.02 Onboard Signal, Data, Command Processing & Data Handling Technologies
Session Organizer: Michael Lovellette (Naval Research Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Stephen Ruggles (NASA Langley Research Center)
7.0201 Radiation Hardened 150nm Standard Cell ASIC Design Library for Space
Applications
Leonard R. Rockett, Daniel J. Kouba (BAE Systems)
High performance, low-power, radiation hardened Application Specific Integrated Circuits
(ASICs) are essential building blocks for advanced systems used in strategic space
applications. BAE Systems in Manassas, VA has developed and demonstrated a
comprehensive radiation hardened 150nm standard cell digital ASIC design library. The
library is used to configure ASIC designs built using the strategically radiation hardened
fully-scaled 150nm bulk CMOS process technology at the recently modernized foundry at
BAE Systems. This paper describes the radiation hardened standard cell ASIC design
library, the characteristics of the underlying rad hard 150nm CMOS process technology,
and the ASIC product design flow.
7.0202 High Energy Gamma-rays and Modern Electronics
Michael Lovellette, Kent Wood; (Naval Research Laboratory); James Beall (St. Johns College)
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As requirements for satellite on-board processing throughput continue to increase, users of
radiation tolerant electronics are driven to ever decreasing feature sizes. As device feature
sizes drop below the current radiation hardened capabilities of 130 nm one should include
more of the high-energy space environment in the analysis of the potential effects. The
effects due to particle showers produced by very high-energy celestial Gamma-rays and
charged particles have been neglected to date because of their low numbers, but small
feature size large area devices may have susceptibilities.
7.0203 A Fast K-Means Clustering Algorithm Based on Grid Data Reduction
Daqi Li (Beijing Aerospace Control Center); Junyi Shen (Xi’an Jiaotong University); Hongmin Chen
(Beijing Institute of Technology)
K-Means is a popular clustering algorithm to find the clustering easily by iteration. But the
computational complexity of the traditional K-Means due to accessing the whole data in
each cycle of iterative operations is too great to make it fit for very large data set. This
paper presents a new clustering algorithm we have developed, Fast K-Means Clustering
Algorithm based on Grid Data Reduction (GDR-FKM), by which clustering operations can
be quickly performed on very large data set. Application of the algorithm to analysis of the
data relativity in TT&C has demonstrated its celerity and accuracy.
7.04 Reconfigurable Computing System Technologies

Session Organizer: David Bueno (Honeywell Space Electronic Systems)
Session Organizer: Ian Troxel (SEAKR Engineering, Inc.)
7.0401 Reconfigurable Computing Concepts for Space Missions: Universal Modular Spares
M. Clinton Patrick (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon
Emerging technologies related to Reconfigurable Computing offer researchers a number of
appealing options for future computer resource development. This paper addresses
concepts and plans for creating universal, modular reconfigurable computing hardware
especially targeting NASA’s upcoming Space exploration efforts.
7.0402 Component-Based, Run-Time Flight Software Modification
Alexander Murray, Mohammad Shahabuddin, Vanessa Carson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Missions involving robotic space flight typically can modify the flight software (FSW) after
launch. Usually this is accomplished by uplinking binary machine instructions and writing
them to known locations in memory. We present an approach that instead replaces
components of, or adds components to, the running software at a higher logical level,
namely the software architecture level, and on the C++ rather than machine-language level.
This approach provides significant advantages in flexibility, robustness, reliability, and
testability, and opens possibilities for enhanced automated fault protection. We describe
the enabling FSW design techniques, verification, applications, and future possibilities.
7.0403 Multiparadigm Space Processing for Hyperspectral Imaging
Adam Jacobs, Chris Conger, Alan D. George (University of Florida)
To achieve the computational performance necessary for future missions, new processing
technologies are of increasing interest for space systems. We will explore design strategies
of a Hyperspectral Imaging classification algorithm for a mix of processing paradigms on an
advanced space computing system, featuring parallel processing with multiple PowerPC
microprocessors with application acceleration via FPGA and AltiVec resources. Several
partitioning strategies will be considered for extending single-node performance to a
clustered architecture. This work is part of the Dependable Multiprocessor project at
Honeywell and the University of Florida, one of the experiments in the ST-8 mission of
NASA’s New Millennium Program.
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7.0404 Achieving Multipurpose Space Imaging with the ARTEMIS Reconfigurable Payload
Processor
Ian A. Troxel, Matthew Fehringer, Michael T. Chenoweth (SEAKR Engineering Inc.)
The components that comprise the Advanced Responsive Tactically Effective Military
Imaging Spectrometer (ARTEMIS) payload processor, to be deployed on the AFRL TacSat-
3 satellite, provide a flexible and high-performance platform upon which space imaging
applications can be deployed. The payload system consists of an FPGA camera interface
and processing board and a single board computer among other components. The
combination of FPGA and general-purpose processor strikes a balance between compute-
intensive sensor data extraction processing and administrative tasks such as health
monitoring and information downlink. This paper provides a description of the system
design and highlights the system’s performance and flexibility.
7.0405 Using Duplication with Compare for On-line Error Detection in FPGA-based Designs
Jonathan Johnson, William Howes, Michael Wirthlin (Brigham Young University); Daniel L McMurtrey
(Sandia National Laboratory); Michael Caffrey, Paul Graham, & Keith Morgan (Los Alamos National
Laboratory)
It is well known that FPGAs are susceptible to single-event upsets (SEUs) in radiation
environments. A variety of mitigation strategies have been demonstrated to provide
appropriate mitigation and correction of SEUs in these environments. While full mitigation
of SEUs is appropriate for some situations, some systems may tolerate SEUs as long as
these upsets are detected quickly and correctly. These systems require effective error
detection techniques rather than costly error correction methods. This work leverages a
well-known error detection technique for FPGAs called duplication with compare (DWC).
This technique has been shown to be very effective at quickly and accurately detecting
SEUs using fault injection and radiation testing.
7.0406 Fault Tolerant ICAP Controller for High-Reliable Internal Scrubbing
Jonathan Heiner, Nathan Collins, Michael Wirthlin (Brigham Young University)
This paper demonstrates a technique for detecting and repairing SEUs within the
configuration memory of a Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA using the ICAP interface. The Internal
Configuration Access Port (ICAP) provides a port internal to the FPGA for configuring the
FPGA device. We have extended existing work on using the ICAP for for both error
injection and scrubbing to create a fault tolerant ICAP scrubber by triplicating the internal
ICAP circuit using TMR and block memory scrubbing. This paper will describe the costs,
benefits, and reliability of this fault-tolerant ICAP controller.
7.0407 New Reprogrammable and Non-Volatile Radiation Tolerant FPGA: RTA3P
Sana Rezgui, J.J. Wang, Yinming Sun, Brian Cronquist John McCollum (Actel Corporation)
Heavy-ion and proton test results utilizing novel test methodologies of reprogrammable and
non-volatile flash-based FPGAs are presented and discussed. The 5 programmable
architectures in the A3P FPGA-family were tested: I/O structures, FPGA Core, PLL, FROM
and SRAM. Furthermore, the circuitry used for the programming and the erase of the A3P
product was exercised in proton beams. The data shows no major concern or disruption to
all of the circuit features for fluences lower than 1011 of proton particles or TID higher than
15 Krad.
7.0408 Ultra Low Voltage Level Shifters to Interface Sub and Super Threshold
Reconfigurable Logic Cells
Ameet Chavan, Eric MacDonald (University of Texas at El Paso)
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This paper compares a variety of existing level shifters as well as several proposed level
shifters in the context of up-converting subthreshold signals to superthreshold levels,
applicable for reconfigurable voltage island style logic cells. All level shifter circuits are
evaluated in terms of power, performance and radiation hardness for a constant area.
7.0409 Progress in the Development of Field Programmable Analog Arrays for Space
Applications
Adrian Stoica, Didier Keymeulen, Mohammad Mojarradi, Ricardo Zebulum, Taher Daud (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon
This paper describes a recent Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) design, the Self-
Reconfigurable Analog Array (SRAA) developed at JPL. It offers a larger diversity of analog
resources compared to commercial FPAA, with a variety of analog cells and the possibility
of self-correction at extreme temperatures. It is designed to survive wide temrperature
range of -185C to 125C and 300 kRad TID.
7.0410 Bushfire Hotspot Detection Through Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles and Reconfigurable
Computing
Ronald Graml, Grant Wigley (University of South Australia)
Hotspots or smouldering embers left in the wake of a bushfire can, if not extinguished,
reignite causing further destruction and loss of life as was the case on Eyre Peninsular in
Australia in January 2005. The current method of detecting hotspots is very labour
intensive, time consuming and inexact. To overcome these limitations, we propose a
system that employs small uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV) and reconfigurable computing
(RC) technologies to enable fire fighting personnel to quickly and effectively locate
hotspots. This paper explores the technologies proposed for the hotspot detection system
including the algorithms for detecting and tracking of hotspots.

7.06 Miniaturization and Advanced Electronics Packaging for Spacecraft

Session Organizer: Andrew Shapiro (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Janet Lumpp (University of Kentucky)
Session Organizer: M. Ann Darrin (The Johns Hopkins University APL)
7.0600 Judith Resnick Award Talk: Nanotechnology for Aerospace Systems
Speaker: Meyya Meyyappan
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:50 pm, Lake/Canyon
7.0601 Wafer Scale Integration Enabling Space Science

Danielle Wesolek, M. Ann Garrison Darrin, Robert Osiander (Johns Hopkins University)
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in collaboration with the US Air
Force Academy is building a wafer integrated plasma spectrometer for mapping missions.
The fabrication of the instrument suite uses a number of micro-electro-mechanical systems
and micro electronics fabrication technologies. JHUAPL has successfully demonstrated
these approaches in the fabrication of the single instrument currently in orbit on the
FalconSat-3 mission. Innovations in packaging combined with etch process steps from the
micro-fabrication industry allow for novel instrument builds which will open up the realm of
nano sats and cubesats in mapping missions. This paper reviews the combination of
manufacturing...
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7.0602 High Speed RF Packaging Design and Fabrication for Ka-Band Radar Systems
Ivair Gontijo (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The material choices for RF packaging are reviewed and two groups of materials are used
to package components for a landing radar. Both Kovar and Aluminum housings were
designed and built for Transmit/Receive and Up/Down Converter modules respectively.
Both packages are hermetic and capable of withstanding a differential pressure of over 30
psi. Environmental requirements taken into account include thermal cycling, absolute
maximum temperature ratings of components and structural aspects. Details of the
electrical package design to minimize radiation loss and cross talk are discussed, as well
as various methods of attachment of the RF connectors to the housings.
7.0603 Flip Chip Reliability on Dynamically Loaded Multi-Functional Spacecraft Structures
Donald Schatzel (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Incorporating electronic traces, signal paths and buses directly into a spacecraft structure
can provide a significant savings in weigh and volume. Flip Chip device packaging will play
a key role in accomplishing this objective if their reliability can be verified for use in Multi-
Functional Spacecraft Structures.
7.0604 Survivability of Flip Chips Using PCBs with Carbon Fiber in a Fatigue Environment
Carissa D. Tudryn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Flip Chip packaging technology is being developed using PCBs with carbon fiber
composites or STABLCOR®, to withstand low temperature, fatigue conditions on Mars,
from -130°C to +85°C, for a 1 year mission. This technology will benefit future rovers by
allowing for electronic packaging to be incorporated as highly dense, low mass
multifunctional structures outside a warm electronics box. The flip chips on boards with and
without carbon fiber weave failed due to fatigue. This paper describes the design,
assembly, and testing of flip chips in this extreme environment, and additional experiments
needed.
7.0605 Electrically Conductive Carbon Nanotube Adhesives on Lead Free Printed Circuit
Board Surface Finishes
Keerthivarma Mantena, Jing Li, Janet K. Lumpp (University of Kentucky)
Electrically conductive adhesives are attractive alternatives to solder and die attach
materials in electronic assemblies particularly in the lead free era. Compared to metal filled
conductive adhesives, multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) filled adhesives are
lightweight, corrosion resistant, high strength and resistant to metal migration. Previous
studies of MWCNT filled epoxies on bare copper printed circuit boards. Currently, we are
repeating measurements on printed circuit boards coated with immersion tin, immersion
silver and electroless nickel-immersion gold.
7.0606 Copper Nanotubes for Packaging Applications
Daniel Choi, Viola Fucsko (University of Idaho); Eui-Hyeok Yang (Stevens Institute of Technology)
We present a process for fabricating Copper (Cu) nanotubes, which can be utilized for
novel electrical interconnect materials. Because of superior properties in electromigration
and thermal management to aluminum, Cu technology has been attractive to the
semiconductor industry. Cu nanotubes can be fabricated by electrodeposition using
alumina nanopore templates. Nanotubes can provide high surface-to-volume ratio in
nanostructures compared to nanorods. In addition, nanotubes provide lower resistively and
high thermal conductivity. Cu nanotube arrays were electrodeposited into alumina
nanopore membranes with pore diameters of approximately 30nm and 50nm, with
estimated porosity of 43%, by nano template-based electrodeposition.
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7.08 Fault Tolerance, Autonomy & Evolvability in Spacecraft Avionics

Session Organizer: Didier Keymeulen (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Tom Hoffman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
7.0801 Optimized Spacecraft Fault Protection for the WISE Mission
Eric Rice (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Sean Lev-Tov (BATC)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, Lake/Canyon
The Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer(WISE) mission is a medium-class NASA explorer
mission to provide a catalog of the infrared universe. Because of the size and cost of the
mission, a series of trades were made in the mission and fault protection design to achieve
the highest reliability with the available resources. In this paper, we discuss how the WISE
mission has been able to achieve significant risk reduction within the project resources.
7.0802 In-Flight Anomalies and Lessons Learned from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mission
Todd Bayer (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s crucial role in the long term strategy for Mars exploration
requires a high level of reliability during its 5.4 year mission. This requires an architecture
with extensive redundancy and cross-strapping. Because of the distances and hence light-
times involved, the spacecraft itself must be able to utilize this redundancy in responding to
time-critical failures. For those cases where autonomous fault protection is unable to
recognize a potentially threatening condition, intervention by ground operations is required.
MRO’s architecture, fault protection, and contingency planning strategy are discussed.
Each of MRO’s significant in-flight anomalies is then examined, including lessons learned.
7.0803 Automated Generation and Assessment of Autonomous Systems Test Cases
Kevin Barltrop, Kenneth Friberg, Gregory Horvath (Jet Propulsion Lab)
This paper discusses the techniques used in and the resulting benefits of an automated
test generation, execution, and assessment activity applied to the fault protection system
for NASA’s Dawn mission.
7.0804 Lights-Out Scenario Testing for the New Horizons Autonomous Operations
Subsystem
Brian Bauer (JHU-APL)
New Horizons is a NASA sponsored mission to explore Pluto and its largest moon Charon.
To support this mission, the spacecraft is equipped with onboard software that provides a
rule based expert system for performing autonomous fault detection and recovery. To test
the autonomous fault protection subsystem we have developed a "Lights Out” test method
and have been using it to reduce the time required to develop and run each fault scenario
test. This paper describes the evolution, benefits and cautions of the “Lights Out” scenario
test process.
7.0805 Bio-Robustness and Fault Tolerance -- A New Perspective…
Zhanshan (Sam) Ma, Axel W. Krings (University of Idaho)
Biological structures and organizations in nature, from gene, molecular, immune systems,
and biological populations, to ecological communities, are built to stand against
perturbations and biological robustness is therefore ubiquitous. We review important
theories such as evolutionary game theory and population dynamics, spatial distribution
patterns and self-organizations, community organization and stability, etc. We propose four
open questions and possible approaches to them, such as integrated modeling of reliability,
survivability and hybrid faults from agreement algorithms with evolutionary game theory
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and survival analysis. We propose a conjecture about the fault tolerance of universal
genetic (DNA) code based on Byzantine general problem.
7.0806 Developing Aerospace Applications with a Reliable Web Services Paradigm
Pat Chan, Michael R. Lyu (The Chinese University of Hong Kong)
One of the latest achievements of the Internet usage is the availability of Web services
technology. Web services provide an efficient and convenient way for service provisioning,
exchanging and aggregating, which facilitates a resourceful platform for the aerospace
industry. The aerospace industry usually involves products of complex synthesis of various
technologies and sciences. These different technical resources can be provided in the form
of Web services to increase their availability, efficiency and performance. However, in
aerospace area, reliability is an ultimately important issue. In this paper, we target on
providing a reliable Web service paradigm for the industry. We describe the methods of
reliability enhancement by redundancy in space and redundancy in...
7.0807 Control of MEMS Disc Resonance Gyroscope (DRG) using a FPGA Platform
Didier Keymeulen, Chris Peay, David Foor (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Tran Trung (UC Berkeley); Alireza
Bakhshi (B&A Engineering Inc.); Phil Withington, Karl Yee, Rich Terrile (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Inertial navigation systems based upon optical gyroscopes tend to be expensive, large,
power consumptive, and are not long lived. Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
based gyros do not have these shortcomings; however, until recently, the performance of
MEMS based gyros had been below navigation grade. Boeing and JPL have been co-
operating since 1997 to develop high performance MEMS gyroscopes for miniature, low
power space Inertial Reference Unit applications. The efforts resulted in demonstration of a
Post Resonator Gyroscope (PRG). This experience led to the more compact Disc
Resonator Gyroscope (DRG) for further reduced size and power with potentially increased
performance. Currently, the...
i7.0808 Panel: Fault Protection and Exception Handling:
System Engineering Concern
Chair: Tom Hoffman-JPL
Panelists.
Brian Bauer – APL
Herb Hecht – SOHAR
Todd Bayer – JPL
Summary
The Panel will discuss the current issues and concerns in the area of Fault Protection and
Exception Handling for Spacecraft. The current standards and best practices across
government, industry and academia will be discussed. Intended audience is system
engineers as well as hardware and software architects and developers. The intent of the
panel is to determine where improvements can be made in the current standards and to
determine how these may best be implemented.

11.03 Diagnostics and PHM for Aerospace Subsystems and Components
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7.09 Electronics for Extreme Environments

Session Organizer: Elizabeth Kolawa (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Mohammad Mojarradi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
7.0901 Silicon-Germanium as an Enabling IC Technology for Extreme Environment
Electronics
John D. Cressler (Georgia Tech)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, Lake/Canyon
“Extreme environments” represents an important niche venue for electronic components,
and spans the operation of electronics in surroundings lying outside the domain of
conventional commercial and military specifications. Such extreme environments would
include, for instance, operation down to very low temperatures (e.g. to 77 K or even 4.2 K),
2) operation up to very high temperatures (e.g. to 200 C or even 300 C), 3) operation
across very wide and cyclic temperature swings, and 4) operation in a radiation-rich
environment (e.g. space), or even all four simultaneously. We have previously argued that
the unique bandgap-engineered features of SiGe HBTs offer...
7.0902 Ultra-Wide Temperature (-230 °C to 130 °C) DC-Motor Drive with SiGe
Asynchronous Controller
Jack Bourne, Roberto Schupbach, Alexander Lostetter (APEI, Inc.); Brent Hollosi, Jia Di, H. Alan
Mantooth (University of Arkansas)
This paper details efforts to develop a DC motor drive operational in extreme ambient
temperatures (-230 to +130 °C). The system is to be based on mature, commercially
available technologies and a custom SiGe low-power asynchronous 8051e microprocessor
ASIC. The authors also present results of passive and active component testing carried out
to date, a discussion of the developed automated asynchronous logic design flow, and a
discussion of ultra-wide temperature range NULL Convention Logic IC design work
accomplished to date.
7.0903 Design and Qualification Methodology for a Successful Technology Infusion for a
Wide Temperature Op-Amp
Yuan Chen, Mohammad Mojaradi, Nazeeh Aranki, Ehsan Kazemian, Robert Grogan, Elizabeth Kolawa
(Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Benjamin Blalock, Robert Greenwell (University of Tennessee); Lynett
Westergard (AMI Semiconductors)
In this paper, we present a methodology for design and qualification of microelectronics for
low temperature applications, which has enabled the successful infusion of a custom
designed Operational Amplifier into flight mission. The Op-Amp was designed to target a
wide temperature range of -150C to +125C for at least 5 years operation for Mars Mission.
The design and qualification methodology developed have provided the critical path for the
technology infusion.
7.0904 Extreme Temperature Sensing System for Venus Surface Missions
Linda Del Castillo, William West, Tuan Vo, Toshiro Hatake, Mohammad Mojarradi, Elizabeth Kolawa (Jet
Previous Venus Landers used passive thermal protection systems and protected
conventional electronics, which limited their surface operation life to 127 minutes. The
operating life and science return for future Venus surface missions, however, can
significantly be increased through the use of high temperature electronics capable of
extending the operating range of electronic systems to Venus surface temperatures
(480ºC). Toward that end, this paper details the development and evaluation (480°C) of a
stand-alone, high temperature, battery powered, sensor system, including a multi-sensor
interface, multiplexer, signal conditioner, and amplifier, that can directly operate at the
extremely high temperatures of the Venus surface.
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7.0905 Miniaturized Data Acquisition System for Extreme Temperature Environments

Richard Berger (BAE Systems); John Cressler (Georgia Institute of Technology); Raymond Garbos (Aura
Instrumentation); Mohammad Mojarradi (Jet Propulsion Laboratories); Leora Peltz (Boeing); Benjamin
Blalock (University of Tennessee); Wayne Johnson, Guofo Niu, Foster Dai (Auburn University); Alan
Mantooth (University of Arkansas); Jim Holmes (Lynguent); Mike Alles (Vanderbilt University); Patrick
McClusky (University of Maryland)
A data acquisition system is being developed for use on the NASA Lunar-Mars missions.
The unit will accept inputs from multiple types of sensors, employing three types of input
channels with programmable elements to accommodate a wider variety of input signals.
Based on a subsystem called the Remote Health Node that was originally developed during
the 1990s for use on the now-defunct NASA X-33 “space plane”, the Remote Electronics
Unit is being developed in 0.5 micron Silicon Germanium BiCMOS technology with a circuit
library designed to operate normally from -180 degrees C through +125 degrees C.

Session Organizer: Anhtuan Ngo (U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory)
Session Organizer: James Luecke (L-3 Communications - IEC)
Session Organizer: Michael Oppenheimer (AFRL/VACA)
7.1001 Orbits Design for Remote Sensing Satellite
M.A. Zayan (Nilesat); F. Eltohamy
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:55 pm, Lake/Canyon
This paper is conducted to design and determine satellite orbits for Earth observation
missions, criteria for selecting orbits for remote-sensing satellites are considered. Data
provided by the analysis of satellite orbits used for earth studies are generalized. Sun-
synchronous which permit regular coverage of the earth surface using detectors with
constant parameters is considered and requirements for such orbit is formulated. A general
approach to the evaluation of the node periods of rotation and of orbital radius that meet
those requirements is analyzed and discussed.
7.1002 Attitude-Independent Geomagnetic Navigation Using Onboard Complete Three-Axis
Magnetometer Calibration
Lin Huang, Wuxing Jing (Harbin Institute of Technology)
A real-time three-axis magnetometer calibration is integrated with a near-Earth-satellite
geomagnetic navigation for the first time. To remove the effects of magnetometer biases,
scale factors, and nonorthogonality corrections on accuracy of orbit determination, the
paper presents a 16-dimensional-state extended Kalman filter which estimates the position-
velocity vector, drag coefficients, and complete calibration parameters. An attitude-
independent pseudo-measurement, which is converted from the body-measurement and
geomagnetic-reference vectors, is used by the filter. Various computer-based simulations
have been used to test the validity of the filter and to evaluate its performance.
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Track 8: Spacecraft & Launch Vehicle Systems & Technologies
Track Organizer: Erik Nilsen (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Todd Mosher (Microsat Systems)
Session Organizer: Jennifer Rhatigan (NASA Johnson Space Center)
8.0101 Constellation Major Technical Challenges of 2007
Brian K. Muirhead (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, Jefferson
The paper will focus on two of the major technical challenges of the year. The first is
understanding and establishing adequate performance and mass margin for the initial low
earth orbit capability, targeted to support ISS, the second is the lunar capability to establish
an outpost(s) on the moon including the core elements of the lunar transportation
architecture.
8.0102 Constellation Program Mission Operations Project Office, Status and Support
Philosophy
Dennis Webb (NASA Johnson Space Center)
The Constellation Program Mission Operations Project Office (CxP MOP) at Johnson
Space Center in Houston Texas is preparing to support the CxP mission operations
objectives for the CEV/Orion flights, the Lunar Lander, and Lunar surface operations. We
are assessing more efficient ways to organize the support and new technologies which will
enhance our operations support. This paper will address the status of our preparation for
these CxP missions, our philosophical approach to CxP operations support, and some of
the technologies we are assessing to streamline our mission operations infrastructure.
8.0103 Descent Assisted Split Habitat (DASH) Lunar Lander Concept
Daniel D. Mazanek, Kandyce E. Goodliff (NASA Langley Research Center); David M. Cornelius
(Analytical Mechanics Associates, Inc.)
The Descent Assisted Split Habitat (DASH) lander is a versatile human and cargo lunar
lander concept that utilizes a disposable braking stage for lunar descent and a minimally
sized habitat for crew transport to and from the lunar surface. The design approach for the
DASH lander was to investigate a vertical lander concept that could significantly simplify
surface operations by facilitating crew access and large-cargo deployment while reducing
lander mass. Past lunar mission approaches like the proposed Apollo direct flight
approaches and the Russian LK lander included the use breaking stages during descent to
the lunar surface.
8.0104 The Next Giant Leap: NASA's Ares Launch Vehicles Overview
Stephen A. Cook, Teresa Vanhooser (Ares Projects Office)
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Constellation Program is
developing new launch vehicles (Ares) and spacecraft (Orion) to send astronauts to the
Moon, Mars, and beyond. This paper presents plans, projections, and progress toward
fielding the Ares I and Ares V vehicles, and the Ares I-X test flight in 2009.
8.0105 Ares Launch Vehicles Lean Practices Case Study
Rajiv Doreswamy, Timothy A. Self (Ares Projects Office)
The Ares launch vehicles team, managed by the Ares Projects Office (APO) at NASA
Marshall Space Flight Center, has completed the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle System
Requirements Review and System Definition Review and early design work for the Ares V
Cargo Launch Vehicle. This paper provides examples of how Lean Manufacturing, Kaizen
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events, and Six Sigma practices are helping APO deliver a new space transportation
capability on time and within budget, while still meeting stringent technical requirements.

8.02 Advanced Launch Vehicle Systems and Technologies

Session Organizer: Erik Nilsen (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
8.0201 Maglev Launch and the Next Race to Space
James Powell, George Maise, John Paniagua (Plus Ultra Technologies); John Rather (Rather
Innovations)
Despite decades of expensive R&D on rockets, launch costs into orbit are still $10,000 per
kilogram of payload. This is about to radically change using Maglev technology which can
accelerate payloads to orbital speeds, using only 50 cents worth of electricity per kilogram
of payload. All of the expensive launch hardware remains on the ground, able to repetitively
launch many cargo craft at very low cost. Based on the 1966 Maglev inventions of Powell
and Danby, Japan is now operating superconducting Maglev passenger trains. The same
technology permits magnetically levitated and accelerated spacecraft to reach orbital speed
in evacuated tunnels...

Session Organizer: Doug Holker (The Aerospace Corporation)
8.0301 Low-Cost Propellant Launch to Earth Orbit from a Tethered Balloon – an Update
Brian H. Wilcox (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Evan G. Schneider (undergraduate at MIT); David A.
Vaughan, Jeffery L. Hall (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
It may be possible to launch payloads into low-Earth orbit (LEO) at a per-kilogram cost that
is one to two orders of magnitude lower than current launch systems, using a small capital
investment. The concept is to use small mass-produced rockets that can reach orbit with
modest atmospheric drag losses because they are launched from high altitude. An
attractive payload is high-performance rocket propellant as required for the exploration of
the moon, Mars, and beyond. This paper extends results previously published to further
describe detailed design characteristics of the small rockets, the refined balloon-tether
architecture, and expected system performance.
8.0302 Training and Tactical Operationally Responsive Space Operations (TATOO)
H. Barbara Sorensen (Air Force Research Laboratory); Robert Strunce, Thomas Mann (Star Technologies
Corporation)
This paper discusses the laboratory hardware and software being developed to give voice
to the Warfighter’s interaction with Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) satellites. The
purpose is to accommodate the Warfighter’s needs by improving space capability
responsiveness and by delivering the capability to directly task satellites for
communications and sensor data. The goals of the TATOO laboratory are to provide an
environment for tasking tactical satellites and an environment for training the Warfighter on
the tasking process, both supporting the ORS mission.
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8.04 Modular Bus Technologies, Components & Standardized Spacecraft

Session Organizer: Maurice Martin (Air Force Research Laboratory)
8.0401 SpaceWire for Operationally Responsive Space
Jeff Summers (MicroSat Systems, Inc.); Paul Jaffe (Naval Research Laboratory); Greg Clifford (Silver
Engineering, Inc)
The rapid integration, launch, and deployment of satellites in response to emerging needs
have been a focus of various organizations. This concept has been termed “Operationally
Responsive Space”. To support such a system, standardized hardware and software
interfaces are needed between the payload and bus. The SpaceWire standard has been
specified for the TacSat-4 bus-to-payload interface for its high rate data. SpaceWire offers
the appeal of standardization of physical, data, and network layers. The TacSat-4 satellite,
part of the DOD TacSat experiment series, is intended as a combination of prototype
standardized bus for small satellite missions and an tactical payload.
8.0402 Developing the Process Tools and Software Architecture for the PnPSat Initiative
Kenneth Center (Design_Net Engineering)
The Air Force Research Laboratories have been leading an effort to establish a new
paradigm for the satellite development process. Central to this development is the Space
Plug&play Avionics (SPA) standards defining electrical, data, and mechanical interfaces for
components used to construct the system. Ultimately, stock items at a depot will be used to
design, assemble, and launch a satellite in a matter of days. An essential enabling aspect
of the process is a collection of highly interoperable software modules which can be
selected from a library based upon their ability to collectively meet a set of prescribed
mission objectives.
8.0403 Developing a Distributed Power and Grounding Architecture for PnPSat
Wayne C. Boncyk (Design_Net Engineering, LLC)
This paper presents the key design highlights and salient features of a Plug and Play power
subsystem architecture developed by Design_Net Engineering for the Air Force Research
Laboratories PnPSat Program. Power Generation, Energy Storage and Power Distribution
and Switching functions are supported in a novel, distributed and easily reconfigurable
architecture that allows changeouts and upgrades to power elements “at the depot,” while
still delivering performance compatible with Operationally Responsive Space mission
requirements.
8.0404 Implementing Plug-and-Play ADCS to Support Operationally Responsive Space
Paul Graven, Yegor Plam (Microcosm, Inc.); L. Jane Hansen (HRP Systems, Inc.); Seth Harvey
(University of Wyoming)
Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) has become the mantra for the next generation
spacecraft that will support the warfighter. ORS missions require an extension of current,
traditional approaches to achieve faster, cheaper, and thus, better products. The
introduction of Plug-and-Play (PnP) technologies to facilitate rapid integration can be
demonstrated via development of a PnP ADCS (attitude determination and control system)
showing the improvements in cost and schedule – while maintaining good performance.
This paper describes the software architecture and implementation, adaptive control
approach, and early results that are associated with the development of this PnP ADCS
software.
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8.0405 Programmable Satellite Transceiver for Responsive Space

Sam Minger (SEAKR Engineering Inc.); Thad Genrich (RT Logic, Inc)
Software Defined Radios (SWDR) are providing a flexible platform for DOD terrestrial
communications, but they have not proliferated much a space application due to the
engineering challenges associated with space. The Programmable Software Transceiver
(PST) is a AFRL funded S-band SWDR designed for the space environment. A Command,
Control and Telemetry (CC&T) radio operating in either SGLS or USB is the initial
application of the PST, but by updating the software load, newer waveforms such as Direct
Carrier BPSK or QPSK, and QAM-16 will push the data rate of S-band into the realm of
high rate data communications application.

Session Organizer: Dana Gould (NASA)
Session Organizer: Robert Gershman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
8.0500 Invited Speaker:
Exploration Technology Development Program Overview
Speaker: David Beals, (Deputy Manager, NASA)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, Jefferson
8.0501 Fault Tolerance of Relative Navigation Sensing in Docking Approach of Spacecraft

Dimitry Gorinevsky, Gabriel Hoffmann, Marina Shmakova (Stanford University); Robert Mah (NASA ARC);
Scott Cryan, Jennifer Mitchell (NASA Johnson Space Center)
This paper analyzes fault tolerance of spacecraft relative navigation in Automated
Rendezvous and Docking (AR&D). Fault tolerance could be enhanced with the help of
FDIR (Fault Detection, Identification and Recovery) logic and use of redundant sensors. An
important design trade is determining whether a redundant sensor can be normally
unpowered and activated only when necessary. This paper analyzes reliability trades for
such fault tolerant system by developing and studying a Markov Chain model of the system
including sensor faults and sensor avionics states. The integrated Markov Chain model
allows the probabilities of mission abort and a mishap to be computed.
8.0502 Multi-Sensor Testing for Automated Rendezvous and Docking Sensor Testing at the
Flight Robotics Lab
Linda L. Brewster (NASA)
The Exploration Systems Architecture defines missions that require rendezvous, proximity
operations, and docking (RPOD) of two spacecraft both in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and in
Low Lunar Orbit (LLO). Uncrewed spacecraft must perform automated and/or autonomous
rendezvous, proximity operations and docking operations (commonly known as AR&D).
The crewed missions may also perform rendezvous and docking operations and may
require different levels of automation and/or autonomy, and must provide the crew with
relative navigation information for manual piloting. The capabilities of the RPOD sensors
are critical to the success of the Exploration Program.
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8.0503 ATHLETE: An Option for Mobile Lunar Landers

Brian H. Wilcox (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
As part of the NASA Exploration Technology Development Program, the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory is developing a vehicle called ATHLETE. Each vehicle is based on six wheels at
the ends of six multi-degree-of-freedom limbs. Because each limb has enough degrees of
freedom for use as a general-purpose leg, the wheels can be locked and used as feet to
walk out of excessively soft or other extreme terrain. This allows the ATHLETE mobility
system to be lighter than alternative approaches, which is especially important for heavy
cargo vehicles such as mobile landers or mobile habitats.
8.0504 Operational Lessons Learned for Systems Management and Automation on Manned
Spacecraft
Carlos Garcia-Galan, Robert E. Armstrong, Michael L. Lammers, Courtenay R. McMillan (NASA Johnson
Space Center)
This paper identifies relevant operational lessons learned from current architectural designs
(ISS and Space Shuttle) and processes. For that purpose, the authors combine the
discussion of “real-life” events, along with selected standard desired design features, to
provide an illustration of capabilities that should be considered during the design and
implementation of future manned spacecraft, including the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)
and other elements of the Constellation Program.
8.0505 Mars Radiation Risk Assessment and Shielding Design for Long-Term Exposure
Ram K. Tripathi (NASA Langley Research Center)
NASA is now focused on the agency’s vision for space exploration encompassing a broad
range of human and robotic missions including missions to Moon, Mars and beyond. As a
result, there is a focus on long duration space missions. NASA is committed to the safety of
the missions and the crew, and there is an overwhelming emphasis on the reliability issues
for space missions and the habitat. The cost-effective design of the spacecraft demands a
very stringent requirement on the optimization process. Exposure from the hazards of
severe space radiation in deep space and/or long duration missions is a critical...

8.06 Technology Development and Infusion

Session Organizer: Steven Cornford (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
8.0601 Technology Development and Infusion from NASA's Innovative Partnerships
Program
Doug Comstock (NASA)
NASA’s Innovative Partnerships Program develops many technologies for NASA’s
programs and projects through a portfolio of technology investments and partnerships. The
portfolio includes Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology
Transfer programs, the IPP Seed Fund, and NASA’s Centennial Challenges prize program.
This paper addresses the IPP portfolio, the challenges and obstacles to technology
infusion, and some methods to help address those challenges and obstacles. The paper
also presents some examples of IPP technologies infused into high profile programs and
projects and draws lessons learned and best practices from those successful examples.
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Session Organizer: Connie Carrington (NASA)
Session Organizer: John Ringelberg (Lockheed Martin Space Systems)
8.0801 Approach and Capture for Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking
Kerry Timmons, John Ringelberg (Lockheed Martin)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:30 am, Elbow 2
A study has been performed to capture and catalog the various methods currently
employed for on orbit rendezvous, proximity operations and docking. These are key
enabling technologies in each of the following mission areas: on orbit assembly of larger
units, crew exchange between orbital platforms, and re-supply of orbital platforms. The
results of the study presented in this paper focus particularly on the capture envelope
performances for both active and passive vehicles and stacks of varying masses. Benefits
and challenges to each method are discussed as well as current Internal Research and
Development (IRAD) efforts being performed by Lockheed Martin.
8.0802 Target Localization from 3D data for On-Orbit Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking
Stephane Ruel, Tim Luu, Martin Anctil, Stephane Gagnon (Neptec Design Group)
Neptec has developed a relative navigation vision system that does not require the use of
cooperative targets such as retro-reflectors. The system uses an active TriDAR 3D sensor
and efficient model based tracking algorithms to provide 6 degree of freedom relative pose
information in real-time. This paper presents a novel computer vision algorithm that can
localize a target spacecraft in space without requiring an initial guess of the relative pose.
Such a technique is required to automatically initiate model based tracking systems and
recover if tracking is lost. Results from the initial evaluation phase of the algorithm are
presented.
8.0803 Docking System for Autonomous, Un-manned Docking Operations
Scott Christiansen, Troy Nilson, Bryan Helgesen (Starsys, Inc)
Autonomous docking operations are a critical aspect of unmanned satellite servicing
missions. Tender spacecraft must be able to approach the client spacecraft, maneuver into
position, and then attach to facilitate the transfer of fuel, power, etc. This paper describes
significant features/functionality, key analysis efforts & zero-g simulation tests of the
docking system that was eventually chosen for and flown on the Orbital Express (OE)
mission. The Starsys docking system was flown and operated on the OE mission. The
system performed as intended and has contributed to demonstrating the feasibility of
autonomous docking and un-docking of independent spacecraft.
8.0804 Orbital Express Advanced Video Guidance Sensor
Richard T. Howard, Andrew F. Heaton, Robin M. Pinson, Connie K. Carrington (NASA Marshall Space
Flight Center)
In May 2007 the first US-sponsored fully autonomous rendezvous and capture was
successfully performed by DARPA’s Orbital Express (OE) mission. MSFC’s Advanced
Video Guidance Sensor (AVGS) was a near-field proximity operations sensor integrated
into ASTRO’s sensor suite, which provided relative state knowledge to the ASTRO GN&C
system. AVGS was one of the primary docking sensors included in ARCSS. This paper
provides an overview of the AVGS sensor that flew on Orbital Express, a summary of the
AVGS ground testing, and a discussion of AVGS performance on-orbit for OE.
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8.0805 Next Generation Advanced Video Guidance Sensor

Thomas C. Bryan, Richard Howard, Jimmie E. Johnson, James E. Lee, Lucinda Murphy, Susan H.
Spencer (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center)
The first autonomous rendezvous and docking in the history of the U.S. Space Program
was successfully accomplished by Orbital Express, using the Advanced Video Guidance
Sensor (AVGS) as the primary docking sensor. This paper presents an approach to sensor
hardware trades, use of highly integrated laser components, and addresses the needs of
future vehicles that may rendezvous and dock with the International Space Station (ISS)
and other Constellation vehicles.

8.10 Reconfigurable Space Systems and Space Assembly

Session Organizer: Andrew Zimdars (Advanced Technology Center,
Lockheed Martin Space )
8.1001 Independently-Sourced Series-Input Connected Converters with Uniform Current-
Sharing
Kasemsan Siri, Michael Willhoff (The Aerospace Corporation)
This paper extends the application of current-mode, shared-bus converters to
independently-sourced power system architectures consisting of multiple power-processing
channels, each of which is configured as series-input, parallel-output (SIPO). Power
channels of SIPO current-mode commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) DC-DC converters can
transform higher input voltages into low output voltages, provide flexibility for power system
expansion, and preserve system efficiencies equal to those obtained from standalone
converters. Robust system stability and uniform input voltage distribution among series-
connected converters is realized through input voltage distribution control. Active current-
sharing control ensures nearly uniform distribution of the channel-output currents between
the independently sourced SIPO power channels.
8.11 Autonomous Science Systems

Session Organizer: Rebecca Castano (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
8.1101 Automated Cyclone Identification From Remote QuikSCAT Satellite Data
Ashit Talukder, Shen-Shyang Ho (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, Elbow 3
We discuss a fully automated remote cyclone identification and tracking approach using the
QuikSCAT wind sensor data. Our approach consists of five main automated steps:
QuikSCAT data retrieval, QuikSCAT feature extraction & data preprocessing, cyclone
identification, motion/location prediction, and cyclone tracking. Ensemble learning based on
a committee of support vector machines using features extracted from QuikSCAT wind
sensor data are used for cyclone identification. Experimental results demonstrates the
feasibility and usefulness of our automated approach.
8.1102 Implementing Legacy-C Algorithms in FPGA Co-Processors for Performance
Accelerated Smart Payloads
Paula J. Pingree, Lucas J. Scharenbroich, Thomas A. Werne (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Christine
Hartzell (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Accurate, on-board classification of instrument data is used to increase science return,
however due to on-board processing constraints, such classification has been limited to
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using the simplest functions on a small subset of the full instrument data. FPGA co-
processor designs will lead to significant improvement in on-board classification capability
and accuracy. We implemented a classifier, developed for the Hyperion instrument on the
EO-1 spacecraft, on the Xilinx Virtex-4FX60 FPGA as a baseline challenge and created two
extensions of more capable classifiers. We have taken advantage of Impulse CTM, the
commercially available C-to-HDL tool by Impulse Accelerated Technologies.
8.1103 Experiments in Onboard Rover Traverse Science
Rebecca Castano, Tara Estlin, Dan Gaines, Ben Bornstein, Robert C. Anderson, Brian Bue, Michele Judd
(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Onboard Autonomous Science Investigation System (OASIS) evaluates geologic data
gathered by a planetary rover. This analysis is used to prioritize the data for transmission
and to identify and react to science opportunities. We provide a brief overview of the entire
OASIS system, and then describe new system capabilities with an emphasis on the
identification of novel features during a traverse. In addition, the system has been
integrated with the Visual Target Tracking (VTT) capability, enabling the rover to approach
targets identified onboard and acquire targeted measurements from positions in close
proximity to the target.
8.1104 Autonomous Calibration of Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor
Seungwon Lee, Benjamin Bornstein (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM) is designed to autonomously detect and
identify trace organic species in the International Space Station (ISS) cabin air and monitor
changes in species concentrations over time after chemical events. VCAM uses a gas
chromatograph and quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer to separate chemical analytes
and determine mass fractionation patterns of the chemical analytes. In order to obtain the
desired mass resolution and dynamic range, several instrument parameters must be
calibrated. We present our lessons learned developing a heuristic calibration procedure
and translating the procedure into a procedure suitable for direct conversion to flight
software.
8.1105 Autonomous Identification and Quantification of Chemical Species with VCAM for
use Onboard the ISS
Benjamin Bornstein, Seungwon Lee, Luke Mandrake, Brian Bue (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
We present our variant of the de-facto industry standard Automated Mass Spectral
Deconvolution and Identification System (AMDIS) algorithm developed by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor
(VCAM), a mass spectrometer instrument being developed by JPL for use onboard the ISS,
will employ AMDIS to autonomously identify and quantify chemical species present in ISS
atmosphere. In addition to stock AMDIS peak-finding and spectral matching, we
augmented the AMDIS method with mass calibration on the front-end and compound
quantification on the back-end. Analysis results on initial laboratory datasets are promising,
but more testing is required.

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8.12 Advanced Spacecraft and Mission Concepts - Emerging Technologies

Session Organizer: William Jackson (SpaceDev)
8.1201 Atmospheric Heating as a Research Tool: Link to Space-Based Solar Power
Bernard J. Eastlund (Eastlund Scientific Enterprises); Lyle M. Jenkins (Jenkins Enterprises)
Space-based solar power from a satellite to the commercial power grid will provide clean,
renewable energy. A key element is the transmission of this energy with a microwave
beam. This paper describes beneficial concepts to demonstrate the key functions of a solar
power satellite. Useful products range from weather research on storm parameters to
prevention of tornadoes by disrupting the convective shears in a thunderstorm.
8.1202 Wireless Avionics and Human Interfaces for Inflatable Spacecraft
Richard Alena, Steven R. Ellis (NASA Ames Research Center); Jim Hieronymus (RIACS) Dougal Maclise
(NASA Ames Research Center)
Revolutionary capabilities for robust control of inflatable Lunar and Martian transit vehicles
and planetary habitats can be developed using advanced wireless network technology and
modular avionics coupled with facile human to system interfaces. Fully wireless modular
avionics would eliminate any cabling associated with power and data transmission, allowing
easy deployment of flexible control systems and human interfaces. Furthermore, wearable
human interface systems hosting virtual reality interaction methods can provide significant
improvement in human situational awareness and control of dynamic space systems. The
crew can interact with intelligent software agents providing human-like interaction using
speech.
8.1203 A New Spacecraft Software Development Paradigm Enabled by High-Performance
Commercial Processors
Keith Nicewarner (SpaceDev, Inc.)
Typical space-qualified processors tightly constrain the software for them. As a result,
industry has developed guidelines for spacecraft software. Developing software for a
resource-constrained processor is more expensive than developing software for a less
constrained system. Using a higher-performance system with more resources allows the
use of modern software methods, reducing the spacecraft software development time and
cost. We have developed a spacecraft system that uses a highly capable commercial
single-board computer. The computing margins offered by this platform allowed us to use a
modern software development process. This has greatly reduced the cost to develop and
test spacecraft functionality.
8.1204 Equatorial Low-Earth Orbits for Missions Concerning the African Continent
Hossein Bonyan Khamseh (Amirkabir University of Technology)
The last few decades have seen extensive use of polar/near-polar and inclined orbits for
the purposes of remote sensing, surveillance, meteorology and scientific research. Tropical
humid countries around the equatorial belt, however, are at great disadvantages in the
case of highly-inclined orbits, in terms of short and infrequent passes.This paper evaluates
the use of Equatorial Low-Earth Orbits (ELEO) to provide highly-improved coverage
patterns for areas at or near the equator It will be concluded that ELEOs are perfect options
to perform remote-sensing, disaster-monitoring, communications, surveillance and
meteorology missions on the equatorial countries, thus the African continent.
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8.13 Micro and Nano-Satellite Systems and Technologies

Session Organizer: William Jackson (SpaceDev)
8.1301 Design Solutions for a University Nano-satellite
Claudio Passerone, Maurizio Tranchero, Stefano Speretta, Leonardo Reyneri, Claudio Sansoè, Dante Del
Corso (Politecnico di Torino)
The paper describes the architecture and design solutions of a small satellite developed at
Politecnico di Torino. The main design goal was to combine the usually conflicting cost and
reliability constraints; cost has been limited by using properly selected COTS (Commercial
Off The Shelf) devices. Reliability has been achieved through redundancy and design
diversity. Focus of the paper is on overall satellite design and architecture, with details of
solutions to enhance reliability down to the hardware level. The experience led to the
development of a new course (Master level) and to several new projects currently under
way.
8.1302 A Low-Cost, Responsive Microsat Bus Utilizing COTS Parts and Components
Bill Jackson (SpaceDev, Inc.)
The SpaceDev MMB-100 spacecraft platform is a single-string 100-kg class microsat that is
suitable for experiments, flight demonstrations, and highly-responsive missions. It is
designed specifically for 1-2 year LEO missions. It has flexible launch options, including the
ESPA ring and the SpaceX Falcon launch vehicle. The MMB-100 makes extensive use of
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) parts and software, which enables low cost and rapid
development times. Attitude control performance is better than 25 microradians (1-sigma).
The power subsystem is flexible, and can accommodate orbit-average payload loads of up
to 150 W. Telemetry and data transfers from the spacecraft to the ground...
8.1303 A Compact Power Controller for Microsat Applications
Gino Innocenti, Jeanette Arrigo (SpaceDev)
This paper describes a compact, lightweight power control unit suitable for a microsat. A
COTS-based approach was used in component selection to enable short lead times and
parts availability in addition to facilitating a lower cost. The architecture for the unit is
revealed that includes the regulation methods for battery charging and solar panel power.
Microcontroller functions are described that include the possibility of performing B-dot
magnetic control in addition to implementing the algorithms for solar panel power
monitoring. The radiation, vibration, thermal cycling and thermal vacuum test environments
that this unit has been exposed to will be summarized.

Session Organizer: Pamela Hoffman (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
8.1401 Mars Science Laboratory Roll Control System Thruster Seals
Tanya Cholakian, John Gallon (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Elbow 2
During atmospheric entry into Mars, Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) requires a dynamic
seal around the Roll Control System (RCS) thrusters. The RCS thrusters are mounted on
the Descent Stage which is on the inside of Backshell. The thrusters protrude slightly
through cutouts in the Backshell. The seal is mounted on the Backshell and interfaces with
an aerodynamic shroud that surrounds the thruster nozzle ends. The seal’s main
requirement is to aid in blocking the aero-thermal heating during atmospheric entry from
entering into the Backshell. The seal must also be able to take the heat loading that is
subjected by the...
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8.1402 Guide Rails for Linear Separation of Powered Descent Vehicle from Mars Science
Laboratory Backshell
Jake Quicksall, John Gallon (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
During descent through the Martian atmosphere, Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) uses
three sets of guide rails and rollers to control the separation dynamics of the Powered
Descent Vehicle (PDV) from the Backshell and parachute. The guided separation mitigates
the risk of re-contact which could result in detrimental vehicle dynamics. The guide rails are
comprised of three thin steel beams which resist motion in 5 DOF. The only unconstrained
DOF is in the direction of desired separation. Analysis was used to size the guide rail and
rollers, and tests will be performed to validate the design’s capability to meet performance
requirements.
8.1403 Testing and Analysis of Separation Joints for Mars Science Laboratory
John Gallon, Jeff Umland, Tanya Cholakian (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper discusses the testing and preliminary analysis of a typical design of a separation
joint which is being incorporated on JPL/NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). This joint
utilized a cup-and-cone interface at the separation plane between subsystems. An
analytical model was generated from the test results which allowed structural margin
analysis of the separation joint bolts to be performed.
8.1404 Mars Science Laboratory Heat Rejection System (HRS) Tubing Retractor
Eric Roberts (Flight Hardware Engineering); John Gallon (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
In support of the Cruise Stage form Entry Vehicle separation event for Mars Science
Laboratory (MSL), two 3/8” aluminum tubes that are part of the Heat Rejection System
(HRS) must be cut and retracted. Due to size and stiffness of the tubes to be retracted and
the mass and volume constraints on MSL, the typical preloaded spring retraction
mechanism was deemed to not be the ideal mechanism. Instead a pyrotechnic thruster was
designed to perform the job. This thruster was baselined from the design details of an
existing 5/8” cable cutter, but modified to meet the needs of the device.
8.1405 Passive Management of Deployable Cordage During and After MSL Touchdown
Michael W. Shafer (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
NASA’s next Mars rover (Mars Science Laboratory) will land unlike previous missions. A
rocket powered descent stage will lower the rover on cables as it flies towards the ground.
After touchdown, the rover will cut these deployable lines, allowing the descent stage to fly
clear of the rover. The management of these cables, from touchdown until the descent
stage has flown clear, required a great deal of attention. Three separate systems were
developed to manage these deployable cables. The unique requirements on these systems
lead to novel solutions which could potentially be implemented in other cargo deployment
and lowering applications.
8.1406 Implementation of a Whole Spacecraft Isolation System for the OSTM/Jason 2
Mission
Dennis L. Kern (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Christopher A. Gerace (NASA Kennedy Space Center)
The OSTM/Jason 2 mission will be the lightest payload to ever launch on a Delta II 7320-10
launch vehicle. The moment-based lateral loads predicted for this launch configuration
significantly exceed the qualification history of the spacecraft bus. A CSA Engineering, Inc.
SoftRide whole spacecraft isolation system was selected to reduce the loads. This paper
discusses the study that resulted in the selection, the isolator system design, analysis, and
test process, and an independent evaluation of the risks associated with the program. The
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SoftRide solution for OSTM/Jason 2 allowed demonstration of the adequacy of the heritage
qualification for the launch configuration.
8.1407 Design and Fabrication of the Cruise Stage Spacecraft for MSL
Neil Dahya (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The exploration of space and the planets of our solar system has changed significantly over
the last two decades. One of the more important evolutions is the ability to put larger
masses into orbit. As spacecraft structures get larger and more complex, the process of
assembly and problem free integration become increasingly harder. At 9000 lb, the Mars
Science Laboratory Spacecraft is one such vehicle. The design and assembly of the MSL
Cruise Stage employed self-aligning tooling and designed shim gaps coupled with standard
tooling to ensure precise, interference free assembly, meeting all critical alignment
requirements.
8.1408 MSL – Backshell Interface Plate and Parachute Support Structure Subsystem
Jennifer Knight, Saina Ghandchi (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The Backshell Interface Plate and Parachute Support Structure are the structural backbone
of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Spacecraft. They anchor several major subsystems
together, including the Cruise Stage, Powered Descent Vehicle, Backshell and Parachute.
Together, they provide the structural load paths necessary to support launch, entry, mortar
fire, and parachute inflation loads. The key challenges for this hardware lie in the complex
configuration, several unique load cases, multiple load paths, and magnitude of loads. This
paper will describe the design of the Backshell Interface Plate and Parachute Support
Structure as well as the key challenges and how they were met.
8.1409 Direct Drive Precision Linear Actuator for Space Interferometry Mission (SIM)
Siderostat Pointing
Brant Cook, David Braun, Steve Hankins, John Koenig, Don Moore (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
A team of Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers designed, built, and tested a long life, high
precision linear ballscrew actuator. Point tracking, low disturbance, and sub micron
precision requirements lead the team to implement a ballscrew actuator with a direct drive
DC motor and a piezo brake. By using an off the shelf motor, Hall effect sensor, ballscrew,
and glass scale encoder, repeatable 20 nm incremental steps (actuator resolution) over a
120mm range was achieved. The results exceed expectations by a factor of 50 times and
prove linear nanometer positioning requires no gears, levers, or hydraulic converters.
8.1410 Mechanisms for Lowering Tethered Payloads: Lessons Learned from the Mars
Exploration Program
Michael J. Gradziel, Kristopher J. Holgerson (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Compact, lightweight, highly reliable lowering devices capable of paying out tether to lower
a payload some number of meters from a balloon or parachute or part of a spacecraft
typically appear in unique systems with little design heritage. Now that three such devices
have flown to Mars on NASA spacecraft, it is timely to report on lessons learned from the
design, testing, and use of these mechanisms and the development of a new lowering
device for NASA’s upcoming Mars Science Laboratory mission. Designs of centrifugal
friction brakes, descent speed control mechanisms, tethers, and the new lowering device
will be presented.
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8.1411 Mechanical Description of the Mars Climate Sounder Instrument

Bruno M. Jau (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper introduces the Mars Climate Sounder Instrument of the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter spacecraft. The instrument scans the Martian atmosphere almost continuously to
systematically acquire weather and climate observations over time. Its primary components
are an optical bench and a two axis gimbal whose joints consist of an actuator and a twist
cap section that enables the electrical wiring to pass through the joint. Micro stepping is
used to reduce spacecraft disturbance torques to acceptable levels. To ensure survivability
over its four year life, suitable mechanical components, lubrication, and an active
temperature control system were incorporated and are briefly discussed.

8.15 In-Space Propulsion Technology

Session Organizer: David Anderson (NASA Glenn Research Center)
8.1501 NASA’s In-Space Propulsion Technology Project Overview and Mission Applicability
Tibor Kremic, David J. Anderson (NASA Glenn Research Center); John W. Dankanich (Gray Research,
Inc.)
Presentation: Friday, March 7th, 8:30 am, Jefferson
The In-Space Propulsion Technology Project, funded by NASA’s Science Mission
Directorate (SMD), is continuing to invest in propulsion technologies that will enable or
enhance NASA robotic science missions. This paper provides development status, near-
term mission benefits, applicability, and availability of in-space propulsion technologies in
the areas of aerocapture, electric propulsion, and advanced chemical thrusters.
Development status of mid-term technology, the low-cost HiVHAC Hall thruster is also
presented. In-space propulsion technologies are applicable, and potentially enabling for
flagship destinations currently under evaluation, as well as having broad applicability to
future Discovery and New Frontiers mission solicitations.
8.1502 Aerocapture Technology Development Overview
Michelle M. Munk (NASA Langley Research Center); Steven A. Moon (Gray Research, Inc.)
This paper highlights the Aerocapture technology investments made by the In-Space
Propulsion Technologies (ISPT) office over the last 6 years. Detailed systems analyses of
aerocapture applications to the Titan Explorer, Neptune Orbiter, Venus Discovery-class,
and Mars Sample Return missions have enhanced the understanding of requirements and
benefits of this mass-saving technology. Advancements in efficient aeroshell systems,
aerothermal sensors, and improved computational models have raised the technology
readiness levels of these areas and are ready to be used by the space mission community.
8.1503 An Overview of Recent Developments in Electric Propulsion for NASA Science
Missions
Eric J. Pencil (NASA Glenn Research Center)
The primary source of electric propulsion development throughout NASA is managed by
the In-Space Propulsion Technology Project at the NASA Glenn Research Center for the
Science Mission Directorate. The objective of the Electric Propulsion project area is to
develop near-term electric propulsion technology to enhance or enable science mission
while minimizing risk and cost to the end user. Major hardware tasks include developing
NASA’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT), developing a long-life High Voltage Hall
Accelerator (HIVHAC), developing an advanced feed system, and developing cross-
platform components.
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8.1504 Technology Readiness of the NEXT Ion Propulsion System

Scott W. Benson, Michael J. Patterson (NASA Glenn Research Center)
The NASA’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) ion propulsion system has been in
advanced technology development under the NASA In-Space Propulsion Technology
project. The highest fidelity hardware planned has now been completed by the
government/industry team, including: a flight prototype model (PM) thruster, an engineering
model (EM) power processing unit, EM propellant management assemblies, a breadboard
gimbal, and control unit simulators. This paper presents the status and results of
technology validation testing to date, the validated subsystem and system capabilities, and
the plans for completion of this phase of NEXT development.
8.1505 In-Space Propulsion Electric Propulsion Technologies Mission Benefits
John W. Dankanich (Gray Research, Inc.)
The primary source of electric propulsion development within NASA is the In-Space
Propulsion Technology (ISPT) under the Science Mission Directorate. The electric
propulsion (EP) technology area’s objective is to develop near and mid-term EP technology
that enhances or enables mission capture while minimizing risk and cost to the end user.
Major activities include developing NASA’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) and a long
life High Voltage Hall Accelerator (HiVHAC). Electric propulsion enables a variety of
missions infeasible with conventional chemical propulsion. Electric propulsion mission
benefits are presented.
8.1506 Advanced Chemical Propulsion for Science Missions
Larry C. Liou (NASA In-Space Propulsion Technology Project Office)
NASA In-Space Technology Project is investing to increase performance and reduce cost
of chemical propulsion systems for science missions. Presently the primary investment is
the AMBR high temperature storable bipropellant rocket engine. Scheduled to be available
for flight development starting in year 2008, AMBR engine offers a 60 kg payload gain
according to one analysis for the Titan-Enceladus orbiter mission and a 33% manufacturing
cost reduction over its baseline, state-of-the-art counterpart. Other technologies invested
include the reliable lightweight tanks and the precision propellant management and mixture
ratio control. Both technologies show significant mission benefit.
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Track 9: Air Vehicle Systems and Technologies
Track Organizer: Christian Rice (Naval Air Systems Command)
9.01 Aircraft Systems & Avionics
Session Organizer: Andrew Lynch (NAVAIR 4.1)
Session Organizer: Eric Schutte (USAF)
9.0101 Symmetrization of Phase Limitations in a Problem of Flight Control
Vladimir N. Pilishkin (Bauman Moscow State Technical University)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne
In this work the method of fulfillment of phase limitations is offered. It is shown, that it is
equal to the condition of belonging of closed system’s matrix rows to some cones in a state
space with the axes of symmetry, which are congruent with the datum lines. Synthesis of
the desired regulator is realized from the solution of linear matrix equation.
9.0102 Application of Data Compression to the MIL-STD-1553 Data Bus
Russell Duren, Michael Thompson (Baylor University)
This paper examines multiple data compression algorithms that improve the effective
bandwidth of systems using the MIL-STD-1553 data bus. The algorithms are evaluated
using data captured from F/A-18 C/D aircraft flights and simulations. Compression ratios of
5 to 1 and greater are achieved using algorithms that are suitable for implementation on
legacy processors. It is demonstrated that the time required to compress and decompress
the data can be more than offset by the savings in data transmission time. System
implementation issues and the effects of data transmission errors are also discussed.
9.0103 Training Benefits of Java-Based Part Task Trainers: MH-60S/MH-60R
Robert Richards, Jeremy Ludwig (Stottler Henke)
The US Navy’s PMA-205 in conjunction with Stottler Henke has re-designed and re-
implemented the partial task trainer (PTT) for the Common Cockpit of the new MH-60S and
MH 60R helicopters. The tool, called the OMIA, is an expandable, easily modifiable low-
cost PC-hosted desktop crew trainer. OMIA is currently in use for training at HSC-2, HSC-3
and HSM-41; and is continuing to evolve to match the changing helicopters. OMIA is now
implemented in Java and runs on NMCI (Navy/Marine Corps Intranet) computers. This new
implementation allows the software to have all the benefits of a ‘portableapp’, and a web-
based application.
9.0104 Air-to-Air Evaluation of an Amplified 802.11b Network
Robert Volesky, Brian Kish, Douglas Creviston, Jason Geitgey, Morikazu Kikuchi, Jason Vap (USAF TPS)
Students at the United States Air Force Test Pilot School successfully completed a limited
evaluation of an 802.11b air-to-air WiFi data link between two C-12C test aircraft. The test
team determined the maximum range capability for 1 megabit per second and 11 megabits
per second over the WiFi data link when transmitting at 0.32 and 1.58 Watts of effective
isotropic radiated power. The test team also demonstrated the capability of transmitting and
receiving text files, still images, pre-recorded video, and streaming, live webcam video
between the two test aircraft.
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9.02 Air Vehicle Flight Testing

Session Organizer: Robin Locksley (Naval Air Warfare Center)
9.0201 Evaluation of the Design Requirements of the H-1 Upgrades Blade Fold Racks
Matthew Funk (NAVY UCAS Program office)
An evaluation of the programmatic implications of design requirements on the functionality,
performance, and ease of use of the final delivered system.
9.0202 Development and Flight Test of a Reconfigurable Avionics Research Pod for the
USAF Test Pilot School
Adam MacDonald, Michael Shepherd (USAF Test Pilot School)
Considerable time and money are spent on the modification of fleet-support test aircraft in
order to enable carriage of novel research experiments that require in-flight test and
demonstration. The Reconfigurable Airborne Sensor, Communication and Laser (RASCAL)
pod will revolutionize the way that USAF TPS conducts Test Management Project training,
and will enable rapid transition of cutting-edge technology under development at AFIT and
national laboratories to the demanding airborne flight environment. The development and
flight test of RASCAL are discussed, as are future concepts of operation expected to be
conducted at the USAF TPS.

Session Organizer: Christian Rice (Naval Air Systems Command)
Session Organizer: Kendra Cook (Integrity Applications Incorporated)
9.0301 An Integrated UAV Navigation System Based on Aerial Image Matching
Gianpaolo Conte, Patrick Doherty (Linköping University, SWEDEN)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne
The aim of this work is to explore the possibility of using geo-referenced satellite or aerial
images to augment an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) navigation system in case of long
term GPS failure. A vision based navigation system which combines inertial sensors, visual
odometer and registration of a UAV on-board video to a given aerial image has been
developed and tested on real flight-test data. The experimental results show that it is
possible to extract useful position information from aerial imagery for non-GPS autonomous
UAV navigation. The experiment was conducted using a UAV helicopter of about 100
kilograms.
9.0302 Vision Aided Inertial Navigation with Measurement Delay for Fixed-Wing Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle Landing
Sungmoon Joo (Stanford University); Corey Ippolito (NASA Ames Research Center); Khalid Al-Ali
(Carnegie Mellon University); West Coast Campus); Yoo-Hsiu Yeh (Carnegie Mellon University)
Standard inertial navigation with GPS provides relatively poor accuracy in altitude
estimation, while autonomous landing of UAVs requires accurate position estimation. In this
paper, a UAV navigation system with aid from an external camera for landing is
investigated. This paper presents: (i)a sensor fusion algorithm for passive monocular vision
and INU based on the EKF considering measurement delay, and (ii) a robust object-
detection vision algorithm using optical flow. Pilot controlled landing experiments on a
NASA UAV platform and the filter simulations validate the feasibility and performance of the
proposed approach.
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9.0303 Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Visual Servoing for Cooperative Indoor Exploration.
Piotr Rudol, Mariusz Wzorek, Gianpaolo Conte, Patrick Doherty (Linkoping University)
This paper presents a complete system which incorporates a vision-based pose estimation
method to allow a MAV to navigate in indoor environments in cooperation with a ground
robot. The pose estimation technique uses a lightweight Light Emitting Diode (LED) cube
structure as a pattern attached to a MAV. The pattern is observed by a ground robot’s
camera which provides the flying robot with the estimate of its pose. The performance of
the pose estimation technique and the complete system is presented and experimental
flights of a Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) MAV are described.
9.0304 Human Body Detection and Geolocalization for UAV Search and Rescue Missions
Piotr Rudol, Patrick Doherty (Linkoping University)
This paper presents a technique which allows detecting humans at a high frame rate on
standard hardware onboard an autonomous UAV in a real-world outdoor environment using
thermal and color imagery. Detected human positions are geolocated and a map of points
of interest is built. Such a saliency map can, for example, be used to plan medical supply
delivery during a disaster relief effort. The technique has been implemented and tested on-
board the UAVTech (Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technologies Lab, Linkoping
University, Sweden) autonomous unmanned helicopter platform as a part of a complete
autonomous mission.
9.0305 Target Geolocation from a Small Unmanned Aircraft System
Richard Madison, Paul DeBitetto (The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory); A. Rocco Olean (Natick Soldier
RDEC); Mac Peebles (AeroVironment, Inc.)
We are developing an improved target geolocation system for Small Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (SUAS). The targeting system reads the image/telemetry stream from a Raven-B
SUAS, tracks target(s) in the imagery, and uses Kalman filtering to estimate the target’s 3D
location. We tested the algorithm, the fielded Raven-B targeting algorithm, a simpler filter,
and Structure from Motion (SFM) using flight data and Raven-B simulator data. The
targeting system achieved 10m targeting accuracy on the flight data sets. SFM achieved 5-
10m on the same sets. Accuracy likely will be improved by further mitigating identified error
sources and incorporating SFM into the filter.
9.0306 Distributed Real-Time Optimization Across Airborne Networks
Joseph Mueller, Yiyuan Zhao (University of Minnesota)
Unmanned aerial vehicles have demonstrated their utility in a wide range of different
applications, from military reconnaissance to agricultural monitoring. Using multiple UAVs
in concert enables more challenging and complex missions to be flown. Such applications
require coordinated decision making to be performed across the airborne network in real-
time. In this paper, we consider the problem of planning optimal trajectories in real-time
across the distributed system using a decentralized optimization framework. We examine
the effect of communication delay and outline a basic procedure for implementing real-time
guidance.
9.0307 Military Applications and Sensitivity Analysis of Coupling Game Management
Mo Wei (Intelligent Automation, Inc.); Jose B. Cruz, Jr. (Ohio State University); Genshe Chen (Intelligent
Automation, Inc.); Erik Blasch (US Air Force Research Laboratory); WPAFB); Martin Kruger (Office of
Naval Research)
Presentation: Friday, March 7th, 8:30 am, S Cheyenne
Coupling game theory can be used to formulate cases “lying between” non-cooperative
games and cooperative games and it can provide more reasonable control strategies for
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players. Traditional Transferable Utility (TU) cooperative games, non-cooperative games,

and two-person zero-sum games are special cases of coupling game. This paper describes
military applications of a coupling game. Approaches to determine coupling factors in a
coupling game are discussed. Sensitivity functions about coupling factors are provided.
UAV experiments confirm the benefits of applying coupling game theory in non-ideal
complex military situations.
9.0308 A Game Theoretic Data Fusion Aided Path Planning Approach for Cooperative UAV
ISR
Genshe Chen (Intelligent Automation, Inc.)
Presentation: Friday, March 7th, 8:55 am, S Cheyenne
Cooperative and intelligent path planning is important for UAVs to carry out coordinated
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) in adversarial environments. In this
paper, we propose a game theoretic data fusion aided platform routing algorithm for
cooperative ISR. Our approach consists of three closely coupled components: 1) Closed-
loop data fusion. The Level 1 (Object), Level 2 (Situation) and Level 3 (threat) data fusion
form a closed-loop structure, in which Markov game theoretic intent inferences will execute
from the results of Level 1 and Level 2 results. The estimated threat intents will be fed back
to the Level 2 fusion to...
9.0310 Rapid Deployment UAV
Shun-Wen Cheng (Far East University, Taiwan)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
Besides UCAV, present winged or helicopter-style UAVs waste too much time and fuel to
takeoff and arrive an unpredicted trouble spot. This study presents two design concepts of
rapid deployment UAV: the first is vertical launch surface-based Rapid Deployment UAV
(RDUAV), and the second is Air-Launched Rapid Deployment UAV (AL-RDUAV). The
proposed Rapid Deployment UAVs should rapidly reach the destination to eliminate the
time gap and keep the original advantages of UAV. Both the RDUAV and AL-RDUAV are
not only beneficial for military uses but also can perform rapid response to anti-terror
missions or serious emergencies.
9.0311 Framework for the Conceptual Decomposition of Unmanned Aircraft Propulsion
Systems
Christopher L. Griffis, Timothy A. Wilson, Jeffrey A. Schneider, Peter S. Pierpont (ERAU Eagle Works)
UAS propulsion is provided not only by widely used technologies such as reciprocating
piston engines and jet and prop turbine engines, but also by electric motors running off
some combination of batteries, solar cells, and fuel cells. These disparate propulsion
technologies pose a challenge in comparing systems, determining equivalent levels of
safety, developing performance and safety requirements, etc. In the systems view of UAS
propulsion presented here, the propulsion system is decomposed into five subsystems. The
ability of the framework to describe developing propulsion technologies such as fuel cells,
micro jets, ultracapacitors, etc. is explained, and supported with key examples.
9.0312 Trajectory Design for Cooperative Combat Mission
Amir Tavakoli Kashi (Sharif University of Technology)
In this paper, a hierarchical method for trajectory design for cooperative combat missions
(CCM) is presented. In a military environment, in addition to physical constraints (aircraft
dynamics and mountains) there are threats made by Radars or Artillery. So an important
constraint, “Avoid Threats”, is added to physical constraints. Major steps in trajectory
design are: “Target Assignment”, “Path Planning”, “Path Smoothing and Trajectory Design”.
The most important points and a brief algorithm for each step is presented in this paper.
Finally the method is applied to special case and the results presented.
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9.0313 Vision-Based Trajectory Tracking Controller for Autonomous Close Proximity

Operations
Seyed Mohammad Khansari Zadeh, Fariborz Saghafi (Sharif University of Technology)
Tight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) autonomous missions such as formation flight and
aerial refueling requires an active controller that works in conjunction with a precise vision-
based sensor that is able to extract In-front aircraft relative position and orientation from
captured images. In this paper, a new vision-based algorithm that uses neural networks to
estimate the In-front aircraft relative orientation and position is developed. Furthermore, the
accuracy and robustness of the proposed algorithm has been validated via a detailed
modeling and a complete virtual environment based on the 6DOF nonlinear simulation of
aircraft dynamics in an autonomous aerial refueling mission.
9.0314 Robust Control Design for a Two-axis Gimbaled Stabilization System
Ho-Pyeong Lee, Inn-Eark Yoo (Agency for Defense Development)
A two-axis gimbaled stabilization system in air vehicles must stabilize the line of sight
toward a target against the external motion induced by air vehicle maneuvering and
aerodynamic forces. It is well known that the target tracking and pointing performances of
the air vehicles are largely affected by air vehicle motion decoupling capability. This paper
introduces a servo drive model for a two-axis gimbaled stabilization system, and presents
robust controllers for the air vehicle stabilization system. The simulation results are
compared to confirm the validity of the suggested simulation model and the control design
procedures for the stabilization system applied...
9.0315 Two Stage Architecture for Navigating Multiple Guided Weapons into a Widespread
Target
Samitha W. Ekanayake, Pubudu N. Pathirana (Deakin University, Australia)
Cooperative control of multiple unmanned vehicles is an attractive and challenging problem
which has drawn considerable attention in the recent past. This paper introduces a scalable
and decentralized control algorithm for airborne guided weapon system, which aggregates
the weapons into a given shape while reaching the surface. The proposed architecture is
based on a two stage controller which uses artificial forces to navigate the weapons into the
desired geographical area bounded by a simple closed contour and evenly distribute them
inside the desired area.

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Track 10: Software and Computing
Track Organizer: Robert Popp (National Security Innovations (NSI), Inc.)
Track Organizer: Sanda Mandutianu (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Lawrence Markosian (QSS Group, Inc.)
10.0101 The Use and Implementation of Coding Standards for High-Confidence Embedded
Systems
Paul Anderson, Michael McDougall, Mark Zarins (GrammaTech, Inc.)
Three prominent coding standards aimed at increasing code quality and reducing the risk of
unsafe code are described. The rules are classified according to their rationale, and
techniques for detecting violations are discussed. Many rules are found to be ambiguous or
open to subjective interpretation, making automatic enforcement problematic. For some
classes of rule, tools for violation detection are prone to reporting false positives and false
negatives, but there are reasonable strategies for managing these. Recommendations for
adoption and enforcement of the rules are proposed.
10.0102 Using Sequence Diagrams to Detect Communication Problems between Systems
Mikael Lindvall, Chris Ackermann, Arnab Ray, Lyly Yonkwa, Jan Kresser, Jens Knodel (Fraunhofer
Center for Experimental Software Engineering Maryland); William C. Stratton, Deane E. Sibol (Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory); Sally Godfrey (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Many software systems are evolving complex system of systems for which inter-system
communication is both mission-critical and error-prone, and ideally would be detected
before deployment. In a NASA-supported Software Assurance Research Program (SARP)
project, we are researching a new approach addressing such problems. In this paper, we
show that problems in the communication between two systems can be detected by using
sequence diagrams to model the planned communication and by comparing the planned
sequence to the actual sequence. We identify different kinds of problems that can be
addressed by modeling the planned sequence using different level of abstractions.
10.0103 Model-based Approach to Validation and Verification of Flight Critical Software
Link C. Jaw (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.)
This paper presents the results of a U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)
sponsored project on the development of validation and verification (V&V) technologies for
flight-critical software. The purpose of the project is to improve the affordability and safety
for software V&V, specifically, for adaptive and/or mixed-criticality software. Adaptive
software introduces uncertainties; mixed-criticality refers to the information passed between
flight critical and mission critical software partitions, hence affecting in-flight adaptation (or
control reconfiguration).
10.0104 Trust Your Model - Verifying Aerospace System Models with Java™ Pathfinder
Peter C. Mehlitz (Perot Systems Government Services)
UML statechart diagrams are a convenient and powerful way to describe behavioral models
of complex aerospace systems. However, existing UML development systems provide little
help to verify the consistency of such models, especially in the context of embedded
actions and guards. This paper describes an approach to use NASA’s open sourced Java
Pathfinder software model checker to fill this gap.
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10.0105 Verification of Plans and Procedures

Guillaume Brat, Mihaela Gheorghiu, Dimitra Giannakopoulou (USRA)
Procedures and plans are used across NASA missions. For example, astronaut activities
on the International Space Station are regulated by procedures which are uploaded from
the ground. It is critical that these procedures are verified and validated before being
executed by astronauts. This paper describes how we are applying advanced formal
verification techniques, such as model checking, to plans and procedures expressed in
semantically well-defined languages such as PRL and PLEXIL...
10.0106 Requirements for Software Exception Handling
Herbert Hecht (SoHaR Incorporated)
Missing or faulty exception handling has caused a number of spectacular system failures
and continues to be a major cause of software failures in aerospace systems. To better
understand the problem, needs for exception handling are described as they arise at
different times of the development cycle and from different disciplines. The details of stating
requirements for exception handling are addressed and a methodology for verifying the
effectiveness and completeness are described.
10.0107 A Software Safety Certification Tool for Automatically Generated Guidance,
Navigation and Control Code
Ewen Denney (NASA Ames Research Center) ; Steven Trac (University of Miami)
We describe AutoCert, a plug-in for automated code generators that supports the
certification of the generated code. The AutoCert tool formally verifies that the generated
code is free of different safety violations, constructs an independently verifiable certificate,
and explains its analysis in a textual form suitable for code reviews. This enables missions
to obtain assurance about the safety and reliability of the code without excessive manual
V&V effort, and also supports independent V&V. The approach is independent of the
particular generator used but has been adapted to GN&C code generated using
MathWorks Real-Time Workshop.
10.0108 Verification of C Flight Software with the MCP Model Checker
Guillaume Brat, Sarah Thompson (USRA, NASA Ames)
The Constellation project at NASA calls for designing a Crew Exploration Vehicle (Orion,
also called CEV) and Cargo Launch Vehicle (Ares, also called CLV). Both projects will rely
on newly designed flight control software. The verification of these C++ flight codes is
critical, especially for Orion, since human life will be at stake. There exist some commercial
tools for the verification of C++ code. However, none of the commercially available tools
does a good job a finding bugs dealing with concurrency. Yet both software for Orion and
Ares are expected to be multi-threaded. With this work we are proposing to...

10.02 Agent-Based Systems for Aerospace

Session Organizer: Sanda Mandutianu (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
10.0201 Rapid Simulation Construction
Jeremy Ludwig, Dan Fu (Stottler Henke Associates)
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We built four low-cost desktop training simulations for the Air Force’s Air University and a
simulated control system for NASA’s International Space System. We present our process
and toolset and discuss key strengths and shortcomings in the context of the simulations.
We focus on two pivotal aspects: scoping the level of fidelity for the simulation logic, and
designing and constructing cost-effective simulation user interfaces that achieve
instructional goals. These two aspects will be described in the context of the SimVentive
and SimBionic toolsets, both of which are freely available for use by NASA or any other
government agency.
10.0202 Evaluating Game Technologies for Training
Dan Fu (Stottler Henke Associates)
In recent years, videogame technologies have become more popular for military and
government training purposes. There now exists numerous technology choices for training
developers. Unfortunately, there is no standard set of criteria by which a given technology
can be evaluated. In this paper we report on initial steps taken towards the evaluation of
technology with respect to training needs. We describe the training process, characterize
the space of technology solutions, review a representative sample of platforms, and
introduce evaluation criteria.
10.03 Computational Modeling

Session Organizer: Darrell Terry (The Mitre Corporation)
10.0301 Efficient Simulation for Testing Loss of Separation Algorithms
Allan L. White (NASA Langley)
Given increased air traffic and the possible use of autonomous vehicles, there is interest in
the verification of separation algorithms. Because of the complexity of the environment and
the presence of perturbations, a candidate approach is simulation and Monte Carlo. There
are several desirable properties of the simulation: realism, portability, transparency, and
efficiency. This paper is an initial effort using MATLAB to study a separation algorithm. An
original separation algorithm was developed to make this project independent of any other
effort. The algorithms and program were effective enough and efficient enough that the
project will proceed.
10.05 Human-Computer Interaction

Session Organizer: Howard Neely (HRL Laboratories, LLC)
10.0501 Delivering Images for Mars Rover Science Planning
Mark W. Powell, Thomas M. Crockett, Jason M. Fox, Joseph Joswig, Jeffrey S. Norris, Khawaja Shams,
Recaredo Jay Torres (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Mars rover images provide essential context for planning science activities. This work
describes a method for delivering Mars rover images to operations planners that is highly
efficient and scalable. Experimental results of various image compression strategies
applied to rover images are given. Next, an adaptive level-of-detail tile-based delivery
methodology for images is presented. With a tile-aware image browsing application,
images of virtually limitless size may be distributed to participating scientists with great
efficiency and thus provide a common collaborative context. This work also describes
advances in mosaicking rover images in support of operations planning.
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10.06 Information Management and Collaborative Engineering

Session Organizer: Carl Puckett (Booz | Allen | Hamilton)
10.0601 Contextualized Search and Faceted Browsing of Heterogeneous ISS Mission
Operations Data
Christopher D. Knight, Jane T. Malin (NASA)
This paper details a full-text search interface developed to support mission operators to
quickly search across multiple databases simultaneously and allow for search result
refinement using a faceted user interface. By leveraging the contextualized NETMARK
eXtensible DataBase (XDB), this search interface automatically infers categories for facets
and allows users to select one or more category for each facet to narrow the results to only
display those that meet all of the selected facet categories.
10.0602 Functional Hierarchical Search Results Data Analysis
Mohana Gurram (RIACS, USRA); Christopher Knight (NASA)
This paper details a technique developed as part of this activity to identify documents
similar to document relevant and of interest to the user by leveraging the prior search
results to produce a weighted graph of document relationships based upon search terms.
This paper details the algorithm used, the user interface prototypes developed to evaluate
the usefulness of similarity to the browser activities of the users, and the evaluation of the
accuracy of this technique as compared with traditional document-similarity data analysis
techniques.
10.07 Information Technologies for Counter Terrorism

Session Organizer: John Lockwood (Stanford University)
10.0701 Data Fusion and Prediction for CBRN Transport and Dispersion for Security
Sue Ellen Haupt, George S. Young, Kerrie J. Long, Anke Beyer-Lout, Andrew J. Annunzio (The
Pennsylvania State University)
If a toxic contaminant is released in the atmosphere, either by accident or by terrorist
activity, it is necessary to model its transport and dispersion. This process is difficult if the
location and type of source are not known. If there are contaminant sensors, then the
source and meteorological conditions can be back-calculated using a genetic algorithm-
based package and the transport and dispersion of the contaminant better predicted by
applying data assimilation methods. This paper describes a technique for developing a
sensor data fusion/meteorological data assimilation hybrid system. We also analyze the
including noise and how much data are needed.
10.0702 Achieving Cryptographic Modernization Compliance for Reprogrammable Crypto in
Space
Joseph Bull (Booz Allen Hamilton)
The Department of Defense–directed and National Security Agency–led Cryptographic
Modernization Initiative (CMI) mandates the use of space-borne reprogrammable
cryptographic devices for future satellite systems. This cryptographic paradigm shift has
revealed a void in the knowledge base currently used for implementation of cryptographic
space products, because reprogrammability has not been addressed within the Defense
community. This knowledge gap creates the need for a systems engineering–based
process to enable a satellite system to achieve successful compliance with CMI, a process
that this paper intends to address.
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10.08 Novel Information Technologies for Asymmetric Threats

Session Organizer: David Cousins (BBN Technologies)
10.0801 Geotemporal Analysis
Stephen G. Eick, Andrew Eick, Jesse Fugitt, James E. Heath, Mark Ross (SSS Research)
We have developed thin client AJAX Web 2.0 visualization components called
GeoTimeline™ and GeoTimeWheel™ for displaying temporal event data with geospatial
information. The components are interactive, live, linked and contain many novel features
for understanding temporal and geospatial patterns in event data. Our underlying data
model extends GeoRSS and thus enables us to ingest common geo-coded data from web
feeds. Our system is suitable for both off-line analysis of static datasets and real-time
monitoring of live feeds.

Session Organizer: Joseph Urban (National Science Foundation)
10.1001 Automated Translation of Safety Critical Application Software Specifications into
PLC Ladder Logic
Kurt W. Leucht, Glenn S. Semmel (NASA Kennedy Space Center)
Software engineers at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) recognized the need for
programmable logic controller (PLC) code generation while developing their new ground
checkout and launch processing system. They developed a process and a prototype
software tool that automatically translates a high-level representation or specification of
safety critical application software into ladder logic that executes on a PLC. This process
and tool are expected to increase the reliability of the PLC code over that which is written
manually, and may even lower life-cycle costs and shorten the development schedule of
the new control system at KSC.
10.1002 Visualization and Formalization of User Constraints for Tight Estimation of Worst-
Case Execution Time
Jong-In Lee (KARI); Ho-Jung Bang, Tai-Hyo Kim, Sung-Deok Cha (KAIST)
Automated static timing analysis methods provide a safe but usually overestimated worst-
case execution time (WCET). Overestimation is mainly due to the existence of the
execution paths that turn out to be infeasible or unrealistic when dynamic behavior of the
program or environmental assumptions are fully considered. In this paper, we propose a
new method and a visual language called User Constraint Language (UCL) to obtain a tight
WCET estimation. UCL provides intuitive visual notations with which users can easily
specify various levels of flow information to characterize the execution paths of program.
10.12 Web++: Semantics, Ontologies, and Agents

Session Organizer: Sanda Mandutianu (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
10.1201 Semantic Interoperability Integrating and Augmenting Legacy Applications with
OWL Ontologies
Doug Holmes (Java Professionals, Inc.); Richard Stocking (Lockheed Martin Aeronautics)
This paper describes an approach to software interoperability based on knowledge
representation technologies developed in support of the emerging Semantic Web. In
particular, we are interested in the interoperation of an arbitrary set (two or more) of
“legacy” applications that operate in a common domain, but that were not originally
designed to support each other or to share information. Each legacy application is able to
obtain input data from the model and export output information to augment or update a
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formal model in a form that allows cooperating systems to operate on the updated
information.
10.1202 Augmenting Data Collection and Analysis of Operational Simulations with RDF and
SPARQL
Brian Mihok, Richard Stocking (Lockheed Martin Aeronautics); Doug Holmes (Java Professionals, Inc.)
We describe a toolset (Framework) and associated analytic methodology that support the
development of “intelligent” air systems. The Framework provides a distributed simulation
environment that will accommodate a wide range of “pluggable” Operations Analysis (OA)
simulations and design tools to support assessment of systems. We represent the
simulation meta-model in RDF/XML and describe the process by which an example textual
simulation output is converted to RDF. We then discuss the use of SPARQL queries and
SWRL rules that effectively expands the functionality of the system and improves the
analysis of the output of the system of cooperating simulations and tools.
10.13 PANEL: XML Deployment

Session Organizer: Ryan Detter (NASA-GSFC)

Session Organizer: Charles Lee (SAIC / NASA Ames Research Center)
10.1401 Why is so Little Attention Paid to the Centralization of Data
Angelia Corbett (The Boeing Company)
The paper discusses how projects introduce risk by failing to purposefully architect a data
storage system that moves seemlessly from development to operations.
10.1402 An Introspection Framework for Fault Tolerance in Support of Autonomous Space
Systems
Mark L. James, Hans P. Zima (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper describes a software system designed for the support of future autonomous
space missions by providing an infrastructure for runtime monitoring, analysis, and
feedback. The objective of this research is to make mission software executing on parallel
on-board architectures fault tolerant through an introspection mechanism that provides
automatic recovery minimizing the loss of function and data. Such architectures are
essential for future JPL missions because of their increased need for autonomy along with
enhanced on-board computational capabilities while in deep space or time-critical
situations.

10.19 Panel on Software Architecture, co-sponsored by Track 12
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10.15 Intelligent networks for Space Applications

Session Organizer: John Lockwood (Stanford University)
10.1501 Intelligent Avionics with Advanced Clustering
John Meier (Boeing); John Lockwood, Adam Covington, Todd Sproull (Washington University)
We consider tracking targets using multiple distributed sensor platforms. Rather than
sending the tracks to a central location, information is exchanged between platforms. While
fixed position single sensor tracking of a single target is considered straightforward,
multiple sensors on the different platforms with overlapping coverage is hard because
duplicate tracking data is generated for the same targets. Redundant information generates
network messages that in turn overload the network performance, and may result in traffic
congestion on limited bandwidth links that prevents time critical data from reaching its
destination. We present modeling, emulation and hardware test results.

Session Organizer: Kathryn Weiss (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
10.1801 An Architectural Pattern for Goal-Based Control
Matthew Bennett, Daniel Dvorak, Joseph Hutcherson, Michel Ingham, Robert Rasmussen, David Wagner
(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Time-based command sequencing is the traditional paradigm for control of spacecraft and
rovers in NASA’s robotic missions, but this paradigm has been increasingly strained to
accommodate today’s missions. Goal-based control is a new paradigm that supports time-
driven and event-driven operation in a natural way and permits a melding of sequencing
and fault protection into a single control paradigm. This paper describes one approach to
goal-based control as a software architecture pattern. This paper is intended to help flight
and ground software engineers understand the new paradigm and how it compares to time-
based sequencing.
10.1802 Integrating System and Software Engineering Through Modeling
Garth Watney, Jennifer Mindock (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
System engineers capturing formal requirements typically rely on tools such as “shall
statements” and “PowerPoint engineering”. In our work with the Space Interferometry
Mission at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, we needed to unambiguously capture
complex behavior using a common modeling language. System engineers adopted portions
of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to formally represent these requirements.
Modeling proved to be a highly effective method of “fleshing-in” ambiguous requirements.
System and Software engineers could iterate on these models until system behavior was
well-understood. Modeling also proved beneficial for auto-coding and formal verification.
10.1803 Software Assurance for Model-Based Design
Jane M. C. Oh, Garth J. Watney, Edward G. Benowitz (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Within JPL and NASA, the emergence of model-based design will reformulate the design
process. Simultaneously, the mission-critical role of software is increasing. Thus, the nature
of software assurance must change accordingly. This paper examines the experience of
using model-based design in the context of development of mission flight software and also
covers how software assurance practices are being adapted to work with this approach.
We investigated the primary benefits of using an agreed-upon and technically rigorous
vehicle of communication among project personnel, and automatic code generation from
the models expressed using these notations.
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10.1804 Automated Testing of Science Instrument Flight Software

Alan S. Mazer, Scott M. Loring (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper describes an approach to automated testing of science instrument flight
software using scripted commanding, telemetry capture, and intelligent telemetry
verification. The most difficult piece of this approach, telemetry verification, is accomplished
with a JPL-developed software package, HKCheck, which takes user-defined packet
formats, error conditions, and goals, and verifies that binary telemetry meets the specified
conditions.
10.1805 Software Independent Verification and Validation for Spacecraft at JAXA
Naohiko Kohtake. Atsushi Katoh, Naoki Ishihama, Yuko Miyamoto, Tomomi Kawasaki, Masafumi Katahira
(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
JAXA has applied software independent verification and validation (IV&V) to various
spacecraft software programs, such as software on satellites, ground stations, and the
Japanese Experimental Module (JEM) of the International Space Station. The malfunction
procedure in operations data file for JEM is also the target. Suitable software IV&V can be
performed for each spacecraft throughout the entire development life cycle. The objectives
for our software IV&V activity are the following: applying suitable software IV&V to each
spacecraft, creating new software IV&V technologies for spacecraft, and spreading new
software engineering technologies based on our software IV&V to development teams and
contractors.

10.19 PANEL: Software Architecture, Co-sponsored by Track 12

Chair: Kathryn Weiss (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Panelists:
Mark Maier
Robert Rasmussen
Nenad Medvidovic
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 – 5:45 pm, Elbow 1
Summary
The intent of the Panel on Software Architecture is to recognize and elevate the importance
of software architecture both as an integral part of the software engineering lifecycle and
also as a means of bridging the gap between systems and software engineering. The
panelists and the panel chair have a wide range of expertise in the software architecture
discipline spanning original research to practical application in the aerospace domain. The
panelists will address a variety of "seed" questions developed by the panel chair to foster
an interactive and lively discussion among the panelists and the audience.
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Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Health Management
Track Organizer: Andrew Hess (The Hess PHM Group, Inc.)
Track Organizer: David Kleinman (Naval Postgraduate School)
11.01 Fixed Wing and/or Rotary Wing PHM Program Applications
Session Organizer: Andrew Hess (The Hess PHM Group, Inc.)
Session Organizer: Keith Sellers (Boeing)
11.0101 Cost-Benefit Analysis Methodology for PHM Applied to Legacy Commercial Aircraft
Bruno P. Leão, Kevin T. Fitzgibbon, Lucas C. Puttini, Gustavo P. B. de Melo (Embraer)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, Gallatin
This paper presents a methodology of cost-benefit analysis on the application of PHM for
existing (legacy) commercial aircraft. The methodology takes into account the
characteristics of the commercial aircraft operation business to yield estimates of the
economic feasibility of the application of the technology. The paper presents guidelines to
quantify associated benefits and costs and the tools that may be used to analyze the
results. The final product of the methodology is a cost-benefit model which provides insight
to the aircraft OEM and to the aircraft operator on how PHM should be applied in order to
maximize their bottom lines.
11.0102 A Method of Compression in HUMS and its Effect on Analysis
Eric Mayhew, Eric Bechhoefer (Goodrich SIS)
The fleet of Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) equipped aircraft is growing
rapidly. With the UH-60M having HUMS as original equipment, it is anticipated that there
will be more than 1200 aircraft proving parametric and vibration data. Considering that each
aircraft produced 20 MB of data per flight hour, 100 flight hours per month, a fleet of 1200
aircraft will generate 29 Terabytes of data. This paper explores a methodology for data
compression to significantly reduce the storage requirements for this data. The effects of
compression on event detection (parametric and vibration) is explored and bounds are
error given...
11.0103 Detection of Pre-Crack Fatigue Damage in a U.S. Army MH-47E Chinook Aft Rotor
Shaft
Dennis Granger II (AMRDEC); Curtis A. Rideout, Steve Yano (Positron Systems, Inc.); David J. White
(Spectra Technical Solutions)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 11:25 am, Gallatin
NDE measurements are useful in monitoring accumulated fatigue damage, assessing
probability of failure, determining remaining useful life, establishing inspection intervals, and
refining fatigue damage accumulation models at any point in the operational life cycle of
structural components. Induced Positron Analysis (IPA) was evaluated as an NDE
technology to investigate the potential for safely extending the useful life of existing
CH/MH-47 Chinook aft rotor shafts that are being retired upon reaching the operational
flight hour limits as defined by current design life criteria. This paper addresses the
proceedures, analysis, results, conclusions, and the recommended path forward to achieve
NDE objectives.
11.02 Diagnostics and PHM for Propulsion Engine Bearings

Session Organizer: Thomas Brotherton (The Intelligent Automation Corp.)
11.0201 High Temperature Sensor for Bearing Health Monitoring
Rodrick Draney (Sentient Corporation)
The goal of Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) is to minimize maintenance costs by
scheduling and performing maintenance only as needed. Accurate estimates of component
health are required for successful CBM. This paper presents a sensor for determining
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Track 11: Diagnostics, Prognostics and Health Management
bearing health in harsh environments. The combined sensor and bearing, or "smart
bearing", is autonomous, harvesting thermal energy from the environment and providing
temperature and vibration data via wireless transmission. The sensor exploits recent
developments in electronic components to operate at high temperatures. A unique method
for measuring cage motion is presented. Preliminary results are reported and potential
applications are indicated.
11.0202 Development and Validation of Bearing Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools using
HUMS Condition Indicators
David He (University of Illinois); Eric Bechhoefer (Goodrich SIS)
Health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) are currently used in helicopters for health
monitoring of flight critical components. If a CI exceeds the threshold, the component is
declared bad. The limitation is that these thresholds don’t quantitatively correlate to a
component’s health condition and therefore cannot be used for accurate prognosis. This
paper presents an experience in developing and validating bearing diagnostic and
prognostic tools using HUMS condition indicators. The significance of the presented work is
that it can be used to set CI thresholds in HUMS for reliable diagnostics, and potentially to
enhance the prognostic capability of HUMS.
11.0203 Use of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Advanced Bearing Health Diagnostics and
Prognostics
Honor Powrie, Rob Callan (GE Aviation); Nick Chen, Mark Craig, Robert Wood (University of
Southampton)
This paper describes ongoing research by the University of Southampton and GE Aviation
to investigate the intelligent processing of mechanical component health data to improve
prognostics and diagnostics: In particular to evaluate the effectiveness of various sensing
technologies (when applied to monitoring bearings), extending the window of time over
which a failing component condition may be determined (prognosing) and identifying the
nature of the failure (diagnosing).
11.03 Diagnostics & PHM for Aerospace Subsystems & Components

Session Organizer: Carl Byington (Impact Technologies, LLC)
11.0301 SiC Power Electronics Packaging Prognostics
Gregory Bower, Chris Rogan, James Kozlowski, Michael Zugger (The Applied Research Laboratory)
With the advent of high power, high temperature SiC semiconductor technology, the need
for reliable packaging becomes more acute. Device packaging must support the SiC die
and survive the operating conditions seen by the device. These operating conditions can
result in higher stresses in the package, leading to reliability issues. This paper describes
three potentially dominant failure modes in SiC packaging, and methods to prognosticate
these failure mechanisms. The three failure mechanisms targeted are bond wire fatigue,
solder fatigue and dielectric or encapsulation failure. Each of these failure modes has life
models and distinct methods for prognostication of the device.
11.0302 Seeded Fault Testing and In-situ Analysis of Critical Electronic Components in EMA
Power Circuitry
Mark Baybutt, Sashank Nanduri, Patrick W. Kalgren (Impact Technologies, LLC); David S. Bodden, N.
Scott Clements (Lockheed Martin Aeronautics); Saeed Alipour (Parker Aerospace)
An investigation into the development of feasible detection strategies capturing and
trending incipient signs of failure in electronic power and control circuitry of EMA systems
was jointly funded and conducted by Lockheed Martin, Parker Aerospace, and Impact
Technologies. The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate feature-based and
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efficiency-based prognostic approaches for power drive and control electronics through
application of component-level HALT testing and circuit board-level seeded fault testing.
The authors of this paper discuss collaborative work identifying system-critical components
through a FMECA++, accelerated aging of these components, insertion into the EMA
system, and analysis of test results.
11.0303 Electronic Prognostics System Implementation on Power Actuator Components
Sonia Vohnout, Douglas Goodman, Justin Judkins, Mladen Kozak, Ken Harris
Using an electro-mechanical actuator (EMA) as the focus, this paper will describe an
extensible architecture for a Prognostics Health Management (PHM) system that provides
EMA’s `state of health` and `remaining useful life` (RUL) estimates. The key enabler for
achieving prognostics capabilities is a Prognostics data acquisition harness, which collects
and pre-processes signals relating to the health of dynamically executing components and
subsystems. With 100% up-time being the ultimate target, prognostics can be effectively
utilized to manage early actions to avoid costly potential down-time events.
11.0304 Mahalanobis Distance and Projection Pursuit Analysis for Health Assessment of
Electronic Systems
Sachin Kumar, Vasilis Sotiris, Michael Pecht (University of Maryland)
This paper presents a Mahalanobis Distance and Projection pursuit analysis based
prognostic and diagnostic approach for early detection of anomalies in electronic products
and systems. These have been used to detect deviations in system performance from
normal operation, and are efficient at characterizing products with short field histories. A
case study is presented to demonstrate that an “abnormal” system can be distinguished
from a “normal” system and that a new system can be characterized based on existing
baselines from different computer models...
11.0305 Leakage Fault Detection Method for Axial-Piston Variable Displacement Pumps
Jerome Palazzolo, Larry Scheunemann, John Hartin, Brogan Morton (Sentient Corporation)
To address the lack of health monitoring for turbine-engine accessories, Sentient
developed a fault-estimation algorithm for axial-piston pumps. The key to this success was
the development of a physics-based model of the system that includes three common types
of fluid leakage. The nominal pump and the pump with a single piston replaced by three
different machined pistons were tested to emulate piston wear. By considering several time
and frequency-domain metrics, a fault-estimation method was developed that correctly
identified the presence and severity of leakage faults, while using a fraction of the memory
and computational resources of other model-based methods.
11.0306 Automated Health Management for Gas Turbine Engine Accessory System
Components
Carl S. Byington, Matthew J. Watson, Sudarshan P. Bharadwaj (Impact Technologies, LLC)
Traditional engine health management has focused on major, safety-critical gas turbine
components, (disks, blades, bearings, etc.), which are expensive to maintain. However,
mission success and equipment availability in military aircraft are more likely to be affected
by the degradation of engine accessories (valves, pumps, and actuators). Failure or
statistical-based maintenance of these components does not address unscheduled
maintenance necessitated by unanticipated and extreme operating scenarios. In the current
program, low-overhead model-based and data-driven diagnostics and prognostics
techniques have been developed. These techniques focused on enabling Condition Based
Maintenance (CBM) of hydraulic pumps and valves, which are essential aircraft accessory
components.
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11.0307 Use of Paris Law for Prediction of Component Remaining Life

Eric Bechhoefer, Andreaus Bernhard, David He (Goodrich Fuels, Utilities)
Vibration based Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) are providing good
information as to the current state of a component, but other than simple trending, are have
not yielded an estimated of the remaining useful life (RUL). Three fundamental problems
need to be address to accurately estimate RUL: health index data is noisy, a damage
model is required address component degradation, and relationship between physical
damage and measured condition needs to be established. We explores methodologies to
de-noise vibration data, model damage propagation, and address inferred damage via
condition indicators by using maintenance criteria to initiate repair...
11.04 Diagnostics and PHM for Aerospace Structures

Session Organizer: David Hochmann (Goodrich Corp. FUS)
11.0401 Air Force C-130 Rainbow Fitting Diagnostic Technology Development
Jeffrey Banks, Clark Moose, Steve Conlon, Karl Reichard (ARL Penn State); Gary Steffes (US Air Force
Research Laboratory);.)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:50 pm, Gallatin
ARL Penn State has evaluated acoustic emission (AE) technology for detection, fault
localization and fault severity indication of cracks in the rainbow fittings of C-130 aircraft.
Testing has been conducted on undamaged rainbow fittings at the component level in the
laboratory and on a damaged rainbow fitting at the platform level on aircraft. The
preliminary analysis results indicate that this technology could provide an effective
indication for crack detection, and localization, that is less time and labor intensive to
implement than other conventional technologies.
11.0402 Structural Health Management and Structural Design: An Unbridgeable Gap?
James H.MacConnell (Consensus Technology)
Realizing the potential for Integrated System Health Management (ISHM) to influence the
design of aerospace systems requires more than addressing and including the ISHM
system in the conceptual system design. It requires the ISHM capabilities, requirements
and design be an integral part of the design process before any preliminary design and
sizing begins. This requires overcoming a number of perceived barriers. This paper
examines the benefits of ISHM-based structural design as opposed to design-based ISHM.
The practical challenges to ISHM-based design are discussed, barriers to ISHM’s ability to
influence design identified and approaches to address those barriers outlined.
11.0403 Improved Estimation of Aircraft Probability of Failure
Yevgeny Macheret, Jeremy Teichman (Institute for Defense Analyses)
We report on estimating probability of failure (PoF) of an FA/18 bulkhead based on fatigue-
crack growth and equivalent pre-crack size (EPS) distribution data. We show the effect of
the EPS distribution tail on PoF and use Bayesian approach to obtain updated EPS
distributions and more accurate estimation of PoF. We then consider monitoring cracks
using fatigue damage sensors and show that utilizing such sensor data leads to a
significantly improved PoF estimation. The reported approach allows us to perform trade-off
studies on sensor accuracy and interrogation frequency for maintaining required PoF
levels.
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11.05 Algorithms & Advanced Analysis Concepts for PHM Diagnostics

Session Organizer: David Kleinman (Naval Postgraduate School)
11.0501 Distributed Fault Diagnosis Using Dependency Modeling Without Revealing
Subsystem Details
Jianhui Luo, Sudipto Ghoshal (Qualtech Systems Inc.)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 8:30 am, Gallatin
Multi-signal dependency model can be applied under a single agent paradigm or a
cooperative multi-agent paradigm. Under the multi-agent paradigm, each subsystem
dependency model may be constructed by an independent modeler who will be unlikely to
reveal any proprietary information through the dependency model. So the preferred mode
of model development will result in independent subsystem models that need to interact
during operation in a distributed framework while preserving their integrity and proprietary
nature. To meet these requirements, it is desirable not to force each agent to reveal its
dependency graph structure. In addition, due to improper setup, operator error...
11.0502 An Implementation of Prognosis with Dynamic Bayesian Networks
Wojtek Przytula (HRL Laboratories, LLC)
We present a probabilistic approach to reasoning in diagnosis and prognosis. The
approach represents a mathematically rigorous way of handling uncertainty, which is often
present in diagnosis, but inherent to prognosis. The approach is based on a novel form of
layered dynamic Bayesian network models, which is used to perform Bayesian inference. It
coherently integrates evidence on component usage, environmental conditions of
operation, as well as component health history. The approach has been tested on several
examples of health prognosis for electromechanical and electronic subsystems in aviation...
11.0503 Dynamic Set-Covering for Real-Time Multiple Fault Diagnosis
Anuradha Kodali, Satnam Singh, Kihoon Choi, Krishna Pattipati (University of Connecticut); Setu Madhavi
Namburu, Shunsuke Chigusa, Danil V. Prokhorov, Liu Qiao (Toyota Technical Center USA)
We formulate a time-dependent set covering problem, viz. dynamic set-covering, which
involves a series of coupled set-covering problems over time. In a fault diagnosis problem
multiple faults may evolve over time and the fault-test dependencies are deterministic. The
objective of the DSC problem is to evaluate the most likely evolution of the minimal set of
columns (component fault states) covering the rows (failed tests) of the DSC constraint
matrix at a minimum cost or maximum reward. We develop a primal-dual algorithm for
solving the DSC problem by combining Lagrangian relaxation, Heuristics and the Viterbi
decoding algorithm in an iterative way.
11.0504 Multivariate Survival Analysis (I): Shared Frailty Approaches to Reliability and
Dependence Modeling
Multivariate survival analysis (MSA) has two major categories of models: the multi-state
and shared frailty. Multi-state models, although formulated differently in both fields, have
been extensively studied in engineering reliability. However, shared frailty modeling seems
little known in engineering fields. Shared frailty refers to the often-unobserved factors or
risks responsible for the common risks dependence between multiple events. It is
recognized as the most effective approach to address common risks dependence and,
more recently, the event-related dependence. The only exclusion of dependence modeling
for the frailty approach is the common events type, which is best addressed by multi-state
modeling.
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11.0505 Reasoning Systems for Diagnostics and Prognostics

Duncan Shepherd, Andrew Hollos (QinetiQ Ltd)
Many different methodologies for performing automated reasoning have been developed
within the artificial intelligence community, a number of which have been exploited within
systems developed for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. However little, if any, attempt
has been made to understand how the differences between these methods affect the
results produced. In this paper, different automated reasoning systems which have been
proposed for equipment diagnostics and prognostics applications are considered from a
practical viewpoint. A comparison of how useful the different methods are likely to be is
provided, and the various problems and limitations associated with each are discussed.
11.0506 False Alarm Mitigation of Vibration Diagnostic Systems
Carl S. Byington, Matthew J. Watson, Sanket Amin (Impact Technologies, LLC); Michael Begin (NAVAIR)
False alarms in legacy aircraft diagnostic systems have negatively impacted fleet
maintenance costs and mission readiness. As the industry moves towards more advanced
Prognostic and Health Management solutions, a reduction in false alarms is needed to
reduce the cost and readiness burdens that have plagued legacy systems. This paper
examines four major sources of false alarms in vibration diagnostic systems and details a
solution designed to mitigate their impact. An overview of the developed False Alarm
Statistics Toolbox for PHM software is also provided. The developed approach will improve
the overall performance, robustness, and reliability of vibration prognostics systems.
11.0507 Data-Driven Fault Detection Based on Process Monitoring using Dimension
Reduction Techniques
James Schimert (The Boeing Company)
Airplane subsystems – such as flight and environmental control systems – can have many
parameters. A research effort at The Boeing Company is investigating anomaly detection
algorithms for multivariate time series of flight data. Since many traditional multivariate
process monitoring techniques are not suited for high dimensions, this paper discusses
technical challenges involved in using dimension reduction techniques such as Principal
and Independent Component analysis. Several questions need to be addressed for a
practical implementation, including how to: obtain training data that represents normal
operating conditions, set chart limits, and identify parameters most likely to have caused an
alert.
11.0512 Assessment of Operational Consequences of Aircraft Failures: Using Event Tree
Analysis
Alireza Ahmadi, Peter Söderholm (Luleå University of Technology) Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th,
11:00 am, Gallatin
Assessment of the operational consequences of failures is needed for task selection and
cost-effectiveness analysis of maintenance tasks during scheduled maintenance program
development. An accurate assessment of this cost will result in lower total life cycle cost
and may decrease operational interruption of failures by identifying the significant failures
and most appropriate maintenance task. The purpose of this study is to develop a
methodology for identifying different operational consequences and associated costs
caused by aircraft system failure. The proposed methodology, which is based on event tree
analysis, is considered as a valuable support in this assessment.
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11.06 Advanced Sensors and Signal Fusion for PHM Applications

Session Organizer: Jonathan Cook (Materials Integrity Group, UK MOD)
11.0601 A Framework for Prognostics and Health Management of Electronic Systems
Yogesh G. Bagul, Ibrahim Zeid, Sagar V. Kamarthi (Northeastern University, Boston)
Considerable research has been done on PHM with respect to mechanical systems, but the
same is not true with regard to electronic systems. The contribution of this paper is twofold.
First, it provides a review of PHM research with a focus on electronic systems. Second, it
provides the context to identify a general PHM framework for electronic systems. The body
of knowledge on PHM of electronic system fits well into the framework. The proposed
framework draws on the authors’ work on monitoring, diagnostics, and product lifecycle via
embedded sensors. The paper1 2 presents the extensions to the present research work.
11.0602 Ball Grid Array (BGA) Solder Joint Intermittency Detection: SJ BIST
James Hofmeister (Ridgetop Group)
This paper presents test results and specifications for SJ BIST™, an innovative sensing
method for detecting faults in solder-joint networks that belong to the I/O ports of Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), especially in Ball Grid Array packages.
11.0603 Multi Source Data Integration for Aircraft Health Management
Estefan M. Ortiz, Ashish Babbar, Vassilis L. Syrmos (University of Hawaii); Gregory J. Clark, John L. Vian
(Boeing Phantom Works); Michael M. Arita (Aloha Airlines)
Modern aircraft generate and collect massive quantities of data from flight recorders,
maintenance reports, logistics, and mission-readiness reporting systems. Current aircraft
system health management schemes are developed based on data sources consisting of
the aircraft’s system operational conditions or maintenance and repair actions; however,
crucial information regarding flight condition and situational parameters are used in a
limited sense for diagnostics due to data accessibility issues or an overwhelming volume of
time-series data. The multi-source data integration will be able to accurately combine
disparate data and establish interconnectivity between distinct data sources to significantly
improve data interoperability across multiple data sources.
11.07 Prognostics for Aero-Mechanical Systems

Session Organizer: Andrew Hess (The Hess PHM Group, Inc.)
11.0701 Prognostics-Driven Optimal Control for Equipment Performing in Uncertain
Environment
Alexander Usynin, J. Wesley Hines (University of Tennessee, Knoxville); Aleksey Urmanov (Sun
Microsystems)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:50 pm, Gallatin
This paper discusses the problem of optimal control for systems performing in uncertain
environments, where little information is available regarding the system dynamics. A
reinforcement learning approach is proposed to tackle the problem. A particular method to
incorporate Prognostics and Health Management information derived on the system of
interest is proposed to improve the reinforcement learning routine. The ideas behind
reinforcement learning-based search for optimal control strategies are outlined. A numerical
example illustrating the benefits of using PHM information is given...
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11.0702 Advanced Capabilities in Difficult Measurement Situation

Marty Karchnak, Bob Shipman (Epoch Engineering, Inc.)
The beauty of `Robust Laser Interferometer` non-contact, highly linear, wideband
measurement of displacement, velocity and acceleration derives not only from the quality of
data provided for information extraction, but also from the user friendliness of this highly
suggested selected approach for health monitoring and prognostics. Both are presented
with real data taken across a variety of test situations, with an emphasis on those matters
that are critical for obtaining `practical and useable` wideband spectrum information when
encountering difficult measurement situations.
11.0703 Real-time Probabilistic Forecasting of Wear Degradation using a Macro-scale
Physical Model
Asif Khalak (Scientific Monitoring, Inc); Kai Goebel (NASA Ames Research Center)
This paper discusses modeling and forecasting approaches for wear degradation in the
context of a electromechanical flight control actuator. A mechanical model for the actuator,
as well as usage models for the aircraft are presented and discussed. A probability
distribution of health is determined over a future horizon to drive the forecast. Practical
methods to compute this distribution are presented which run orders of magnitude faster
than Monte-Carlo integration. that is The sources of uncertainty accounted in the pdf
include uncertainty associated with future missions.
11.08 Prognostics for Avionic Systems

Session Organizer: Jarrod Line (VEXTEC)
11.0801 Managing and Predicting Intermittent Failures Within Long Life Electronics
Kevin Line, Ganapathi Krishnan (VEXTEC)
Many studies have confirmed that electronic failure is not a static or random event, but a
process of material changes. VEXTEC is developing a physics based electronics failure
prediction models which can reduce the ubiquitous problem of cannot duplicate (CND)
failures within long life electronics. This modeling capability has far reaching effects on
system cost and availability by minimizing the impact of CND faults on the supply chain and
on troubleshooting.
11.0802 Power Conversion Prognostic Controller Implementation for Aeronautical Motor
Drives
Kirby Keller, Jim Sheahan, Jeffrey Roach (Boeing); Leo Casey, Gregg Davis, Fred Flynn, Jim Perkinson,
Mark Prestero (SatCon)
This paper describes the development of predictive and prognostic techniques for
aeronautical power converters, along with details of integration into the system controller.
The paper reviews the dominant failure and wearout mechanisms of electromagnetic
actuator (EMA) systems, with the models developed based on details of component
deterioration, which are then aggregated into subsystem degradation models and finally full
system prognostics. The models presented relate the deterioration mechanisms to detailed
history of physical information, predominantly thermal history, to determine the state of
health (or deterioration) of the system.
11.0803 Uncertainty Management for Diagnostics and Prognostics of Batteries using
Bayesian Techniques
Bhaskar Saha (Georgia Institute of Technology); Kai Goebel (NASA Ames Research Center)
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Uncertainty management has always been the key hurdle faced by diagnostics and
prognostics algorithms. A Bayesian treatment of this problem provides an elegant and
theoretically sound approach to the modern Condition-Based Maintenance/Prognostic
Health Management paradigm. Application of the Bayesian techniques to regression and
classification in the form of Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), and to state estimation as in
Particle Filters (PF), provides a powerful tool to integrate the diagnosis and prognosis of
battery health. The RVM is used for model identification, while the PF framework provides
estimates of remaining useful life (RUL) in the form of a probability density function.
11.0804 A Low-Power Sensor Design, SJ Monitor, for Monitoring 24x7 the Health of BGA
Solder Joints
James Hofmeister (Ridgetop Group)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
SJ Monitor™ is a lower-power design (less than 5.0 mW) to provide 24x7 health monitoring
of selected I/O pins; the complementary form SJ Monitor™, can be used to monitor the pins
of un-powered FPGAs. SJ Monitor is able to detect all solder-joint network faults that last at
least as long as 15 nsec and which are at least as low as 100 Ω with no false alarms.
11.09 Reliability and PHM Databases: Analysis and Applications

Session Organizer: Richard Millar (NAVAIR)
11.0901 The Role of Reliability Data Bases in Deploying CBM , RCM and PHM with TLCSM
Richard C. Millar (US Navy/NAVAIR)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:30 am, Gallatin
The expectations of TLCSM [total life cycle management) and the resultant deployment of
CBM+, RCM and PHM will place increasing demands on RDB in terms of data collected,
archived and processed to provide actionable information for maintainers, engineers and
leaders responsible for maintenance process and configuration management, and mission
planners and operational leadership. RDB will evolve based on and supporting advanced
models of propulsion system reliability that are automatically updated in response to field
data and provide timely and dependable forecasts of propulsion system reliability,
maintenance effort and logistical requirements.
11.0902 Survival Analysis Approach to Reliability, Survivability and PHM
Survival analysis has become the de facto standard in biomedicine. Although reliability was
conceived as a major application field by survival analysis theoreticians, survival analysis
failed to establish itself as a major tool for reliability analysis. We argue that survival
analysis and reliability theory essentially address the same mathematical problems, and
survival analysis should become a major mathematical tool for reliability analysis and
related fields. This paper is the first in a three part series in which we review state-of-the-art
studies in survival (univariate) analysis, competing risks analysis, and multivariate survival
analysis. This article discusses the univariate survival analysis.
11.0903 Evaluation of Preventive Maintenance Task Intervals Using Field Data from a
Complete Life Cycle
Jan Block, Tommy Tyrberg (Saab Aerotech); Peter Söderholm (Luleå University of Technology)
In this paper the appropriateness of initial preventive maintenance task intervals and the
improvement of changed intervals are evaluated. The evaluation criteria are partly derived
from logic found in the RCM (Reliability-Centered Maintenance) methodology. Empirical
data is related to the whole life cycle of the Swedish military aircraft system FPL 37 Viggen,
from 1977 to 2006. The analysis shows that the maintenance intervals mainly are
appropriate and that performed changes are improvements. These conclusions are
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strengthened if the phase-out of the aircraft system is considered, where the preventive
maintenance strategy has been replaced with a corrective one, in order to...
11.0904 Competing Risks Analysis of Reliability, Survivability, and PHM
The usefulness of competing risks analysis (CRA) in engineering reliability has been
recognized since the 1960s [e.g. Marshall-Olkin (1967)]. However, the interaction between
the two fields has gradually withered when significant advances were made in CRA. We
hope that this article will contribute to the reestablishment of the connections between
them. This is the second in a three part series in which we review state-of-the-art research
in survival analysis and CRA. We discuss key issues such as failure dependence, model
identifiability, multivariate CRA, etc. In perspective, we discuss the potential of CRA in
network survivability, PHM, software reliability, etc.
11.0905 On Health Monitoring
Mbuyi Khuzadi (The Boeing Company)
This paper examines the type of analysis necessary to create a health monitor, taken as a
system level subsystem. It argues that present techniques are inadequate in providing a
closed form solution, thus causing important issues to be either overlooked or unaddressed
during the course of the development of existing health monitors. The author shows that a
bottom-up or a "known-issue" approach cannot result in a tractable closed form solution
while a considered top-down approach can.
11.10 PHM Integration Technologies

Session Organizer: Kirby Keller (Boeing)
11.1001 A Low Cost Embedded Instrumentation (EI) Framework for Vehicle Health
Management Systems (VHMS)
Francis E. Peter, Kenneth G. Blemel (Management Sciences, Inc.)
This paper presents an overview of emerging technology components that in combination
form a low cost embedded computing infrastructure and framework for embedded
instrumentation (EI) for VHMS. The paper will present how the EI technology adds Real
Time - VHMS with very low weight (or even weight savings) in legacy and new air, ground
and sea platforms...
11.1002 The Application of Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance to
Complete IVHM
Jon Dunsdon, Mark Harrington (GE Aviation)
GE Aviation is implementing and applying an open, modular and scalable IVHM
architecture to provide comprehensive solutions designed to meet end users needs. The
OSA-CBM is a standard for building IVHM applications that helps meet those goals. GE
Aviation has implemented an OSA-CBM software framework and toolset that allows the
creation of truly integrated, comprehensive IVHM solutions whilst protecting 3rd party IPR
within executable modules. This paper identifies specific benefits GE Aviation have
identified through the application of such a standard in comprehensive IVHM solutions,
including the complete aircraft, engines and ground support infrastructure.
11.1003 Integrated Intelligent Vehicle Management Framework
Deidre E. Paris Michael (Tuskegee University); Luis Trevino (2L Research Corp.)
This paper presents an IIVM framework that encompasses all vehicle functions and
subsystems. Furthermore, this paper presents vehicle management system interactions
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and subsystem management functions. Each of thee subsystems have the following
functions: performance, diagnostics, prognostics, monitoring, and control. This paper
presents a framework which conceptualizes how these subsystems and interactive with the
various system management functions. This is accomplished by supplying new information
to the vehicle real-time avionics to allow responses to vehicle subsystem failures and
performance degradation. This framework can potentially achieve autonomous operation
capabilities necessary to assure crew safety and mission safety.
11.1004 CBM Research Environment – Facilitating Technology Development,
Experimentation, and Maturation
Link C. Jaw, Walt Merrill (Scientific Monitoring, Inc.)
Historically, aircraft propulsion systems (or engines) have led the way in deploying CBM+
capabilities, because of their criticality on flight safety and their significance in driving
maintenance cost. By using the propulsion system as the target application, this paper
describes the off-board information system being designed by the authors. It also presents
some examples to demonstrate the concept of the CBM+ research environment...
11.1005 Systematic Improvement of Fleet Operations by Integrating Enterprise Health and
Maintenance Data
Javier Cortez, Kirby Keller, James Poblete (The Boeing Company)
The punch line of the paper is the use of the Theory of Constraints by Goldratt to iteratively
improve the process of maintaining a fleet of aircraft and using simulation and models to
evaluate the impact of the improvment. The idea is to treat support as a process rather than
doing the typical analysis and focus on improving the individual elements of the process
without considering the effects on the process as a whole. The approach described is
iterative and adaptive to address the nature of a complex support system.

Session Organizer: Serdar Uckun (NASA Ames Research Center)
11.1101 An Abort Failure Detection, Notification, & Response System: Overview of an ISHM
Development Process
Greg Pisanich (QSS Group Inc); Anupa Bajwa (University of California); Dwight Sanderfer (NASA Ames
Research Center); Michael D. Watson (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center);.)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 4:30 pm, Gallatin
Timely detection and response to catastrophic events during the launch and ascent phase
of a space vehicle system is of paramount importance to astronaut safety. This requires an
abort system capable of quickly and accurately detecting and confirming conditions that
may lead to catastrophic failure, notifying the crew of the problem, and responding in time
to allow the crew to escape safely This presentation outlines a systematic process based
using Integrated System Health Management (ISHM) analysis methods that can be applied
toward the development of crewed vehicles and other complex vehicle systems.
11.1102 Model Based IVHM System for the Solid Rocket Booster
Dmitry G Luchinsky, Vyatcheslav V. Osipov, Vadim N. Smelyanskiy, Dogan A. Timucin, Serdar Uckun
(NASA Ames Research Center)
We report progress in the development of a model-based hybrid probabilistic approach to
an on-board IVHM for solid rocket boosters (SRBs) that can accommodate the abrupt
changes of the model parameters in various nonlinear dynamical off-nominal regimes. The
work is related to the ORION mission program. Specifically, a case breach fault for SRBs is
considered that takes into account burning a hole through the rocket case, as well as
ablation of the nozzle throat under the action of hot gas flow. A high-fidelity model (HFM) of
the fault is developed in FLUENT in cylindrical symmetry. The results of the FLUENT...
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11.1103 Pre-Launch Diagnostics for Launch Vehicles

Mark Schwabacher (NASA Ames Research Center); Robert Waterman (NASA Kennedy Space Center)
We discuss the opportunities for automating pre-launch fault detection and diagnostics for
launch vehicles, by using ground-based computers to analyze data obtained from the
vehicle during integrated test and launch countdown operations in near-real time.
Automation will improve the time to diagnose and isolate failures, which is critical for
planned space missions that require multiple coordinated launches. We describe a
prototype diagnostic system that we are developing for Ares I-X, which will monitor and
diagnose the Ares I-X first-stage thrust-vector control system during pre-launch activities at
Kennedy Space Center. It will analyze sensor data using rule-based, model-based, and
data-driven algorithms.
11.1104 System Health Monitoring for Space Mission Operations
David Iverson (NASA Ames Research Center)
An overview of system health monitoring software tools and techniques used by flight
controllers for NASA mission operations. The overview includes descriptions and examples
of recently developed applications that use techniques from data mining to characterize
normal system operation by analyzing archived data. These characterizations are then
compared with real time data to detect anomalous behavior.
11.1105 Costs and Benefits of Model-based Diagnosis.
James A. Kurien (NASA Ames Research Center); Maria Dolores R-Moreno (Universidad de Alcala)
The Livingstone model-based diagnosis and recovery system was flown as an experiment
on two unmanned spacecraft and applied to numerous testbeds. Yet, no project adopted
the technology as an operational tool and the expected benefits have not yet come to
fruition. This led us to ask what are the costs of using model-based diagnosis and recovery
in operational scenarios, what are the benefits, and how do we weigh the benefits versus
the cost? How did expectations compare to benefits seen in the field and why? We believe
this experience is of interest to those developing or employing related techniques.
ii11.00 PANEL: PHM from a Practitioner’s Perspective – a Potpourri

Chair: Andrew Hess
Presentations: Wednesday, March 5th, Starting at 8:.30 am, Gallatin
Panelists.
Michael J. Roemer, Impact Technologies -
An Integrated Health Assessment and Fault Contingency Management System for
Aircraft
Ed Brown, BAE Systems - JSF PHM Program Overview
Jacek Stecki, PHM Technology, Australia - The Maintenance Aware Design
Environment: Development of an Aerospace PHM Software Tool
Andrew Lucas, Agent Oriented Software, Australia - Enhancing UAS propulsion system
PHM through incorporation of decision-making technology
Gary Georgeson, Boeing - NDE Sensor Advancements and Applications
Karen Cassidy, GasTOPS - Qualifying an On-Line Diagnostic and Prognostic Sensor for
Fixed and Rotary Wing Bearings and Gears
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Track 12: Mission Ops Concepts, Technologies, & Experiences
Track Organizer: Jody Gunn (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Theodore Bujewski (The Aerospace Corporation)
A PANEL co-sponsored by Track 12 may be found in:
12.01 New and Emerging Ground System Technologies and Operations Strategies
Session Organizer: David Maluf (NASA)
12.0101 Automated Software Verification & Validation: An Emerging Approach for Ground
Operations
David G. Bell, Guillaume P. Brat (USRA-RIACS)
Software is an increasingly critical component in aerospace systems, and automated
software testing using formal methods is emerging as a new type of ground data system for
verifying and validating software. This research has evolved two formal method approaches
for automated software verification and validation model checking and static analysis, with
extensions of the approaches for multiple languages including Java, C and C++. These
methods have been used on control software for a variety of mission critical systems
including guidance, navigation and control (GN&C) subsystems, and for various projects
such as the NASA Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV).
12.0102 Effective Data Representation and Compression in Ground Data Systems
David A. Maluf, Peter B. Tran (NASA Ames Research Center); David Tran (Stanford University)
Storing vast amounts of multidimensional telemetry data presents a challenge. Telemetry
data being relayed from sensors to the ground station comes in the form of text, images,
audio, and various other formats. Compressing this data would optimize bandwidth usage
during transmission and reduce storage resources needed at the ground level. However,
the multitude of heterogeneous data types present in telemetry data and the need for data
precision makes compression quite difficult. The application of a single compression
technique for all data types usually yields ineffective results. We will present a telemetry
data compression algorithm that utilizes Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFTs)...
12.0103 Hybridization of Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Technology for As-Built 3D
CAD Models
Jonathan D. Markley, Jeffrey R. Stutzman, E. Nathan Harris (Lockheed Martin Space Systems)
Digital Mockups (Virtual Prototypes) significantly reduce risk and cost on large aerospace
programs, but their accuracy hinges on creating 3D models of existing facilities based on
“as-built” field conditions instead of less-accurate design blueprints. Lockheed Martin
Space Systems employs both photogrammetry and laser scanning to collect and model this
facility data, and has developed a hybrid methodology to leverage the individual strengths
of each technology. In addition, key technical deficiencies in the current state-of-practice
have been identified. This hybrid system is crucial to Lockheed Martin for reducing reliance
on physical prototypes during program design and fabrication.

14.03 PANEL: New Automation Software for Mission Operations.
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12.02 Architecting, Designing, Building, and Testing Successful Ground Systems

Session Organizer: David LaVallee (Johns Hopkins University)
12.0201 A Forward-Looking Software Reuse Strategy
Jeremiah Finnigan, Jeffrey Blanchette (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory)
Schedule and budget constraints often dictate significant reuse of heritage designs when
proposing, designing, and implementing Instrument Ground Support Equipment (IGSE) for
new space missions, resulting in a tight coupling between the IGSE designs of successive
missions. This presentation describes a forward-looking software reuse strategy that was
successfully used on the MESSENGER mission IGSE software design that was effective in
both improving software quality for this mission, and reducing the cost of IGSE software for
later missions that reused and extended the MESSENGER IGSE design.
12.0202 Using a Gene-Splicing Based Search Technique for Complex Multi-level Resource
Assignment Problems
David Kaslow, Jeffrey Shupp (Lockheed Martin)
The phrase “Planning and Scheduling” represents a class of problems where a resource in
limited supply is to be optimally applied. Multi-level resource optimization is a difficult one to
solve, but especially so when the plan elements already on the plan are to be preserved to
the greatest extent possible as new elements are added. A technique designed to splice
resource alternatives at specific points of conflict has been developed, which provides
operators with a very stable planning system as requests are matured and negotiated over
the many-day planning cycle.
12.0203 Automated Troubleshooting of Satellite Communication Ground Equipment
Sasikanth Munagala, Lars Moltsen (Wirtek A/S, Denmark); Raquel Barco, Pedro Lazaro (University of
Malaga)
This paper presents the first, very promising results of the ATSIG project. The ATSIG
project applies modern, probabilistic reasoning technology to automate the very resource-
demanding process of troubleshooting network elements of a Satcom operator. The
developed auto-diagnosis concept is generic in nature and will be relevant for anybody with
a general interest in automation and troubleshooting. The concept enables troubleshooting
processes to be automated much more than any product commercially available today.
This saves human resources (estimated more than 50% on diagnostic tasks) and also
provides a practical solution for capturing and monitoring complex troubleshooting
knowledge in a structured form.
12.03 Realizing the Future: Drivers, Challenges, & Concepts for 21st Century
Missions
Session Organizer: Theodore Bujewski (The Aerospace Corporation)
12.0301 Isolation and Confinement Issues in Long Duration Spaceflight
Leslie Wickman, Annie Tsai, Raymond Walters (Azusa Pacific University).)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 8:30 am, S. Cheyenne
As humankind prepares for further exploration of our solar system, it is crucial to consider
the wide range of potential psychological and physiological effects brought about by long
duration spaceflight. This paper reviews efforts to address these effects in three areas:
human factors design, physiological health, and psychosocial issues. Human factors design
considerations include increasing user-friendliness and earth-like familiarity of space
vehicles. Physiological concerns involve physical conditioning and reducing individual
stress levels. Psychosocial efforts have traditionally focused on crew selection in addition to
coping with the stresses of isolation and confinement.
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12.0302 James Webb Space Telescope Ground to Flight Interface Design

Ilana Dashevsky, Vicki Balzano (Space Telescope Science Institute)
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space-based observatory planned for
launch in 2013, which uses an event-driven design for autonomous operations. In the
JWST event-driven design, scripts on-board the observatory construct and issue
commands in real-time to the flight-software. The ground to flight interface consists of the
uplink products and the on-board script directives used to drive science operations. The
uplink products tell the telescope where to look and specify the observation and instrument
parameters. The on-board script directives allow re-planning from the ground in real-time.
This paper describes the ground to flight interface design and its advantages.
12.0303 Modeling of Serious Global Trends for Use with Combat Simulations
Michael Baxter (The Aerospace Corporation)
This paper presents and discusses an approach to modeling global conflict conditions as a
function of climate change, water, food, and energy resources, societal response options,
and social stress. The model is not intended to be used as a predictive tool; rather it is
being developed and evaluated for use in generating scenarios as inputs to combat
simulations. In this capacity, the model is intended to support simulation used to evaluate
military space systems alternatives. The model uses deterministic and probabilistic
relationships to describe conditions and societal responses based on the listed
assumptions.

12.04 Enhancing the Mission, Reducing Cost & Risk: Automation, Multimission
and Other Solutions
Session Organizer: Kevin Benedict (SAIC)
12.0401 Dual Mission Scenarios for the Human Lunar Campaign – Performance, Cost, and
Risk Benefits
Rudolph J. Saucillo, David M. Reeves (NASA Langley Research Center); Jonathan D. Chrone (Analytical
Mechanics Associates, Inc.); Chel Stromgren (SAIC, Inc.); John D. Reeves, David D. North (NASA
Langley Research Center)
Innovative scenarios for human lunar operations with capabilities significantly beyond
Constellation Program baseline missions are potentially feasible based on the concept of
dual, sequential missions utilizing a common crew and a single Ares I/CEV. For example,
scenarios possible within the scope of baseline technology planning include outpost-based
sortie missions, dual sortie missions, and enhanced outpost deployment. Performance,
cost, and risk benefits of these dual sortie scenarios may be estimated by comparison to
the Constellation Program reference two-mission-per-year lunar campaign. This paper
describes these dual mission scenarios and provides an initial quantitative assessment of
the potential benefits.
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12.0402 System Testbed Use on a Mature Deep Space Mission: Cassini

Kareem S. Badaruddin (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
System Testbeds are usually considered to be tools to facilitate integration, test, and critical
activities for flight projects, and are generally not part of mission plans beyond these
activities. The question often arises of how System Testbeds are serving Cassini, a Deep
Space Mission that has completed its critical activities and is most of the way through its
primary mission. This paper describes how the Integrated Test Lab (ITL), Cassini’s System
Testbed, has evolved into an important component of Cassini operations, and details the
Cassini ITL paradigm as a recommendation for other flight projects.
12.0403 Multi-mission Automated Instrument Product Generation Implemented Capabilities
Cecilia Cheng, Rajesh Patel, Elias Sayfi, Hyun Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper discusses the capabilities of Multi-mission Automated Task Invocation
Subsystem (MATIS), which is a distributed data processing framework for the automated
generation of instrument products. It is a workflow manager that executes programs in a
specific order and under specific conditions. MATIS is configurable, allowing for specific
plug-ins. The implementation approach leveraged off inheritance of existing product
generation capabilities, lessons learned from MER (Mars Exploration Rovers) and Cassini,
and integration of applicable open-source software.
12.0404 Development of a Prototype Domain-Specific Language for Monitor and Control
Systems
Matthew Bennett, Richard Borgen, Klaus Havelund, Michel Ingham, David Wagner (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
This paper describes the Domain-Specific Language (DSL) prototype developed for the
NASA Constellation Launch Control System (LCS) project. The DSL is a monitor and
control language composed of constructs for specifying and programming test, checkout,
and launch processing applications for flight and ground systems. The objectives of the
prototype were to perform a proof-of-concept of an approach to lower the lifecycle costs of
application software for the LCS, and to explore mitigations for a number of development
risks perceived by the project. The language has been implemented as a library extending
the Python language, and validated in a successful demonstration.
12.05 Operations and Development Successes and Lessons Learned

Session Organizer: Joseph Vellinga (Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co.)
12.0501 The NOAA -14 September 28, 2006(DOY271) Tumble Anomaly
Milton C. Phenneger Jr. Jonathan Woodward, Ross M. Cox (ASRC Aerospace Corporation); Carl Gliniak
(Honeywell Space Technology Inc.)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 9:45 am, S Cheyenne
The NOAA-14 loss of Earth lock on Day 271 in 2006 is described in a brief data review
showing evidence that the cause of the impulsive disturbance torque was venting of
captured hydrazine in the isolated 100 lbf Rocket Engine Assembly (REA) thruster
manifold. Lessons learned in two categories are presented. Category 1 addresses
propellent isolation and venting methods. Category 2 addresses the operational readiness
and response to potential failures in the existing fleet which are vulnerable to this failure
mode.
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12.0502 Ground Systems and Flight Operations of the THEMIS Constellation Mission
Manfred Bester, Mark Lewis, Bryce Roberts, Linda Croton, Renee Dumlao, Martha Eckert, John
McDonald, Deron Pease, Christopher Smith, Jeremy Thorsness, James Wheelwright, Sabine Frey, Daniel
Cosgrove, Daniel Rummel, Michael Ludlam, Hilary Richard, Timothy Quinn, Jonathan Loran, Robert
Boyd, Clarina Quan, Thomas Clemons (University of California at Berkeley)
THEMIS, a NASA constellation mission to study magnetospheric phenomena leading to
auroral outbursts was launched on February 17, 2007. After an initial on-orbit check-out
and science instrument commissioning period, the five spacecraft were maintained in
temporary coast phase orbits. Beginning in September 2007, the constellation was
maneuvered into highly elliptical, synchronized mission orbits in preparation of the primary
winter observing season. This paper describes the concept of constellation operations
including a description of the flight and ground systems, as well as mission, science and
flight dynamics operations, and discusses challenges encountered and lessons learned
during the first year of operations.
12.0503 Constellation Challenges and Contributions of Taiwan Weather Monitoring Satellites
Chen-Joe Fong, Nick Yen, Vicky Chu, Eddy Yang, Cheng-Yung Huang, Shao-Shing Chen, Yuei-An Liou,
Sien Chi (National Space Organization, Taiwan)
National Space Organization (NSPO) of Taiwan in the past ten years has successfully
launched three different types of satellites. The latest one is FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, a
joint Taiwan-US project, which was successfully launched on April 15, 2006. The
FORMOSAT-3 is a constellation of 6 satellites and each satellite is equipped with GOX,
TBB, and TIP. The constellation is on the way to its final orbit configuration. The current
sounding profiles retrieved from the GPS occultation measurements are over an average of
1800 daily. we will present an overview of significant contributions of the FORMOSAT-
3/COSMIC satellite mission to the global community.
12.0504 Proven and Robust Ground Support Systems-GSFC Success and Lessons Learned
Barbara Pfarr, John Donohue, Ben Lui (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Greg Greer (The Hammers
Company); Tom Green (Design America Inc.)
This paper discusses the many features of the Goddard satellite Telemetry and Command
systems that have contributed to the success of many Goddard in-house missions. These
features include flexible user interfaces, distributed parallel commanding and telemetry
decommutation, a procedure language, the interfaces and tools needed for a high degree
of automation, and instantly accessible archives of spacecraft telemetry. It also discusses
the advantages of using in-house Telemetry and Command system to support in-house
satellite development throughout the development phases.
12.0505 “Built-In” Action/Issues Tracking and Post-Ops Analysis Tool for Real-time Console
Operations
David W. Scott (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center)
At NASA-MSFC’s Payload Operations Integration Center for the International Space
Station, Payload Communicators developed an innovative, simple way to track action
items, events, and issues via an existing daily report. Topics and results feed into a “Roll
Off Matrix” including dates that the topics entered and left the daily report. Annually, 12000
log entries yield 250 matrix items. The matrix is a “treasure map” for ops preparation and
post-ops analysis, for navigation to details contained Daily Reports and the Console Log,
and for improving console operator consistency. This paper explores the evolution,
operation, challenges, and benefits of the approach.
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Track 13: Management, Systems Engineering & Cost
Track Organizer: Charles Leising (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Track Organizer: Robert Kellogg (The Aerospace Corporation)
13.01 Management Tools, Methods and Processes
Session Organizer: Jeffery Webster (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
13.0101 Managing Unstructured Data with Structured Legacy Systems
David A. Maluf, Peter B. Tran (NASA Ames Research Center)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 8:30 am, S Cheyenne
In this paper we describe an approach and system for managing and joining enterprise
semi-structured data in a high-throughput, nimble, and scalable systems with traditional
relational database management systems (RDBMS). This paper presents the second
release of NASA’s NETMARK system. NETMARK is an Enterprise Information Integration
(EII) framework based on a modern “schema-less” concept approach. NETMARK “schema-
less” information integration reinvents the way of managing semi-structured documents
within traditional RDBMS. We describe in particular detail the unique underlying data
storage approach and efficient query processing mechanisms given the new proposed
storage system upgrade. We present an extensive evaluation of the virtual...
13.0102 What do you get when you Overlay an Enterprise with an Enterprise Management
Process?
Joseph Farrier, Josef Salerno (Raytheon)
As engineering systems increase in complexity, so too do the management systems
required to manage and control the organizations that develop them. Enterprise
management systems such as product development processes and command media are
often created to help ease these complexities. However, without a means to compare and
associate actual work performed to the enterprise management system the opportunity for
optimized enterprises is lost. By combining industry standard accounting infrastructure, the
enterprise management system du jour and a customized intelligent system to map the two
that hope can become reality. Such an intelligent system can take an organization from a...
13.0103 A Methodology of Evolving User Requirements to Launch ERP in Aircraft Industry
Environment
Irfan Anjum Manarvi (Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad); Tanveer Ahmad (National University of
Science, Technology, Islamabad)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) since its inception has been providing solution to
various industries in complex engineering management environment. However the
literature for its applications in aerospace industry is quite limited. Therefore, organizations
involved in various activities associated with aircraft manufacturing are either unable to
launch ERP in their setups or fail during implementation phase because of no clear starting
point. This research is focused on providing basic knowledge of developing user
requirements for ERP systems in aircraft industry environment. It may also be used by ERP
solution providers for optimizing their software for aerospace applications.
13.0104 Credible Space Cost Estimating Policy for NASA: Making Sensible Requirements
Work
Jill A-C Hardash (Booz Allen Hamilton); Sheryl McGurk (NASA Headquarters)
With the introduction of the 2008 NASA Cost Estimating Handbook (CEH) comes a new
responsibility. The 2008 CEH provides credible cost estimating policy for NASA which has
been streamlined to make references easy to find and new initiatives simple to understand
and communicate to others. The challenge is one of implementation.
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Track 13: Management, Systems Engineering and Cost
13.0105 NASA’s Cost Analysis Steering Group as a Community of Practice

Jonathan G. Bryson (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); Steven R. Brill (Computer Sciences
Corporation); Sheryl McGurk (NASA Cost Analysis Division)
Federal agencies face a wave of retirements in the near future which could lead to a
significant loss of experience and knowledge. As a response, the organizations need to
utilize multiple strategies to capture, retain, and transfer knowledge and to maintain skill
competency. This paper describes efforts at NASA to use the concept of a “community of
practice” to develop an Agency-wide discipline group for cost estimation and analysis into a
more highly functioning community for the purpose of successful knowledge management.
13.0110 Lessons Learned From Developing New Engineering Managers at JPL
Robert Aster (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Engineers who become managers must acquire essential knowledge about management to
be successful. Essential knowledge includes how to: plan work, estimate cost, prepare
schedules, manage performance under normal circumstances, manage performance under
adverse circumstances, and handling people. Formal training by the engineer’s employer is
the foundation for developing essential knowledge in new engineering managers.
Successful training is vital for cost and performance management, and it enables
institutional change. This paper describes nine lessons learned at JPL, based on
experiences from developing approximately 1,500 new engineering managers of cost
accounts, tasks, and subsystems over the last decade.
13.02 Mission Modeling, Concept Optimization and Concurrent Design

Session Organizer: Eric Mahr (The Aerospace Corporation)
Session Organizer: Robert Oberto (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
13.0201 Concept of Operations Storyboard Tool Refinements Based on Practical
Experiences
Carroll Thronesbery (S&K Technologies, Inc); Debra L. Schreckenghost (TRACLabs, Inc); Arthur Molin
(S&K Aerospace, Inc)
Presentation: Thursday, March 6th, 8:30 am, S Cheyenne
A storyboard tool has been prototyped that supports authoring, evaluating, and exporting a
concept of operations and its illustrations. A requirements engineering prototype has
uncovered new requirements to communicate the intended use of the storyboard tool. New
designs include an elaborated help system, vertical linking of related information, and a
work plan guide. The elaborated help system informs specific decisions faced by the
author. Vertical linking shows authors which items are related to support consistent
specification. Finally, a work plan guide reveals how authors can use the storyboard tool for
the specific needs of the current project.
13.0202 Conceptual Design Methods and the Application of a Tradespace Modeling Tool for
Deep Space Missions
Melissa Jones, James Chase (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Concept studies for deep space missions are typically time-consuming and costly, given
the variety of missions and uniqueness of each design. It is critical to identify the most
scientifically valuable and cost-effective designs early in the design process. While some
spacecraft design models currently exist for Earth-orbiting spacecraft, deep space missions
require a modified design and modeling approach to enable the same construction of a
comprehensive mission tradespace. This paper presents an approach for efficiently
constructing such a mission tradespace and results from three case study missions
including a solar orbiter, a Europa orbiter, and an asteroid sample return mission.
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13.0203 Juno Mission Simulation

Meemong Lee, Richard Weidner (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
This paper presents mission simulation visualization network (MSVN) technology that has
enabled a comprehensive mission simulation suite (MSVN-Juno) for the Juno project
during the concept design and preliminary design phases. MSVN-Juno addresses two
major challenges in achieving the mission objectives: 1) how to develop a shared vision
that can be appreciated by all of the project teams of diverse disciplines and expertise, and
2) how to continuously evolve a shared vision as the project lifecycle progresses from
formulation phase to operation phase.
13.0204 Evolutionary Computational Methods for the Design of Spectral Instruments
Richard J. Terrile, Seungwon Lee (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); Giovanna Tinetti (European Space
Agency); Wolfgang Fink, Paul von Allmen, Terrance L. Huntsberger (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
We have developed a technique based on Evolutionary Computational Methods (ECM) that
allows for the automated optimization of complex computationally modeled systems. We
have applied these techniques to the automated retrieval of atmospheric and surface
spectral signatures from Earthshine observational data. We have demonstrated that in
addition to automated spectral retrieval, ECM can also be used to evaluate the
discriminability of scientific results as a function of requirements placed on the spectral
model. An important application of this technique is for the optimization of design
parameters for spectral instruments.
13.0205 Communication-centric Spacecraft Design Optimization Tool and its Application to
the Lunar Relay Satellite Design
Charles H. Lee, Kar-Ming Cheung (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
The emergence of a communication-centric tool provides significant advantages and
capabilities to spacecraft design. In this paper, a tool has been proposed and developed to
allow rapid in depth comparisons between potential mission figures of merits and to
optimize the design performance of the spacecraft based on the communication metrics.
The continually evolving tool has been applied to a future lunar relay satellite to analyze
and optimize the different design aspects.
13.03 Systems Architecture, Engineering and System of Systems

Session Organizer: Henry Stone (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
13.0301 Application of a Safety-Driven Design Methodology to an Outer Planet Exploration
Mission
Brandon D. Owens, Margaret Stringfellow Herring, Nicolas Dulac, Nancy G. Leveson (MIT); Michel D.
Ingham, Kathryn Anne Weiss (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Sunday, March 2nd, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne
Traditional requirements specification and hazard analysis techniques have not kept pace
with the increasing complexity and constraints of modern space systems development. The
lack of an integrated approach to perform safety-driven system development from the
beginning of the system lifecycle hinders the ability to create safe space systems on time
and within budget. To address this need, the authors have created an integrated
methodology for safety-driven system development that combines four state-of-the-art
systems engineering techniques. The methodology is presented through the top-down
specification and analysis of a deep space exploration mission, focusing on the details of
communications antenna pointing.
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13.0302 A Field Guide to The NASA Procedural Requirements for Systems Engineering
P. A. “Trisha” Jansma (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
NASA recently issued new NASA Procedural Requirements for systems engineering in
order to establish a core set of common Agency-level technical processes and
requirements needed to define, develop, realize, and integrate the quality of the system
products created and acquired by or for NASA. This paper provides a brief overview of the
SE NPR, including institutional and programmatic requirements, requirements for common
technical processes, NASA oversight activities on contracted projects, systems engineering
technical reviews, and the purpose and function of a Systems Engineering Management
Plan. It concludes with how the SE NPR is being implemented across the Agency.
13.0303 Coaching Valuable Systems Engineering Behaviors
Mary Ellen Derro, P. A. "Trisha" Jansma (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
JPL utilized a rigorous process to identify a list of highly valued personal behaviors of
systems engineers. This process yielded common themes and clusters of competencies
with associated behaviors. The behavioral attributes fell into four broad themes: leadership,
communication, problem solving and systems thinking, and attitudes and attributes. This
paper summarizes the method, findings, and conclusions of the study of behavioral
competencies of highly regarded systems engineers at JPL. It details these competencies
and behaviors in depth, and discusses the Lab’s experience to date in coaching and
inculcating these behaviors into systems engineers on the job.
13.0304 Making Ethical Engineering Management Decisions in a Competitive Environment
Kendra Cook (Integrity Applications, Inc.)
This paper illustrates the complexities of making engineering management decisions in a
competitive environment. Engineering managers, who have the responsibility of making
trade-off decisions to meet design and performance requirements while completing the
project within a given cost and time frame, must accomplish all of this without jeopardizing
the safety of the users. Specific case studies are examined, particularly pertaining to the
1986 space shuttle Challenger tragedy. Recommendations to aid engineering managers in
making ethical decisions in a competitive environment are also presented.

2.10 Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Architecture and Data Management
13.04 Risk Management: Application and Lessons Learned

Session Organizer: Mona Witkowski (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Session Organizer: Thomas Itchkawich (Orbital Sciences Corporation)
13.0401 Automated Generation of Risk and Failure Models during Early Phase Design
Leila Meshkat (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
A functional model of a space mission represents the various functions that need to
succeed in order for the mission to be successful. The various outcomes of each of these
functions and their combinations determine the different possible outcomes for the mission.
Using a standard ontology, we have organized the information obtained at the preliminary
design phase of a sample space mission and linked the various attributes together within
the context of the Systems Engineering tool, CORE .
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13.0403 Criteria Minimizing Legal And Financial Risks In Airspace Businesses

Mariagrazia Spada (University of Rome "La Sapienza")
This article provides a broad description of the risks and liability aspects related to new
Satellite Communications Technologies, not in terms of the value of aerospace assets, but
rather of their use, that is of their capacity to generate sufficient cash flows to remunerate
the subjects involved in the various phases of putting satellites into orbit. Risk Management
should be employed throughout the life cycle of a project, much the way cost, schedule and
content are managed. Risk, therefore, becomes the main dimension of project
management treated equally as important as cost and schedule. The Outer Space Treaties,
while of...

7.08 Fault Tolerance, Autonomy, and Evolvability in Spacecraft

Session Organizer: John Baker (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
13.0501 Sensitivity Study for Long Term Reliability
Allan L. White (NASA Langley)
This paper illustrates using Markov models to establish system and maintenance
requirements for small electronic controllers where the goal is a high probability of
continuous service for a long period of time. The system and maintenance items
considered are quality of components, various degrees of simple redundancy, redundancy
with reconfiguration, diagnostic levels, periodic maintenance, and preventive maintenance.
Markov models permit a quantitative investigation with comparison and contrast. An
element of special interest is the use of conditional probability to study the combination of
imperfect diagnostic and periodic maintenance...
13.0502 The Use of Advanced Verification Methods to Address DO-254 Design Assurance
Paul Marriott (XtremeEDA Corporation); Bill Logan (Rockwell Collins); David Landoll, James P. Keithan
(Mentor)
This paper covers a Rockwell Collins project that is using advanced functional verification
methods to verify a RTCA DO-254/EUROCAE ED80 Level A/B design. These methods
include Constrained Random Simulation, Design Intent Specification (designer-added
assertions), the Total Coverage Model (Unified Coverage Database), and Formal
Verification (formal model checking). This paper will include a brief description of the
project, the methodologies used, why they were chosen, a description of these methods,
why they work, how they’re similar or different from other verification methods, verification
methodology issues that needed attention, and DO-254 certification implications.
13.0503 Modeling and Analysis Method for Radiation-Induced Upsets in Modern IC Device
Models
Matt Francis, Dimitre Dimitrov, Alan Mantooth (University of Arkansas); James Holmes (Lynguent, Inc)
A methodology for extending traditional IC design flows into the realm of radiation-
parasitics. Utilizing a highly-modifiable and understandable representation of an industry
standard MOS model (BSIM4), a method for modeling single-event upsets is described.
Included are a survey of current upset modeling methods as well as augmented model
validation methods for targeted process design kits.
119
13.0504 Validation Methodology of Hardware Simulators for Spacecraft System Testing

Leticia Montanez, James Morcos (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Presentation: Wednesday, March 5th, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
The overall success of the MSAP Project has been largely due to its hardware-in-the-loop
simulation and its rigorous test program. Due to the flight hardware costs, it is desirable to
model in software spacecraft hardware. Eventually a library of flight hardware simulations
will be accumulated making it possible to build up future mission test beds or to morph the
test environment to mimic existing missions. This paper, will focus on the methodology
used to certify the hardware simulations that compose the MSAP test bed.

13.06 Cost and Schedule Tools, Methods and Processes

Session Organizer: Robert Bitten (The Aerospace Corporation)
Session Organizer: Sheryl McGurk (NASA)
13.0601 Achieving Quality and Traceability in FPGA/ASIC Flows for DO-254 Aviation
Projects
Michelle Lange, Tom Dewey (Mentor Graphics)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 4:30 pm, S Cheyenne
With the recent FAA/EASA mandate, companies providing flight hardware for commercial
aviation systems now must build their complex electronic hardware components to the
standard known as DO-254. Many companies are currently struggling to understand this
new standard and are expending additional resources (i.e. time and money) to achieve
certification. Attendees of this session will learn about advanced methodologies and
integrated tool flows for ASIC/FPGA design and verification, along with how to implement a
high-quality flow that provides the required assurance while maintaining cost and
schedules. A brief overview of DO-254 and the topic of tool qualification is also included.
13.0602 Software Maintenance Implications on Cost and Schedule
Bob Hunt (Galorath Incorporated)
Software maintenance typically exceeds fifty percent of the systems’ life cycle cost.
Software is highly dependent on defined maintenance rigor and operational life expectancy.
Software maintenance generally includes sustaining engineering and new function
development; corrective changes (fixing bugs); adapting to new requirements (OS upgrade,
new processor); perfecting or improving existing functions (improve speed, performance);
enhancing application with (minor) new functions (new feature.) While software
maintenance can be treated as a level of effort activity, there are consequences on quality,
functionality, reliability, cost and schedule that can be mitigated through the use of
parametric estimation techniques.
13.0603 Rapid Cost Assessment of Space Mission Concepts through Application of
Complexity-Based Cost Indices
Craig Peterson, Tibor Balint, James Cutts (Jet Propulsion Laboratory); James B. Hall (The Aerospace
Corporation)
In order to support analysis of potential Solar System Exploration missions, members of the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) supporting the committee were given the challenge of
developing a semi-quantitative approach that could provide the relative costs of these
missions, without requiring an in depth study of the missions. In response to this challenge,
120
a rapid cost assessment methodology based on a set of mission cost/complexity indexes

was developed.
13.0604 Advanced Scheduling Technology for More Efficient (Shorter) Resource
Constrained Schedules
Annaka Kalton, Robert A. Richards (Stottler Henke)
Due to the inherent complexity of resource constrained scheduling, the project durations of
resource constrained project plans can be two times or more longer than needed. This
paper shows that the scheduling engine used effects the project duration even for relatively
small projects consisting of a few dozen tasks, and the effect can become enormous as the
number of tasks grows into the thousands and a number of types and quantity of resources
expands. This paper reviews some of the literature showing different techniques and
results showing the major difference in schedule duration due to the scheduling engine.
13.0609 An Advanced Orbital Spacecraft Cost Model
Lee Fischman, Mike Kimel, Troy Masters (Galorath Inc.); David Pine (Consultant)
Presentation: Monday, March 3rd, 6:30 pm, Lamar/Gibbon
We sought a model for estimating the costs of orbital spacecraft lying 10-15 years into the
future. Such a model likely could not anticipate the nature of changes in technology and
system configurations over this time span, and so we focused on macroscopic trends,
using a short list of high level technical and performance variables obtained for a great
many past missions. To gauge models’ predictive accuracy, while by necessity calibrating
them on past data, they were tested on missions lying as far into the future as practical. We
found several approaches that estimate within 50% of final cost.
121
Track 14: Government Plans, Policies, and Education
Track Organizer: Mel Montemerlo (retired from NASA)
Track Organizer: Steven Sloboda (Space Vectors)
14.01 PANEL: Finding Extraterrestrial Life?: a Challenge for Living Explorers
Chair: John Rummel (NASA Headquarters)
Panelists:
John D. Rummel, Senior Scientist for Astrobiology, NASA Headquarters
Karen McBride, ASTEP Program Executive, NASA Headquarters
John Rummel: Planetary Protection Officer, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. B.A.,
Environmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder. Ph.D., Evolutionary Ecology,
Stanford University.
Summary:
The Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) program focuses
on exploring the Earth’s extreme environments in order to develop a sound technical and
scientific basis for astrobiological exploration on other solar system bodies.ASTEP is
science-driven and provides new science and operational/technological capabilities to
enable the next generation of planetary exploration. Central to ASTEP is the use of
terrestrial (Earth-based; not necessarily non-aquatic) field campaigns to further science and
technology and overall exploration capabilities. This panel will discuss ongoing ASTEP
efforts and past successes, and address some of the opportunities for future field
campaigns made possible by teaming arrangements and cooperative understandings both
within the US and without.
14.02 PANEL: Radio-isotope Power Technology for Space Flight

Chair: Dave Lavery, NASA Headquarters
Panelists:
Dave Lavery (NASA Headquarters); Introduction and RPS Flight Opportunities
lan Harmon (NASA Headquarters); RPS Program Overview
Dick Shaltons (NASA Glenn Research Center); Sterling Flight System Development
Rao Surampudi (JPL); Advanced TE and Next-generation RTGs
Scott Benson (NASA Glenn Research Center); Solar Power Alternatives
Q&A Session/Panel Discussion
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 10:00 am, Amphitheatre
David Lavery: Program Executive for the Mars Exploration Rover program in the Science
Mission Directorate of NASA headquarters. He has been instrumental in the development
and application of robotics and rover technology, and has also been a central player in the
FIRST robot competition for high schools.
Summary:
This panel will cover the current state of the art in radio isotope power generation
technology for Space Flight. Panelists are from NASA Headquarters and NASA Glenn
Research Center.
122
14.03 PANEL: New Automation Software for Mission Operations

Chair: Jane Malin (JSC)
Panelists:
John Gersh, Johns Hopkins APL- Situational awareness
Harry Saddler, ARC - Telemetry Information Management and Reusable Support
Systems
Rich Keller, ARC – Search
Jeremy Frank, ARC – Plans and Schedules
Lui Wang, JSC – Procedures
James Kurien, ARC - Adjustable Automation
Jane Malin: Leads research and development in the Automation, Robotics and Simulation
Division, Engineering, NASA Johnson Space Center. Expertise includes tools, testbeds and
methodology for engineering complex systems and advanced software; modeling and
simulation for risk and failure analysis; monitoring, control and fault management software;
and agent-assisted web-based collaboration tools.
Summary:
Advanced capabilities are being developed for mission operations software, to provide
situational awareness and decision-making assistance to space mission controllers and
crew during mission preparation, flight and support phases. Panelists will discuss these
advanced capabilities in the following areas:
• Situational awareness: Filtering, fusing, selecting and presenting situational information
from multiple data sources, to provide appropriate information for the current situation and
user tasks, including relevant tasks and actions of other users and systems.
• Telemetry information management: Acquiring, evaluating, and displaying telemetry
information and providing flexible access to desired information and formats.
• Mission operations planning and plan management: Creating, validating, evaluating, and
revising operations plans with limited resources, collaborative planning, complex flight rules
and temporary constraints and exceptions.
• Plan, procedure and sequence validation: Checking or simulating plans, procedures,
sequences and other combinations of commands and actions, to assure correctness and
satisfaction of desired safety properties.
• Adjustable automation: Specifying automation allocations, controlling degree of
automated/manual control, and transitioning control between user and automation with
minimal loss of context and situational awareness.
• Reusable support systems: Technology enablers for reuse of software for situational
awareness and decision-making support across disciplines and systems.
123
Co Chairs: Mel Montemerlo (NASA Hdq) and Dave Atkinson (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory)
Panelists:
David Atkinson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Mel Montemerlo, NASA Headquarters, Retired
Mel Montemerlo: Retired - Program Executive for the Herschel, Planck, and WISE space-
craft in NASA’s Office of Space Science. Has managed technology development programs
in Human Factors, Simulation, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics, and managed NASA’s
Cross Enterprise Technology Development Program.
Summary:
Two people who were with the NASA Artificial Intelligence program for its entire existence
will debate whether Artificial Intelligence can and will have a significant on NASA’s future.
Dave Atkinson will argue that it wll. Mel Montemerlo will argue that it won’t. They will have
time for rebuttal and discussion with the audience. The goal is to come to a unified
conclusion by the end of the panel session.
14.05 PANEL: Developing the 21st Century Space Engineering Workforce

Chair: Bruce Gardner, Principal Director of Learning Systems for The Aerospace
Institute, The Aerospace Corporation
Panelists:
Paula Arvedson, (Satellite Educators Association)
Joel Shrater (The Aerospace Corporation/Aerospace Institute)
John Donahue (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
Mark Maier (The Aerospace Corporation)
Bruce Gardner is Principal Director of Learning Systems for The Aerospace Institute at
The Aerospace Corporation. Bruce is responsible for employee and customer
learning/career development programs and multimedia support resources. Bruce was
formerly director of Control Systems Analysis Department, responsible for spacecraft
attitude stability/control assessments for several major DOD programs. Ph.D. Stanford,
Aero/Astro.
Summary:
The challenges facing all segments of the US aerospace workforce as a result of the "baby-
boom" retirement phenomenon and other sociological trends are enormous. This is
particularly true in the space community, where emerging technological and policy
developments are fast resulting in the "transformation of space" ... one characterized by
increasingly complex missions/applications and the use of "breakthrough technologies" to
make them happen. Keeping up with and dealing effectively with these changes requires
an unprecedented degree of knowledge, skills, and adaptability on the part of individual
21st century space engineers. It also requires that new, more effective educational
methods and developmental reinforcement/support systems be provided by academia,
government, and industry in order to develop these capabilities. This panel offers several
perspectives on needs, challenges, approaches and "lessons-learned" associated with
recruiting, educating (K-20), training, and developing/reinforcing the skills of the 21st
Century space engineering workforce:
124
14.06 Panel The European Space Agency - An overview

Chair: Astrid Heske (ESTEC)
Panelists:
Antonella Nota, ESA Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore
Anders Elfving, ESA ESTEC
Jonathan Gal-Edd, GSFC
Alexandre Popov, CSA
Astrid Heske: MIRI Instrument Manager in the JWST project at the European Space
Agency. Experience includes instrument management in the Herschel/Planck project and
Community Support Group lead of the Science Operations Centre of the Infrared Space
Observatory mission, including research in various astrophysics domains. PhD in physics
Hamburg University, Germany..
Summary:
International scientific collaborations at technical level between ESA, the European Space
Agency, and its partners on projects in fundamental science, astrophysics and space
exploration world-wide are addressed in this panel. Many projects require expertise,
technology and, last not least, funding that exceeds planned resources of one nation or one
space agency. Hence, since some time joint efforts on agencies’ level have been
undertaken to launch scientific and exploration programs, which may have been out of
reach for one country or agency alone. Different nations and agencies may involve
different approaches, different expectations and, on the other hand, also different
programmatic boundary conditions. Starting with an overview of ESA’s scientific programs,
this panel will assemble views and experiences from various speakers being involved in
collaborative programs with ESA. The panel will conclude with a number of lessons learnt
for future collaborations – with the aim to gather thoughts how to make the ‘globalisation’ in
science programs work even better.
14.07 Panel GEOSS, IEOS, and You

Chair: Kathy Fontaine
Panelists.
Lawrence Friedl, NASA Applied Sciences Program
John Lyon, EPA
Kathy Fontaine, NASA Earth Science Data Systems
Summary
This panel discussion will provide an overview of the status of the Global Earth Observation
System of Systems from the international and national perspectives, show examples of
current contributions to GEOSS and the U.S. component (the Integrated Earth Observation
System), and identify linkages and potential roles for the IEEE Aerospace community in
these efforts.
125
14.09 Emerging Technical Methods of Intelligence for the 21st Century

Chair: Anne Campbell (Caltech Industrial Relations Center)
Presenter: Dr Joel Sercel (Technical Director of Systems Engineering,
Caltech Industrial Relations Center)
Presentation: Tuesday, March 4th, 8:30 am, Amphitheatre
Summary:
A Seminar presented by Caltech Industrial Relations Center.
America's technical intelligence infrastructure is largely a reflection of the conditions of the

later half of the 20th century, a time dominated by the cold war, a bipolar global power
structure, circuit based communications systems, and static, strategic intelligence targets.
Fundamental changes in geopolitics, the nature and behavior of our allies and foes, the
tactical and strategic needs of U.S. forces, and massive changes in the technology
environment mandate fundamentally new approaches and technologies for intelligence
gathering, analysis, and distribution. In this presentation Dr. Sercel will describe the results
of an analysis of the technology needs for intelligence and will outline new technological
directions the intelligence community must move in to once again become maximally
effective and relevant to defending the nation and our interests. Dr. Sercel's analysis
shows that eight specific overlapping technology trends are uniting in the free market to
form an entirely new technological paradigm from which the intelligence community must
operate if it is to be successful. In his presentation Dr. Sercel will describe each of these
trends and show how intersections of the trends enable truly transformational systems.
126
NOTES
This document was produced automatically by software that extracted the

author’s data from the Aeroconf database and formatted the text into this Word
document. For more information on the process, or to suggest improvements in
style please contact Dave Williamson at:
The Circle Mountain Co., (623) 680-9419 Email: tcmco_ceo@hotmail.com
127

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2008

Our eight plenary talks promise to be as interesting and exciting as ever,

International participation has again increased, with 80 papers and talks

TRACK 1: SCIENCE & AEROSPACE FRONTIERS

TRACK 2: SPACE MISSIONS, SYSTEMS, AND ARCHITECTURE ..... 4

2.01 Mobility and Robotics Systems for In Situ Exploration..........................4

Papers related to Session 2.01 may be found in:

2.02 Future Space and Earth Science Missions ..............................................6

2.0307 Performance of a Borehole X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer

Papers related to Session 2.03 may be found in:

2.04 Deep Space, Earth and Discovery Missions..........................................10

2.06 Radiation Issues for Human Spaceflight ...............................................12

2.08 Mission Design for Spacecraft Formations ...........................................13

Papers related to Session 2.08 may be found in:

2.09 mm-Wave and Quasi-Optic Aerospace Technologies ..........................13

2.10 Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Architecture and Data

Papers related to Session 2.10 may be found in:

2.11 Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Decision Support

Papers related to Session 2.11 may be found in:

Papers related to Session 2.12 may be found in:

2.13 Autonomous Vehicles .............................................................................18

Papers related to Session 2.13 may be found in:

2.14 Access to Space for Technology Experiments .....................................18

2.15 Technologies for Safe Lunar Landing....................................................20

Papers related to Session 2.15 may be found in:

TRACK 3: ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES .................. 22

3.01 Phased Array Antennas ..........................................................................22

3.02 Ground Antenna Technologies and Systems........................................23

3.03 Space Antenna Technologies and Systems ..........................................24

3.04 Antenna Systems: Novel Modeling and Optimization Techniques .....24

3.05 Array Beamforming Technologies: Analog, Digital, and Optical.........25

TRACK 4: COMMUNICATION & NAVIGATION SYSTEMS &

4.01 Evolving Space Communication Architectures ....................................26

4.0109 An Evolvable Lunar Communication and Navigation Constellation Concept .......... 28

4.02 Communication Protocols and Services for Space Networks .............28

4.03 Transformational Communications Architectures and Technologies 31

4.04 Navigation and Communication Systems for Exploration ...................33

4.06 Innovative Techniques in Deep Space Communications .....................33

4.07 Communication System Analysis & Simulation....................................34

4.08 Wideband Communications Systems ....................................................35

4.09 Communications and/or Related Systems: Theory, Simulation, and

4.10 Global Navigation Satellite Systems ......................................................37

4.11 Software Defined Radio Systems and Technology...............................38

4.12 Advanced Communications, Navigation, & Surveillance Technology

4.13 Advanced Navigation Systems

TRACK 5: ELECTRO-OPTIC SENSORS AND OBSERVATION

5.01 Verification and Validation of Large Optical Systems ..........................41

Papers related to Session 5.01 may be found in:

5.02 Photonic Devices for Space Applications .............................................41

5.04 Spectral Imaging Systems ......................................................................42

5.05 Novel Imaging Systems...........................................................................42

5.06 Active Optical Sensing Systems ............................................................43

5.07 Image Processing ....................................................................................44

Papers related to Session 5.07 may be found in:

TRACK 6: REMOTE SENSING ............................................................ 47

6.01 Instrument and Sensor Architecture and Design..................................47

6.02 Microwave Remote Sensing Technologies and Systems ....................47

6.03 Interferometry and Large Optical Systems............................................49

6.05 Sonar Signal Processing.........................................................................50

6.06 Radar Signal Processing.........................................................................50

6.07 Detection and Classification ...................................................................52

6.0708 Efficient GLRTs via SPRTs for Gravitational Wave Detection................................. 53

Papers related to Session 6.07 may be found in: